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文字方塊
顧良智顧向恩 (2005) 以MDS分析博彩遊戲的定位《澳門理工學報》第八卷第三期（總第19期）1-11頁

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Journal of Macao Polytechnic Institute 2005 No3

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(I) (1999) SPSS Base 90 User Guide SPSS Inc Chicago IL ISBN 0-13-020390-4

(2) (2004) laquo~~BtH~iyenJraquo ~r~JM17~ftt~ 0

(3) etlmiddot 3t~(1998a) laquofplusmn-1rfJfJEJJraquo ~8J1Ji(J) Jl-t XplusmnJIJifplusmnISBN7-5080-2126-6 0

(4) etlmiddot 3t~(1998b) laquofplusmn-1rfJf1GJJraquo ~8J1JiCf) Jl-t XplusmnJIJifplusmnISBN7-5080-2127-4 0

(5) H~middot $fJKotlerP(2oo3) h-tf~ laquo~-fJfraquo ~l1J1Ji Ji$- Ji$-A~plusmnJIJifplusmn ISBN

7-208-04675-1 0

(6) ~1t jfl ~tlll]1t (2002) laquoSPSS 11 poundit -tt7J-tJr1ffH~ttjf fraquo Jl -t f ~ ~it plusmnJIJifplusmn ISBN 7shy- -

--~ _shy -

113-04789-0 0

(7) ~1 (2005) laquot jfJf 1GJJraquo Jl -t f ~fjtAplusmnJIJifplusmn ISBN 7-80117-730-4

(8) pound$JT Trout Jack E~- ~ -r- ~yt~ (2002) laquo~-0raquo Jl -t f ~Miti~plusmnJIJifplusmn ISBN

7-5005-5437-0 0

(9) ~ yenJ] fl(2003) (UJLRtT~-f Jfraquo Jl -t f ~ ~~ ~ plusmn JIJifplusmn ISBN 7-5064-2472-X 0

(10) ~ (2002) laquoSPssflJfJ ~7Jitt(2raquo) Jl-t lt-tplusmnJIJifplusmn ISBN7-9OOI0l-23-3 0

(II) Churchill G A Iacobucci D (2002) (8th ed) Marketing Research Methodological Foundations Thomas

Learning

(12) Hair J F Bush R P and Ortinau D J (2003) Marketing Research Within a Changing Information

Environment McGraw-Hill Companies Inc

(13) Koo L C (1995) Perceptual Mapping of Various TQM Techniques Proceedings ofThe 9th Asia Quality

Management Symposium Seoul

(14) Kotler Philip (1997) (9th ed) Marketing Management Analysis Planning Implementation and Control

Prentice Hall ISBN 0-13-261363-8

(15) Kruskal J B and Wish M (1978) Multidimensional Scaling Sage University Papers series on Quantitative

Applications in the Social Sciences 07-011 Beverly Hills and London Sage Pubns

(16) McDaniel cGates R (1996) (3rd Ed) Contemporary Marketing Research West Publishing Company

(17) Norusis M J (1993a) SPSS for Windows Base System users Guide Release 60 SPSS Inc Chicago lllinois

ISBN 0-13-178856-6

(18) Norusis M J (1993b) SPSS for Windows Professional Statistics Release 60 SPSS Inc Chicago Illinois

ISBN 0-13-178831-0

I No3

Positioning of Gambling Games via MDS Analysis L C Koo Hannah Koo

Abstract [SBN

Since the liberalization of the gaming industry in Macao marketing activities have become more

and more important to the casino operators To put it simply marketing is the managers responsibility r37shyto reap profit through the process of identifying anticipating and satisfying customers needs The

marketing managers of various casinos need to apply systematic and scientific methods to understand I- rSBN their customers including how they perceive the positioning of different products Positioning is the I

perception of products or services relative positions to each other by a particular customer segment

Gaming is the key industry in Macao This research adopts the Multi-Dimensional Scaling (MDS)

r-ornas technique to analyse the positioning of various games in Macao

L - Key Words Macao Gambling games Positioning MDS

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3i ~

d =[L (x - x )2]1 12 I IJ ia Jl

~ i ~~iE aiitamp $ SJ~~xia

ffif xjt ~ j ~~iE a iitfJt $IyenJ~~ I

~ffl-MfEEJU~IyenJsect~lyenJfEEJUmM~Q~ bullbullbullbulllli-~~~~sect~ffilli

l1sJif--lft1liJ ml~15f)1J ttllJ-iL~~IJiigiPIyenJI fF te-JU 1yenJtfu~~~Uiiz~ffjU-~jtfu

il~~sect~~~lyenJffiftiIJ0

1E-~jt-fuilfF~~m ffjUfF-Mtfu~2iFaIyenJJEEJU~~3Fm-Mamp~~sJ$ Q ~amp~

~-M~~lyenJfEEJU~m~fF-~~il~m~fQ~IyenJ$offifM~~-~~

~lyenJmI~~~m~mM~M~Q~ffl7t~~mfEE bullbullIyenJH~fF tfuil _tJzlHiJf3G7t~~ffl ~fEE~ Interval Data IyenJft~E~ (Symmetric Matrix) lli bull Jt~~~1yenJ MDS(-M9pound~IyenJlX~mf~~~) 0

iEWl1H1f15tT )dr~ft$~sJif--lmI1tt~~-fpoundplusmnO~ 1N~SijM~~fftsJ ~mtleW~~3G~~Q~~MAIyenJ~~mMAlyenJmW~ttW(~tt

l~~o~~ffl~~ffim~lyenJ~fEE~=~~f~~lyenJo~~~~lyenJm~~A~ bull te~3G$t~Fafif--lWf~fJtfFj3F)j(ranking)lyenJ7tifJT fflj3F)j~$~~ mfEE jjJ~lL0

bullbull(Ordinal Data) ~~HjfflMDSIyenJ3FiH(Non-metric)~~ ~77tifJT-rnJ9pound~ bull0

MDS~Q~ bullbullbull~~~-~mfEE9pound~IyenJM~7t~~mbullbull~ft~IyenJplusmnO~lLO

f~ m~mfi(replica ted)MDS te ~~m f~fEEJfH~~HB] IFfHffl iE~~ fif--l~~E~ I

(Dissimilarity matricesjl MDSQ tJffl3OtsL5t~Ij~ft~Q~ ~~m~IyenJ~FaliI(spatial map)0

(~1 2005 McDaniel ~ 1996 Churchill 2002) 0

-famp~~f1~~~~ I

m~3GWliJ~~ifamp~41 iIWJ~ft14fpound1W~~~IyenJiIj3F)jfFmGlyenJ j3F)j~$~

~OO~Aplusmn~te-ft-ftlyenJ1W~~~lyenJffi~~fJttt~(~~-)ffi~lyenJ-ft~ I

-yl sJiL ~=ftif--l1tJIyenJ-ft~-Y21yenJiL tzD~J[tt plusmntfutepJT~14fpound1W~~

~lyenJif--l~I1j3F)jtt~lli ~~pJTfFIyenJtt~~plusmnJJz~fpound1~amp~~m~~1yenJ iEtt~ I0

Igt ~AWB IFffD~=tt~ BWA IFfQfjgm7~~fIQJIyenJtt~~~U~~pJTfFIyenJ~E~ shy

f-~~ftlyenJm~~1IyenJM~iEBm-1m$~~iEm~TfFllilyenJ~~~

lL~1~lli~-f 0 SPSsIyenJMDS7t~~IimJJzllif~1W15t iE7t~mJ[bullbullSij tfflfft bull

-

3





Mo


























-2l~~~0-(-M+A) ~IJ(-MA) m~(-M=+) 0










~ MDS ~6~






gt mM g14 ftEJrm

03

-2 -1 o 2

I O+-----I-~-_I_---~---~fU_--~____j

JJt

-1

-2




-1

-2

9 10

94 911

9 1

o ~

1

92

98 99 97

95

96

913




~llB1IW15L~fg

~ll19II [ZS] 0


- shy _ W

~ ~- fit~= fit~=

g13-yen~~ -199 -074 -011

g14- ftJrm -189 -182 036

g6- ~ -169 018 -022

g5- ttliF5 -143 037 015

g7-m -092 099 08

g3- ~J$1M -089 116 052

g2-1NJf -076 119 -065

g8- ~fL 099 053 066

g12-~Mi~~R 104 -126 -041

g9- 1t~fL 114 027 097

g4- tt-m~ 125 -001 -06

gl- s~ 153 -021 -045

g10-=0s~ 178 -029 004

gll- ~=0 184 -035 009

z

~ fit~- fit~= fit~=

g14- ftJrm -189 -182 036

g12-~Mi~~R 104 -126 -041

g13-yenm~ -199 -074 -011

gll- ~-0 184 -035 009

g10-=0s~ 178 -029 004

gl- S~ 153 -021 -045

g4- tt-m~ 125 -001 -06

g6- ~ -169 018 -022

g9-1t~1L 114 027 097

g5-ttliF5 -143 037 015

g8-~1L 099 053 066

g7-iiIE -092 099 08

g3-~m~ -089 116 -052

g2- IN -076 119 -065


MDS~~lli~~$~~~mttm~~~Lm~~~~~~~~m~~~~~




llg$ 0


bullbull


15 1i(J) ~~MIi

DO

10 0

05

bullbull tt1ir~ ~ 0

00

-05

$ bullbull 0

-10 shy

tt -15 m

JilT2 -20 0

~h

o ~~h 0

-j =0

tt-lii 108~~ o 8~

0

~itll 0

-20 -15 -10 -05 00 05 10 15 20

15

10

05

~~MIi lill(J)

bullbullDO

0

tt1ir~ 0

0

$ bullbull 0

JilT 0

tt-lii 0 8~

0

=08~00 ~h om_=0

o Ii~~h 0

0

-05 ~itll

0

tt -10 m 2

-15 -2 -1 o 2

-

--- -


~M~~~0~W~~~T~~~














I3~ ~flI

(J)

~mm


~~

Ii$fL

=08

~

-ffiISH

=0 ~~

~pound ~W1IiH flJr~

8~ 0

~(Jj) 0

JJ~~Ififf 0

tt-~ 0

tt1ir~ 0

1liHi 0

II 0

JfL 0

ri~JfL 0

=-08~ 0

Ifi~1 0

t~~~pound 0

~W1IiH 0

flJr~ 0




If~4t






7-208-04675-1 0


--~ _shy -

113-04789-0 0



7-5005-5437-0 0




Learning











ISBN 0-13-178856-6


ISBN 0-13-178831-0

I No3


Abstract [SBN








Ie uilitraquo

r- I

r-1Ymiddot

[lOis

bOIs

3





Mo


























-2l~~~0-(-M+A) ~IJ(-MA) m~(-M=+) 0










~ MDS ~6~






gt mM g14 ftEJrm

03

-2 -1 o 2

I O+-----I-~-_I_---~---~fU_--~____j

JJt

-1

-2




-1

-2

9 10

94 911

9 1

o ~

1

92

98 99 97

95

96

913




~llB1IW15L~fg

~ll19II [ZS] 0


- shy _ W

~ ~- fit~= fit~=

g13-yen~~ -199 -074 -011

g14- ftJrm -189 -182 036

g6- ~ -169 018 -022

g5- ttliF5 -143 037 015

g7-m -092 099 08

g3- ~J$1M -089 116 052

g2-1NJf -076 119 -065

g8- ~fL 099 053 066

g12-~Mi~~R 104 -126 -041

g9- 1t~fL 114 027 097

g4- tt-m~ 125 -001 -06

gl- s~ 153 -021 -045

g10-=0s~ 178 -029 004

gll- ~=0 184 -035 009

z

~ fit~- fit~= fit~=

g14- ftJrm -189 -182 036

g12-~Mi~~R 104 -126 -041

g13-yenm~ -199 -074 -011

gll- ~-0 184 -035 009

g10-=0s~ 178 -029 004

gl- S~ 153 -021 -045

g4- tt-m~ 125 -001 -06

g6- ~ -169 018 -022

g9-1t~1L 114 027 097

g5-ttliF5 -143 037 015

g8-~1L 099 053 066

g7-iiIE -092 099 08

g3-~m~ -089 116 -052

g2- IN -076 119 -065


MDS~~lli~~$~~~mttm~~~Lm~~~~~~~~m~~~~~




llg$ 0


bullbull


15 1i(J) ~~MIi

DO

10 0

05

bullbull tt1ir~ ~ 0

00

-05

$ bullbull 0

-10 shy

tt -15 m

JilT2 -20 0

~h

o ~~h 0

-j =0

tt-lii 108~~ o 8~

0

~itll 0

-20 -15 -10 -05 00 05 10 15 20

15

10

05

~~MIi lill(J)

bullbullDO

0

tt1ir~ 0

0

$ bullbull 0

JilT 0

tt-lii 0 8~

0

=08~00 ~h om_=0

o Ii~~h 0

0

-05 ~itll

0

tt -10 m 2

-15 -2 -1 o 2

-

--- -


~M~~~0~W~~~T~~~














I3~ ~flI

(J)

~mm


~~

Ii$fL

=08

~

-ffiISH

=0 ~~

~pound ~W1IiH flJr~

8~ 0

~(Jj) 0

JJ~~Ififf 0

tt-~ 0

tt1ir~ 0

1liHi 0

II 0

JfL 0

ri~JfL 0

=-08~ 0

Ifi~1 0

t~~~pound 0

~W1IiH 0

flJr~ 0




If~4t






7-208-04675-1 0


--~ _shy -

113-04789-0 0



7-5005-5437-0 0




Learning











ISBN 0-13-178856-6


ISBN 0-13-178831-0

I No3


Abstract [SBN








Ie uilitraquo

r- I

r-1Ymiddot

[lOis

bOIs








-2l~~~0-(-M+A) ~IJ(-MA) m~(-M=+) 0










~ MDS ~6~






gt mM g14 ftEJrm

03

-2 -1 o 2

I O+-----I-~-_I_---~---~fU_--~____j

JJt

-1

-2




-1

-2

9 10

94 911

9 1

o ~

1

92

98 99 97

95

96

913




~llB1IW15L~fg

~ll19II [ZS] 0


- shy _ W

~ ~- fit~= fit~=

g13-yen~~ -199 -074 -011

g14- ftJrm -189 -182 036

g6- ~ -169 018 -022

g5- ttliF5 -143 037 015

g7-m -092 099 08

g3- ~J$1M -089 116 052

g2-1NJf -076 119 -065

g8- ~fL 099 053 066

g12-~Mi~~R 104 -126 -041

g9- 1t~fL 114 027 097

g4- tt-m~ 125 -001 -06

gl- s~ 153 -021 -045

g10-=0s~ 178 -029 004

gll- ~=0 184 -035 009

z

~ fit~- fit~= fit~=

g14- ftJrm -189 -182 036

g12-~Mi~~R 104 -126 -041

g13-yenm~ -199 -074 -011

gll- ~-0 184 -035 009

g10-=0s~ 178 -029 004

gl- S~ 153 -021 -045

g4- tt-m~ 125 -001 -06

g6- ~ -169 018 -022

g9-1t~1L 114 027 097

g5-ttliF5 -143 037 015

g8-~1L 099 053 066

g7-iiIE -092 099 08

g3-~m~ -089 116 -052

g2- IN -076 119 -065


MDS~~lli~~$~~~mttm~~~Lm~~~~~~~~m~~~~~




llg$ 0


bullbull


15 1i(J) ~~MIi

DO

10 0

05

bullbull tt1ir~ ~ 0

00

-05

$ bullbull 0

-10 shy

tt -15 m

JilT2 -20 0

~h

o ~~h 0

-j =0

tt-lii 108~~ o 8~

0

~itll 0

-20 -15 -10 -05 00 05 10 15 20

15

10

05

~~MIi lill(J)

bullbullDO

0

tt1ir~ 0

0

$ bullbull 0

JilT 0

tt-lii 0 8~

0

=08~00 ~h om_=0

o Ii~~h 0

0

-05 ~itll

0

tt -10 m 2

-15 -2 -1 o 2

-

--- -


~M~~~0~W~~~T~~~














I3~ ~flI

(J)

~mm


~~

Ii$fL

=08

~

-ffiISH

=0 ~~

~pound ~W1IiH flJr~

8~ 0

~(Jj) 0

JJ~~Ififf 0

tt-~ 0

tt1ir~ 0

1liHi 0

II 0

JfL 0

ri~JfL 0

=-08~ 0

Ifi~1 0

t~~~pound 0

~W1IiH 0

flJr~ 0




If~4t






7-208-04675-1 0


--~ _shy -

113-04789-0 0



7-5005-5437-0 0




Learning











ISBN 0-13-178856-6


ISBN 0-13-178831-0

I No3


Abstract [SBN








Ie uilitraquo

r- I

r-1Ymiddot

[lOis

bOIs

03

-2 -1 o 2

I O+-----I-~-_I_---~---~fU_--~____j

JJt

-1

-2




-1

-2

9 10

94 911

9 1

o ~

1

92

98 99 97

95

96

913




~llB1IW15L~fg

~ll19II [ZS] 0


- shy _ W

~ ~- fit~= fit~=

g13-yen~~ -199 -074 -011

g14- ftJrm -189 -182 036

g6- ~ -169 018 -022

g5- ttliF5 -143 037 015

g7-m -092 099 08

g3- ~J$1M -089 116 052

g2-1NJf -076 119 -065

g8- ~fL 099 053 066

g12-~Mi~~R 104 -126 -041

g9- 1t~fL 114 027 097

g4- tt-m~ 125 -001 -06

gl- s~ 153 -021 -045

g10-=0s~ 178 -029 004

gll- ~=0 184 -035 009

z

~ fit~- fit~= fit~=

g14- ftJrm -189 -182 036

g12-~Mi~~R 104 -126 -041

g13-yenm~ -199 -074 -011

gll- ~-0 184 -035 009

g10-=0s~ 178 -029 004

gl- S~ 153 -021 -045

g4- tt-m~ 125 -001 -06

g6- ~ -169 018 -022

g9-1t~1L 114 027 097

g5-ttliF5 -143 037 015

g8-~1L 099 053 066

g7-iiIE -092 099 08

g3-~m~ -089 116 -052

g2- IN -076 119 -065


MDS~~lli~~$~~~mttm~~~Lm~~~~~~~~m~~~~~




llg$ 0


bullbull


15 1i(J) ~~MIi

DO

10 0

05

bullbull tt1ir~ ~ 0

00

-05

$ bullbull 0

-10 shy

tt -15 m

JilT2 -20 0

~h

o ~~h 0

-j =0

tt-lii 108~~ o 8~

0

~itll 0

-20 -15 -10 -05 00 05 10 15 20

15

10

05

~~MIi lill(J)

bullbullDO

0

tt1ir~ 0

0

$ bullbull 0

JilT 0

tt-lii 0 8~

0

=08~00 ~h om_=0

o Ii~~h 0

0

-05 ~itll

0

tt -10 m 2

-15 -2 -1 o 2

-

--- -


~M~~~0~W~~~T~~~














I3~ ~flI

(J)

~mm


~~

Ii$fL

=08

~

-ffiISH

=0 ~~

~pound ~W1IiH flJr~

8~ 0

~(Jj) 0

JJ~~Ififf 0

tt-~ 0

tt1ir~ 0

1liHi 0

II 0

JfL 0

ri~JfL 0

=-08~ 0

Ifi~1 0

t~~~pound 0

~W1IiH 0

flJr~ 0




If~4t






7-208-04675-1 0


--~ _shy -

113-04789-0 0



7-5005-5437-0 0




Learning











ISBN 0-13-178856-6


ISBN 0-13-178831-0

I No3


Abstract [SBN








Ie uilitraquo

r- I

r-1Ymiddot

[lOis

bOIs




~llB1IW15L~fg

~ll19II [ZS] 0


- shy _ W

~ ~- fit~= fit~=

g13-yen~~ -199 -074 -011

g14- ftJrm -189 -182 036

g6- ~ -169 018 -022

g5- ttliF5 -143 037 015

g7-m -092 099 08

g3- ~J$1M -089 116 052

g2-1NJf -076 119 -065

g8- ~fL 099 053 066

g12-~Mi~~R 104 -126 -041

g9- 1t~fL 114 027 097

g4- tt-m~ 125 -001 -06

gl- s~ 153 -021 -045

g10-=0s~ 178 -029 004

gll- ~=0 184 -035 009

z

~ fit~- fit~= fit~=

g14- ftJrm -189 -182 036

g12-~Mi~~R 104 -126 -041

g13-yenm~ -199 -074 -011

gll- ~-0 184 -035 009

g10-=0s~ 178 -029 004

gl- S~ 153 -021 -045

g4- tt-m~ 125 -001 -06

g6- ~ -169 018 -022

g9-1t~1L 114 027 097

g5-ttliF5 -143 037 015

g8-~1L 099 053 066

g7-iiIE -092 099 08

g3-~m~ -089 116 -052

g2- IN -076 119 -065


MDS~~lli~~$~~~mttm~~~Lm~~~~~~~~m~~~~~




llg$ 0


bullbull


15 1i(J) ~~MIi

DO

10 0

05

bullbull tt1ir~ ~ 0

00

-05

$ bullbull 0

-10 shy

tt -15 m

JilT2 -20 0

~h

o ~~h 0

-j =0

tt-lii 108~~ o 8~

0

~itll 0

-20 -15 -10 -05 00 05 10 15 20

15

10

05

~~MIi lill(J)

bullbullDO

0

tt1ir~ 0

0

$ bullbull 0

JilT 0

tt-lii 0 8~

0

=08~00 ~h om_=0

o Ii~~h 0

0

-05 ~itll

0

tt -10 m 2

-15 -2 -1 o 2

-

--- -


~M~~~0~W~~~T~~~














I3~ ~flI

(J)

~mm


~~

Ii$fL

=08

~

-ffiISH

=0 ~~

~pound ~W1IiH flJr~

8~ 0

~(Jj) 0

JJ~~Ififf 0

tt-~ 0

tt1ir~ 0

1liHi 0

II 0

JfL 0

ri~JfL 0

=-08~ 0

Ifi~1 0

t~~~pound 0

~W1IiH 0

flJr~ 0




If~4t






7-208-04675-1 0


--~ _shy -

113-04789-0 0



7-5005-5437-0 0




Learning











ISBN 0-13-178856-6


ISBN 0-13-178831-0

I No3


Abstract [SBN








Ie uilitraquo

r- I

r-1Ymiddot

[lOis

bOIs

g7-iiIE -092 099 08

g3-~m~ -089 116 -052

g2- IN -076 119 -065


MDS~~lli~~$~~~mttm~~~Lm~~~~~~~~m~~~~~




llg$ 0


bullbull


15 1i(J) ~~MIi

DO

10 0

05

bullbull tt1ir~ ~ 0

00

-05

$ bullbull 0

-10 shy

tt -15 m

JilT2 -20 0

~h

o ~~h 0

-j =0

tt-lii 108~~ o 8~

0

~itll 0

-20 -15 -10 -05 00 05 10 15 20

15

10

05

~~MIi lill(J)

bullbullDO

0

tt1ir~ 0

0

$ bullbull 0

JilT 0

tt-lii 0 8~

0

=08~00 ~h om_=0

o Ii~~h 0

0

-05 ~itll

0

tt -10 m 2

-15 -2 -1 o 2

-

--- -


~M~~~0~W~~~T~~~














I3~ ~flI

(J)

~mm


~~

Ii$fL

=08

~

-ffiISH

=0 ~~

~pound ~W1IiH flJr~

8~ 0

~(Jj) 0

JJ~~Ififf 0

tt-~ 0

tt1ir~ 0

1liHi 0

II 0

JfL 0

ri~JfL 0

=-08~ 0

Ifi~1 0

t~~~pound 0

~W1IiH 0

flJr~ 0




If~4t






7-208-04675-1 0


--~ _shy -

113-04789-0 0



7-5005-5437-0 0




Learning











ISBN 0-13-178856-6


ISBN 0-13-178831-0

I No3


Abstract [SBN








Ie uilitraquo

r- I

r-1Ymiddot

[lOis

bOIs


bullbull


15 1i(J) ~~MIi

DO

10 0

05

bullbull tt1ir~ ~ 0

00

-05

$ bullbull 0

-10 shy

tt -15 m

JilT2 -20 0

~h

o ~~h 0

-j =0

tt-lii 108~~ o 8~

0

~itll 0

-20 -15 -10 -05 00 05 10 15 20

15

10

05

~~MIi lill(J)

bullbullDO

0

tt1ir~ 0

0

$ bullbull 0

JilT 0

tt-lii 0 8~

0

=08~00 ~h om_=0

o Ii~~h 0

0

-05 ~itll

0

tt -10 m 2

-15 -2 -1 o 2

-

--- -


~M~~~0~W~~~T~~~














I3~ ~flI

(J)

~mm


~~

Ii$fL

=08

~

-ffiISH

=0 ~~

~pound ~W1IiH flJr~

8~ 0

~(Jj) 0

JJ~~Ififf 0

tt-~ 0

tt1ir~ 0

1liHi 0

II 0

JfL 0

ri~JfL 0

=-08~ 0

Ifi~1 0

t~~~pound 0

~W1IiH 0

flJr~ 0




If~4t






7-208-04675-1 0


--~ _shy -

113-04789-0 0



7-5005-5437-0 0




Learning











ISBN 0-13-178856-6


ISBN 0-13-178831-0

I No3


Abstract [SBN








Ie uilitraquo

r- I

r-1Ymiddot

[lOis

bOIs

--- -


~M~~~0~W~~~T~~~














I3~ ~flI

(J)

~mm


~~

Ii$fL

=08

~

-ffiISH

=0 ~~

~pound ~W1IiH flJr~

8~ 0

~(Jj) 0

JJ~~Ififf 0

tt-~ 0

tt1ir~ 0

1liHi 0

II 0

JfL 0

ri~JfL 0

=-08~ 0

Ifi~1 0

t~~~pound 0

~W1IiH 0

flJr~ 0




If~4t






7-208-04675-1 0


--~ _shy -

113-04789-0 0



7-5005-5437-0 0




Learning











ISBN 0-13-178856-6


ISBN 0-13-178831-0

I No3


Abstract [SBN








Ie uilitraquo

r- I

r-1Ymiddot

[lOis

bOIs


If~4t






7-208-04675-1 0


--~ _shy -

113-04789-0 0



7-5005-5437-0 0




Learning











ISBN 0-13-178856-6


ISBN 0-13-178831-0

I No3


Abstract [SBN








Ie uilitraquo

r- I

r-1Ymiddot

[lOis

bOIs

I No3


Abstract [SBN








Ie uilitraquo

r- I

r-1Ymiddot

[lOis

bOIs

Documents

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