IGC1 - Element 5 Risk Assessment (1st Ed) v.1.0

7/27/2019 IGC1 - Element 5 Risk Assessment (1st Ed) v.1.0

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Copyright RMS Publishing

IGC First Edition - IGC1 Element 5 - v.1.0 - Slide 1

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InternationalGeneral Certificate


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Licence details

RMS Publishing Limited

Victoria House, Lower High Street, Stourbridge DY8 1TA

ACT Associates Limited.

First Edition September 2007.

All rights reserved. No part of this presentation may be stored in a retrieval system, reproduced, or transmitted in any form or by any

means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without either the prior written permission of the Publishers.This presentation may not be lent, resold, hired out or otherwise disposed of by way of trade in any form other than that in which it ispublished, without the prior consent of the Publishers.

This presentation may not be reproduced in any form without prior consent of the Publishers other than a single copy thumbnai l handoutfor immediate use by the tutor.

Whilst every effort is made to ensure the completeness and accuracy of the information contained herein, RMS/ACT can bear no liabilityfor any omission or error.

Issued to: Strabag

Single LicenceLicence No: 860409


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Unit IGC1

Management ofInternational health

and safety


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Element 5

Risk assessment


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Risk assessment

Learning outcomes

5.1 Explain the aims and objectives of risk

assessment

5.2 Identify hazards by means of workplaceinspection and analysis of tasks

5.3 Explain the principles and practice of risk

assessment


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Contents of element

Risk assessment

5.1 Aims and objectives

5.2 Identifying hazards

5.3 Principles and practice of risk assessment


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Contents of element

Risk assessment





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Definitions of hazard and risk

Something that has the potential to cause harm

Following hazard identification, it is possible to

establish that risks exist, that are or are not

acceptable. In order to establish the presence of arisk it is necessary to identify the existence of

hazards that may give rise to unplanned risk.

Risk assessment

Aims and objectives

Hazard


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Definitions of hazard and risk

A risk is the likelihood that a hazard will cause a specified harm to

someone or something

The presence of hazards and a given level of risk

may not be a cause for immediate concern.However, some situations may exist or arise where

there is a significant danger of loss.

Risk assessment

Aims and objectives

Risk

Ri k t


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Objectives of risk assessment

Risk assessment

An identification of what within your work or workplace,

which may have the potential to cause harm to people or

workers, so that you can consider whether you have

provided sufficient precautions or need to do more to

prevent harm

Involves:

Identification of the hazards at work

Evaluation of the risks from the hazards Deciding how to control the risks

Implementing a control strategy

Aims and objectives

General points

Ri k t


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Outcomes of incidents

Risk assessment

Human harm

Legal

Economic

Aims and objectives

Ri k t


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Ill-health

Injury accident

Dangerous occurrence

Near-miss Damage only

The distinction between different incidents in summary

Risk assessment

Aims and objectives

Different types of incident

Ri k t


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The health and well-being of individuals may be affected by a

number of work-related factors

Ill health may develop over a long period of time

Examples of work-related ill health are:- Asbestosis

- Pneumoconiosis

- Silicosis

More recently ill health effects have been related to work load

and stress

Risk assessment

Ill-health

Aims and objectives


Ri k t


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Some injury effects will be acute in nature

Strains or sprains of muscles or ligaments caused by

inappropriate lifting of heavy items

Other common injuries include:- Cuts

- Burns

- Bruises

Risk assessment

Injury accident

Aims and objectives


Ri k t


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Definition of dangerous occurrences will differ depending on

your countrys enforcement reporting requirements

Significantly hazardous incidents such as the collapse of, the

overturning of, or the failure of:- Any load-bearing part of any lift or hoist

- Mobile powered access platform

- Access cradle or window-cleaning cradle

- Excavator

- Pile-driving frame or rig

- Fork lift truck / scaffold (more than five metres high)

Risk assessment

Dangerous occurrence

Aims and objectives


Ri k t


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An unplanned, uncontrolled event which led to,

or could have led to injury / loss

Risk assessment

Aims and objectives

Near-miss


A near-miss is an incident with the potential to cause harm,

but where there is no measurable injury / loss

It is critical to analyse near-misses to assess the potential of

the event

This enables corrective action to be put in place to prevent a

reoccurrence of the incident

Risk assessment


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Substantial damage occurs to property and materials at work

annually

Significant losses are associated with workplace fires

Study of the incidence of damage and potential losses maybe a useful predictive tool

Series of collisions into scaffold on a site with poor access

and lighting may be predictive of a vehicle failure / scaffold

collapse leading to personal injury Employer to take corrective action before any worker loss

occurs

Risk assessment

Damage-only

Aims and objectives


Risk assessment


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Near Miss

Equipment

damage Minor Injury DeathSource: ACT

Risk assessment

Aims and objectivesResults of an accident

Risk assessment


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An accident is an event which brings about a result

Accidents result in losses of one kind or another

Situation where a stone falls from a height could result in:

A near miss

- Falls into the ground and there is no damage or injury

Damage

- Hits a pane of glass, but no injury

Injury accident

- Hits a person causing cut and bruises to hand

Risk assessment


Aims and objectives


Risk assessment


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Fatal accident

- If the person was working directly under the stone when it

fell there could have been a fatality

The difference between a near-miss and a fatal accident interms of time and distance can be very small indeed

An old adage says Never waste an accident

A near miss is just as valuable as a serious injury/damage, in

fact even more valuable and an excellent opportunity not tobe missed

Risk assessment


Aims and objectives


Risk assessment


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Typical ratios of incident outcomes and their

relevance

Risk assessment

Aims and objectives

Led by Frank Bird

Study of 1,750,000 accidents in 21 industries

Fixed ratio between losses and near-misses

Illustrated in the pyramid model of incident outcomes

Risk assessment


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Frank Birds accident ratio study

1

10

30

600

Serious or disabling injury

Minor injuries

Property damage

Near misses

Risk assessment

Aims and objectives

Source: Frank Bird

Risk assessment


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Utility and limitations of accident ratios in accident

prevention

Risk assessment

Aims and objectives

For statistics derived to be of value their limitations have to

be understood

Variables in work methods, hours of work, hazard controls

and management system Difficult to make comparisons outside the organisation

deriving the data

Ratios are best suited to comparison of performance of the

same organisation over similar periods of time, for exampleyearly

Risk assessment


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Contents of element

Risk assessment




Risk assessment


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Identifying hazards

Accidents in terms of injury

Health related hazards

Risk assessment

Identifying hazards

Risk assessment


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First step is to identify the hazards

Achievable in many ways

Methods used need to be accessed

All hazards ranked in order of severity

Break down into component parts for complex activities

Job analysis

Risk assessment

Identifying hazards

Identifying hazards

Sources and form of harm

Risk assessment


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General workplace inspections

Technical inspections

Preventive maintenance inspections

Pre use checks of equipment

Risk assessment

Identifying hazards

Identifying hazards

Roles of inspections

Risk assessment


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Job based

Task based

Intrinsic hazards

Incidence of accidents

Work organisation

Tasks

Risk assessment

Identifying hazards

Identifying hazards

Job / task safety analysis

Risk assessment


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Risk assessment

Identifying hazards

Identifying hazards

Example of a job/task analysisTask Hazards Good Skills Influences on

behaviour Learning Method

1 Sharpening a knifeusing a steel Cuts to hand, arms Co-ordination of knife andsteel movement Sharpness of knifeCondition of knife

Space limitationsOther people presentCondition of floor

Demonstration of

techniqueRepetitive practice

until speed increases

2 Dispensing strongchemical compounds

from 200 litre containerBurns to eyes, face and

bodyInhalation of fumes

Correct position of drum

cradle, drip tray and

container, use of tapCorrect protection

clothing, fitting and

limitations

Strength of chemicalsType of fumeCorrosive effectsIlluminationVentilation

Demonstration of

techniquesPractice using PPEHazards of spillage,

splashing and fumes

Source: ACT

Risk assessment


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Information about hazards can be obtained by considering a

range of organisation standards legislative documents

Such as ISO International Standards

Risk assessment

Identifying hazards

Identifying hazards

Legislation

Risk assessment


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Manufacturers should provide product equipment health and

safety information

Information must be relevant and kept up to date

Those that design, manufacture, supply or install shouldinform of any issues

Manufacturers/suppliers of equipment should provide

material safety data sheets

Risk assessment

Identifying hazards

Identifying hazards

Manufacturers information

Risk assessment


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Statistics provide useful response information from past

accident experience

Types include:

- Lost time- Sickness absence

- First aid records

Risk assessment

Identifying hazards

Identifying hazards

Incident data

Risk assessment


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Hazard Associated risks

Slips/trips/falls Fall of a person on the same level

Falls from height; falling objects Fall of a person; object/material

Collision with objects Bumps and bruises. Striking head on low beams

Trapping/crushing under or

between object/s

Serious injury caused by loss of load from crane, collision with site

vehicles

Manual handling Back strains, cuts, injury to joints

Contact with machinery/hand

tools

Parts being ejected from the machine and trapping a person. Trapping

/ crushing hands etc. Entanglement of clothing or hair.

Electricity Fire, shock, burns

Transport Collision with people and/or property

Contact with chemicals Dermatitis, burns, poisoning

Asphyxiation/drowning Drowning

Fire and explosion Static electrical sparks causing explosions in say, flammable or dusty

atmospheres

Animals Anthrax, psittacosis caused by coming into contact with animal hides

Violence Unhappy customers/clients, criminals, patients in hospitals

Risk assessment

Accidents in terms of injury

Identifying hazards

Risk assessment


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Chemical hazards

Biological hazards

Physical hazards

Psychological hazards

Risk assessment

Identifying hazards


Risk assessment


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Chemical hazardsAcids and alkalis - dermatitis and burns

Metals - lead and mercury poisoning

Non metals - arsenic and phosphorus poisoning

Gases - carbon monoxide poisoning, arsine poisoning

Organic compounds - occupational cancers

Dust - silicosis, coal workers pneumoconiosis

Risk assessmentIdentifying hazards


Risk assessment


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Biological hazardsAnimal-borne -anthrax, brucellosis, leptospirosis

Human-borne - viral hepatitis

Vegetable-borne - aspergillosis (farmers lung)

Others (water/land) - legionella



Risk assessment


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Physical hazardsHeat - heat cataract, heat stroke

Lighting - miners nystagmus

Noise - noise induced hearing loss

Vibration - vibration induced white finger

Radiation - radiation sickness, burns, arc eye

Pressure - decompression sickness



Risk assessment


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Psychological hazardsWork pressure, bullying - stress, alcohol / narcotic abuse



Risk assessment


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Contents of element

Risk assessment




Risk assessment


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Risk assessment

Identifying population at risk

General groups at risk

Specific groups at risk

- Operatives / workers

- Maintenance staff- Cleaners

- Contractors

- Visitors / public

Principles and practice of risk assessment

Risk assessment


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s assess e t

Identification of hazards

Walk around

Ask workers

Trade association

Check manufacturers instructions Accident and ill-health records

Long-term hazards to health


Risk assessment


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Likelihood of harm and probable severity

Qualitative and semi-quantitative risk ranking

Residual risk

Acceptable / tolerable risk levels

Use of guidance

Sources and examples of legislation

Applying controls to specified hazards

General control hierarchy Prioritisation based on risk

Distinction between priorities and time scales

Evaluating risk and adequacy of current controls


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Consequence

Likelihood




Risk assessment


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Factors affecting likelihood

Competence of operators

Levels and quality of supervision Attitudes of operators and supervisors

Environmental conditions e.g. adverse weather

Frequency and duration of exposure




Risk assessment


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Qualitative

Semi-quantitative

Risk ranking



Qualitative and semi-quantitative risk ranking

Risk assessment


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5. Major Causing death to one or more people. Loss or damage is such that it couldcause serious business disruption (e.g. major fire, explosion or structural

damage). Loss/damage in excess of (___________).4. High Causing permanent disability (e.g. loss of limb, sight or hearing).

Loss/damage in excess of (___________).3. Medium Causing temporary disability (e.g. fractures). Loss/damage in excess of

(___________).2. Low Causing significant injuries (e.g. sprains, bruises, and lacerations).

Loss/damage in excess of (___________) e.g. damage to fixtures and

fittings.1. Minor Causing minor injuries (e.g. cuts, scratches). No lost time likely other than for

first aid treatment. Loss/damage in excess of (___________) e.g. superficial

damage to interior decorations.

Consequence categories



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Likelihood categories5. Almost Certain Absence of any management controls. If conditions remain unchangedthere is almost a 100% certainty that an accident will happen (e.g. broken

rung on a ladder, live exposed electrical conductor, and untrained

personnel).4. High Serious failures in management controls. The effects of human

behaviour or other factors could cause an accident but is unlikely without

this additional factor (e.g. ladder not secured properly, oil spilled on floor,poorly trained personnel).

3. Medium Insufficient or substandard controls in place. Loss is unlikely duringnormal operation, however it may occur in emergencies or non-routine

conditions (e.g. keys left in forklift trucks; obstructed gangways; refresher

training required).2. Low The situation is generally well managed, however occasional lapses

could occur. This also applies to situations where people are required tobehave safely in order to protect themselves but are well trained.

1. Improbable Loss, accident or illness could only occur under freak conditions. Thesituation is well managed and all reasonable precautions have been

taken. Ideally, this should be the normal state of the workplace.



Risk assessment


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Risk rating categories

Risk rating 1 - 9 LowRisk rating 10-15 MediumRisk rating 16-25 High



Risk assessment


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This is the risk which remains when controls have been

decided

For example:

- Whilst a fall from a height may be prevented by a guardrail, the potential to slip or trip may remain present



Residual risk

Risk assessment


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Societal standards change and risk acceptability reduces

each year

Successful organisations will reduce the level of risk as far

as possible This is often achieved through the use of new

improvements in technology



Acceptable/tolerable risk levels

Risk assessment


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When making a judgement as to whether controls are

adequate care has to be taken

Consider relevant guidance

This can be in the form of:- Guidance to legislation

- Official guidance documents

- Industry standard guidance

- Relevant International/local standards



Use of guidance

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Many sources of legislation available from Government,

international organisations or manufacturers websites

Legislation examples:

- International Labour Organisation ILO-OSH 2001- HSE United Kingdom

- INDG163

- British Standards Institute



Sources and examples of legislation

Risk assessment


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Controls will need to be identified and applied to specific

hazards

For example:

- Electrical- Chemical

- Manual handling



Applying controls to specified hazards

Risk assessment


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E liminate

R educe

I solation

C ontrol P ersonal protective equipment

D iscipline



General control hierarchy

Risk assessment


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When risk potential has been identified prioritisation can be

given to the order of work to mitigate the risk



Prioritisation based on risk

Risk assessment


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Often risks are of high priority

The need to establish realistic time scales is also critical

It is possible to carry out some aspects in the short and

medium term To reduce the likelihood of a loss and remove the need to

give everything considered a high priority for completion



Distinction between priorities and time scales

Risk assessment


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Recording significant findings

Format

Information to be recorded


Risk assessment


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Recording significant findings

Risk assessment form

Source: RMS Publishin g


Risk assessment


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Reasons for reviewing

Examples of circumstances

When results of monitoring are adversely not as expected

A change in process, work methods or materials

Changes in the workforce

Changes in legislation

Introduction of new plant or technology

New information becoming available

As time passes by - the risk assessment should beperiodically reviewed and updated


Risk assessmentf


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Reviewing

Monitoring techniques

Preventive maintenance inspections

Safety representative / committee inspections

Statutory and maintenance scheme inspections, tests andexaminations

Safety tours and inspections

Occupational health surveys

Air monitoring Safety audits


Risk assessmentP i i l d ti f i k t


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Criteria for a suitable and sufficient risk

assessmentTraining course content should include:

Legal requirements

Process of identifying hazards and evaluating risks

Identification and selection of control measures Awareness of individuals own limitations

Accessing sources of information

Report-writing skills

Interpretation of regulations and standards Means available for communicating the outcomes of the

assessment


Risk assessmentP i i l d ti f i k t


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Special case applications of risk assessment

Young persons

Expectant and nursing mothers

Disabled workers

Lone workers


Risk assessment


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Contents of element





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Element 5

Risk assessment


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Unit IGC1

Management ofInternational health

and safety


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Documents

IGC1 - Element 5 Risk Assessment (1st Ed) v.1.0