IJSO2014 Theory Q Thaifinal

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6 2014

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1.

2.

3. ( )

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

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1. 3 30

2. 3

(29 )

3.

4.

4-2.5

1) 4

2) y x ( 8)

3) 2.5

4) +/- ( 0)

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1

( 6700 )

(, NGO)

Larrea

1.

2.

3,

4.

Larrea Zygophyllaceae ( jarilla)

4 : Larrea cuneifolia, L. divaricata, L. nitida L.

ameghinoi C18H22O4,

nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA)

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1.1 Larrea (revegetation)

2 Larrea

2

Larrea

Larrea

(biological

communities)

1 jarilla (Larrea sp)

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1. Species richness (S): (Community)

2. Species evenness or equitability: (relative abundance)

Pielou :

maxH

HJ

H' Shannon- Wiener ( 1 2 )

maxH' = ln(S)

S: species richness

1. Shannon-Weiner

2. Species abundance :

1 ,

Larrea ( 1)

. 2

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1.1.1 community 3 ( )

(Community)

Species

Richness (S)

(N)

Abundance

J

1:

Larrea

2:

1.1.2

2 ,

( 2)

2 Figure 3: Forms of life percentages.

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1.1.3 (T) (F)

1.1.2

A. 10

Larrea

(species richness)

Larrea spp.

B. Larrea spp. 1

(herbaceous plants) Larrea

C. ( 1)

(form of life)

( 2)

1.2

4 A, B, C , D

4

r

r1

r2

r2

r1

r1

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1.3

5

1.3.1 I ()

10.0 m s-1 I II 50.0 m 0.46 II

(: 9.81 m s-2)

1.3.2

200.0 m II III 1.3.1

III

5

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1.4

Larrea spp.

4

Larrea

(% w/w) 0.90 3.33

(mg kg-1) 1033.00 1353.00

(mg kg-1) 1.00 8.12

(mg kg-1) 1199.00 1444.00

(% w/w) 10.52 12.97

pH 7.54 7.10

4 Larrea

Larrea

0.3 m

N 30% P2O5 15% K2O

15%

( 1.63 x 103 kg m-3 P: 31; O: 16; K: 39; N: 14 )

1.4.1

1.4.2

1.4.3 (OH)1- pH 4

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1.4.4 5 pH

pH

Methyl Orange (MO) 3.1 4.4 (R) (Y)

Bromothymol Blue (BB) 6.2 7.5 (Y) (B)

Methyl Red (MR) 4.2 6.2 (R) (Y)

Metacresol Purple (MP) 7.8 9.2 (Y) (P)

Phenolphthalein (PP) 8.3 10.0 (C) (V)

5 pH

1.4.5 pH Na2CO3 ()

H2O ( )

Na2CO3

1.4.6 pH

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1.5 Larrea Larrea cuneifolia

6 4 Larrea

6 4 Larrea cuneifolia

1.5.1 1.5

1.5.2 1.5.1

a)

b)

c)

d)

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1.6 nordihydroguaiaretic (NDGA) (C18H22O4) Larrea

ammonium molybdatetetrahydrate ((NH4)6Mo7O24.4H2O)

(Cuvette) 7

7

NDGA Larrea

NDGA NDGA

ammonium molybdate

L. divaricata and L. cuneifolia

ammonium molybdate method 6

Cuvette

I0 I

L

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(nm) 400 450 500 550 600 650

0.82 0.33 0.15 0.07 0.05 0

NDGA L. Divaricata 1 0.84 0.53 0.22 0.09 0.03

NDGA L. cuneifolia 0.99 0.81 0.46 0.20 0.06 0.04

6 NDGA L. divaricata L. cuneifolia

1.6.1.

6

1.6.2. 6 NDGA

A C L A () C (M) L

( 7) molar absorptivity coefficient (M-1 cm-1)

2 L. divaricata L. cuneifolia

A B

500 nm 1 cm

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= 8920 M-1 cm-1 NDGA 302 g mol-1 A

0.47 B 0.52

1.6.3. NDGA (mg L-1)

1.6.4. 6

1.6.5. 500 mL NDGA 0.2% w/v

L. divaricata L. divaricata NDGA 7% w/w

L. divaricata 8% w/w ( 20C 1 g cm-3 )

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2

/

a.

b.

(Greenhouse

Gases, GG) (CO2) (CH4)

(NO2)

(SO2) (precipitation)

pH

(Pb) (Cu)

(sulfate aerosols)

2.1. pH 5.65 CO2

(H2CO3) pH 5 pH 3

SO2 (NO)

SO2 NO

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(SO3) (NO2)

pH

2.1.1. SO3 CO2

2.1.2. NO2 (g) + H2O(l) HNO3 (aq) + HNO2 (aq)

2.2 (Al(OH)3)

pH 4

(CaCO3) (calcite)

2-3

2.2.1. (Al(OH)3)

pH 5.2 Ksp (solubility product) 5x10-33

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2.3 8 V1 V11 V1

(lead poisoning) ()

(PVC)

2.3.1

2.4

V1 V2

V5

V10

V11

V8 V9

V6

V3 V4

V7

8

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0.038 mg/100 ml

0.005 mg/100 ml 5 ( 1)

5 ( 2) 7

(mg/100 ml)

1. 0.057 0.020 0.087 0.060 0.065

2. 0.004 0.010 0.009 0.008 0.007

7 (mg/100ml)

2.4.1

A C

B

2.5

9 a) b)

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5500C

341 Wm-2

30%

()

2.5.1 ( 9a)

K C

I (W m-2) - 4I T , 8 2 45.67 10 W m K

2.5.2

()

( 9b)

(Intensity balance)

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2.6

10

2.6.1 10000 kg

-10C

:

: c = 2.093 J g-1 K-1

: l = 333.7 J g-1

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3

13

1 1 1

3.1

3.1.1 A B (X) A

(Secretory structure)

B A

: 1

A STRUCTURE SECRETORY

STRUCTURE INVOLVED IN THE DIGESTION OF

STARCH

ENZYME

Liver

Stomach

Salivary Glands

Large intestine

Duodenum

Esophagus

Small Intestine

B 1 Phospholipase

2 Maltase

3 Amylase

4 Lipase

5 Glucosidase

6 Sucrase

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3.1.2

C ( )

( 1 )

Table C

starch

maltose +

lactose +..

saccharose +.. (sucrose)

ENZYMES

A Creatin kinase

B Amylase

C Lactase

D Glucosidase

E Sucrase

F Maltase

PRODUCTS

1 Maltose

2 Glucose

3 Fructose

4 Lactose

5 Galactose

6 Saccharose (sucrose)

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3.2 (musculoskeletal

system)

3.2.1 D E

D:

A. ATP ADP+Pi ()

(Active site)

B. Acetylcholine sarcolemma sarcolemma

sarcolemma

(action potential)

C. (action potential) (Depolarization)

sarcolemma sarcoplasmic reticulum

D. Ca++ sarcoplasmic reticulum

(action potential)

E. (action potential) (synapse)

Acetylcholine

F. Ca++

sarcomere

sarcomere

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Table E

1

2

3

4

5

6

3.2.2 11

11

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(sarcomeres)

cross-bridges ATP ADP+Pi

3.3

3.3.1 - 5.0 x 10-12 N

- 50 kg

( 9.81 m s-2)

3.3.2 ATP 5x10-12 N

11x10-9 m s-1

J s-1

3.4.

(C6H12O6)

3.4.1. 90 g

(CO2) ( C=12; O=16; H=1)

3.4.2. 90 g

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3.5

3.5.1

A, B C

12

3.5.2 2

3.5.3 t = 4 s 12

3.0 ms-2

3.6 13

(electrocardiogram)

(phonocardiogram)

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13 3

3.6.1 1 ()

3.6.2 ( )

3.6.3 (ventricular volume)

0.05

3.6.4 (ventricular pressure)

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3.7

( 14) 15

20 2

( 3.6.2)

3.7.1

L

g= 9.81 m s-2

14

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IJSO2014 Theory Q Thaifinal