IGCSE Edexcel Russia Revolution 1914-1924

7/26/2019 IGCSE Edexcel Russia Revolution 1914-1924

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12thJune 2016

IGCSE RUSSIAA3 RUSSIA IN REVOLUTION, 1914-24

1. THE I!ACT O" THE "IRST #ORL$ #AR

A. Ru%%&'n $e(e't% )n the E'%te*n "*)nt 1914-1916

&. Ru%%&'n% )n+ t)) t) ee% t) /)&+&%e 'n h' '*/&e%

''n&n &nt) Ge*/'n. Th&% t)) Ge*/'n% %u*5*&%e. The

Ge*/'n% h' t) /)e *e&n()*e/ent% (*)/ "*'ne t) he+5 the&*

'*/&e%. H)ee*, e'u%e the /)&+&%e %) u&+, &t *ene*ethe/ 5))*+ 5*e5'*e. The & n)t h'e en)uh *&7e% )*

'//un&t&)n 'n the&* eu&5/ent '% )( )+-('%h&)n. 'n )8e*%

h' /'5% th't e*e )/5+ete+ u%e+e%%. The t) Ru%%&'n ene*'+%,

Samsonov'n Rennenkampf& n)t )* t)ethe*. The

'tu'++ )/5ete &th e'h )the* t) e the *%t t) e(e't the

Ge*/'n%. A++ *'&) )nt't e*e un-)e, '% ' *e%u+t, the

Ge*/'n% e*e '+e t) &%)e* e:'t+ he*e the Ru%%&'n% e*e

'n h't the 5+'nne t) ). The Ru%%&'n '*/&e% h' %u;e*e t)

/'%%&e e(e't% 't T'nnenu* 'n '%u*&'n L'e%.

)* );en%&e, the

Brusilov Oensive. Th&% '% %) %ue%%(u+ 't *%t th't R)/'n&'

e&e t) >)&n the '* )n Ru%%&'?% %&e, ut &t *'n )ut )( %te'/ &n

Auu%t 'n e'/e ' *et*e't '+)n the h)+e (*)nt (*)/ the


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)n t) the


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A% ' *e%u+t, ()) e'/e un)t'&n'+e &n &t&e% e'u%e the

t*'n%5)*t %%te/ '% u%e t) e+&e* '//un&t&)n, eu&5/ent 'n

()) t) the t*))5%, the '*/ '% the 5*&)*&t. e'n% )( t*'n%5)*t

'n )//un&'t&)n e*e ee/e u%e+e%% '% the e*e

/)n)5)+&%e ()* the '*/. A++ ()) 5*)ue the &&+&'n% e*e

%ent t) the '*/, n)ne )( the/ *e'he u*'n 5)5u+'t&)n%. S'*&t

)( nee%%&t&e% &n the /'*et +e t) 5*&e &n*e'%e 'n *'/5'nt

&n7't&)n '% /)ne +)%t &t% '+ue. C)%t )( +&&n %5&e u5 300B.L'

)( (ue+ /e'nt th't th&% +e(t Ru%%&'n 5)5u+'t&)n hun* 'n )+ . 600

('t)*&e%+)%e )n '% ' *e%u+t )( e&n un'+e t) ee5 5*)ut&)n

)&n une* the %t*'&ne 'n ''* e)n)/. !e'%'nt% &n the

)unt*%&e '+%) h' ' &8u+t &n %u%t'&n&n '*&u+tu*'+ )ut5ut, '%

/)%t /en e*e )n%*&5te t) the '*/, th&% /e'nt th't the*e '%

+e%% /'n5)e* t) h'*e%t *'&n%.

&&. S)&'+ e;et%

Food shortages

C)n%*&5t&)n t) '*/ 5e'%'nt% ()*/e /)%t )( the '*/ 'n

*'n%D. Reu&%&t&)n&n )( *e%)u*e% /'e &t &8u+t ()* 5e'%'nt% t)

%u%t'&n '*&u+tu*'+ )ut5ut. L' )( )*e*% 'n *e%)u*e% &n the

*u*'+ '*e' 5ut ' %t*'&n )n the '+*e' ''*% Ru%%&'. T)n

5)5u+'t&)n% &n*e'%e '% '* &nu%t*&e% e/'ne /)*e +')u*.

Th&% +e t) 'n &n*e'%e )( ()) e/'n &n the u*'n '*e'%. "))

5*)ut&)n the 5e'%'nt% e*e /)n)5)+&%e ()* the '*/ '% the

h'e 5*&)*&t h&h /e'nt th't the h' *%t +'&/ )n the +&/&te'/)unt )( ()) 5*)ue. The %'*e '/)unt )( ()) &*u+'t&n &n

the /'*et% /e'nt th't ()) 5*&e )u+ &n*e'%e. Th&% then 'e

*&%e t) &n7't&)n.

Ination

In )*e* t) (un the '*, the )e*n/ent 5*&nte /)*e /)ne. The

'+ue )( /)ne e+&ne 'n th&% *e'te &n%t'&+&t &n e)n)/ '%

5*&e% *)%e. Sh)*t'e% ue t) the *e')n &n )//un&'t&)n

'u%e ' %5&e &n 5*&e%.


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/'&n *e'%)n ()* the %h)*t'e% )( '++ ))% &n Ru%%&' u*&n the '*.

Th&% /e'nt th't t*'n%5)*t't&)n )( &te/% '% )/5+ete+ h'+te 'n

5'*'+%e.

&&&. !)+&t&'+ e;et%

Tsars unpopularity

In Auu%t 191=, the T%'* e&e t) t'e u5 the 5)%&t&)n )(

C)//'ne* 'n ht &th h&% %)+&e*% e%5&te the ('t he h'% n)

e:5e*&ene &n the e+ h't%)ee*. He +e(t '/&n&%t*'t&)n &n the

H)/e "*)nt t) >)&n the E'%te*n "*)nt +e'&n the )unt* t) the

h'n% )( the T%'*&n' 'n R'%5ut&n. !e)5+e e*e 'n* '% R'%5ut&n

h' %&n&'nt &n7uene )e* the &/5e*&'+ ('/&+. The &%/&%%e

'+e /&n&%te*% 'n h&*e th)%e h) e*e &ne:5e*&ene ut e*e

+)%e (*&en% &th R'%5ut&n. The*e e*e /'n *u/)u*% th't

R'%5ut&n '% h'&n 'n ';'&* &th the T%'*&n'. The *e5ut't&)n )( the

*)'+ ('/&+ (e++ t) 'n '++ t&/e +). The T%'*&n' '% 'u%e )( e&n

' Ge*/'n %5. Th&% +e t) the e/5&*e?% 5)+&t&'+ &n%t'&+&t h&h

u+t&/'te+ t) )*%en&n e)n)/& e;et%.

C. In7uene )( R'%5ut&n

The T%'*&n' *e+&e u5)n R'%5ut&n he'&+ 5'*t&u+'*+ &n the %e+et&)n

)( /&n&%te*%.

The*e e*e *u/)u*% th't the 5'&* e*e Ge*/'n 'ent% %ee&n t)

une*/&ne the '* e;)*t.

A+e:e&, the T%'*?% )n+ %)n, %u;e*e (*)/ h'e/)5h&+&'. The T%'*&n'

h' %e'*he ()* /'n )t)*%, ut n)ne )( the/ e*e '+e t) %t)5

he* %)n?% e&+&t't&n &%e'%e. T%'*&n' tu*ne t) *e+&&)n 'n ()un

R'%5ut&n h) '% ' St'*et%. H)ee*, R'%5ut&n 5*)e t) the *)'+

('/&+ th't he '% '+e t) %t)5 A+e:e&?% +ee&n &th h&% 5*e%ene.


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th*e't, the e%e*t&)n% e*e 5*)/5te *u/)u*% (*)/ Ru%%&' th't

5e'%'nt% e*e t*&n t) t'e )e* +'n (*)/ +'n)ne*% 'n the

%)+&e*%, h) e*e )/5)%e )( /'&n+ 5e'%'nt% >)&ne &n.

&&. ")) %h)*t'e%, "'/&ne

In & &t&e%, )n&t&)n% e*e e* h'*. The &nte* )( 1916-191F

'% 5'*t&u+'*+ h'*. Ru%%&'n% e*e u%e t) %ee*e e'the*, ut

te/5e*'tu*e% 't -30 t) -40 Ce+%&u% 5*)e e* &8u+t hen

%u55+&e% )( ()) e*e %h)*t. In !et*)*', ()) 5*&e% *)%e 300B

'n *e' '+/)%t &%'55e'*e (*)/ %h)5%. #h't *e' the*e '%,

'% )(ten *e%e*e ()* %5e&'+ u%t)/e*%, h&h )n+ he+5e t)

&n*e'%e *e%ent/ent.

=


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2. THE "E


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$u/' ()*e $u/' t) '&'te.

&&&. T%'*?% /&%t'e%

The T%'* 5e*%)n'++ t)) h'*e )( the E'%te*n "*)nt &n Auu%t

191=. Th&% /e'nt th't he '% %)+e+ *e%5)n%&+e ()* '++ /&%t'e%

'n h' t) 'e5t '++ +'/e. He '% +'/e ()* '++ the e(e't%

h&h 'e *&%e t) /)*e un*e%t &n the &t&e% '/)n%t Ru%%&'n%. The

T%'*?% e5'*tu*e (*)/ the H)/e "*)nt /e'nt th't he h'% +e(t

'/&n&%t*'t&)n t) T%'*&n' 'n R'%5ut&n. !e)5+e e'/e 'n* h'%

the nee* +&e the T%'*&n' &n the *%t 5+'e ue t) he* Ge*/'n

ethn&&t. !e)5+e e+&ee %he '% h'&n 'n ';'&* &th R'%5ut&n

'n %he '% ' Ge*/'n %5.


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2@th"e*u'*, $u/' 'n #)*e*?% S)&et 'the* %e5'*'te+ eun

/'&n e&%&)n% ')ut *e%t)*&n )*e* 'n e%t'+&%h&n ' ne

%t'te.

2n'*h, N&h)+'% II '&'te% the th*)ne. The !*)&%&)n'+

G)e*n/ent '% ()*/e. N&h)+'% II '&'te &n (')u* )( h&%

*)the* &h'e+, &n%te' )( h&% %)n h)/ he e+&ee '% t)) %&+

t) e'* the u*en )( e&n T%'*. &h'e+ '&'te the ' +'te*, 3 *

'*h 191F, +e'&n Ru%%&' T%'*+e%%. Re%5)n&n t) the une:5ete

tu*n )( eent%, $u/' /e/e*% '%%u/e the *)+e )( e&n the

)unt*?% 5*)&%&)n'+ )e*n/ent. The 5*)&%&)n'+ )e*n/ent '%

t) %e*e te/5)*'*&+ unt&+ ' C)n%t&tuent A%%e/+ )u+ e e+ete

t) e&e ()*/'++ )n the )unt*?% (utu*e )e*n/ent.

@


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3. THE


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('* /)*e 'uth)*&t th'n the !*)&%&)n'+ G)e*n/ent. It &%%ue

&+&t'* O*e* Nu/e* One, th't %t'te% the !*)&%&)n'+

G)e*n/ent e*e )n+ t) e )ee )( the e*e '55*)e the

S)&et. The !et*)*' S)&et he+ '% /uh 5)e* 'n h'

%&n&'nt+ *e'te* )nnet&)n% &th *e&)n'+ 'uth)*&t&e% th'n the

!*)&%&)n'+ G)e*n/ent. -le/ander erenskyene u5 e&n '/e/e* )( )th the !*)&%&)n'+ G)e*n/ent 'n the !et*)*'

S)&et 'n 'te as a liaison bet%een them.

$e%*&e /'&n (e'tu*e% 'n 't&)n% )( the 5e*&) )( $u'+ !)e*

$rovisional )overnment

Led by Prince Lvov

$etrograd Soviet

Dominated by the

Mensheviks

!)+&t&'+ 5*&%)ne*% e*e *e+e'%e

Re)+ut&)n'* e:&+e% e*e

'++)e t) *etu*n t) Ru%%&'

"*ee %5eeh '% 'nn)une 'n

ne%5'5e*% e*e '++)e t) 5*&nt

h't the +&e, *eue

en%)*%h&5

An @-h)u* ' '% &nt*)ue ()*

&nu%t*&'+ )*e*%

The T%'*?% %e*et 5)+&e, Oh*'n'

'% ')+&%he.

Eu'+&t ()* '++ '% 'nn)une,

&**e%5et&e )( +'%%, *e+&&)n )*

n't&)n'+&t.

The ne $u/' h' t) e e+ete

all'

In *e'+&t, th&% '% the *e'+ %)u*e

)( 5)e* &n !et*)*'

The h' 3000 e+ete /e/e*%

'n the !*)&%&)n'+ G)e*n/ent

)u+ n)t *u+e &th)ut %u55)*t.

A+e:'ne* e*en% '% '

/e/e* )( )th %) he 'te '% '

+&'&%)n eteen the/.

One )( the&* *%t 't&)n% '% t)

&nt*)ue the &+&t'* O*e*

Nu/e* One h&h 'e the/

)nt*)+ )( Ru%%&'n '*/e ()*e%

'% %)+&e*%, %'&+)*% 'n )*e*%

)n+ &%)ee &th the

!*)&%&)n'+ G)e*n/ent &( the

!et*)*' S)&et &%'*ee &th

the/.

The 'nn)une th't the )u+

'e5t the *u+&n% )( the

!*)&%&)n'+ G)e*n/ent ut )n+

&( the th)uht &t '%

'55*)5*&'te.

C. The At&&t&e% )( Len&n 'n the


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/uh t*)u+e '% 5)%%&+e t) une*/&ne Ru%%&'?% '* e;)*t% &( the

H)/e "*)nt '% 5)+&t&'++ un%t'+e.

&&. Len&n *etu*ne &n A5*&+ 191F t) !et*)*' 'n &//e&'te+

*e+e'%e the -pril Thesis. It called for the abolition of the

Provisional Government and all power to the Soviets, all

property and land to be taken over by the state, all banks

united into a National Bankand put under the control of the

Soviets, all factoriesto come under Soviet control, the army to

be transformed to a national militia. H&% A5*&+ The%&% '+%)

5*)/&%e $ea"e! Bread and 0and h&h '&ne the %u55)*t )(

/'n )*e*%.

&&&. Len&n t)+ the


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of popularity to the $rovisional )overnment.

&&. )*n&+) Re)+t

)*n&+) '% the )//'ne*-&n-h&e( )( the Ru%%&'n '*/. He h'

+&tt+e &nte*e%t &n 5)+&t&% ut h' ' %t*)n %en%e )( 5't*&)t&%/.

H)ee*, e*en% %))n e'n t) (e'* th't )*n&+) '% 5+)tt&n t)

%et ' /&+&t'* &t't)*%h&5. )*n&+) h' h&% )n )ut% ')ut

e*en% '% e++, 'n ' /utu'+ +' )( t*u%t *e u&+. In the en,

e*en% &%/&%%e% )*n&+) 'n 'u%e% h&/ )( t*e'%)n 'n

)*n&+) '++% )n h&% t*))5% t) /ut&n.

In Se5te/e* 191F, )*n&+) 'tte/5te t) )e*th*) the !*)&%&)n'+

G)e*n/ent e'u%e he 'nte t) )nt&nue the '* &th Ge*/'n

&th)ut )e*n/ent &nte*(e*ene. e*en% & n)t h'e 'n '*/ t)

e(en !et*)*' 'n the*e()*e, '%e the )*&t &n the !et*)*' S)&et.

Th&% e%t*)e e*en%?% *e&&+&t &n the ee% )( the /&+&t'* 'n

/'e h&/ +)) ())+&%h 'n un%t'+e t) the !*)&%&)n'+ G)e*n/ent

'n the *e%t )( the )unt*. It %t*enthene the


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!'+'e. u%t ent &th h't

'% %&/5+e, 'n e'% t) une*%t'n. The*e()*e, 5e)5+e %u55)*te

the


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')5t&n the &e'% )( '*:. Th&% 5*)e% th't Len&n ne +e'*+

'n 5*e&%e+ h't he '% )&n.

. A*/

A 5*&'te


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4. CIVIL #AR

A.


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&. The C)n%t&tuent A%%e/+

The !*)&%&)n'+ G)e*n/ent h' '**'ne ()* e+et&)n% t) ' ne

5'*+&'/ent '++e the C)n%t&tuent A%%e/+. Len&n '++)e

e+et&)n% t) t'e 5+'e t) /'&nt'&n %u55)*t. '&n the ene*'+ 5*)te%t% th't

e*e '&/e 't the ('&+&n !*)&%&)n'+ G)e*n/ent, n)t 'n e;)*t

the 5e)5+e t) 5ut Len&n &n 5)e*. He %ent Ru%%&'n %)+&e*% &nt) the

)unt*%&e t) sei6e grain to feed the starving to%ns.


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&. The Re%

The Re% e*e the C)//un&%t%, +e Len&n 'n T*)t%. Len&n

e'+t &th %)&'+ 'n e)n)/& ';'&*%, h&+e T*)t% )*'n&Ke the

/&+&t'*. T*)t% &% the C)//&%%'* )( #'*.

&&. The #h&te%

The #h&te% )n%&%te )( ee*)ne h) )55)%e C)//un&%/, %uh

'%

- Social evolutionaries

- Supporters of the !sar "ho "anted to restore the !sardom

- Industrialists

- Landlords

- #ational minorities such as the $ossacks "ho "anted

independence from ussia

The A++&e 5)e*% %u55)*te the #h&te%.


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ol"hak'Gene*'+ )+h'?% t*))5% %e&Ke te**&t)* '+)n the T*'n%-

S&e*&'n R'&+' 'n /'e 5*)*e%% th*)uh the U*'+ )unt'&n%

t)'*% )%). 0enin %as afraid that ol"ha"k %ould res"ue

the Tsar and his family! %) Len&n had them e/e"uted. )+h'

'% eventually defeated the Re%, 'n he '% e:eute &n

1920.

The $e(e't )( the #h&te A*/

At the e&nn&n, the -llied po%ers %ere supported by the

1hites.


19/28

mu"h food they re"eived. Inu%t*&'+ )*e*% %ere given the

highest food rations. !e'%'nt% h) *e(u%e t) h'n )e* the ())

%ere e/e"uted)* sent to %ork in for"ed labour "amps'

#'* C)//un&%/ 'u%e *e't %u;e*&n t) the Ru%%&'n 5e)5+e. "))

%h)*t'e% e*e %) %ee*e th't Ru%%&' e:5e*&ene ' ('/&ne &n 1921,

&++&n =-F /&++&)n 5e)5+e. #'e% e)/e )*th+e%% une* #'*

C)//un&%/, 'n 5e'%'nt% e*e 5'& &n (ue+ 'n *e' &n%te' )(

u**en. Th&% &% the *ee*t ' t) the '*te* %%te/ h&h *&n%

Ru%%&' ''*% een /)*e. #)*e*% '+%) +e%t t)n% ue t) the

+' )( ()) 'n *e%)u*e%, h&h eentu'++ +e t) ' e+&ne &n

Inu%t*.

&&&. The Re Te**)*

The Re Te**)* '% '**&e )ut the 7heka, Len&n?% %e*et 5)+&e.The Che' hunte )n 'n punished or e/e"uted'n)

%u%5ete )( %e*et+ ))5e*'t&n &th Len&n?% ene/&e%. N))

'% %'(e 'n 'n) (*)/ 5e'%'nt% t) +'e*% t) )e*n/ent

)8&'+% )u+ e '**e%te, &/5*&%)ne, t)*tu*e 'n e:eute

&th)ut t*&'+.

19


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&. The *)n%t't N''+ ut&n "e*u'* 1921D

The %'&+)*% 't the ronstadt &aval'%e e*e unh'55 &th Len&n

'n T*)t%?% +e'e*%h&5. The sailors mutinied, 'u%&n Len&n 'n

T*)t% t) (e'* th't the %'&+)*% /' en)u*'e )the*% t) /ut&n

'+%). Len&n 'n T*)t% )*e*e th't the *)n%t't


21/28

C&&+ #'*

Re%

%hy they "on

#h&te%

%hy they lost

The Re% h' ' e)*'5h&'+

''nt'e '% the ente* )( the )unt*&n+u&n &nu%t*&'+ &t&e% %uh '%

)%) 'n !et*)*' 'n *&h

('*/+'n%.

The Re% h' the )nt*)+ )( the *'&+'

net)* h&h en'+e t) /)e the&*

t*))5% 'n %u55+&e% e* u&+.

The Re% e*e ' un&te ht&n ()*e

&th )ne '&/ h&h '% t) %t' &n

5)e*.

T*)t% '% /'e #'* C)//&%%'* 'n

he *e)*'n&Ke the Re A*/. He

&/5+e/ente ' h'*%h *e&/ente

)*e*. C'5&t'+ 5un&%h/ent '%

&nt*)ue ()* ' e%e*t&)n )* &%+)'+t.

He 5*)e t) ' *&++&'nt +e'e* 'n )n

the *e%5et )( the t*))5%.

T*)t% nee* '++)e h&% t*))5% t) +)%e

/)*'+e. He )n%t'nt+ *e/&ne the/

h't the e*e ht&n ()* 'n 'e*eu+'* %5eehe%.

C)n%*&5t&)n '% &nt*)ue ()* '++

/en 'e 1@-40.

T*)t% e/5+)e the e%t )8e*%

(*)/ the T%'*?% ()*/e* '*/. "'/&+

/e/e*% e*e t'en h)%t'e t)

en%u*e +)'+t.

Len&n &nt*)ue the 5)+& )( #'*

C)//un&%/ &n )*e* t) ee5 the ReA*/ )nt*)++e &th ()) 'n

e'5)n%. The St'te n't&)n'+&Ke /'>)*

&nu%t* 'n )nt*)++e the 5*)ut&)n

'n &%t*&ut&)n )( ))%.

The h&te '*/&e% e*e %5*e' )e*

+'*e '*e' h&h /'e &t &8u+t t)%t' &n )nt't &th )ne 'n)the* 'n

ee5 the&* ()*e% %u55+&e. The *e%

)u+ then 5& ); the #h&te ()*e%

)ne 't ' t&/e.

The #h&te% & n)t h'e )nt*)+ )(

*'&+' net)*% )* t*'n%5)*t %%te/

h&h /'e t*'n%5)*t&n 'n t*'e+

'*)%% the '%t +'n% )( Ru%%&' &8

The h&te% e*e n)t un&te 'n

)5e*'te '% ' %&n+e &ne5enent

'*/. The h' /'n &;e*ent '&/%.

The e*e )/5)%e )( /'n &;e*

)&e% %uh '% )n'*h&%t%,

e*en%&%t%, L'n)ne*% 'n A++&e%

The '++ h' &;e*ent '&/% ()* the

the A++&e% 'nte t) 5*eent '

%orld%ide "ommunist revolution

the )n'*h&%t% 'nt t) *&n the T%

', e*en%&%t% 'nte the *etu*

)( the C)n%t&tuent A%%e/+ 'n the

L'n)ne*% 'nte the&* +'n '

(*)/ the 5e'%'nt%.

!)e* %t*u+e e:&%t% eteen the

+e'e*% )( the #h&te A*/ &th Gene

uen&h, Gene*'+ $en&&n 'n Gene

)+h'. E'h )( the/ h'te )ne

'n)the* 'n the & n)t 'nt t) %h

5)e*. A% ' *e%u+t )( th&% +' )(

))5e*'t&)n eteen the/, thee&e t) t'e &ne5enent 't&)n%

e(e't the Re A*/ %uh '% Gene*'

uen&h /)&n (*)/ the N)*th,

L't&' &nt) !et*)*', Gene*'+ $en&

/)&n (*)/ the #e%t, U*'&ne 'n

e(e'te &n )%) 'n n'++ Gene

)+h', /)e (*)/ E'%t, h) %e&K

te**&t)* )( the T*'n% S&e*&'n R'&+'

21


22/28

H)ee*, the e*e '++ e(e'te

Re Gu'*% &n the en.

Th&% 'u%e the/ t) %u;e* +) t*))5

/)*'+e 'n /'%% e%e*t&)n% h&h

e*e'%e '* e;)*t% t*e/en)u%+

22


23/28

=. #AR COUNIS

A. Re'%)n% 'n e;et% )( #'* C)//un&%/

#'* C)//un&%/

Len&n &/5+e/ente ' 5)+& )( 1ar 7ommunism&n )*e* t) en%u*e th'

C)//un&%t-C)nt*)++e Ru%%&' *e%)u*e% e*e u%e to aid Russian %ar eo

'+%) u%e #'* C)//un&%/ to introdu"e 7ommunist ideast) Ru%%

Reasons =e"ts

Len&n e+&ee 'n% )u5&e ' e

5)%&t&)n &n the /)e*n '5&t'+&%t& e)n)/

'n th't the e)n)/ &th)ut *e%)*t&n t)

e:t*e/e 'n *'%t& /e'%u*e% t) *e%h'5e

&t% ene*'+ %t*utu*e 'n )*'n&%'t&)n.

#)*e*%, &( +e(t )n the&* )n e&e%, )u+

n)t e e5ene t) 5*'t&e +')u*

&%&5+&ne 'n t) /'&nt'&n ' +ee+ )(

5*)ut&)n *eu&*e t) 5*)&e the '*/

&th the '*/% 'n %u55+&e% &t neee t)

)nut /&+&t'* )5e*'t&)n%.

Inue 5))* 5e'%'nt% t) ))5e*'te &th the

)e*n/ent.

T) n't&)n'+&%e )( &nu%t* 'n t) )nt*)+

'n ))*&n'te the e)n)/ 'n +')u*()*e.

T) &nt*)ue C)//un&%t &e'%.

$ee/e* 191F, 'n e*e n't&)n

'n ()*e&n 'n &nte*n'+ +)'n% )n

the t%'*&%t 'n 5*)&%&)n'+ )e

e*e 'nnu++e.


24/28

5e)5+e e*e &&e &nt) ()u* 'te

/'nu'+ )*e*%, 5h%&'+ +')u*,

h)u%e&e% 'n 5*)(e%%&)n'+ 5e)5

+e t) 'n &n*e'%e &n the %u55+ )(

%t'te. "*)/ 191F t) 192@, ')ut 0

/&++&)n t)nne '% )++ete %t't

1920 t) 1921, 6 /&++&)n t)nne% e

)++ete. H)ee*, the 5)+& )( h

h'n )e* %u*5+u% ()) 'u%e hu

*e%ent/ent &n the )unt*%&e, e%5

'% Len&n h' 5*)/&%e 5e'e, *e

+'n. #hen the 5e'%'nt% h' +'n

e*en?t ''*e the e*e /e'nt t)

)e* %u*5+u% ()) th't the 5*)u

#'* C)//un&%/ 'tte/5te t) ')

/)ne '% /e'n% )( e:h'ne.


25/28

ue++e. A(te* ' bloody battle!the *)n%t't N''+


26/28

6. NE# ECONOIC !OLIC NE!D

Ne E)n)/& !)+&

Reasons =e"ts En()*e ' t*ue &th 5e'%'nt%

T) e )/5+ete )55)%&te )( #'* C)//un&%/

!e'%'nt% e*e *e(u%&n t) 5+'nt /)*e th'n

the 'n e't ()* (e'* )( )n%'t&)n. T)n%

e*e %h*&n&n '% &nu%t*&'+ )*e*% /)e t)

the )unt*%&e t) *) ()). !et*)*'

5)5u+'t&)n *eue 1M3.

The 5e'%'nt% e*e '+&en'te the

)e*n/ent ue t) the )n%'t&)n )( *'&n.

The*e()*e, the h' n) *e'+ +&n% )* %u55)*t

()* the C)//un&%t 5'*t.

")*e *eu&%&t&)ne )( ('*/ 5*

*e5+'e ' %/'++e* t': &n

'++)e 5e'%'nt% t) %u*5+u% )n

/'*et%.

S/'++-%'+e u%&ne%%e% e*e

Th&% '++)e ' +'*e %et)* )( t

*etu*n t) n)*/'+.

The )//'n&n he&ht% )( &n

)'+, %tee+ 'n t*'n%5)*t *e/'&

)e*n/ent h'n%.

A !u*e )( !'*t /e/e*%h&5%,

&n 5e*%eut&)n )( +'%% ene/&e

*e't&)n )( +' )e% t) '++) '

*etu*n t) +&(e.

S&%%)*% C*&%&%, &;e*ene e

A*&u+tu*'+ 'n Inu%t*&'+ 5*&e

T': +&/&te t) 10B.

A*&u+tu*'+ +ee+ *e'he ' +e

%'/e +ee+ '% 5*e-'* &n 1913.

he' &nu%t* & n)t enet

%ue%% &n '*&u+tu*e. In 1922

e*e une/5+)e &n the he'

%et)*.

A. Re'%)n% ()* 'n e;et% )( NE!.


27/28

%t*utu*e &++ )n()*/ &th the '5&t'+&%t e)n)/& '%e. The

&/5't NE! h' )n 5*&e% 5*)/5te ue%t&)n&n )( 5)+&.

&&&. O55)%&t&)n t) NE! '% '%e )n &e)+) '% the e)n)/

%t'+&%e 'n *etu*ne t) 5*e-'* +ee+% )( 5*)ut&&t, %)&'+&%t%

e'n t) ue%t&)n hethe* 5*)+)ne 'e5t'ne )( '5&t'+&%/ &n

the e)n)/ &% >u%t&e.

&. Len&n '*ue th't the )n+ ' t) %'e the *e)+ut&)n '% &th the

%u55)*t 'n '*ee/ent )( 5e'%'nt%. Len&n '*ue th't the &*et

t*'n%&t&)n t) C)//un&%/ h' een ' /&%t'e 'n th't the *%t

%t'e t) )//un&%/ h' t) e 'e5t'ne )( %/'++-%'+e

5*)ut&)n &th %t'te '5&t'+&%/. Len&n then e+&ee th't Ru%%&'

)u+ then 5*)ee t) %)&'+&%/ 'n then t) )//un&%/. Len&n

+'&/e th't the 5e'%'nt% )u+ n)t e )ne*te )e*n&ht 'n &t

)u+ *eu&*e ene*'t&)n% ut n)t entu*&e%.

v.L&ht &nu%t* '+%) enete (*)/ the he'+th %&tu't&)n ()un &n'*&u+tu*e. The h' t) 5*)ue ))% ()* the 5e'%'nt% 'n the

%ue%% )( the 5e'%'nt% %t&/u+'te 5*)ut&)n &n +&ht &nu%t*.

H)ee*, he' &nu%t* & n)t enet (*)/ the %ue%% &n

'*&u+tu*e. In (*

&. In 1922, Len&n?% he'+th e'n t) ('&+. He &e &n 1924.

1as 0enin a su""essful leader of Russia

ES NO

He /'n'e t) %eu*e the


28/28

'*. H&% e&%&)n t) ''n)n #'*

C)//un&%/ &n (')* )( the NE! /'

h'e een un5)5u+'* &th 5'*t

*'&'+% ut &t %t)55e Ru%%&' (*)/

)++'5%&n.

Th)u%'n% )( 5e)5+e ueue t) 5' the&*

*e%5et% t) Len&n '(te* h&% e'th 'n he

'% e/'+/e.

He h' t*'n%()*/e the &e' )(

'*:&%/ &nt) C)//un&%/. #&th)ut h&%

&e'% the *e)+ut&)n &++ n)t h'e

%ueee.

' %ue%%)*. The*e()*e, 5)e* %t*u+e

th't ent )n &n the e'*% '(te* 1924

/e'nt th't 5'*t +e'e*% +&e St'+&n

)n+ )nent*'te )n+ )n %eu*&n

the&* )n 5)%&t&)n% 'n n)t the '*e )(

Ru%%&'n 5e)5+e.

Len&n h' n)t +e(t +e'* &e'% )n the

(utu*e )( the C)//un&%t 5'*t hen h

&e. Th&% *e%u+te &n +)n te*/

%t*u+e eteen St'+&n 'n T*)t%.

&&. In $ee/e* 1922, he &t'te h&% Te%t'/ent et'&+&n the

%t*enth% 'n e'ne%%e% )( the /en h) /&ht %uee h&/. He

'/e t) the )n+u%&)n th't he %h)u+ n)t e *e5+'e )ne/'n. He (e+t th't T*)t% '% ' &(te ' +e'e* ut '% t))

'**)'nt.

&&&. St'+&n '% )n%&e*e t) e 'n un%u&t'+e +e'e*. He

*e)//ene th't he '% t) e *e/)e (*)/ '++ h&% 5)%t%.

Documents

IGCSE Edexcel Russia Revolution 1914-1924