LIGHTLIGHT

The world is largely known throughthe senses. The sense of sightis one of the most important

senses. Through it we see mountains,rivers, trees, plants, chairs, people andso many other things around us. We alsosee clouds, rainbows and birds flyingin the sky. At night we see the moonand the stars. You are able to see thewords and sentences printed on thispage. How is seeing made possible?

16.1 What makes ThingsVisible

Have you ever thought how we see thevarious objects? You may say that eyessee the objects. But, can you see anobject in the dark? It means that eyesalone cannot see any object. It is onlywhen light from an object enters oureyes that we see the object. The lightmay have been emitted by the object, ormay have been reflected by it.

You learnt in Class VII that a polishedor a shiny surface can act as a mirror. Amirror changes the direction of lightthat falls on it. Can you tell in whichdirection the light falling on a surfacewill be reflected? Let us find out.

16.2 Laws of Reflection

Activity 16.1

Fix a white sheet of paper on adrawing board or a table. Take a

comb and close all its openingsexcept one in the middle. You canuse a strip of black paper forthis purpose. Hold the combperpendicular to the sheet of paper.Throw light from a torch throughthe opening of the comb from oneside (Fig. 16.1). With slightadjustment of the torch and thecomb you will see a ray of light alongthe paper on the other side of thecomb. Keep the comb and the torchsteady. Place a strip of plane mirrorin the path of the light ray (Fig.16.1). What do you observe?

After striking the mirror, the ray oflight is reflected in another direction.The light ray, which strikes any surface,is called the incident ray. The ray thatcomes back from the surface afterreflection is known as the reflected ray.

Fig. 16.1 : Arrangement for showing reflection

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A ray of light is an idealization. Inreality, we have a narrow beam oflight which is made up of severalrays. For simplicity, we use the termray for a narrow beam of light.

Draw lines showing the position ofthe plane mirror, the incident ray andthe reflected ray on the paper with thehelp of your friends. Remove the mirrorand the comb. Draw a line making anangle of 90º to the line representing themirror at the point where the incidentray strikes the mirror. This line is knownas the normal to the reflecting surfaceat that point (Fig. 16.2). The angle

Table 16.1 : Angles of Incidenceand Reflection

S. Angle of Angle ofNo. incidence (∠∠∠∠∠i) reflection (∠∠∠∠∠r)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Do you see any relation between theangle of incidence and the angle ofreflection. Are they approximately equal?If the experiment is carried out carefully,it is seen that the angle of incidence isalways equal to the angle of reflection.This is known as the law of reflection.Let us perform another activity onreflection.

What would happen if Ithrew the light on the

mirror along the normal.

Activity 16.2

Perform Activity 16.1 again. Thistime use a sheet of stiff paper or achart paper. Let the sheet project alittle beyond the edge of the Table(Fig. 16.4). Cut the projectingportion of the sheet in the middle.Look at the reflected ray. Make surethat the reflected ray extends to theprojected portion of the paper. Bendthat part of the projected portion onwhich the reflected ray falls. Canyou still see the reflected ray? Bringthe paper back to the original

Fig. 16.2 : Drawing the normal

Fig. 16.3 : Angle of incidence and angle ofreflection

Reflectedray

Normal

Incidentray

between the normal and incident ray iscalled the angle of incidence (∠∠∠∠∠i). Theangle between the normal and thereflected ray is known as the angle ofreflection (∠∠∠∠∠r) (Fig. 16.3). Measure theangle of incidence and the angle ofreflection. Repeat the activity severaltimes by changing the angle ofincidence. Enter the data in Table 16.1.

LIGHT 203

position. Can you see the reflectedray again? What do you infer?

with the sun as the source of light insteadof a torch. You, too, can use the sun asthe source of light.

These activities can also be performedby making use of the Ray StreakApparatus (available in the kitprepared by NCERT).

Bhoojo remembered that he hadstudied in Class VII some features of theimage of an object formed by a planemirror. Paheli asked him to recall thosefeatures:

(i) Was the image erect or upsidedown?

(ii) Was it of the same size as theobject?

(iii) Did the image appear at the samedistance behind the mirror as theobject was in front of it?

(iv) Could it be obtained on a screen?Let us understand a little more about

the formation of image by a plane mirrorin the following way:

Activity 16.3

A source of light O is placed in frontof a plane mirror PQ. Two rays OAand OC are incident on it (Fig. 16.5).Can you find out the direction ofthe reflected rays?Draw normals to the surface of themirror PQ, at the points A and C.Then draw the reflected rays at thepoints A and C. How would youdraw these rays? Call the reflectedrays AB and CD, respectively.Extend them further. Do they meet?Extend them backwards. Do theymeet now? If they meet, mark thispoint as I. For a viewer’s eye at E(Fig. 16.5), do the reflected rays

(b)Fig. 16.4 (a), (b) : Incident ray, reflected ray

and the normal at the pointof incidence lie in the sameplane

When the whole sheet of paper isspread on the table, it represents oneplane. The incident ray, the normal atthe point of incidence and the reflectedray are all in this plane. When you bendthe paper you create a plane differentfrom the plane in which the incidentray and the normal lie. Then you do notsee the reflected ray. What does itindicate? It indicates that the incidentray, the normal at the point ofincidence and the reflected ray all liein the same plane. This is another lawof reflection.

Paheli and Bhoojo performed theabove activities outside the classroom

(a)

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appear to come from the point I.Since the reflected rays do notactually meet at I, but only appearto do so, we say that a virtual imageof the point O is formed at I. As youhave learnt already in Class VII,such an image cannot be obtainedon a screen.

You may recall that in an imageformed by a mirror the left of the objectappears on the right and the rightappears on the left. This is known aslateral inversion.

16.3 Regular and DiffusedReflection

Activity 16.4

Imagine that parallel rays areincident on an irregular surface asshown in Fig. 16.6. Remember thatthe laws of reflection are valid ateach point of the surface. Use theselaws to construct reflected rays atvarious points. Are they parallel toone another? You will find thatthese rays are reflected in differentdirections. (Fig. 16.7)

When all the parallel rays reflectedfrom a plane surface are not parallel,the reflection is known as diffused orirregular reflection. Remember that thediffused reflection is not due to thefailure of the laws of reflection. It iscaused by the irregularities in thereflecting surface, like that of acardboard.

On the other hand reflection froma smooth surface like that of a mirroris called regular reflection (Fig. 16.8).Images are formed by regularreflection.

Fig. 16.5 : Image formation in a plane mirror

Fig. 16.6 : Parallel rays incident onan irregular surface

Fig. 16.7 : Rays reflected from irregularsurface

Fig. 16.8 : Regular reflection

LIGHT 205

Let us find out.

16.4 Reflected Light Can beReflected Again

Recall the last time you visited a hairdresser. She/he makes you sit in front ofa mirror. After your hair cut is complete,she/he places a mirror at your back toshow you how the hair has been cut(Fig. 16.9). Can you think how you couldsee the hair at the back of your head?

Paheli recalls having constructed aperiscope as an Extended Activity inClass VI. The periscope makes use oftwo plane mirrors. Can you explainhow reflection from the two mirrorsenables you to see objects which arenot visible directly? Periscopes areused in submarines, tanks and alsoby soldiers in bunkers to see thingsoutside.

16.5 Multiple Images

You are aware that a plane mirror formsonly a single image of an object. Whathappens if two plane mirrors incombination are used? Let us see.

Do We See all Objects due to Reflected Light?

Nearly everything you see around is seen due to reflected light. Moon, for example,receives light from the sun and reflects it. That’s how we see the moon. The objectswhich shine in the light of other objects are called illuminated objects. Can youname some other such objects?

There are other objects, which give their own light, such as the sun, fire, flameof a candle and an electric lamp. Their light falls on our eyes. That is how we seethem. The objects which emit their own light are known as luminous objects.

Fig. 16.9 : Mirror at the hair dresser shop

I have a question. Can thereflected rays be further reflected

if incident on another mirror?

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Activity 16.5

Take two plane mirrors. Set themat right angles to each other withtheir edges touching (Fig. 16.10). Tohinge them you can use adhesivetape. Place a coin in between themirrors. How many images of thecoin do you see (Fig. 16.10)?

Now hinge the mirrors using theadhesive tape at different angles, say45º, 60º, 120º, 180º etc. Place someobject (say a candle) in betweenthem. Note down the number ofimages of the object in each case.

Finally, set the two mirrorsparallel to each other. Find out howmany images of a candle placedbetween them are formed (Fig.16.11).

Fig. 16.10 : Images in plane mirror at rightangle to each other

Fig. 16.11 : Image in plane mirror parallelto each other

mirrors

a

b c

Can you now explain how you cansee the back of your head at the hairdresser’s shop?

This idea of number of images formedby mirrors placed at an angle to oneanother is used in a kaleidoscope tomake numerous beautiful patterns. Youcan also make a kaleidoscope yourself.

Kaleidoscope

Activity 16.6

To make a kaleidoscope, get threerectangular mirror strips about 15cm long and 4 cm wide each. Jointhem together to form a prism asshown in Fig. 16.12(a). Fix themin a circular cardboard tube or tubeof a thick chart paper. Make surethat the tube is slightly longer thanthe mirror strips. Close one end ofthe tube by a cardboard dischaving a hole in the centre,through which you can see [Fig.16.12(b)]. To make the disc durable,paste a piece of transparent plasticsheet under the cardboard disc. At

Fig. 16.12 : Making a kaleidoscope

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the other end, touching themirrors, fix a circular plane glassplate [Fig. 16.12(c)]. Place on thisglass plate several small pieces ofcoloured glass (broken pieces ofcoloured bangles). Close this endof the tube by a ground glass plate.Allow enough space for the colourpieces to move around.

Your kaleidoscope is ready. Whenyou peep through the hole, you will beable to see a variety of patterns in thetube. Interesting feature of akaleidoscope is that you will never seethe same pattern again. Designers ofwallpapers and fabrics and artists usekaleidoscopes to get ideas for newpatterns. To make your toy attractive,you can wrap the kaleidoscope in acoloured paper.

16.6 Sunlight — White orColoured

In Class VII, you learnt that the sunlightis referred to as white light. You alsolearnt that it consists of seven colours.Here is another activity (Activity 16.7)showing that sunlight consists of severalcolours.

16.7 What is inside Our Eyes?We see things only when light comingfrom them enters our eyes. Eye is oneof our most important sense organs. Itis, therefore, important to understandits structure and working.

The eye has a roughly sphericalshape. Outer coat of the eye is white. Itis tough so that it can protect theinterior of the eye from accidents. Itstransparent front part is called cornea

Activity 16.7

Fig. 16.13 : Dispersion of light

Get a plane mirror of suitable size.Place it in a bowl (Katori) as shownin Fig. 16.13. Fill the bowl with water.Put this arrangement near a windowsuch that direct sunlight falls on themirror. Adjust the position of the bowlsuch that thereflected light fromthe mirror falls ona wall. If the wall isnot white, fix a sheetof white paper on it.Reflected light willbe seen to havemany colours. Howcan you explainthis? The mirrorand water form aprism. This breaks

up the light into its colours, as youlearnt in Class VII. Splitting of lightinto its colours is known asdispersion of light. Rainbow is anatural phenomenon showingdispersion.

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Fig. 16.15 : Demonstration of blind spot

Caution : For this activity, never usea laser torch.

Activity 16.8

Look into your friend’s eye. Observethe size of the pupil. Throw light onher eye with a torch. Observe thepupil now. Switch off the torch, andobserve her pupil once again. Doyou notice any change in the sizeof the pupil? In which case was thepupil larger? Why do you think itwas so?

In which case do you need toallow more light in the eye, whenthe light is dim or bright?

Behind the pupil of the eye is a lenswhich is thicker in the centre. Whatkind of lens is thicker at the centre?Recall what you learnt about lenses in

(Fig. 16.14). Behind the cornea, we finda dark muscular structure called iris.In the iris, there is a small openingcalled the pupil. The size of the pupilis controlled by the iris. The iris is thepart of that eye which gives it itsdistinctive colour. When we say that aperson has green eyes, we refer actuallyto the colour of the iris. The iris controlsthe amount of light entering into theeye. Let us see how.

Iris

Lens

Ciliarymuscle

Cornea

Retina

OpticNerve

Fig. 16.14 : Human eye

Class VII. The lens focuses light on theback of the eye, on a layer called retina(Fig. 16.14). Retina contains severalnerve cells. Sensations felt by the nervecells are then transmitted to the brainthrough the optic nerve.There are two kinds of cells(i) cones, which are sensitive to bright

light and(ii) rods, which are sensitive to dim light.

Besides, cones sense colour. At thejunction of the optic nerve and theretina, there are no sensory cells, so novision is possible at that spot. This iscalled the blind spot. Its existence canbe demonstrated as follows:

Activity 16.9

Make a round mark and a cross ona sheet of paper with the spot to theright of the cross (Fig. 16.15). Thedistance between two marks may be6-8 cm. Hold the sheet of paper atarms length from the eye. Closeyour left eye. Look continuously atthe cross. Move the sheet slowlytowards you, keeping your eye onthe cross. What do you find? Doesthe round mark disappear at somepoint? Now close your right eye.Look at the round mark now andrepeat the activity. Does the crossdisappear? The disappearance of thecross or the round mark shows thatthere is a point on the retina whichcannot send messages to the brainwhen light falls on it.

LIGHT 209

Nature has provided eyes witheyelids to protect from any objectentering the eye. Eyelids also shut outlight when not required.

Eye is such a wonderful instrumentthat it (normal) can see distant objectsas well near objects clearly. Theminimum distance at which the eye cansee objects distinctly varies with age. Themost comfortable distance at which onecan read with a normal eye is about25 cm.

Some persons can see near objectsclearly but cannot see distant objectsso clearly. On the other hand, somepersons cannot see near objects clearlybut they can see distant objects quitewell. With suitable corrective lenses,these defects of the eye can becorrected.

Sometimes, particularly in old age,eyesight becomes foggy. It is due to theeye lens becoming cloudy. When ithappens, persons are said to havecataract. There is a loss of vision,sometimes extremely severe. It ispossible to treat this defect. The opaquelens is removed and a new artificiallens is inserted. Modern technologyhas made this procedure simplerand safer.

16.8 Care of Eyes

It is necessary that you take proper careof your eyes. If there is any problemyou should go to an eye specialist. Havea regular checkup.

� If advised, use suitable spectacles.

� Too little or too much light is badfor eyes. Insufficient light causeseyestrain and headaches. Too muchlight, like that of the sun, a powerful

The movies that we see are actuallya number of separate pictures inproper sequence. They are made tomove across the eye usually at the rateof 24 pictures per second (faster than16 per second). So, we see a movingpicture.

Front side ofcardboard

Reverse sideof cardboard

The impression of an image does notvanish immediately from the retina. Itpersists there for about 1/16th of asecond. So, if still images of a movingobject are flashed on the eye at a ratefaster than 16 per second, then the eyeperceives this object as moving.

Activity 16.10

Get a square piece of cardboard ofside 6-8 cm. Make two holes asshown in Fig. 16.16. Thread astring through the two holes. Draw/paste a cage on one side of thecardboard and a bird on the otherside. Twist the string and make thecard twirl rapidly. Do you see thebird in the cage?

Fig. 16.16 : Bird in cage

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lamp or a laser torch can injure theretina.

� Do not look at the sun or a powerfullight directly.

� Never rub your eyes. If particles ofdust go into your eyes, wash youreyes with clean water. If there is noimprovement go to a doctor.

� Wash your eyes frequently withclean water.

� Always read at the normal distancefor vision. Do not read by bringingyour book too close to your eyes orkeeping it too far.You learnt about balanced diet in

Class VI. If food is deficient in somecomponents, eye may also suffer. Lackof vitamin A in foodstuff is responsiblefor many eye troubles. Most commonamongst them is night blindness.

One should, therefore, include in thediet components which have vitamin A.

Did you know?

Animals have eyes shaped in different ways. Eyes of a crab are quite small butthey enable the crab to look all around. So, the crab can sense even if the enemyapproaches from behind. Butterfly has large eyes that seem to be made up ofthousands of little eyes (Fig.16.17). It can see not only in thefront and the sides but the backas well.A night bird (owl) can see very wellin the night but not during theday. On the other hand, day lightbirds (kite, eagle) can see wellduring the day but not in thenight. The Owl has a large corneaand a large pupil to allow morelight in its eye. Also, it has on itsretina a large number of rods andonly a few cones. The day birdson the other hand, have morecones and fewer rods.

Fig. 16.17 : Eyes of butterfly

Eyes

Raw carrots, broccoli and greenvegetables (such as spinach) and codliver oil are rich in vitamin A. Eggs,milk, curd, cheese, butter and fruitssuch as papaya and mango are also richin vitamin A.

16.9 Visually ChallengedPersons Can Read andWrite

Some persons, including children, canbe visually handicapped. They have verylimited vision to see things. Somepersons cannot see at all since birth.Some persons may lose their eyesightbecause of a disease. Such persons tryto identify things by touching andlistening to voices more carefully. Theydevelop their other senses more sharply.However, additional resources canenable them to develop their capabilitiesfurther.

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16.10 What is a BrailleSystem?

The most popular resource for visuallychallenged persons is known as Braille.

Louis Braille

Louis Braille, himself a visuallychallenged person, developed asystem for visually challenged personsand published it in 1821.

Resources can be of two types : Non-optical aids and optical aids.Non-optical aids include visual aids, tactual aids (using the sense of touch),auditory aids (using the sense of hearing) and electronic aids. Visual aids, canmagnify words, can provide suitable intensity of light and material at properdistances. Tactual aids, including Braille writer slate and stylus, help the visuallychallenged persons in taking notes, reading and writing. Auditory aids includecassettes, tape recorders, talking books and other such devices. Electronic aids,such as talking calculators, are also available for performing many computationaltasks. Closed circuit television, also an electronic aid, enlarges printed materialwith suitable contrast and illumination. Nowadays, use of audio CDs and voiceboxes with computers are also very helpful for listening to and writing the desiredtext.Optical aids include bifocal lenses, contact lenses, tinted lenses, magnifiers andtelescopic aids. While the lens combinations are used to rectify visual limitations,telescopic aids are available to view chalkboard and class demonstrations.

Fig. 16.18 : Example of dot patterns usedin Braille System

Braille system has 63 dot patterns orcharacters. Each characterrepresents a letter, a combination ofletters, a common word or agrammatical sign. Dots are arrangedin cells of two vertical rows of threedots each.

The present system was adopted in1932. There is Braille code for commonlanguages, mathematics and scientificnotation. Many Indian languages canbe read using the Braille system.

Patterns of dots to represent someEnglish alphabets and some commonwords are shown below.

These patterns when embossed onBraille sheets help visuallychallenged to recognise words bytouching. To make them easier totouch, the dots are raised slightly.

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Some visually challenged Indians have great achievements to theircredit. Diwakar, a child prodigy has given amazing performancesas a singer.

Mr. Ravindra Jain, born completely visually challenged,obtained his Sangeet Prabhakar degree from Allahabad. He hasshown his excellence as a lyricist, singer and music composer.

Mr. Lal Advani, himself visually challenged, established anAssociation for special education and rehabilitation of disabledin India. Besides, he represented India on Braille problems toUNESCO.

Helen A Keller, an American author and lecturer, is perhaps the most well-known and inspiring visually challenged person. She lost her sight when she wasonly 18 months old. But because of her resolve and courage she could completeher graduation from a university. She wrote a number of books including TheStory of my Life (1903).

Helen A Keller

Visually challenged people learn theBraille system by beginning withletters, then special characters andletter combinations. Methods dependupon recognition by touching. Each

character has to be memorised. Brailletexts can be produced by hand or bymachine. Type writer - like devices andprinting machines have now beendeveloped.

LIGHT 213

KEYWORDS

ANGLE OF

INCIDENCE

ANGLE OF

REFLECTION

BLIND SPOT

BRAILLE

CONES

CORNEA

DIFFUSED/

IRREGULAR

REFLECTION

DISPERSION

INCIDENT RAYS

IRIS

KALEIDOSCOPE

LATERAL INVERSION

LAWS OF

REFLECTION

PUPIL

REFLECTED RAYS

REFLECTION

REGULAR

REFLECTION

RETINA

RODS

WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNT

� Light is reflected from all surfaces.

� Regular reflection takes place when light is

incident on smooth, polished and regular

surfaces.

� Diffused/irregular reflection takes place from

rough surfaces.

� Two laws of reflection are

(i) The angle of incidence is equal to the angle

of reflection.

(ii) Incident ray, reflected ray and the normal

drawn at the point of incidence to the

reflecting surface, lie in the same plane.

� Image formed in a plane mirror undergoes

lateral inversion.

� Two mirrors inclined to each other give multiple

images.

� Beautiful patterns are formed in a

kaleidoscope because of multiple reflections.

� Sunlight, called white light, consists of seven

colours.

� Splitting of light into its constituent colours is

known as dispersion.

� Important parts of the eye are cornea, iris,

pupil, lens, retina and optic nerve.

� A normal eye can see nearby and distant

objects clearly.

� Visually challenged persons can read and

write using Braille system.

� Visually challenged persons develop their

other senses more sharply to improve their

interaction with their environment.

SCIENCE214

Exercises

1. Suppose you are in a dark room. Can you see objects in the room? Canyou see objects outside the room. Explain.

2. Differentiate between regular and diffused reflection. Does diffusedreflection mean the failure of the laws of reflection?

3. Mention against each of the following whether regular or diffused reflectionwill take place when a beam of light strikes. Justify your answer in eachcase.

(a) Polished wooden table (b) Chalk powder(c) Cardboard surface (d) Marble floor with water

spread over it(e) Mirror (f) Piece of paper

4. State the laws of reflection.

5. Describe an activity to show that the incident ray, the reflected ray andthe normal at the point of incidence lie in the same plane.

6. Fill in the blanks in the following :

(a) A person 1 m in front of a plane mirror seems to be _______________ mfrom his image.

(b) If you touch your ____________ ear with right hand in front of a planemirror it will be seen in the mirror that your right ear is touched with____________

(c) The size of the pupil becomes ____________ when you see in dim light.

(d) Night birds have ____________ cones than rods in their eyes..

Choose the correct option in Questions 7 – 8

7. Angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection

(a) Always (b) Sometimes(c) Under special conditions (d) Never

8. Image formed by a plane mirror is

(a) virtual, behind the mirror and enlarged

(b) virtual, behind the mirror and of the same size as the object

(c) real at the surface of the mirror and enlarged

(d) real, behind the mirror and of the same size as the object.

9. Describe the construction of a kaleidoscope.

10. Draw a labeled sketch of the human eye.

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11. Gurmit wanted to perform Activity 16.8 using a laser torch. Her teacheradvised her not to do so. Can you explain the basis of the teachers advise?

12. Explain how you can take care of your eyes.

13. What is the angle of incidence of a ray if the reflected ray is at an angle of90° to the incident ray?

14. How many images of a candle will be formed if it is placed between twoparallel plane mirrors separated by 40 cm?

15. Two mirrors meet at right angles. A ray of light is incident on one at anangle of 30° as shown in Fig. 16.19. Draw the reflected ray from the secondmirror.

Fig. 16.19

16. Boojho stands at A just on the side of a plane mirror as shown in Fig.16.20. Can he see himself in the mirror? Also can he see the image ofobjects situated at P, Q and R?

Fig. 16.20

17. (a) Find out the position of the image of an object situated at A in theplane mirror (Fig. 16.21).

(b) Can Paheli at B see this image?

(c) Can Boojho at C see this image?

(d) When Paheli moves from B to C, where does the image of A move?

Fig. 16.21

E X

E R

C I

S E

S

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Extended Learning — Activities and Project

1. Make your own mirror. Take a glass strip or glass slab. Clean it andput it on a white sheet of paper. See yourself in the glass. Next putthe glass slab on a black sheet of paper. Again look into the glass.In which case you see yourself better and why?

2. Make friends with some visually challenged students. Enquire fromthem how they read and write. Also find out how they are able torecognise objects, hurdles and currency notes.

3. Meet an eye specialist. Get your eye sight checked and discuss howto take care of your eyes.

4. Survey your neighbourhood. Find out how many children belowthe age of 12 years use spectacles. Find out from their parentswhat, in their view, could be the reason for the weak eyesight oftheir children.

You can read more on this topic on the following websites:� www. glenbrook.k12.il.us/gbssci/phys/mmedia/optics/

ifpm.html.� www.glenbrook.k12.il.us/gbssci/phys/class/refln/

u1311b.html.

Did You Know?

Eyes can be donated by any person as an invaluable gift to visuallychallenged persons suffering from corneal blindness, The person may be:

(a) male or female

(b) of any age

(c) of any social status

(d) using spectacles

(e) suffering from any normal disease but not AIDS, Hepatitis B or C,Rabies, Leukemia, Tetanus, Cholera, Encephalitis.

The eyes have to be donated within 4-6 hours after death at anyplace, home or hospital.

A person who wants to donate the eyes has to pledge eyes during his/herlifetime to any registered eye bank. He/she should also inform his/herrelatives about this pledge so that they can take necessary action afterhis/her death.

You can also donate a Braille kit. Contact :

Give India, National Association for the Blind. [The cost of a Braille kit isRs. 750/-]