IIUMIRKHS Diploma in Islamic Revealed Knowledge. IIUMIRKHS DIRK

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Diploma in Islamic Revealed Knowledge

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

DIRK

Department of General Studies

Dr. Hikmatullah Babu Sahib B.A., M.A. (Peshawar)

Ph.D. (Edinburgh)Post. Doc. Fellow (Yale)

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

الدكتـور حكـمة الله بـابو صاحـبالدكتـور حكـمة الله بـابو صاحـب

DIRK

E-mail Contact:[email protected]@[email protected]

Department of General Studies IRK, IIUM

03-2056 5584 (Office)

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

DIRK

Assignment Topic

• Why Madhhab?

• Is the Door of Ijtihad Closed?

Date of Submission: 2 weeks after the last lecture.

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Lecture 1DIRK

IRKHS

THINKING

ALOUD

IIUMIIUM WhyWhen

Who Where

FiqhFiqhHow

What

Why

When

Who

Where

DIRK Lecture 1

Purpose of CreationIntroductory Remarks I

Why man is created by Allah?

DIRK Lecture 1


Allah says in the Noble Qur’an:

الجن خلقت وماليعبدون إال واإلنس

DIRK Lecture 1


What Allah has done for us?

• Create

• Nourish

• Sustain

• Guide

DIRK Lecture 1


نبتليه خلقناإنا أمشاج نطفة من اإلنسانبصيرا ) سميعا (76:2فجعلناه

البيان )خلق علمه (55:3اإلنسان

و ربكم من بينة جاءكم (6:157ورحمة )هدىفقد

DIRK Lecture 1


ثم خلقنولقد اكم(7:11صورناكم )

وأبقى رب ورزق خير ك(20:131)

ونصيرا هاديا بربك وكفى(25:31)

DIRK Lecture 1


صورته علي آدم الله خلق

بطن في زكريا بن يحيى الله خلقوخلق مؤمنا أمه

كافرا أمه بطن في فرعون

Hadith

DIRK Lecture 1

Man’s Need for LawIntroductory Remarks I

Why man needs a Law?

•To guide man in his multifarious activities

•To prevent him from committing crimes against his self, family, society, nation and the world

•To protect the interests of oneself and others

•To understand and respect the rights and obligations

DIRK Lecture 1

Divine Law vs. Man-made LawIntroductory Remarks I

Divine Law Man-Made Law

Source Allah Man

Knowledge Immediate Mediate

Status Perpetual Temporary

Sacred Non-SacredNature

DIRK Lecture 1

Divine Law vs. Man-made LawIntroductory Remarks I

Divine Law Man-Made Law

Extent Universal Particular

Role Guide / Enlighten Prevent aggression

Uniform DifferManner

DIRK Lecture 1

Literally defined as:

يقصد ( الذي الماء مورد أي الماء وشرعةللشرب )

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

المستقيمة والطريقة المذهب______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Lecture 1

Technically defined as:

األحكام( الدين من لعباده الله شرع ماالمختلفة)

These rules (األحكام) were called as because of its straightness and شريعةits resemblance to water spot as there in it life for the soul and intellect just as there is life for the body from the

water spot.

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

DIRK Lecture 1

The course towards the water spot

A B

CD

water

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

DIRK Lecture 1


A B

CD

Qur’anSunnah

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

DIRK Lecture 1

Specialities of Shari‘ah

•Divine Origin

•The shara‘i reward and punishment are both this worldly and the hereafter

•Universal and everlasting

•All embracive

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

DIRK Lecture 1

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

DIRK Lecture 2

•Religious Beliefs•Economic System•Political System•Social System•Ethical System

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

DIRK Lecture 2

Religious BeliefsReligious Beliefs

• IDOL WORSHIPPER• ATHEIST• FOLLOWERS OF CHRISTIAN & JEWISH TEACHING• BELIEVERS IN ONE SUPREME GOD )ALLAH(

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

DIRK Lecture 2

•Feared of the Hereafter•Praised forefathers at the conclusion of pilgrimage•Acknowledged the Messengership of earlier Prophets•Performed Hajj•Respected the Holy months

Religious BeliefsReligious Beliefs

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

DIRK Lecture 2

Ibn Hisham saysIbn Hisham says:

the beginning of stone worship among the sons of Isma‘il was when Makkah became too small for them

and they wanted more room in the country. Everyone who left the town took with him a stone from the

Sacred area to do honour to it. When they settled they set it up and walked around it as they went around the

Ka‘bah. This led them to worship what stones they pleased and those which made impression on them .

Thus as generation passed they forgot their primitive faith and adopted another religion for that of

Ibrahim and Isma‘il.

“

”

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

DIRK Lecture 2

Economic SystemEconomic System

•tied to tribal loyalty & hierarchy•labor despised•slavery common•transactions based on traditions & customs•no distinction between self-acquired & inherited properties•absolute power of disposal for owner •tribal-based economic specialization

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

DIRK Lecture 2

Political SystemPolitical System

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

DIRK Lecture 2

Social SystemSocial System

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

DIRK Lecture 2

Ethical SystemEthical System

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

DIRK Lecture 2

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

DIRK Lecture 3

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Qur’an and Sunnah

Al-Shari‘at al-Muhammadiyyah

Al-Shari‘at al-Kubra

Musa ‘Isa

NuhIsma‘il

Ibrahim

B ?K ?

C ?

Lut

Ishaq

Ya‘qub Yahya

Dawud

Ilyas

Qur’an and Sunnah

Al-Shari‘at al-Muhammadiyyah

Al-Shari‘at al-Kubra

Musa ‘Isa

NuhIsma‘il

Ibrahim

B ?K ?

C ?

Lut

Ishaq

Ya‘qub Yahya

Dawud

Ilyas

DIRK

Selection based on retention and

abrogation

Lecture 3

IslamShari‘ah

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

DIRK Lecture 3

FiqhShari‘ah

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

DIRK Lecture 3

Shari‘ah Fiqh

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

DIRK Lecture 3

Shari‘ah = Fiqh

?

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

DIRK Lecture 3

يكادون ال القوم هؤآلء فمالحديثا فقهي ون

[What has come to these people that they have failed to understand (even) a single

fact] (4:78)

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

DIRK Lecture 3

ي ال قلوب بها فقهلهم ون

[They have hearts wherewith they understand not] (7:179)

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

DIRK Lecture 3

Shari‘ahShari‘ahFiqhFiqh

Rules which the

MujtahidMujtahidsucceeds in

which there arethe Rules of

Allah

Rules which the

MujtahidMujtahidfails inwhich

there arethe Rules of

Allah

Aspects of

beliefs,ethicsand

narrationsaboutpast

nations

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

DIRK Lecture 3

LiterallyLiterally:

وما مالها النفس وما معرفة مالها النفس معرفة) عمال ) (عليها عمال ) عليها

[Person’s knowledge of his rights and obligations (with

respect to his acts)]

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

DIRK Lecture 3

This definition includes three things:

•Knowledge of the tenets of faith ( ‘ilm al-Kalam )

•Knowledge of ethics and mysticism ( Tasawwuf )

•Knowledge pertaining to acts ( Fiqh )

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

DIRK Lecture 3

TechnicallyTechnically:

شرعيةشرعيةال ال أحكامأحكامبال بال علمعلمالالمن من مكتسبةمكتسبةال ال عمليةعمليةالال

التفصيلية التفصيلية أدلتها أدلتها

[The knowledge of the legal rules pertaining to conduct, that have been

derived from their specific evidences].

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

DIRK Lecture 3

العلمالعلم

أحكامأحكام

الشرعيالشرعيةة

العمليةالعملية

المكتسبةالمكتسبة

أدلتهاأدلتهاالتفصيليةالتفصيلية

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

DIRK Lecture 3

(Belief)

عقائد(Action)

عمل

(‘Ilm al-Kalam)

إيمان(Islah al-Zahir)

إسالم(Tasawwuf)

إحسان

تهذيب األخالق( عبادات(

تدبيرالمنزل( معامالت(

سياسة المدن

( معامالت(

Shari‘ahShari‘ah

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

DIRK Lecture 3

Sh

ara‘

i Val

ues

Sh

ara‘

i Val

ues

Values connectedwith belief

( اإلعتقادية (األحكام[ الكالم[ علم

Values connectedwith ethics

( األخالقية (األحكام[ التصوف[ ظ األخالق علم

Values connectedwith the sayings and

actions of man in respect of his relation with others

( العملية (األحكام[ الفقه[ علم

العباداتaim: to regulate an individual’s

relations with his Lord

المعامالتaim: to regulate relations

between individuals

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

DIRK Lecture 3

المعامالتTransactions

Family LawCivil Law

Procedural Law

Private International

Law

International Law

Constitutional Law

Financial Law

Criminal Law

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

DIRK Lecture 3

Man’s relation with himself

Man’s relation with his fellow Man

Man’s relation with God

Man’s relation with society

Man’s relation with the universe

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

DIRK Lecture 3

آخر إلى أمر إسنادسلبا أو إيجابا

[Predicating a thing to another either affirmatively or negatively]

:literally means (Value) حكم

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

DIRK Lecture 3

فى الشيء وضعموضعه

[to place a thing in its proper place]

:literally means (Value) حكم

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

DIRK Lecture 3

تعالى الله حكم عن عبارةبأفعال المتعـلق

المكلفين

[an expression about the rule of Allah, the self-elevated, which is connected to the

actions of the mukallafs )those on whom the obligation is effected(]

Technically defined as:Technically defined as:

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

DIRK Lecture 3

المتعـلق تعالى الله خطاببأفعال

التخيير أو باإلقتضاء المكلفينالوضع أو

[a communication from Allah, the self-elevated, which is connected to the acts of the

mukallafs through a demand or option or through a declaration].

Technically defined as:Technically defined as:

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

DIRK Lecture 3

Every Hukum must have the following three essential components to make an individual

responsible for:

Pillars of Shara‘i ValuesPillars of Shara‘i Values

HAKIMHAKIM

MAHKUM FIHIMAHKUM FIHIMAHKUM ‘ALAIHMAHKUM ‘ALAIH

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

DIRK Lecture 3

LawgiverLawgiver

Subject MatterSubject MatterAudienceAudience

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

DIRK Lecture 3

الحالحكمكم

الوضالوضعيعي

التكليالتكليفيفي

PrimarySecondary

InjunctiveStipulatory

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

DIRK Lecture 3

Obligatory Recommended Permitted Discouraged Forbidden

PRIMARY VALUES

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

DIRK Lecture 3

فرضFard واجب

Wajib

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

DIRK Lecture 3

WhatWhat is is

Fard Fard )Obligatory( ?)Obligatory( ?

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

DIRK Lecture 3

ال قطعي بدليل ثبت ماجاحده ويكفر فيه شبهة

تاركه ويعذب

[that which is established through a clear proof in which there is no doubt and

anyone denying it is considered an infidel and one who does not perform it is

punished]

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

DIRK Lecture 3

What What isis

Wajib Wajib )Obligatory( ?)Obligatory( ?

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

DIRK Lecture 3

شبهة فيه بدليل وجوبه ثبت مايثاب ما وهو الواحد، كخبر العدملو عقوبة بتركه ويستحق بفعله

جاحده يضلل حتي العذر البه ويكفر

[that the obligation of which is established through an undoubtful proof like the Singular tradition and it is that which rewards the doer make rightful the punishment for abstaining from it without any excuse such that its denier

is considered to have gone astray and is an infidel due to it]

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

DIRK Lecture 3

What is the What is the difference betweendifference between

Fard & Wajib Fard & Wajib )Obligatory( ?)Obligatory( ?

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

DIRK Lecture 3

Divisions of Fard / Wajib:Divisions of Fard / Wajib:

)1( ‘ayni )individual( / kafa’i )collective(

)2( muwaqqat )contingent( / mutlaq )absolute(

)3( muhaddad )quantified( / ghayr muhaddad )unquantified(

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

DIRK Lecture 3

that which is addressed to every individual and

cannot, in principle, be performed for or on behalf

of another person

‘‘Ayni )Individual Obligation( is defined as:Ayni )Individual Obligation( is defined as:

e.g.: Salat

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

DIRK Lecture 3

Kafa’i )Collective Obligation( is defined as:Kafa’i )Collective Obligation( is defined as:

that which is addressed to the community as a whole, such

that if any one member of the community perform it, the law is fulfilled and the rest of the community is absolved of it.

e.g.: Salat al-Janazah

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

DIRK Lecture 3

When will a Kafa’i becomes an ‘Ayni ?When will a Kafa’i becomes an ‘Ayni ?

•Jihad

•Ijtihad

•Expertise

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

DIRK Lecture 3

Muwaqqat )Contingent Obligation( is defined as:Muwaqqat )Contingent Obligation( is defined as:

that which is contingent on a time-limit

e.g.: Sawm )fasting(

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

DIRK Lecture 3

Mutlaq )Absolute Obligation( is defined as:Mutlaq )Absolute Obligation( is defined as:

that which is free

of time-limit.

e.g.: Kaffarah )expiation(DIS

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Lecture 3

Muhaddad )Quantified Obligation( is defined as:Muhaddad )Quantified Obligation( is defined as:

that which results in

personal liability.

e.g.: Zakat DIS

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Lecture 3

Ghayr Muhaddad )Unquantified Obligation(Ghayr Muhaddad )Unquantified Obligation(is defined as:is defined as:

that which does not result in

personal liability.

e.g.: Mahr )dowry(DIS

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Lecture 3

Note………….Note………….

Any excessive performance of wajib becomes either part of

wajib or mandub

DIS

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Lecture 3

سنةSunnah

نـفـلNafl

تطوعTatawwu‘

مستحبMustahabb

مندوبMandub

DIS

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Lecture 3

الله صلي النبي واظب مامع عليها وسلم عليه

أحيانا الترك

[that which the Prophet, on whom be the regard and salutation of Allah, used to

practice regularly with intermittent abstinence]

DIS

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Lecture 3

الله صلي النبي واظب ماوسلم بال عليه عليه

وجوب

[that which the Prophet, on whom be the regard and salutation of Allah, used to

practice regularly without being an obligation]

DIS

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Lecture 3

ولم الشارع فيه رغب مايوجبه

[that which the Law Giver prefers without making it an obligation]

Mustahabb )Desirable Act(:Mustahabb )Desirable Act(:

DIS

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Lecture 3

علي راجحا يكون الذي الفعلويكون الشارع نظر في تركه

جائزا تاركه

[the act that the abstinence of which is preferred in the opinion of the Law Giver and

one who abstains from it is rewarded]

Mandub )Recommended Act(:Mandub )Recommended Act(:

DIS

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Lecture 3

الفرائض علي زيادة شرع ماوالواجبات

[that which is legislated over and above the obligatory rules]

Nafl:Nafl:

DIS

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Lecture 3

Is a binding demand of the Lawgiver in respect of

abandoning something.

Haram )Forbidden(Haram )Forbidden(

DIS

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Lecture 3

Committing the haram is punishable and omitting is

rewarded

Haram )Forbidden(Haram )Forbidden(

DIS

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Lecture 3

Forms of Haram in the Qur’an:

•the word haram itself occurring (حرمت) [5:3]

•other prohibitory terms [5:90]

(ال)

DIS

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Lecture 3

Forms of Haram in the Qur’an:

•command to avoid certain behavior [5:90]

(فإجتنبوا)

•expressions like [4:19] ( لكم يحل (ال

DIS

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Lecture 3

TypesTypes:

•Haram li dhatihi:(that which is prohibited for its own sake)

•Haram li-Ghayrihi: (that which is prohibited due to something else)

DIS

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Lecture 3

A demand of the Lawgiver which requires the mukallaf to avoid something, but not in strictly

prohibitory terms. Thus omitting something which is makruh is preferable to committing it.

Makruh )Abominable(Makruh )Abominable(

DIS

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Lecture 3

•Makruh Tahrimi:(that which is closer to haram)

•Makruh Tanzizhi: (that which is closer to mubah)

Type:Type:

DIS

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Lecture 3

Communication from the Lawgiver concerning the conduct of the mukallaf

which gives him the option to do or not to do something

Mubah )Permissible(Mubah )Permissible(

DIS

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Lecture 3

سبسببب

(Cause)

SECONDARY VALUES

شرطشرط(Condition)

مانعمانع(Obstacle)

DIS

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Lecture 3

SababSabab::

LiterallyLiterally::

المقصود إلي به يتوصل لما إسم

[the means through which the goal is reached]

DIS

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Lecture 3

SababSabab::


[What the Lawgiver has determined to be the identifier of a legal rule so that its existence

means the presence of the rule, while its absence means the absence of the rule]

DIS

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Lecture 3

TypesTypes::

•That which neither depends on the act of the subject nor is it within his power to

bring about (Ghayr al-Tam)

e.g.: the arrival of the month of Ramadan is the cause for fasting

DIS

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Lecture 3

TypesTypes::

•That which depends on the act of the subject and is within his power to bring

about (Tam)

e.g.: like journey for the permissibility of not fasting

DIS

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Lecture 3

LiterallyLiterally:

األول وجد إذا بحيث بشيء الشيء تعليقالثاني وجد

[the connection of a thing with another such that if the first is present the

second is also present]

ShartShart::

DIS

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Lecture 3


[an evident and constant attribute whose absence necessitates the

absence of the hukum but whose presence does not automatically

bring about its object]

e.g.: Wudu’ - Salat

ShartShart::

DIS

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Lecture 3

•Shart Shar‘i (Legal Condition)[by the Lawgiver]

•Shart Ja‘li (Improvised Condition)[by the mukallaf]

TypesTypes::

DIS

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Lecture 3

وجود عند الحكم إنعدام عن عبارةالسبب

[an act or an attribute which nullifies the hukum in the presence of a cause]

e.g.: Difference of religionالكافر يرث ال

Mani‘Mani‘::

DIS

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Lecture 3

•That which affects the Sabab (Cause) due to its presence

e.g.: not paying Zakat due to indebtedness

•That which affects the Hukum (Rule)e.g.: Paternity hinders retaliation

TypesTypes::

DIS

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Lecture 3

[Manner of performance]

VOID

VALID

IRREGULAR

DIS

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Lecture 3

[Religious Consideration]

رخصة عزيمة

DIS

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Lecture 3

[In respect of Performance]

قضاء

أداء

DIS

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Lecture 3

Purpose of these classifications:Purpose of these classifications:

•To show that law is not merely the command of the Lawgiver

•To make us understand how these rules interact to create obligations and determinethe operation of law

DIS

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Lecture 3

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

DIRK Week 4

Legislative Period

Dynastic-cum-Republican Period

Scientific Research Period

Research Fixation Period

Transcription Period

Free Will Period

Republican Period

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8Age of Renaissance ?

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 4DIRK

Underlying features of the period

• different aspects of the shari‘ah were outlined by the Qur’anic revelation and sunnaic practices

• Legislations were enacted as solutions to the rising problems

• Prophet was the point of reference for all matters

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 2DIRK

Makkan PeriodMakkan Period

Madinan PeriodMadinan Period

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 2DIRK

610 A.D. - 622 A.D.610 A.D. - 622 A.D.

623 A.D. - 632 A.D.623 A.D. - 632 A.D.

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 2DIRK

Those relating to Belief

Those dealing with human

conducts in the form of Awamir & Nawahih

Those which deal withmoral principles

Kinds of Qur’anic versesKinds of Qur’anic verses

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 2DIRK

•Tawhid•Umam al-Madiyah•Salah•Akhirah

•Ahkam•Akhlaq

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 2DIRK

Qur’anic Revelations came due to:

(1) Circumstances necessitating the reform of the Muslim Society

مشركة من خير مؤمنة وألمة يؤمن حتي المشركت تنكحوا والمؤمن ولعبد يؤمنوا حتي المشركين تنكحوا وال ، أعجبتكم ولو

أعجبكم ولو مشرك من خيرS.2:A.221

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 2DIRK

(2) Reply to questions put by Muslims and Non-Muslims alike

فيه قتال الحرام الشهر عن كبير يسئلونك فيه قتال قلS.2:A.217

والميسر الخمر عن للناس يسئلونك ومنفع كبير إثم فيهمآ قلنفعهما من أكبر وإثمهما

S.2:A.219

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 2DIRK

The Prophet was concerned with the preservation of religion and political

leadership of the world. In his capacity as religious leader, he was to convey to the

people their responsibilities imposed by the Shari‘ah and make them act in accordance with the sacred principles. As a political

leader he acted as a person in charge of the interests of human civilization.

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 2DIRK

The Qur’anic and Sunnaic texts serve as Maxims which are applicable to a variety of problems and points of conflict. A number of principles of law and rules can be easily

built upon them

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 2DIRK

Qur’anQur’an: (S.42:A.38)

شورى شورى وأمرهم وأمرهمبينهمبينهم

[And they (conduct their) affairs by mutual consultation]is a basis for

“representative or democratic government”

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 2DIRK

SunnahSunnah

[A word of justice uttered before an unjust ruler is

the greatest of jihad]is a basis for

“establishing a people’s government which requires a rightful and honest or

just administration”

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 2DIRK


• Strict adherence to the Qur’an and the Sunnah

•Ijma‘ al-Ummah became the third source of the Law

• Qiyas became the forth source of the law

•From the time Abu Bakr was elected as the Khalifah of the Prophet till the assassination of the fourth Khalifah ‘Ali b Abi Talib

•The Khalifah was assassinated in 40 hijri. The Muslim community came to be divided into Jumhur (majority), Shi‘i and Khawarij. This division had influenced the later legal development of the Jurisprudence.

•With the expansive social system, the Khalifah discuss new ideas with the companions through the process of Mushawarah.

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 2DIRK

•Even the Prophet himself used to consult his companions not only on matters on which the revelation was silent, but also on questions as to the application of the revelation themselves.

•This process of consultation became a third source of Islamic Law during the Khilafat of ‘Umar. This came to be known as: Ijma‘ al-Ijma‘ al- UmmahUmmah

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 2DIRK

•A way of solution to a difficult legal problem, whereby the Khalifah would convoke an assembly of the Muslims in order to settle it by unanimity

•The assembly had to decide the points with reference to the spirit in which certain traditions were handed down by the Prophet and with reference to the necessity of the moment and the interests of Islam. [e.g.: the election of Khalifah Abu Bakr]

•The assembly had to determine what modifications, if at all, would be introduced. The result of their deliberations on the solution of the problems submitted to them found a valuable addition to the fundamental provision of law.

Unlawful intercourse with the opposite sex - (S.27:A.2) 100 stripes + exile (Prophet) - Ibn Sar during ‘Umar

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 2DIRK

Search the Qur’an

Search the Sunnah

Mushawarah withthe Sahabah

Takes the position of the majority

Exercises his own Ijtihad

?

?

?

?

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 2DIRK

Mu‘adh to exercise Ijtihad / Intoxication

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 2DIRK

Legislative Period





Free Will Period

Republican Period

1

2

3

4

5

6

7


IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 2DIRK


• Rise of sectarian sentiments

• Concoction of traditions on sectarian basis

• Islamic scholars spread all over the Islamic world

• Fiqh was divided into ‘Ilm and ‘Usul

• Active participation of non-Arabs in the development of the law

• Istihsan, Istislah, etc. were introduced as sub-sources of the law

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 2DIRK

•Division between the Khawarij and the Shi‘i deepens

•Justification of views lead to narration of many traditions purported to have been from the Prophet which were not accepted by the Jumhur

•People from various cities came to seek solutions to new problems arising on account of change in circumstances and conditions

•The Prophetic companions issued opinions based on a tradition

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 2DIRK

MadinahMadinahMakkahMakkah

FustatFustatBasrahBasrah

KufahKufah

‘Ali IbnAbi TalibAnas

Bin MalikIbn ‘AbbasLady

‘A’ishah

‘AmrIbn al-‘As

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 2DIRK

•Each of these companions used his or her own collections of traditions for issuing legal opinions

•This lead to differences in opinions among the jurists and learned men

•To compound this the adherents to sectarian sentiments issued separate views based on their group feeling.

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 2DIRK

The purpose of these false and cooked-up traditions isThe purpose of these false and cooked-up traditions is:

• to downcast and dishonor the faith

• out of good intention

• to boost self-importance

• to fortify sectarian views

• to justify one’s own worldly actions

• to confuse the Muslim public

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 2DIRK

•Scholars categorized as ahl al-hadith (men of traditions) and ahl al-ra’i (men of opinion)

•Further division in the Shi‘i sect: Kisaniyyah, Imamiyyah and Zaidiyyah

•The contribution of the non-Arabs to Islamic legal development is greater than the Arabs

•‘Umar Ibn ‘Abd al-‘Aziz campaigned to report genuine traditions

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 2DIRK


• Increase in industrial and trade activities •Translation of Greek and Persian Philosophical works

• Compilation and edition of traditions •“Founding of Islamic Legal Schools”

• Systematization and fixation of legal principles

• Increased role of Qiyas in Islamic Legal activities

• Development of different methods for the systematization of Usul

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 2DIRK

•The development made in the Islamic Law received firm foundation through scientific research

•Abbasids took over the Khilafah and a Umayyad Prince escaped to Spain and founded the Umayyad Dynasty there

•Fatimid rule was established in Egypt and North Africa (Isma‘ilis)

• Further division of Shi‘is

•Trade increased extensively with the growing civilization and business institutions and centers of trade and commerce gave rise to new circumstances which needed an expansive rule of conduct

•The translation of Greek philosophical works under state patronage led to the ignition of human thought

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 2DIRK

•The coming of non-Arab initiated systematic research on large scale

•This gave rise to intensive intellectual, expert and religious activities in every phase of life

• Scholars introduced the concept of rationalism in the shari‘ah evidences and researches

•The science of tradition was fully developed

•The separation of Prophetic tradition from the sayings of the companions was successfully done

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 2DIRK

•The division of the schools was not a drawback. It shows the

genius of the law and the lawyers of the shari‘ah. It proves the

great juristic development and its fine capability in human

civilization. Under the structure provided by the shari‘ah, many

students of one Imam migrated to other provinces and studied

under other Imams and their disciples and further the process of

law or copied out the other views. This rise of school was a

demand of the time and it provided unity in Islam and its

institutions. It was a check against individual deviation and

misrepresentations.

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 2DIRK

•The Imams never claimed finality in their views. It all depended on the qualities of later jurists to avail of the flexibility of the law in accordance with the requirement of time and situation

NOTE !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 2DIRK


• Consolidation of earlier legal efforts

•Strict and blind adherence to earlier schools

• Curtailment of Ijtihad

•Veracity of scholarly opinions studied through legal reasoning

•Rise in inter-madhahib jealousy and academic debates • Streamlining and simplification of the complexities of the law

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 2DIRK

•In areas where the earlier jurists did not fully elaborate the scholars of this period completed the task by explanations and illustrations, and issued principles for new legal problems

•Confining to the bases of fiqh, the jurists of the individual schools culled out principles established by the earlier jurists and by a process of analysis and reasoning, re-established legal rules to meet new situation. Here the exercised ijtihad and in cases not fully covered by their predecessors they worked out solutions without violating the spirit of law

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 2DIRK

Legislative Period





Free Will Period

Republican Period

1

2

3

4

5

6

7


IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 2DIRK


• Lethargic in opening the door of Ijtihad

•Writing of commentaries / glosses and compendia

•Codification of Islamic Law began (Sulaiman Qanuni)

•From the establishment of the Khilafah ‘Uthmaniyyah in the west and the permanent conquest of India by Muhammad b Ghuri to the British control of Muslims in India and the signing of the Gulhane Charter by the Ottomans in 1880.

•Arabs lost their control over the affairs of Government

•Royal authority shifted to the Turks and Berbers

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 2DIRK

TurkeyTurkey

IndiaIndia

SpainSpain (1538-1610)

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 2DIRK

Period of Hanafi Jurisprudential

excellence

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 2DIRK

Emergence of

Religious Reformers

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 2DIRK


• Introduction of western concepts in Islamic law with the intention of weakening it.

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 2DIRK

1471 - Portuguese Mariners outflanked the Arabs1511 - Landed in Calicut1600-1799- Dutch colonized Java (First Muslim Territory)1699 - Austria conquered Hungary & Translyvania 1757-60 - British colonized Bengal1768-1812- Russia defeated the Turks1811 - Britain colonized Malacca 1830 - Greece fell off from Turkey & Britain took Cyprus1840 - Britain took control of Aden1845 - France colonized Algeria1858 - Britain took control of India1881 - France usurped Tunisia1882 - Britain took control of Egypt1898 - Britain took control of Sudan1911 - Italy took control of Libya1912 - France colonized Morocco1914-18 - Britain took control of Iraq, Jordan, Palestine and the Gulf1920 - France took control of Syria and Lebanon

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 2DIRK

William Bentinck )1835(

The great object of British Government ought to be the promotion of European literature and science among the natives

of India; and that all the funds appropriated for the purposes of education would be best

employed on English education alone

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 2DIRK

Auckland

•A class of persons Indian in blood and color but English in tastes, in opinions, in

morals and intellect

•to direct the Muslims away from their traditional manners, cultures and laws

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 2DIRK

•The beginning of the decline in the Shari‘ah Law

•Start of the expansion of European colonialism or political expansion and mental transplantation

•The free law movement gained momentum with the imposition of alien legal system

•The shari‘ah law was molded to be localized in territorial boundaries of individual countries

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 2DIRK

After the World War II

•Muslim countries became independent

•These countries were ruled by Muslims with Western taste

•International aid programs provided by the Western powers corrupted the Oriental set-up making a great impact on Muslim thinking

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 2DIRK

•The policy of the Colonial Europe was to minimize the Islamic Legal institutions and even to substitute them by European techniques in keeping with the dignity of conquering powers

•Islamic Law was replaced with Common Law and Code Napoleon

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 2DIRK


• Critical re-examination of existing laws in the light of Islam (Islamization of disciplines)

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 2DIRK

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 3DIRK

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 5DIRK

PrimaryPrimary SecondarySecondary SubsidiarySubsidiary

Qur’an Sunnah

Ijma‘ Qiyas

Istihsan Istishab

‘Urf

Sadd al-dhari‘ah

Istislah Istidlal

Qawlal-sahabi

maslahamursalah

Sources of Islamic Law

TransmittedAgreed uponDefinitive

RationalDisputedProbable

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 5DIRK

Definitions

Divisions

Manner of revelation and compilation

StructureStyleContentsWordsInterpretations

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 5DIRK

Literal:

Technical:

The book containing the Speech of Allah revealed to the Prophet Muhammad in Arabic and transmitted to us by

continuous testimony, or tawatur

Qa – Ra – ’a

He recited, He read

DefinitionsDefinitions

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 5DIRK


Revelation from the Lord of the Universe

Revealed through the trusted spirit (Jibril)

In the heart of the Prophet

As a warning

In a clear Arabic language

وإنه لتنزيل رب العلمين نزل به الروح األمين

على قلبكلتكون من المنذرينبلسان عربى مبين

Al-Qur’an, 26:192-5

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 5DIRK

Various factors of choice for perfect expressions, explanations and forms

A scientific language with wealth of roots and derivative forms each expressing some particular modification of the root idea, of which each is susceptible

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 5DIRK

Is it a must that the Qur’an be in Arabic?

What about Translations?

Are they not Qur’an in Essence?

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 5DIRK

Huruf 338,606

Kalimah 79,087

Ayah 6,235

Surah 114

Rubu‘ 128

Juz’ 30

Manzil 7

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 5DIRK

Kufah - 6239 ‘Ali b. Abi Talib

Basrah - 6204 ‘Asim b. Hajjaj

Sham - 6225 Ibn ‘Umar

Makkah - 6219

Madinah - 6211 - 6666 Lady ‘A’ishah

AyahAyah

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 5DIRK

Legal Rules

Disputation

Divine Favour

Important EventsRemembrance

of Death

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 5DIRK

140 – ‘Ibadat matters

70 – Munakahat matters

70 – Mu‘amalat matters

30 – Jinayat matters

30 – ‘Uqubat matters

10 – Iqtisad matters

350 Verses

on Legal Rules

=

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 5DIRK

•Phraseology of command / prohibition

•Mentioning good reward for the doer

•Mentioning punishment for the transgressors

•Mentioning of love and praise for the doer

•Mentioning of hate and displeasure for the transgressor

Style of the Qur’an in explaining the Ahkam

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 5DIRK

•During the Prophet time

•During Abu Bakr time

•During ‘Uthman time

Stages in the compilation of the Qur’anStages in the compilation of the Qur’an

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 5DIRK

Definitions

Relations between Qur’an and Sunnah

Hujjiyyat of Sunnah

Stages in the compilation of Sunnah

Divisions

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 5DIRK

Literal:

Technical:

All that is narrated from the ProphetHis acts, his saying, tacit approvals,

physical descriptions, character and attributes

SunnahSunnah

Clear Path, Normative Practice


IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 5DIRK

What isthe relation between Qur’an and Sunnah

?

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 5DIRK

Matn (text), isnad (chain of reporters), and taraf (the part, or the beginning sentence, of the text which refers to the sayings, actions or characteristics

of the Prophet (), or his concurrence with others action). The authenticity of the hadith depends on the reliability of its

reporters, and the linkage among them

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 5DIRK

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 5DIRK

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 5DIRK

According to the reference to a particular authority Four types of hadith can be identified.

•Qudsi - Divine; a revelation from Allah (SWT); relayed with the words of the Prophet ().

•Marfu - elevated; a narration from the Prophet (), e.g. I heard the Prophet () saying ...

•Mauquf- stopped: a narration from a companion only, e.g., we were commanded to ...

•Maqtu' - severed: a narration from a successor.

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 5DIRK

According to the links of Isnad - interrupted or uninterrupted

Six categories can be identified.

•Musnad - supported: a hadith which is reported by a traditionalist, based on what he learned from his teacher at a time of life suitable for learning; similarly - in turn - for each teacher until the isnad reaches a well known companion, who in turn, reports from the Prophet (). •Mutassil - continuous: a hadith with an uninterrupted isnad which goes back only to a companion or successor. •Mursal - hurried: if the link between the successor and the Prophet (PBUH) is missing, e.g. when a successor says "The Prophet said...". •Munqati - broken: is a hadith whose link anywhere before the successor (i.e., closer to the traditionalist recording the hadith) is missing. •Mu'adal - perplexing: is a hadith whose reporter omits two or more consecutive reporters in the isnad. •Mu'allaq - hanging: is a hadith whose reporter omits the whole isnad and quotes the Prophet () directly (i.e., the link is missing at the beginning).

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 5DIRK

According to the number of reporters involved in each stage of Isnad

Five categories of hadith can be identified:

•Mutawatir - Consecutive: is a hadith which is reported by such a large number of people that they cannot be expected to agree upon a lie, all of them together. •Ahad - isolated: is a hadith which is narrated by people whose number does not reach that of the mutawatir. It is further classified into: •Mash'hur - famous: hadith reported by more than two reporters. •Aziz - rare, strong: at any stage in the isnad, only two reporters are found to narrate the hadith. •Gharib - strange: At some stage of the Isnad, only one reporter is found relating it.

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 5DIRK

According to the nature of the text and isnad

• Munkar - denounced: is a hadith which is reported by a weak narrator, and whose narration goes against another authentic hadith.

• Mudraj - interpolated: an addition by a reporter to the text of the hadith being narrated.

According to the reliability and memory of the reporters

This provides the final verdict on a hadith - four categories can be identified:

• Sahih - sound. Imam Al-shafi‘i states the following requirements for a hadith, which is not mutawatir, to be acceptable "each reporter should be trustworthy in his religion; he should be known to be truthful in his narrating, to understand what he narrates, to know how a different expression can alter the meaning, and to report the wording of the hadith verbatim, not only its meaning".

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 5DIRK

•Hasan - good: is the one where its source is known and its reporters are unambiguous.

•Da'if - weak: a hadith which fails to reach the status of hasan. Usually, the weakness is: a) one of discontinuity in the isnad, in which case the hadith could be - according to the nature of the discontinuity - munqati (broken), mu'allaq (hanging), mu'dal (perplexing), or mursal (hurried), or b) one of the reporters having a disparaged character, such as due to his telling lies, excessive mistakes, opposition to the narration of more reliable sources, involvement in innovation, or ambiguity surrounding his person. •Maudu' - fabricated or forged: is a hadith whose text goes against the established norms of the Prophet's sayings, or its reporters include a liar. Fabricated hadith are also recognized by external evidence related to a discrepancy found in the dates or times of a particular incident.

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 5DIRK

Definitions

Essential Requirements

Hujjiyyat of Ijma‘

Divisions

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 5DIRK

Literal:

Technical:

Agreement of all people who belong to the community of Muhammad [], in a certain period of time,

on a rule about a certain incidence

Ja – ma – ‘a Ja – ma – ‘a

He gathered, He agreed


Agreement of all those who are legally responsible and who belong to the community of Muhammad [],

in a certain period of time, on a rule about a certain incidence

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 5DIRK

•Agreement

•People with legal responsibility

•Members of the Prophet’s community

•Period of time

•Moot question

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 5DIRK

•A number of mujtahids exist at a particular time

•All mujtahids of the time or period agree on the ruling

•Each mujtahid presents his own opinion explicitly, by reference to legal decision or giving formal opinion

•All scholars agree on the ruling

Essential RequirementsEssential Requirements

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 5DIRK

Al-Ijma‘ al-SarihAl-Ijma‘ al-SukutiIn which every mujtahid expresses his

opinion either verbally or by an action In which some of the mujtahid of a particular age or place give an

expressed opinion concerning an incident while the rest remain silent

Types of Ijma‘

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 5DIRK

Definitions

Constituents & Subject Matter

Hujjiyyat of Qiyas

Divisions

Limitations

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 5DIRK

Literal:

Technical:

A process of deduction by which the law of a text is applied tocases which, though not covered by the language, or

governed by the reason of the text

Qa – Ya – Sa Qa – Ya – Sa

He measured, He estimated


A process of extending the shara‘i value from the original case (asl) over the subsidiary or (far‘), by reason of an effective cause

(‘illah) which is common to both cases and cannot be understood from the expression concerning the

original case alone

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Din

ValuesMal

‘Ird

‘Aql

Nafs

A B C D E F

Key

1 Halal2 Mustahabb

3 Mubah4 Makruh

5 HaramA IstidlalB IstihsanC IstislabD HajahE MaslahF Darurah

etc.etc.

1

2

34

5

DIS Lecture 5

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 5DIRK

‘‘IbadahIbadah

Munakahat Munakahat Mu‘amalat Mu‘amalat

Jinayat Jinayat ‘‘Uqubat Uqubat

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 5DIRK

Fiqh al-Jinayah

Definition

Classification

Hudud Qisas Ta’zir

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 5DIRK

Definition

المنع - الحد

فال الله حدود هاتقربو تلك

فال الله حدود هاتعتدوتلك

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 5DIRK

تعالى لله حقا واجبة مقدرة عقوبة

غيرمقدرة

للعباد

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 5DIRK

الزنا

الطريق قطعالشرب

القذف

الحرابةالسرقة

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 5DIRK

Fiqh al-Usrah

Nikah

Talaq

Definition & Purpose

Ruling

Selection

Requirements

Polygamy

Unlawful Forms

Definition

Purpose

Forms

Ruling

Procedure

Khul‘Li‘an

ZiharIla

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 5DIRK

Fiqh al-Usrah

‘Iddah

Nafaqah

Definition

Purpose

Rulings

Kinds

Akhlaq

Remarriage

Definition

Rada’

Conditions

Hadanah

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

DIS Week 4

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 5DIRK

The Nature of Madhahib

Argument for / against Madhhab

Definition

Classification of Madhahib

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 5DIRK

He went, He treaded, He opined

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 5DIRK

2424

1818

44

11

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 5DIRK

Yes

No

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 5DIRK

•Prophet is the only Imam

•Causes disunity & disagreement

•Prophet is infallible as opposed to Imams

•Goes against the Qur’anic injunction of obedience

•Elevating the status of the ‘ulama’ to that of the Prophet

•It is a bid‘ah (innovation)

No

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 5DIRK

Extinct

Existing

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 5DIRK

•Zahiri•Awza‘i•Thawri•Tabari•Laythi

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 5DIRK

Existing Madhahib

Ahl al-Sunnah

Non-Ahl al-Sunnah

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 5DIRK

Khawarijites Shi‘ites Mu‘tazilites

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 5DIRK

HanafitesHanafites

MalikitesMalikites

Shafi‘itesShafi‘ites

HambalitesHambalites

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 5DIRK

•Oldest legal school with Largest following

•Distinguished for its application of the rules of shari‘ah to practical matters of human life, making use of reason and logic through the process of Qiyas and Istihsan

•‘Umar sent ‘Abd Allah ibn Mas‘ud as Qadi to Kufah

•Systematically developed by Abu Hanifah

•First to formulate the technique of legal evolution in order to codify the law

•Most workable school of law in commerce and trade

•Biased towards case-law

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 5DIRK

•Qur’an

•Sunnah

•Ijma‘ al-Sahabah

•Ray al-Sahabah

•Qiyas

•Istihsan

•‘Urf

HanafiHanafi

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 5DIRK

•Followed by people in Madinah, Spain and North Africa

•Attracted many nomadic people

•Founded in Madinah by Malik b Anas

•Upholding the sunnah of the Prophet – less reliance on qiyas and analytical reasoning

•Nevertheless they give importance to juristic preference and public interest

•Peculiarity : the practice of the Madinan

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 5DIRK

•Qur’an

•Sunnah

•‘Amal ahl al-Madinah


•Ray al-Sahabah

•Qiyas

• ‘Urf ahl al-Madinah

•Istislah

•‘Urf

MalikiMaliki

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 5DIRK

•Named after Muhammad b. Idris al-Shafi‘i

•A balance between the traditionalism of the Maliki and the practicality of the Hanafi schools

•Known in the area of law which is fixed and not that developed in the area of law which is changing

•Shafi‘i’s avowed aim was to reconcile between fiqh and hadith

•He is the originator of the scientific principles in the legal theory of Islam

•Followers are found in Yemen, India and South East Asia

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 5DIRK

•Qur’an

•Sunnah

•Ijma‘

•Ray al-Sahabah

•Qiyas

•Istishab

Shafi‘iShafi‘i

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 5DIRK

•Named after Ahmad b. Hanbal (d. 855 A.D.)

•A muhaddith and not a faqih

•A reaction against unfettered rationalism

•Sunnah as the source of juridical decisions

•The later imams are great achievers like Ibn Taymiyyah and Ibn Qayyim

•Followers are found in Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Gulf

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 5DIRK

•Qur’an

•Sunnah


•Ray al-Sahabah

•Hadith Da‘if

• Qiyas

HambaliHambali


A B

CD

water

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

DIS Week 4


A B

CD

Qur’anSunnah

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

DIS Week 4

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

DIS Week 4

ALLAH

MUHAMMAD

Ibn ‘Abbas

Hammad

MalikShafi‘i

JIBRIL

‘Ali‘A’isha‘Umar

A. Hanifah

Ja‘far

Hanbal

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

DIS Week 4

المشمس - Water kept underالماءthe sun

Shafi ‘i - Makruh

Hanifah, Malik & Ahmad - Not Makruh

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

DIS Week 4

المسخن - Boiled Waterالماء

All - Not Makruh

Mujahid - Makruh

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

DIS Week 4

المستعمل - Used Waterالماء

Hanifah, Shafi ‘i & Ahmad - Pure but does not purify

Malik - Purifies

Abu Yusuf - Impure

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

DIS Week 4

المتغير - Water that has changedالماء

byبالزعفران - Saffron

by keeping forبالمكث - long

Malik, Shafi ‘i & Ahmad)not used for purification(

All - Pure

Ibn Sirin - not used for purification

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

DIS Week 4

Brushing the teethالسواك -

All - Sunnah

Dawud - Wajib

Ishaq - If one willfully leaves it his salat is invalid

DIS Week 4

Circumcisionالختان -

Malik, Shafi ‘i & Ahmad - Wajib

Hanifah - Mustahabb

DIS Week 4

- Impurities )Liquid Intoxicantالنجاسات - cologne(

Shafi ‘ite & majority Hanafites - Pure

Others - Not Pure

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

DIS Week 4

عة - الجمأ Congregational Prayerصالة)Women(

Hanifa, Malik - Not required

Others? -

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

DIS Week 4

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 5DIRK

Conflict of Evidence

Conciliation

Preference Abrogation Reconciliation Specification

الترجيحالنسخالجمعالتخصيص

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

DIS Week 7

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

Week 5DIRK

General Discussion

•Organ Donation / Transplantation•Euthanasia•Surrogate Parenthood•Cloning or Clowning

IIUMIIUM IRKHS

DIS

Documents

IIUMIRKHS Diploma in Islamic Revealed Knowledge. IIUMIRKHS DIRK