IIR Working Party on Life Cycle Climate Performance ... · 3 IIR Working Party: Life Cycle Climate Performance Evaluation 1. System Information 1.1 Applications • Air Conditioning

IIR Working Party: Life Cycle Climate Performance Evaluation

Yunho Hwang, Ph.D.Chair of LCCP WP

Vice President of Commission B1

IIR Working Partyon Life Cycle Climate Performance

Evaluation

Business Meeting

IIR Working Party: Life Cycle Climate Performance Evaluation2

Emission FactorsMain Category Sub Category

1. System information

1.1 Application1.2 System Type1.3 System Lifetime1.4 Refrigerant1.5 GWP (100 Yrs horizon)

2. Geographic information

2.1 Location (City, Country)2.2 Weather Data2.3 Utility Emission Rate2.4 Load Profile

3. Direct Emission

3.1 Regular Emissions3.2 Irregular Emissions3.3 Service Emission3.4 End-of-Life Emission3.5 Leakage during Production & Transport (Fugitive)3.6 Decomposition

4. Indirect Emission

4.1 Energy Consumption of the System4.2 Energy to Make Components/System

(Aluminum/Copper/Steel/Brass/Plastics)4.3 Energy to Produce & Transport Refrigerant (Embodied)4.4 Energy to Produce & Transport Components/System4.5 Energy for End-of-Life, Recycling/Recovery of System

(metals/plastics) and Refrigerant


1. System Information

1.1 Applications

• Air Conditioning• Heat Pumping• Domestic Refrigeration• Commercial Refrigeration• Transport Refrigeration• Mobil Air Conditioning• Industrial and Food Processing

1.2 System Types

• Single stage• Multistage• Cascade• 2ndly loop• VCC• ABS

1.3 System Lifetime DOE, Buildings Energy Data Book (2011)

1.4 Refrigerants NIST REFPROP V9.0 (2012)

1.5 GWP (100 Yrs horizon) UNEP, 2010 TOC Report (2010)


1.3 System Lifetime – Residential Equipment

Reference: DOE, Buildings Energy Data Book, 2011


1.3 System Lifetime – Commercial Equipment

Reference: DOE, Buildings Energy Data Book, 2011


1.3 System Lifetime – EU

Reference: D. Clodic, S. Barrault, 1990 to 2010 Refrigerants Inventories in EU, 2011.


1.4 Refrigerants – 105 Pure Fluids

Reference: NIST Refprop V. 9.0


1.4 Refrigerants – 96 Mixtures



1.4 Refrigerants – 96 Mixtures


• Are there any refrigerants to be included?• How about HFO mixtures or new blends?


1.5 GWP

Reference: UNEP, 2010 Report of the refrigeration, air conditioning and heat pumps, Technical Options Committee.


1.5 GWP



1.5 GWP



1.5 GWP


How about GWP values of HFO mixtures or new blends?


1.5 GWP


2. Geographic Information

2.1 Location (City, Country) Cities listed in TMY3 database (NREL, 2008)

2.2 Climate Data Weather Data: TMY3 database (NREL, 2008)

2.3 Utility Emission Rate Utility Emission Rates: IEA, CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Combustion - 2011 Highlights

2.4 Load Profile

Reference: S. Wilcox and W. Marion, Users Manual for TMY3 Data Sets, Technical Report: NREL/TP-581-43156, May 2008.


2.2 Weather Data – TMY3

Reference: S. Wilcox and W. Marion, Users Manual for TMY3 Data Sets, Technical Report: NREL/TP-581-43156, May 2008.

• A typical meteorological year (TMY) data set provides designers and other users with a reasonably sized annual data set that holds hourly meteorological values that typify conditions at a specific location over a longer period of time, such as 30 years.

• TMY data sets are widely used by building designers and others for modeling renewable energy conversion systems. Although not designed to provide meteorological extremes, TMY data have natural diurnal and seasonal variations and represent a year of typical climatic conditions for a location.

• The TMY data set is composed of 12 typical meteorological months (January through December) that are concatenated essentially without modification to form a single year with a serially complete data record for primary measurements. These monthly data sets contain actual time-series meteorological measurements and modeled solar values, although some hourly records may contain filled or interpolated data for periods when original observations are missing from the data archive.


2.3 Utility Emission Rate - IEAg CO2 / kilowatt hour 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

World 485 491 486 495 500 500 503 508 504 500

Annex I Parties 427 434 425 428 421 419 413 420 411 393

Annex II Parties 455 467 452 454 448 444 434 442 427 407

North America 539 566 522 528 526 522 500 504 491 466Europe 326 324 330 325 319 311 315 321 303 289

Asia Oceania 466 474 501 519 502 508 502 519 508 491

Annex I EIT 357 355 356 366 354 355 359 360 362 352

Non-Annex I Parties 621 616 615 627 645 641 649 642 641 643

Annex I Kyoto Parties 353 354 359 364 354 351 354 359 350 337

OECD Total 466 476 460 461 455 451 442 451 436 420Non-OECD Total 510 508 517 533 549 553 564 565 570 573

Reference: IEA, CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Combustion - 2011 Highlights


2.3 Utility Emission Rate – North America

Reference: NERC, North American Electrical Grid Interconnections, 2007


2.4 Load Profile AC - ARI

Reference: AHRI Standard 210/240, Performance Rating of Unitary AC & Air-source HP Equipment, 2008


2.4 Load Profile HP - ARI

Reference: AHRI Standard 210/240, Performance Rating of Unitary AC & Air-source HP Equipment, 2008


2.4 Load Profile HP - ASHRAE

Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals, 2009


3. Direct Emission

3.1 Regular Emissions3.2 Irregular Emissions3.3 Service Emission3.4 End-of-Life Emission3.5 Leakage during Production & Transport3.6 Decomposition


3.1 Regular Emissions - UNEP

Reference: UNEP, 2010 TOC Refrigeration, A/C and Heat Pumps Assessment Report


3.1 Regular Emissions – US EPA


3.1 Regular Emissions - US• Sand et al. (1997) used annual leak rates of 4% of refrigerant

charge for 1996 model and 2% for 2005 model year residential air conditioning equipment.

• Arthur D. Little (2002) reported that at the end of life 85% of the refrigerant is recovered from the commercial AC.

System Residential AC

Commercial AC

Chiller Commercial Refrigeration

Recovery Rate [%] 58.5 85Annual Leak [%] 2 – 4 • 3 RT: 2

• 7.5 RT: 10.5 – 4 • DX: 15

• Distributed: 4• 2nd loop: 2

Reference: Arthur D. Little, 2002.


3.1 Regular Emissions - Japan• For small and medium size split AC & refrigerators:

• DE = (1-recovery rate) x Initial charge x GWP• For large chillers & refrigeration:

• DE = (1-recovery rate) x Initial charge x GWP+ additional charge• Negligibly small: Leakage during installation and transportation

System Mini Split Split for Light Commercial & Small Chiller

Large Chiller Commercial Refrigerator

Recovery Rate

60 or 70% 50 or 70% 70 or 80% 50 or 70%

Additional Charge

Normally no additional charge 10% of initial charge

Normally noadditional charge

Reference: Earth Technologies Forum, Refrigerant Committee of JRAIA, 2004.


3.2 Regular Emissions - Netherlands• Based on survey for 1984 units for 2007 – 2010 period, 58%

of the total emission is related to the largest category of refrigeration installations (> 300 kg content). This category is related to only 5% of all installations.

• Similarly, 36% of the total emission is related to the mid-largest category of refrigeration installations (30-300 kg content). This category is related to only 22% of all installations.

Sector Dairy Meat Other Food Average

No of installations [unit] 798 399 787 Total 1984Annual Leak [%] 5.7 7.4 7.3 7

Reference: KWA Bedrijfsadviseurs B.V., 2012.


3.2 Regular Emissions - EU


• Domestic Refrigeration: 0.01%


3.2 Regular Emissions - EU



3.2 Refrigerant Charge - EU



3.2 Total Emissions - EU



3.2 Recovered - EU



3.3 Service Emissions – US EPA


3.4 End of Life – US EPA


3.4 End of Life – EU



3.4 End of Life – EU



3.5 Leakage during Production and Transport of Refrigerants (Fugitive Emission)

• Fugitive Emission Values from Gamlen et al. 1986 and Arthur D. Little, 2002.• *: Climate Change, 1995.• Reference: Johnson, C., Earth Technologies Forum, U.S. EPA, 2004.

Refrigerant Fugitive EmissionR-12 265R-22 390R-134a 4.2 (13*)R-141b 6R-142b 36R-152a 0.3R-404A 18R-407C 13*R-410A 14*Propane < 0.5CO2 0 to 0.09


3.5 Leakage during Production and Transport of Refrigerants and Charging (Fugitive Emission)

Reference: Weckert, W., D-NS, Thesis, 2008

Refrigerant Emission Worst case Average Best caseRefrigerant production 1 0.5 0.1Loading of tanks and bottles

5 2 1

Charging of A/C system 5 2 0.5

Unit: % of nominal charge


3.6 Decomposition


Refrigerant Incineration Process


3.6 Decomposition


Refrigerant Incineration Process


4. Indirect Emission4.1 Energy Consumption of the System4.2 Energy to Make Components/System

(Aluminum/Copper/Steel/Brass/Plastics)4.3 Energy to Produce & Transport Refrigerant4.4 Energy to Produce & Transport Components/System 4.5 Energy for End-of-Life, Recycling/Recovery of System

(metals/plastics) and Refrigerant


4.1 Energy Consumption of the System• Method and equations are based on AHRI standard 210/240,

which uses linear relationship and heat pump performance data tested at specific operating conditions to estimate annual energy (see AHRTI reports for details)

• For chillers, IPLV is used.


4.2 Energy to Make Components/System

Material Energy of Production (MJ/kg)

Emission by Energy(kg CO2,eq/kg)

Lubricant 54.5 1.3Aluminum 35.95 1.6Copper 36 1.64Steel 103 3.1Plastic 18.9 2.3Assembly ? ?

Reference: Johnson, C., Earth Technologies Forum, U.S. EPA, 2004.


4.3 Energy to Produce and Transport Refrigerant (Embodied Energy)

• Embodied Energy values from Campbell and McCulloch, 1998 and Krieger, Bateman, and Sylvester 2004.

• *Arthur D. Little, 2002.

Refrigerant Emission by Embodied Energy CO2/kg chemical

R-12 3R-22 3R-134a 5.2 (6-9*)R-152a 1.9CO2 0.04 to 0.19Ammonia 2*

Reference: Johnson, C., Earth Technologies Forum, U.S. EPA, 2004.

















4.4 Energy to Produce and Transport Components/System



4.5 Energy for End-of-Life

• Since the units are constructed from highly recyclable metals, it is assumed that 90% of the unit is recycled at end of life. The remaining material is assumed to be landfilled. The energy and GHG emission factors compiled by Kim (2003) were used to calculate the burdens associated with disposal.

Material Energy of Recycling (MJ/kg)

Emission by Energy(kg CO2,eq/MJ)

Refrigerant ? ?Lubricant 35.95 1.6Metal 1.7 0.10Plastic 0.15 0.10


4.5 Energy for End-of-Life



Discussion• Volunteers for TasksTask Task Details Volunteers

1

Collect information on direct and indirect emissions of working fluids for various applications from individual countries and from the current IIR’s WP on Mitigation of Direct Emissions of GHGs

2 Establish the LCCP evaluation methodology applicable for refrigeration and air conditioning systems

3Evaluate how different assumptions selected by a user of these methodologies and improvement options can affect the result of the assessment

4 Assemble such information and disseminate it amongst members of the WP and all IIR member states

5Write a booklet on the LCCP evaluation methodology developed available to members of the WP and all IIR members and to be available to non-members via Fridoc

Documents

IIR Working Party on Life Cycle Climate Performance ... · 3 IIR Working Party: Life Cycle Climate Performance Evaluation 1. System Information 1.1 Applications • Air Conditioning