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Exexel IG Bio 2h Transport in Humans

Summary questions – Circulatory system

1. This test tube contains blood, which was left to stand overnight.

a. On the diagram, label the layers of separated blood. (3)

b. Use words from the box to complete the table. (3)

carries glucose carries oxygen fights bacteria helps form a scab

part of blood function

plasma

platelet

white blood cell

2. Draw one line from each blood part to its function. (4)

blood part function

red blood cells help clot the blood

white blood cells transports urea

platelets transport oxygen

plasma destroy bacteria

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3. Blood is a mixture of plasma, white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets. The diagram shows a sample of blood.

a. How many white blood cells are shown? (1)

_________________________________

b. State the name of the la belled strcutures: (2)

A _______________________________

B _______________________________

c. Which part of the blood carries oxygen? (1)

4. Red blood cells contain haemoglobin to carry oxygen. Describe two other ways in which a red blood cell is adapted to carry out its function. (2)

5. The word equation for the reaction between oxygen and haemoglobin is shown below.

oxygen + haemoglobin oxyhaemoglobin

a. In which organ is oxyhaemoglobin formed? (1)

b. Explain why it is important that the reaction is reversible. (2)

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6. The diagram shows the site for the exchange of substances between the blood and body cells.

a. Name the type of blood vessel shown in the diagram. (1)

b. Cell ‘A’ is releasing oxygen. Name cell ‘A’. (1)

7. The diagram shows a blood clot.

a. State the TWO functions of a blood clot. (2)

b. Suggest the function of the fibrin fibres. (1)

c. How does a blood clot form? (3)

8. Scientists investigated the time it took for samples of human blood to clot at different temperatures. The results are shown in the table. Use the information from the table and your understanding to answer the questions below.

Temperature (°C) 5 15 25 35 45

Time for blood to clot (s) 46 34 26 16 25

a. Desribe the relationship between temperature and the time it takes for blood to clot? (2)

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b. Explain why your answer to part ‘a’ suggests that enzymes are involved in the clotting process. (2)

c. Given your answers for ‘a’ and ‘b’ suggest time for blood to clot at 75°C. Explain your reasoning. (3)

9. The diagram shows an artery, capillary and a vein in a muscle. A blood clot has completely blocked the artery, stopping the flow of blood.

a. Name ONE useful substance which does not reach the capillaries in the muscle. (1)

b. Name ONE waste substance which does not leave the muscle. (1)

10. The diagram shows the heart as the atria contract.

a. Name parts A, B and C. (3)

b. Put one arrow in the left atrium to show the direction of blood flow. (1)

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c. When a ventricle contracts, it forces the valve between itself and the atrium upwards.i. Suggest what happens to the heart tendons when a ventricle contracts. (1)

ii. Explain why are the heart tendons important? (1)

d. Explain what happens as a result of the left ventricle contracting. Refer to blood flow, pressure differences and valve changes in your answer. (4)

11. The diagram shows a vein being injected.

a. Label X. (1)

b. Draw an arrow inside the vein to show the direction of blood flow.

(1)

c. Suggest why doctors inject into veins rather than arteries. (1)

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12. The diagram shows a kidney with a ureter and two blood vessels.

a. Name artery A. (1)

b. Describe the evidence that shows that A is an artery and not a vein. (1)

d. Which part, labelled in the diagram, contains most urea? (1)

e. Deduce the function of the kidney. (1)

13. The diagram shows sections through an artery and a vein.

a. Describe one similarity between an artery and a vein. (1)

b. Describe one difference, shown in the diagram, between an artery and a vein. (1)

c. Describe the function of the muscle in the artery. (2)

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d. Suggest why arteries have thicker walls than veins. (1)

e. Capillaries have walls which are much thinner still than veins, they are only one cell thick. Suggest why capillaries have very thin walls. (1)

14. The diagram shows a side view through a valve in a vein. Describe what happens to the valve when blood begins to move from:

a. A to B (1)

b. B to A (1)

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15. Jim is an athlete. His pulse rate was measured before, during and after a 15 minute training run. The results are shown on the graph.

a. Describe how his pulse rate changes during the run. (2)

b. After his run had ended, how long did it take for Jim’s pulse to return to the same rate as before the run? (1)

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16. The circulation of blood round part of the body is shown below. The arrows next to blood vessels A and B show the direction of the blood flow.

a. On the diagram, draw arrows to show the direction of blood flow in vessels C and D. (2)

b. Each labelled blood vessel is either an artery or a vein. Tick the correct box for each blood vessel. (4)

blood vessel artery veinABCD

c. State the name of organ X. (1)

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17. The diagram shows a plan of the circulatory system. The blood vessels are labelled with letters. Use the letters on the diagram to complete the sentences in the table. The first one has been done for you. (4)

Sentence LetterThe blood vessel named the aorta is

C

The blood vessel containing blood pumped from the right ventricle isThe blood vessel carrying blood with least carbon dioxide isThe blood vessel carrying blood with most amino acids after a meal isThe blood vessel containing blood at lowest pressure isThe first blood vessel to transport inhaled solvents is

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18. A woman’s heart rate was measured and recorded on a graph.

a. State the fastest rate recorded? (1)

b. Suggest why the woman’s heart rate increased. (1)

c. From the peak heart rate calculate how long it took for the woman’s heart rate to return to normal. (1)

The woman went to hospital to have the activity of her heart checked by a machine. This is what the doctor saw on the monitor screen. He pointed out the pattern he saw when the atria contract and when the ventricles contract.

d. On the diagram of the monitor screen, draw an arrow pointing to another place which shows the atria contracting. (1)

e. Identify how many heart beats are shown on the screen? (1)

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19. The diagram shows the human heart during a heartbeat. Blood vessels which take blood to and from organ X are included.

a. Name vessel A and chamber C. (2)

b. Name organ X. (1)

c. Name the chamber of the heart which contracts to move blood into organ X. (1)

d. Complete the table to show the relative (more/less/equal) quantities of oxygen and carbon dioxide in blood vessel A compared to blood vessel B. (2)

in vessel A in vessel Brelative amount ofoxygen in bloodrelative amount ofcarbon dioxide in blood

e. i. What is the function of a valve? (1)

ii. The bicuspid valve in the diagram is closed. Explain how this valve is opened. (2)

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20. The diagram shows a human heart.

a. Name the type of tissue labelled A. (1)

b. What is the function of the valves in the heart? (1)

e. Describe the differences between blood in the aorta and in the vena cava. (2)

21. Diagrams 1 and 2 show a section through the heart.

a. The valves shown in diagram 1 are absent from diagram 2. Draw both valves in diagram 2 to show their position during ventricular contraction. (2)

b. Draw arrow heads on lines X and Y to show the direction of blood flow. (1)

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b. Explain what changes have happened to cause the positioning of the valves in ‘a’. (3)

22. The diagram shows the heart and associated blood vessels.

a. The heart is supplied with blood by the coronary artery. Label the coronary artery. (1)

b. Eating a lot of animal fat can have an extremely damaging effect on this artery.

i. Outline how eating a lot fat can damage the artery. (2)

ii. Explain how damage to the artery at point X can cause the heart muscle in the shaded area to stop beating. (2)

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23. The circulation of blood round part of the body is shown below. The arrows next to blood vessels A and B show the direction of the blood flow.

a. On the diagram, draw arrows to show the direction of blood flow in vessels C and D. (2)

b. Each labelled blood vessel is either an artery or a vein. Tick the correct box for each blood vessel. (2)

blood vessel artery veinABCD

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Note development – Immune system

2.60 describe how the immune system responds to disease using white blood cells, illustrated by phagocytes ingesting pathogens and lymphocytes releasing antibodies specific to the pathogen

Beyond the physical barriers such as skin and mucous memnranes. The human body defends itself from pathogens by both non-specific and specific response mechanisms:

Non-specific mechanisms do not differentiate between types of microorganisms and always invoke the same response. Examples of non-specific defence mechanisms include phagocytes (a type of white blood cell), inflammation, fever and anti-microbial proteins.

Specific mechanisms are coordinated by a type of white blood cell (leucocyte) called lymphocytes. Lymphocytes can recognise and respond to specifically types of pathogen appropriately and have memory (i.e. they can respond more effectively upon reinfection)

1. Define (using the Bioknowledgy key term flashcards) the term pathogen:

2. Describe the non-specific response of phagocytes by adding labelled diagrams to the notes below:

Step Description Labelled diagram

1

Phagocytes circulate in the blood but may move into body tissue in response to infection.

n.b. phagocytes don’t have a fixed shape and can move through very small gaps.

2

Phagocytes move to and concentrate at sites of infection due to the release of chemicals from damaged body cells.

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3 Chemicals released by the pathogen allow the phagocyte to locate it.

4The phagocyte changes shape to form cellular extensions (pseudopodia) that surround the pathogen.

5The pseudopodia fuse together to engulf the pathogen in a vesicle (membrane bound bubble).

6Phagocyte releases enzymes into the vesicle to breakdown/digest the pathogen.

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7.The vesicle is released from the phagocyte to expel digested waste from the destroyed pathogen.

Some specialist phagocytes called macrophages whilst breaking down the pathogens find antigens (unique markers on the cell membrane of the pathogens). They present these antigen markers to lymphocytes to allow them to create a specific response to the pathogen.

3. Define (using the Bioknowledgy key term flashcards) the following key terms:

Antigen:

Antibody:

Lymphocyte:

Lymph:

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4. Describe the process by rearranging the steps into the correct order. You will need to complete some of the steps first by using words from the list below.

Order Step

________ lymphocytes: ________very quickly Produce massive quantities of the appropriate, specific ________to match

the ________

A small proportion of ________develop into ________, which may survive for ________ providing a ________ response to future infections.

Lymphocytes (B cells) are activated by an infection: ________ present ________ from the ________ of the pathogen to lymphocytes.

________ bind to the ________on ________. ________can cause a combination of the following to happen: ________ to clump/stick together and hence become ________ Mark the pathogen so it can easily be found by macrophages Break the ________ of the pathogen causing the cell to burst – does not

apply to viruses Neutralises ________ produced by the ________

________ are released into the ________, ________ and tissue fluid

Use the following words/phrases to complete the steps above (words maybe used more than once): activated, antibody, antigen, blood, cell membrane, immobilised, lymph, lymphocytes, macrophages, memory cells, multiply, pathogens, surface, toxins

n.b. The processes of the specific and non-specific responses are linked together. Phagocytes start the specific response and in term the specific response of lymphocytes aids phagocytes in locating the pathogens to destroy them and eliminate the infection.

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2.61 understand that vaccination results in the manufacture of memory cells, which enable future antibody production to the pathogen to occur sooner, faster and in greater quantity

5. Vaccinations (Immunisations) induce artificial immunity by stimulating a small immune response so that the immune system can recognise the threat of a pathogen (disease causing microbe) and respond quickly in the future. Examples of diseases we vaccinate against are:

a. Describe what a vaccine is, what it consists of.

b. Complete the steps to explain how vaccinations work.

Order Step in the vaccination process

If a second infection with the same antigen occurs, the memory cells react faster and more vigorously than the initial immune response, such that the symptoms of the infection do not normally appear.Lymphocytes (B cells) are slowly created. Lymphocytes (B cells) produce antibodies to destroy the pathogenWhen the body is challenged by a pathogen it responds with an immune reaction.A weakened or attenuated form of the pathogen is injected. The individual should not develop disease symptoms because the pathogen has been modified.Because the individual no longer presents with the symptoms of infection upon exposure, the individual is said to be immuneMemory cells remain in the body for years (or even a lifetime).Whilst the majority of Lymphocytes (B cells) are antibody-producing plasma cells. A minority become memory cells.

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c. Annotate the graph with the numbered steps in the vaccination process.

source: http://www.ib.bioninja.com.au/

d. Vaccines are sometimes done in stages and sometimes years after the vaccination a booster shot is required. Explain why in each case multiple injections are needed.

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Summary questions – Immune system

1. The diagrams show two different types of white blood cells in action.

a. State the name of cell A (1)

b. State the name of cell B (1)

c. Describe how cell A defends the body against pathogens. (4)

2. Vaccination causes the body to produce memory cells.

a. Describe what a vaccination consists of. (1)

b. Describe how does a vaccination can make you immune to a disease. (3)

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c. Describe the advantages to the human body of producing memory cells. (2)

3. There are two types of white blood cell. One type is called a lymphocyte and produces antibodies. The other type is called a phagocyte.

a. In the space below, draw and label a phagocyte. (3)

b. Describe how a phagocyte helps to destroy pathogens. (2)

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