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IllustrationsRepresenting Abundance NaturalResources and Livelihoods

Photo 1 A panoramic view of the middle watershed of the Pindar Basin

V. P. Sati, Towards Sustainable Livelihoods and Ecosystems in Mountain Regions,Environmental Science and Engineering, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-03533-8,� Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014

151

Photo 2 Dense pine forest in the upper watershed of the Pindar River

Photo 3 The Great Himalayan Ranges, dense oak forest, agriculture land and settlements in theLastar Gad sub-watershed of the Mandakini River

152 Illustrations: Representing Abundance Natural Resources and Livelihoods

Photo 4 Mount Chaukhamba, panoramic view of the middle watershed of the Pindar River andwheat crop is grown in village Kaub (1,800 m)

Photo 5 A village, located at 1,900 m near Gwaldom town is surrounded by the dense pine andoak forests and the agricultural fields in a gentle slope

Illustrations: Representing Abundance Natural Resources and Livelihoods 153

Photo 6 A scenic view of the terraced fields and the settlements in the Ata Garh sub-watershedof the Pindar Basin

Photo 7 The Alaknanda River is flowing near Srinagar town


Photo 8 A huge landslide zone and the settlements in its surroundings in Mandal region ofChamoli District

Photo 9 Women are carrying fodder (green leaves of oak) near Gairsain town


Photo 10 Water scarcity amidst of an abundance of water resource

Photo 11 Mustard seeds are grown traditionally and are important oilseeds. All the agriculturalrelated works are done by the women and they are known as the backbone of economy


Photo 12 Women are carrying green leaves (kandali) which are used as fodder for animals andalso as green vegetable

Photo 13 A perennial spring which is a major source of drinking water


Photo 14 Children are carrying firewood from the Raja Ji National Park

Photo 15 Keshavprayag where the Saraswati River meets with the Vishnu Ganga near Manavillage, located 3 km away from the Badrinath pilgrimage. It is the first prayag amongst the sevenprayags of the Garhwal Himalaya


Photo 16 The Alaknanda River meets with the Bhagirathi River at Devprayag and from here; itis called ‘Ganga’

Photo 17 Millet, locally known as ‘jhangora’ is one of the barahnajas (twelve grains) andgrown extensively in the highlands


Photo 18 An agricultural field where twelve grains (barahnaja) are grown together and presentshigh agro-biodiversity in the highlands

Photo 19 Banana plants are grown extensively in the Takori Gad sub-watershed of the lowerAlaknanda Basin


Photo 20 Paddy crop is now ready for harvesting in the low-lying areas of the lower AlaknandaRiver

Photo 21 A scenic view of the river valley terraces with paddy crops, grown in Maletha villageon the right bank of the Alaknanda River


Photo 22 High yield variety calves in the Bhararisen Dairy Farm near Gairsain town in Chamolidistrict

Photo 23 Seeds are traditionally used for maintaining agro-biodiversity


Photo 24 An improved variety of wild fruit (amla) is grown extensively in the lower and middlealtitudinal zones of the ICHR and is used to make Murabba, pickles, squash and is used asmedicine

Photo 25 An edible wild fruit (Timli) is used for making pickles and vegetable curry, is grownwild between 800 and 1,500 m


Photo 26 A bunch of sweet peach is utilized domestically and it has high potential in enhancinglivelihood, if it is grown commercially

Photo 27 Orange is one of the major citrus fruits, is grown between 800 and 1,600 m in all theriver basins in the ICHR


Photo 28 Agricultural fields in Janglechatti village where wheat crops are grown and in theedges of agricultural field, apple is grown. Apple is mostly grown between 1,600 and 2,200 m

Photo 29 Cultivation of off-season vegetables in the Khanda Gad sub-watershed of the lowerAlaknanda basin


Photo 30 A Nepali emigrant is dressing cauliflower in the Khanda Gad sub-watershed of thelower Alaknanda basin

Photo 31 Garlic, one of the spices, is grown largely in Janglechatti village located in thehighland about 1,800 m


Photo 32 A seasonal vegetable, locally known as lankuda, is grown wild in wet areas and amajor food of the rural people is sold during the monsoon season. This picture was taken from thebus stand at Karnprayag

Photo 33 A man is selling wild fruit (kafal) at Srinagar town. Kafal is an edible wild fruit, isripened during May and June and is grown over water dividing areas of the Alaknanda River andits tributaries


Photo 34 A boy is selling strawberry at Saharanpur Chauk in Dehradun city. Strawberry isextensively grown in the Garhwal region

Photo 35 Bottle packed orange and buransh (a wild flower) juice is processed in the fruitprocessing and preserving centres with the help of self help groups at the local level and it is soldin the regional market


Photo 36 Geranium, a herbal plant is grown in the poly house in a bio-village near Gwaldomtown in the upper Pindar basin

Photo 37 A newly established tea garden in Kalimati village in the upper water parting region ofthe Ramganga


Photo 38 A highland natural water pond is being used for fisheries in Gwaldom town

Photo 39 Women are being empowered slowly but steady after their involvement in the variousenterprises. A woman of Khanda Gad village is running traditional improved water mill for wheatgrinding and she is able to enhancing livelihoods of the family


Photo 40 A small-hydropower project generating 2 9 2.5 mw electricity at the Kail Ganga nearDeval town. Small-hydropower projects are feasible in terms of landscape stability andgenerating electricity to enhance livelihoods


Appendix

See Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, and 17.


173

Tab

le1

Lan

dus

epa

tter

nin

the

Ala

knan

daB

asin

(ha)

Nam

eof

DB

Tot

alar

eaF

ores

tla

ndC

ulti

vabl

ew

aste

land

Fal

low

land

Oth

erfe

llow

Unc

ulti

vabl

ela

ndL

and

othe

rth

anag

ricu

ltur

eP

astu

rela

ndL

and

unde

rho

rtic

ultu

reN

etso

wn

area

JMT

245,

877

39,7

7430

,532

106

292

133,

132

4,06

817

,849

17,8

422,

282

DS

L28

,504

6,21

356

343

103

7,72

943

54,

838

3,33

85,

242

GH

T40

,997

16,7

944,

717

9319

32,

878

358

6,81

13,

736

5,41

7K

PR

13,3

665,

932

1,65

767

8470

112

32,

212

802

1,78

8N

BR

18,7

504,

143

478

3810

01,

787

611

3,95

92,

732

4,90

2G

RS

37,6

7212

,867

5,63

893

329

3,52

924

07,

184

2,74

25,

050

TR

L15

,333

6,53

799

340

841,

068

781,

565

1,26

03,

708

DB

L24

,592

9,97

02,

156

146

933,

791

129

1,92

34,

514

1,87

0P

KR

27,1

508,

225

1,21

013

313

93,

933

2,00

43,

356

4,03

24,

118

OK

M52

,778

27,5

772,

527

712

212

,499

1,37

11,

654

2,89

74,

124

AG

M13

1,41

968

,668

6,29

317

305

31,1

223,

415

4,11

97,

212

10,2

68JK

L59

,511

31,0

952,

850

813

814

,094

1,54

61,

865

3,26

64,

649

DV

P37

,398

13,5

0665

01,

190

1,21

847

710

,566

5911

9,72

1K

TN

57,7

0440

,039

288

541

1,11

034

46,

763

3011

8,57

8K

OT

41,6

3324

,061

1,95

057

51,

262

4,26

61,

440

1,32

32,

059

5,21

3P

RI

41,5

8422

,320

1,91

257

514

351,

987

1,37

31,

964

5,27

14,

955

KR

S40

,023

27,1

761,

516

575

804

1,77

01,

353

1,18

91,

899

3,73

5K

PT

106,

865

65,8

857,

598

341

886

1,42

495

116

,082

5,88

37,

815

AN

B1,

021,

156

430,

782

73,5

284,

588

8,69

722

6,53

136

,824

77,9

8269

,507

93,4

35

174 Appendix

Tab

le2

Cro

ppin

gpa

tter

n

Nam

eR

ice

Whe

atB

arle

yM

aize

Man

dua

Sav

a

Not

irri

gate

dIr

riga

ted

Not

irri

gate

dIr

riga

ted

Not

irri

gate

dIr

riga

ted

Not

irri

gate

dIr

riga

ted

Not

irri

gate

dIr

riga

ted

Not

irri

gate

dIr

riga

ted

JMT

414

7467

558

15–

8–

366

–31

–D

SL

2,03

348

626

1746

415

7–

25–

1,79

4–

298

–G

HT

2,01

119

015

4917

214

7–

13–

1,77

5–

280

–K

PR

302

471,

298

3995

–7

–26

5–

182

–N

BR

1,47

123

41,

620

224

177

–17

–1,

299

–33

8–

GR

S1,

639

194

2,99

317

720

8–

62–

1,44

5–

398

–T

RL

1,44

018

973

014

758

120

–1,

271

–10

8–

DB

L51

723

730

2560

–8

–45

5–

113

–P

KR

2,51

432

73,

099

283

301

–34

–2,

218

–57

9–

OK

M1,

998

415

2,23

028

529

0–

53–

1,39

9–

871

–A

GM

4,32

91,

243

4,15

998

815

914

71–

3,02

9–

476

–JK

L1,

876

743

3,38

11,

048

532

2734

–1,

561

–64

6–

DV

P1,

249

570

4,34

335

557

513

206

–2,

968

–3,

832

11K

TN

1,55

397

54,

345

820

131

616

3–

2,43

5–

3,07

05

KO

T1,

389

287

1,92

828

542

9–

143

–1,

182

1,28

0P

RI

1,16

723

31,

655

197

225

–14

61

1,39

21,

047

KR

S92

815

619

0522

317

43

803

1,26

389

3A

NB

26,8

306,

386

39,2

575,

790

3,73

364

1,09

04

26,1

1714

4,42

16

Appendix 175

Table 3 Cropping pattern (remaining)

Name Urd Masur Pea Arhar Mustered Linseed Soya bean Potato

JMT 29 7 2 7 49 – 9 26 823 10DSL 15 7 – 18 33 – 6 20 288 –GHT 74 7 – 10 57 3 3 13 337 6KPR 41 2 – 4 98 – – 10 288 –NBR 81 10 3 25 60 3 – 6 100 –GRS 26 10 – 19 49 – 14 10 167 –TRL 76 5 4 8 63 2 4 11 146 –DBL 11 5 – 12 24 – 3 11 466 –PKR 66 9 – 14 109 3 5 13 465 –OKM 53 67 67 55AGM 65 73 73 22JKL 24 39 39 40DVP 146 107 16 117 101 14 61 108 114KTN 138 92 14 54 82 13 52 71 108KOT 78 31 1 4 17 12PRI 220 27 2 14 15KRS 40 37 1 2 22 14ANB 1,041 498 41 288 912 38 389 299 3,460 16

Table 4 Land use (ha) in the villages of Khanda Gad 1971a–2007b

Village name Area Forest (Van Panchayat)

1971 2007 Change 1971 2007 Change

Margaon 32 9.3 -22.7 – 3.6 (1952) 3.6Shrikot Khanda 132.4 122.0 -10.4 0.8 13.6 12.8Margadna 26.8 32.7 5.9 – – –Bhitai Malla 74 73.4 -0.6 5.2 (2000) 5.2Kaldung 92.8 80.9 -11.9 1.2 6.1 (2001) 4.9Dhanak 25.6 26.1 0.5 – 3.0 (1985) 3.0Gaduwa Gad 47.6 44.7 -2.9 – – –Kamand 25.2 25.5 -0.3 – 5.5 (2000) 5.5Dov 43.6 53.7 10.1 0.4 14.7 (2001) 14.3Shiyar Malla 13.2 33.8 20.6 – – –Rawat Gaon 46.4 46.6 -0.2 – – –Bhitai Talla 166.4 71.9 -94.5 – 7.1 (2000) 7.1Total 726 620.2 -105.8 2.4 58.8 56.4

Source a Census handbook 1971, b Patwari circle, Srinagar and Pauri

176 Appendix

Table 5 Land use (ha) in the villages of Khanda Gad 1971a–2007b

Village name Irrigated Un-irrigated

1971 2007 Change 1971 2007 Change

Margaon – 1.9 1.9 13.2 0.9 -12.3Shrikot Khanda – 5.0 5.0 33.2 36.1 2.9Margadna 0.8 1.2 0.4 21.6 28.3 6.7Bhitai Malla – 3.7 3.7 17.6 46.1 28.5Kaldung 0.8 0.7 -0.1 22.8 58.0 35.2Dhanak 2.4 2.6 0.2 6.4 13.3 6.9Gaduwa Gad 2.4 1.9 -0.5 15.2 32.3 17.1Kamand 1.6 1.2 -0.4 14 14.5 0.5Dov – – – 23.2 25.2 2.0Shiyar Malla – 1.3 1.3 2.8 1.3 -1.5Rawat Gaon 0.4 0.4 17.6 32.4 14.8Bhitai Talla 4.0 3.3 -0.7 74.0 18.8 -55.2Total 14.4 23.2 8.8 261.6 307.2 45.6

Sourcea Census handbook 1971, b Patwari circle, Srinagar and Pauri

Table 6 Land use land cover changes in cluster of villages in Kewer Gadhera sub-watershedbetween 1971a and 2007b

Village name Area (ha) Forest

1971 2007 Change 1971 2007 Change

Kewer Talla 32 31.1 -0.9 1.2 – -1.2Kewer Malla 47.5 45.4 -2.1 1.2 – -1.2Bhagoti 100 104.5 4.5 1.4 2.6 1.2Ratni 37.6 37.8 0.2 – 1.7 1.7Keshwan 50 25.5 24.5 – – –Gadseer 156 171.6 15.6 4 7.5 3.5Bunga 112 129.4 17.4 12 68.6 56.6Jhijodi 204 162 -42 40 10.7 -29.3Ali 11.5 11.1 -0.4 0.4 5.8 5.4Leguna 14 19 5 2 7 5Bedula 71.6 71 -0.4 4.3 22.4 18.1Chirona 26.8 27 0.2 13 19.7 6.7Kaub 231.6 228.6 3 20.2 49.7 29.7Naini 22.8 22.6 -0.2 5.8 5.7 -0.1Swan Malla 2 28.2 26.2 6 5.2 -0.8Swan Talla 56.4 58.3 1.9 4 9.8 5.8Kimoli 242 247.9 5.9 40.2 46.6 6.4Total 14,17.8 1,421 58.4 155.7 263 107.5

Source a Census hand book 1971, b Patwari circle, Narainbagar

Appendix 177

Table 7 Land use land cover changes in cluster of villages in Kewer Gadhera sub-watershedbetween 1971a and 2007b

Village name Irrigated Un-irrigated

1971 2007 Change 1971 2007 Change

Kewer Talla 0.8 – -0.8 17.4 17.9 0.5Kewer Malla – – – 18.4 18.3 -0.1Bhagoti – – – 40 64.8 24.8Ratni – – – 18.8 19.2 0.4Keshwan – – – 24 7.2 16.8Gadseer – – – 64 65.3 1.3Bunga – – – 40 44.2 4.2Jhijodi – – – 46 72.3 26.3Ali – 0.1 – 4.4 4.3 -0.1Leguna – 0.8 – 8 6.1 -1.9Bedula – 0.7 – 24.8 24.5 -0.3Chirona - – – 5 5.1 0.1Kaub – – – 93 95.9 2.9Naini – – – 9.2 8.4 -0.8Swan Malla – – – 6 9.7 3.7Swan Talla – – – 30 31.4 1.4Kimoli 148 – – 74 87.9 13.9Total 148.8 1.6 -0.8 523 582.5 93.1

Source a Census handbook 1971, b Patwari circle, Narainbagar

178 Appendix

Tab

le8

NT

FP

s(i

nclu

ding

Han

dM

Ps)

info

rmat

ion

coll

ecte

dfr

omth

efo

rest

sin

sele

cted

dist

rict

svi

z.C

ham

oli(

Gar

hwal

regi

on)

and

pith

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arh

(Kum

aon

regi

on)

(Utt

arak

hand

Sta

te)

S.

Bot

anic

alna

mes

(fam

ilie

s)L

ocal

nam

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son

ofco

llec

tion

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ish

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bR

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coug

han

das

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a.A

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coni

tum

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tapf

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anun

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ctor

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(con

tinu

ed)

Appendix 179

Tab

le8

(con

tinu

ed)

S.

Bot

anic

alna

mes

(fam

ilie

s)L

ocal

nam

esH

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ilia

ceae

)S

ataw

ar/S

hata

war

/S

atm

ata/

Phu

sar

Her

bR

oots

and

leav

esT

hrou

ghou

tth

eye

arG

ives

cool

ing

effe

ct.R

oots

dem

ulce

nt,d

iure

tic,

aphr

odis

iac,

antis

pasm

odic

and

alte

rativ

eto

nic.

Lea

ves

used

fort

reat

men

tofb

oils

,sm

allp

ox.F

resh

root

juic

eis

mix

edw

ithho

ney

and

give

nfo

rdy

spep

sia;

thes

eal

sofo

rma

cons

titue

ntof

med

icin

aloi

lsus

edfo

rne

rvou

san

drh

eum

atic

com

plai

nts;

root

sal

sous

edas

dem

ulce

nt,a

phro

disi

ac,d

iure

tic,a

nti-

dyse

nter

ic,a

ndin

vete

rina

rym

edic

ines

12.

Ber

beri

sas

iati

caD

C.

(Ber

beri

dace

ae)

Kil

mod

a,R

asau

t,D

aru-

hald

iB

ush

Roo

tsan

dba

rkO

ctob

er–M

arch

Rec

omm

ende

din

exce

ssur

ethr

aldi

scha

rge,

eye

dise

ases

,ja

undi

ce,a

ndfe

vers

.Roo

tbar

kus

edfo

rsk

indi

seas

es,

eye

ailm

ents

and

mal

aria

.Roo

tsus

eful

inhe

alin

gof

wou

nds

13.

Ber

beri

sar

ista

taD

C.

(Beb

erid

acea

e)D

ar-h

aldi

Shr

ubA

llpa

rts

espe

cial

lyro

otba

rk/s

tem

July

–Aug

ust

Mal

aria

,ja

undi

ce,

eye

dise

ase,

skin

and

stom

ach

dise

ases

.In

Ayu

rved

ican

dY

unan

isy

stem

itis

used

for

prep

arat

ion

ofB

erbe

ris

hydr

ochl

orid

e14

Ber

gini

aci

liat

aS

tern

b(S

axif

raga

ceae

)P

asha

nabh

eda/

Sha

ilag

arbh

aja/

Sil

phor

i

Her

bR

hizo

me

Sep

tem

ber–

Mar

chT

hedr

ugP

asha

nabh

eda

isex

trac

ted

from

drie

drh

izom

es.

Itpo

sses

ses

astr

inge

nt,

toni

c,an

tisc

or-b

utic

and

laxa

tive

prop

-ert

ies.

Use

ful

inpu

lmo-

nary

infe

ctio

n,dy

sent

ery,

ulce

rs,

sple

enen

larg

e-m

ent,

coug

han

dfe

ver

(con

tinu

ed)

180 Appendix

Tab

le8

(con

tinu

ed)

S.

Bot

anic

alna

mes

(fam

ilie

s)L

ocal

nam

esH

abit

sP

arts

used

Sea

son

ofco

llec

tion

Use

s

15.

Can

nabi

ssa

tiva

L.

(Can

nabi

nace

ae)

Bha

ng/G

anja

Shr

ubS

eeds

,dr

ied

leav

esS

epte

mbe

r–O

ctob

erA

sin

toxi

cant

,st

omac

hic,

anal

gesi

c,na

rcot

ic,

seda

tive

,pa

inki

ller

,an

dan

odyn

e16

.C

ente

lla

asia

tica

(L.)

urba

n(H

ydro

coty

lace

ae)

Man

dukp

arni

Her

bL

eave

s/S

tem

Sep

tem

ber–

Oct

ober

Tre

atm

ent

ofco

ldan

dus

eful

for

impr

ovin

gbr

ainp

ower

also

.U

sed

inA

yruv

edic

and

Yun

ani

syst

ems

ofm

edic

ines

asdi

uret

ic,

alte

rati

vean

dto

nic

and

has

dem

and

inIn

tern

atio

nal

mar

ket

also

.A

deco

ctio

nof

the

who

lepl

ant

isus

edin

trea

tmen

tof

lepr

osy

17.

Che

nopo

duim

albu

mL

.(C

heno

podi

acea

e)B

athu

aH

erb

Lea

ves

June

–Sep

tem

ber

App

etiz

eran

dla

xati

ve

18.

Cin

nam

omum

tam

ala

(Buc

hana

n-H

amil

ton)

T.

nees

and

eber

m.

(Lau

race

ae)

Tej

pat

Tre

eL

eave

sO

ctob

er–o

nwar

dL

eave

sus

edas

Tej

pat

orT

ejpa

tta

leaf

.Use

ful

insc

abie

s,di

seas

eof

the

anus

and

rect

umsu

chas

pile

s(i

nA

yruv

eda)

,co

lic

and

diar

rhea

19.

Cin

nam

omum

zeyl

anic

umB

lum

e(L

aura

ceae

)D

alch

ini

Tre

eIn

ner

bark

Sep

tem

ber–

Nov

embe

rB

ark

used

asD

alch

ini

(asp

ice)

.It

has

ash

arp

hot

tast

e,to

nic;

used

asal

exit

eric

,st

imul

ant,

car-

min

ativ

e,ex

pect

oran

t,ap

hrod

isia

can

dfo

rhe

adac

he,

etc.

Use

din

Ayu

rved

ican

dY

unan

isy

stem

sof

med

icin

es20

.C

itru

llus

colc

ocyn

this

(L.)

Kun

tze

(Cuc

urbi

tace

ae)

Indr

ayan

Ape

renn

ial

herb

Fru

its,

root

sJu

ne–J

uly

Ayu

rved

ican

dY

unan

im

edic

ines

for

bloo

dpr

essu

re,

stom

acha

che,

jaun

dice

,ur

inar

ydi

seas

esan

drh

eum

atis

m.

Fru

itan

dro

ots

anti

dote

tosn

ake

pois

on,

extr

act

from

frui

tpu

lpis

high

lyef

fect

ive

agai

nst

bact

eria

21.

Col

eus

fors

kohl

ii(W

illd

)B

riq.

(Lam

iace

ae)

Col

eus

Her

bR

oots

Sep

tem

ber–

Oct

ober

Blo

odpr

essu

rean

dgl

auco

ma,

inal

lopa

thic

med

icin

es

(con

tinu

ed)

Appendix 181

Tab

le8

(con

tinu

ed)

S.

Bot

anic

alna

mes

(fam

ilie

s)L

ocal

nam

esH

abit

sP

arts

used

Sea

son

ofco

llec

tion

Use

s

22.

Cor

yday

lis

gova

nian

aW

all.

(Fum

aria

ceae

)B

hutk

eshi

/Ja

tam

ansh

Her

bR

oot

Sep

tem

ber–

Oct

ober

Inse

ctic

ide,

stre

ngth

,blo

odpu

rifi

er.R

oots

loca

lly

used

asin

cens

e;al

sore

com

men

ded

agai

nst

syph

ilis

and

coet

aneo

usaf

fect

ions

23.

Dat

ura

stra

mon

ium

L.

(Sol

anac

eae)

Dha

tura

Her

bF

low

er,

leav

es,

frui

t,se

eds

Oct

ober

–Nov

embe

rS

leep

ines

s,in

toxi

cant

,sk

indi

seas

es,

feve

rle

pros

yan

das

thm

a.In

Ayu

rved

ic,

allo

path

ican

dY

unan

im

edic

ines

;al

kalo

idat

ropi

neus

edas

stim

ulan

tfo

rth

ece

ntra

lne

rvou

ssy

stem

and

assu

lpha

tefo

rdi

lati

ngpu

pil

24.

Del

phin

ium

denu

datu

mW

all.

(Ran

uncu

lace

ae)

Nir

bish

iH

erb

Roo

tS

epte

mbe

r–N

ovem

ber

The

root

isbi

tter

and

cons

ider

edas

stim

ulan

t,al

tern

ativ

ean

dto

nic.

Als

ous

eful

asto

nic

for

toot

hach

ean

dan

adul

tera

ntfo

rac

onit

e25

.D

idym

ocor

pus

pedi

cell

ata

R.

Br.

(Ges

neri

acea

e)P

atth

arP

hori

Her

bL

eave

san

dbu

d–

As

scen

tan

din

Ayu

rved

icm

edic

ines

asre

med

yfo

rki

dney

and

blad

der

26.

Dio

scor

eabu

lbif

era

L.

(Dio

scor

cace

ae)

Van

gent

hi/G

aint

hi/

Rat

alu

Her

b(C

lim

b-er

)T

uber

Oct

ober

–Ja

nuar

y

For

stre

ngth

and

nutr

itio

nin

Ayr

vedi

cm

edic

ine

e.g.

Chy

vanp

aras

h.T

uber

used

inpi

les,

syph

ilis

and

appl

ieto

ulce

rs27

.D

iosc

orea

delt

oide

aW

all.

exK

unth

.(D

iosc

orea

ceae

)K

athp

arun

/Kit

hiC

lim

b-er

Tub

er(s

tem

)O

ctob

er–J

anua

ryIn

cort

ison

eho

rmon

esan

dA

llop

athi

cm

edic

ines

,tu

bers

yiel

dst

eroi

dal

sapo

geni

ns,

whi

char

eso

urce

sof

oral

cont

race

ptiv

es28

.D

iplo

knem

abu

tyra

cea

(Rox

b.)

H.J

.L

am.

(Sap

otac

eae)

Chy

ura

(Ind

ian

But

ter

Tre

e)T

ree

Fru

itJu

ne–J

uly

Edi

ble

oil

used

asbu

tter

and

inpr

epar

atio

nof

choc

olat

ean

dha

irpo

mad

e29

.E

mbl

ica

offi

cina

lis

Gae

rtn.

(Eup

horb

iace

ae)

Am

la/A

onla

Tre

eF

low

er,

Fru

its,

root

sO

ctob

er–N

ovem

ber

Fru

its

used

asdi

uret

ic,

laxa

tive

and

for

trea

tmen

tof

jaun

dice

,co

ugh

stom

ach

diso

rder

s,an

emia

and

eye

ailm

ents

;ri

chso

urce

ofvi

tam

inc;

frui

tsha

vean

ti-

biot

icac

tivi

tyag

ains

ta

vari

ety

ofm

icro

-org

anis

ms

(con

tinu

ed)

182 Appendix

Tab

le8

(con

tinu

ed)

S.

Bot

anic

alna

mes

(fam

ilie

s)L

ocal

nam

esH

abit

sP

arts

used

Sea

son

ofco

llec

tion

Use

s

30.

Eph

edra

gera

rdia

naW

all.

(Eph

edra

ceae

)S

oam

Shr

ubT

wig

sA

ugus

tC

ure

ofsy

phil

is(g

enit

aldi

seas

es),

asth

ma,

cold

,ha

yfe

ver

and

rash

esof

alle

rgic

orig

in;n

asal

spra

yis

used

agai

nst

infl

amm

atio

nof

muc

ous

mem

bran

e31

.F

riti

llar

iaro

ylei

Hoo

k.(L

ilia

ceae

)K

akol

iH

erb

Roo

ttu

ber

Oct

ober

–Nov

embe

rIn

Ayr

vedi

can

dY

unan

im

edic

ines

root

sus

edfo

rhe

alin

gof

wou

nds,

corm

sar

eus

edfo

ras

thm

aan

dbr

onch

itis

.32

.H

eben

aria

com

me-

lini

foli

aw

all.

exL

indl

.(O

rchi

dace

ae)

Vri

dhi

Her

bR

oots

June

–Oct

ober

Use

din

Ayr

vedi

cpr

epar

atio

nas

chya

vanp

rash

and

for

stre

ngth

asa

sour

ceof

sale

p

33.

Hed

ychi

umsp

icat

umB

ucha

nan-

Ham

ilto

nex

Sm

ith

(Zin

gibe

race

ae)

Kap

urka

char

i/K

apoo

rke

sri/

Ban

Hal

di

Her

bR

hizo

mes

Oct

ober

–Dec

embe

rS

tom

achi

c,ca

rmin

ativ

e,to

nic,

stim

ulan

t,U

sefu

lin

live

rco

mpl

aint

s,vo

mit

ing,

diar

rhea

,in

flam

mat

ions

and

pain

asw

ell

assn

akeb

ite

34.

Indi

gofe

rapu

lche

lla

Rox

b.(F

abac

eae)

Sak

ina/

Hak

naS

hrub

Roo

tsM

ay–J

une

Use

dfo

rtr

eatm

ent

ofco

ugh

and

ches

tpa

in

35.

Jugl

ans

regi

aL

.(J

ugla

ndac

eae)

Akh

rot

Tre

eF

ruit

,ba

rkan

dle

aves

;ro

ots

Nov

embe

r–Ja

nuar

yB

ark

poss

esse

sin

sect

i-ci

dal

prop

erti

es,

toot

hpas

tem

akin

g,fr

uit

edib

le;

leav

esas

trin

gent

,to

nic

and

anat

hem

atic

36.

Juni

peru

sco

mm

unis

L.

(Cup

ress

acea

e)H

aube

ra/A

araa

rS

hrub

orsm

all

tree

Lea

ves

and

frui

tS

epte

mbe

r–O

ctob

erY

ield

ses

senc

es,

scen

tan

dha

van

mat

eria

l.F

ruit

used

asH

aube

rin

Ayr

uved

ic,

also

used

for

flav

ouri

nggi

n

37.

Adh

atoe

lava

xiea

Nee

s(A

cant

hace

ae)

Adu

lasa

/Aru

saP

eren

-ni

alhe

rb

Lea

ves

June

–Sep

tem

ber

Inco

ugh

asex

pect

oran

tbr

onch

itis

and

othe

rre

spir

ator

yai

lmen

ts.

Inal

lopa

thic

,A

yurv

edic

and

Yun

ani

med

icin

es;

leav

esal

sopo

sses

san

thel

min

tic

prop

erti

es38

.L

yoni

aov

alif

olia

Wal

l.D

rude

(Eri

cace

ae)

Aya

rT

ree

Lea

ves

and

buds

Janu

ary–

Feb

ruar

yIn

sect

icid

alus

edin

skin

ailm

ents

.A

lso

info

lklo

rem

edic

ine

inK

umao

nan

dG

arw

al,

trad

itio

nal

trea

tmen

tof

dise

ases

(con

tinu

ed)

Appendix 183

Tab

le8

(con

tinu

ed)

S.

Bot

anic

alna

mes

(fam

ilie

s)L

ocal

nam

esH

abit

sP

arts

used

Sea

son

ofco

llec

tion

Use

s

39.

Mac

roto

mia

bent

ham

iA

.D

C.

(Bor

agin

acea

e)R

atan

yot

orL

alja

dhi

Kas

him

iri

Goo

zaba

n

Her

bR

oot

and

root

bark

Sep

tem

ber–

Oct

ober

Roo

tspa

ste

mix

edw

ith

mil

kus

edfo

rhe

alin

gof

inte

rnal

wou

nds

and

soar

s.G

ood

for

vom

itin

gan

ddi

gest

ion.

As

colo

ur-i

ngag

ent

insp

ices

;aq

ueou

sex

trac

tof

flow

erin

gsh

oots

isus

edin

mak

ing

sher

bet

and

jam

sth

atar

ere

com

men

ded

for

trou

bles

ofto

ngue

and

thro

atan

dfo

rca

rdia

cdi

sord

ers

40.

Mal

lotu

sph

ilip

pens

is(L

amk.

)M

uell

.–

Arg

.(E

upho

rbia

ceae

)

Roh

ini/

Kam

ala/

roli

/Sin

dhur

iT

ree

Fru

it(o

ilgl

ands

and

hair

onfr

uits

)se

eds

Mar

ch–M

ayB

itte

r,po

sses

ses

wor

mic

idia

lan

din

sect

icid

alpr

oper

ties

,fr

uits

yiel

da

red

dye

used

asan

anat

hem

atic

and

for

coet

aneo

usaf

fect

ions

;se

edoi

lis

used

for

mak

ing

hair

fixe

rsan

doi

ntm

ents

41.

Men

tha

long

ifol

ia(L

.)H

uds.

(Lam

iace

ae)

Jung

liP

udin

aP

erre

-nia

lhe

rbL

eave

s/fl

ower

sS

epte

mbe

r–O

ctob

erC

arm

inat

ive,

stim

ulan

tan

dco

olin

gm

edic

ines

42.

Myr

ica

escu

lenl

aB

uch.

-Ham

.ex

D.

Don

(Myr

icac

eae)

Kaf

al,

Kat

fal

Tre

eB

ark

Sep

tem

ber–

Oct

ober

Bar

kca

rmin

ativ

eA

yur-

vedi

can

dY

unan

isy

stem

ofm

edic

ine

for

coug

h,dy

sent

ery

and

dier

esis

;ch

ewed

for

toot

hach

e43

.N

ardo

stac

hys

jata

man

si(D

.D

on)

Dc.

(Val

eria

nace

ae)

Jata

man

si/B

alch

har

Her

bR

hizo

me

Sep

tem

ber–

Oct

ober

Sti

mul

ant,

stre

ngth

asan

tise

ptic

,ep

ilep

syan

din

test

inal

pain

,so

urce

ofan

esse

ntia

loi

lsu

ppos

edto

impr

ove

hair

grow

than

dbl

ack

colo

ur;

its

tinc

ture

isus

efo

rep

ilep

syan

dhy

ster

ia;

also

used

asa

laxa

tive

for

impr

ovin

gur

inat

ion,

men

stru

atio

nan

ddi

gest

ion

(con

tinu

ed)

184 Appendix

Tab

le8

(con

tinu

ed)

S.

Bot

anic

alna

mes

(fam

ilie

s)L

ocal

nam

esH

abit

sP

arts

used

Sea

son

ofco

llec

tion

Use

s

44.

Orc

his

lati

foli

aL

.(O

rchi

dace

ae)

Hat

hand

i/S

alam

mis

hri/

Sal

ap

Her

bS

tem

,ro

otS

epte

mbe

r–O

ctob

erT

onic

for

dige

stiv

esy

stem

,C

ough

,he

art

ailm

ent

and

heal

ing

agen

tof

wou

ndin

Ayu

rved

ican

dY

unan

iS

yste

mof

med

icin

e45

.P

aris

poly

phyl

laS

m.

(Lil

iace

ae)

Sat

uaH

erb

Roo

tan

dtu

ber

Oct

ober

–Mar

chU

sed

inA

yurv

edic

med

icin

e.T

herh

izom

eis

poss

essi

ngan

tith

elm

inti

cpr

oper

ties

and

also

used

asto

nic

46P

icro

rhiz

aku

rroo

aR

oyal

exB

enth

.(S

crop

hula

riac

eae)

Kut

ki,

Kat

kiH

erb

Roo

tS

epte

mbe

r–O

ctob

eran

dM

ay–J

une

Roo

tsar

eus

edfo

rtr

eatm

ent

offe

ver,

dyse

nter

ysc

orpi

onbi

te,

ecze

ma,

cath

aric

,st

oma

chic

,pu

rgat

ive

47.

Pin

usro

xbur

ghii

Sar

g.(P

inac

eae)

Chi

rT

ree

Ste

mT

hrou

ghou

tth

eye

arR

esin

extr

act

isus

edin

man

ufac

ture

oftu

rpen

tine

oil,

varn

ish

and

pain

tsin

dust

ry.

Als

om

ixed

inar

tifi

cial

esse

nces

,ca

mph

oran

dsc

ent

prep

arat

ions

48.

Pod

ophy

llum

hexa

ndru

mR

oyle

(Pod

ophy

llac

eae)

Ban

kakr

i/P

apda

Her

bR

oots

Sep

tem

ber–

Oct

ober

Liv

erai

lmen

t,di

gest

ive

and

purg

ativ

e;th

edr

ugal

soch

ecks

grow

thof

canc

erou

sce

lls

49.

Pol

ygon

atum

mul

tifl

orum

(L.)

All

.(L

ilia

ceae

)M

aham

eda

Her

bR

hizo

mes

Sep

tem

ber–

Oct

ober

Ayr

vedi

cm

edic

ine

espe

cial

lyin

Cha

vanp

rash

;al

sous

edfo

rtr

eatm

ent

ofpi

les

and

disc

olou

rati

onof

skin

resu

ltin

gfr

ombl

ows

50.

P.

vert

icil

latu

mA

ll.

(Lil

iace

ae)

Med

a/M

itha

dudh

iaH

erb

Roo

tsS

epte

mbe

r–O

ctob

erA

yrve

dic

med

icin

ees

peci

ally

inC

hava

npra

sh51

.P

oten

till

afu

lgen

sH

ook.

(Ros

acea

e)V

ajra

dant

iP

eren

-nia

lhe

rbR

oot

Sep

tem

ber–

Mar

chL

iver

rela

ted

dise

ases

;ro

ots

used

indi

arrh

oea

52.

Pru

nus

cera

soid

esD

.D

on(R

osac

eae)

Pad

amT

ree

Bar

kan

dfr

uit

Nov

embe

r–Ja

nuar

yB

ark

inA

yurv

edic

med

icin

ean

dfr

uit

for

colo

urin

gth

em

edic

ines

.T

hest

emis

bitt

er,

acri

d,an

tipy

reti

c,re

frig

eran

t,ca

uses

flat

ulen

ce,

cure

sle

pros

y,ha

lluc

inat

ions

,bu

rnin

gof

the

body

,et

c.53

.R

heum

emod

iW

all.

exM

eiss

n.(P

olyg

onac

eae)

Dol

u/uv

anta

ntor

aH

erb

Roo

t,ro

ot-s

tem

tran

siti

onzo

ne

Sep

tem

ber–

Nov

embe

rF

orst

reng

than

dal

soin

gred

ient

indi

gest

ive

med

icin

es;

pow

dere

dro

ots

also

used

inhe

alin

gul

cers

54.

Rho

dode

ndro

nar

bore

umS

m.

(Eri

cace

ae)

Bur

ans

Tre

eF

low

erM

arch

–Jun

eF

low

ers

yiel

dsju

ice

used

inm

akin

gsq

uash

for

cold

drin

ks;

also

used

indi

arrh

eaan

ddy

sent

ery

55.

Rhu

ssu

cced

anea

L.

(Ana

card

iace

ae)

Kak

rasi

ngi

Shr

ubIn

sect

gall

sS

epte

mbe

r–O

ctob

erA

sto

nic,

expe

ctor

ant,

coug

h,ph

this

is,

asth

ma,

feve

r,w

ant

ofap

peti

tean

dir

rita

bili

tyof

stom

ach;

gall

sar

eas

trin

gent

and

expe

ctor

ant

(con

tinu

ed)

Appendix 185

Tab

le8

(con

tinu

ed)

S.

Bot

anic

alna

mes

(fam

ilie

s)L

ocal

nam

esH

abit

sP

arts

used

Sea

son

ofco

llec

tion

Use

s

56.

Rub

iaco

rdif

olia

L.(

Rub

iace

ae)

Man

jish

tha,

Man

jit

Her

b (cli

mb-

er)

Roo

ts/f

ruit

Use

din

Ayu

rved

icm

edic

ines

for

rheu

mat

ism

;ro

ots

yiel

da

red

dye.

Fru

it,

usef

ulin

hepa

tic

obst

ruct

ion

57.

Sch

ima

laur

eola

(DC

.)C

hois

y(T

heac

eae)

Net

tpat

i/K

astu

rpat

tiH

erb

Lea

ves

Sep

tem

ber–

Oct

ober

Ince

nse

and

assc

ent

58.

Ste

phan

iagl

abra

(Rox

b.)

Mie

rs(M

enis

perm

acea

e)G

inda

ruC

lim

bi-n

gsh

rub

Roo

ts/t

uber

sS

epte

mbe

r–Ja

nuar

yB

urn

and

bloo

dpr

essu

re;

tube

rsar

eus

edin

pulm

onar

ytu

berc

ulos

is,

asth

ma

and

dyse

nter

y59

.S

wer

tia

chir

ayit

a(R

oxb.

ex.

Fle

m.)

Kar

st.

(Gen

tian

acea

e)

Chi

rayi

taH

erb

Who

lepl

ant

Sep

tem

ber–

Oct

ober

Ingr

edie

ntin

med

icin

esof

chro

nic

feve

ran

dst

omac

hai

lmen

ts;

toni

cin

bron

chia

las

thm

a,an

emia

,li

ver

diso

rder

san

dal

sola

xati

ve60

.S

ympl

ocos

pani

cula

taM

iq.

(Sym

ploc

acea

e)L

odh

Ala

rge

shur

bor

tree

Bar

kF

ebru

ary–

Mar

chE

yeai

lmen

t,co

olan

tgu

mai

lmen

ts.

Use

ful

inbo

wel

com

plai

nts,

diar

rhea

and

ulce

rs,

etc.

61.

Syz

ygiu

mcu

min

ii(L

.)S

keel

s(M

yrta

ceae

)Ja

mun

,Ja

mbu

Tre

eB

ark,

frui

t,se

eds

Apr

il–J

une.

Bar

kbi

tter

,us

edin

blee

ding

asth

ma

and

heal

ing

ofw

ound

s,fr

uits

edib

le;

seed

sre

com

men

ded

for

diab

etic

pati

ents

62.

Tax

usba

ccat

aL

.ss

p.w

alli

chia

na(Z

ucc.

)P

ilge

r(T

axac

eae)

Thu

ner,

Bir

umi,

Dhu

rai,

Tal

ishp

atra

Tre

eL

eave

san

dba

rkM

ay–N

ovem

ber

Ast

hma,

epil

epsy

,in

sani

ty.

Bar

kis

used

for

Ayu

rved

ican

dY

unan

im

edic

ines

agai

nst

head

ache

,gi

ddin

ess,

diar

rhea

and

bili

ousn

ess

63.

Tha

lict

rum

foli

olos

umD

C.

(Ran

uncu

lace

ae)

Pin

jari

,M

amir

aA

tall

herb

Roo

tsS

epte

mbe

r–O

ctob

erU

sed

asa

purg

ativ

e,di

uret

ic,

febr

ifug

ean

ddy

spep

sia

inA

yurv

edic

med

icin

esan

dop

htha

lmic

asw

ell

asfo

rm

akin

gka

jal

stic

ks64

.T

hym

usse

rpyl

lum

L.

(Lam

iace

ae)

Ban

ajw

ain

Her

bW

hole

plan

tse

eds

espe

cial

ly

July

–Aug

ust

Poo

rey

esig

ht,

live

ran

dst

omac

hai

lmen

ts,

urin

ary

prob

lem

,See

dsha

vein

sect

icid

alpr

oper

ties

.O

ilus

edin

toot

hach

ean

das

asp

ice

65.

Val

eria

naja

tam

ansi

Jone

s(V

aler

iana

ceae

)S

amoy

/Sam

au/

Mus

hkba

laH

erb

Roo

tsan

dfr

uits

Sep

tem

ber–

Oct

ober

As

stim

ulan

tan

dan

tise

ptic

;al

sous

edin

mak

ing

ince

-nse

stic

ksan

dsc

ents

;fo

rha

iroi

lsan

dpe

rfum

esan

dm

edic

ines

for

hyst

eria

and

nerv

ous

prob

lem

s

(con

tinu

ed)

186 Appendix

Tab

le8

(con

tinu

ed)

S.

Bot

anic

alna

mes

(fam

ilie

s)L

ocal

nam

esH

abit

sP

arts

used

Sea

son

ofco

llec

tion

Use

s

66.

Vib

urnu

mco

tino

foli

umD

.Don

(Cap

rifo

liac

eae)

Kar

ra/G

hinw

aS

hrub

Bar

kO

ctob

er–N

ovem

ber

Ayu

rved

icm

edic

ines

used

asV

ibur

num

bark

for

men

orrh

agia

and

met

rorr

hagi

a67

.V

iola

odor

ata

L.

(Vio

lace

ae)

Ban

fsha

/Van

afsa

Her

bR

oots

flow

eran

dfr

uit

Mar

ch–M

ayR

oots

anti

helm

inti

c,an

tipy

reti

c,fe

brif

uge.

Flo

wer

sem

olli

ent,

dem

ulce

nt,

used

inbi

liou

snes

san

dlu

ngtr

oubl

es;

flow

ers

used

inA

yurv

edic

and

Una

nisy

stem

sfo

rse

vera

lsk

in,

eye

and

ear

dise

ases

;al

sous

edas

bloo

dpu

rifi

er68

.W

oodf

ordi

afr

utic

osa

(L.)

Kur

z.S

anth

a/D

awi

Bus

hT

uber

Janu

ary–

Mar

chIn

Ayu

rved

ican

dY

unan

im

edic

ines

,so

luti

ons

/li

quid

s,ba

rkex

trac

tis

used

asa

colo

urin

gag

ent

and

for

tann

ing

69.

Zan

thox

ylum

arm

atum

DC

.(R

utac

eae)

Tim

ur/T

ejph

al/

Dar

mar

Tre

eS

tem

bark

and

seed

sN

ovem

ber–

Janu

ary

Tee

than

dgu

mai

lmen

tin

clud

ing

pyor

rhea

;T

reat

men

tof

scab

ies

seed

sus

edas

ato

nic;

bark

,fr

uits

and

seed

sar

eex

trem

ely

used

inm

edic

ines

asca

rmin

ativ

e,st

oma

chic

and

anat

hem

atic

;es

sent

ial

oil

from

seed

sus

edfo

rm

akin

gto

oth

pow

ders

70.

Tan

acet

umnu

bige

num

Wal

l.ex

DC

.(A

ster

acea

e)D

hup/

Gug

alH

erb

Roo

tsS

epte

mbe

r–O

ctob

erIn

pain

and

feve

r,as

anin

sect

icid

e;gu

mre

sin

isus

edas

ince

nse

Sour

ceN

atur

alR

esou

rces

Indi

aF

ound

atio

n:P

ilot

Stu

dyon

Mec

hani

smfo

rsu

stai

nabl

ede

velo

pmen

tan

dpr

omot

ion

ofhe

rbal

and

med

icin

alpl

ants

inth

est

ate

ofU

ttar

akha

nd,

SE

Rdi

visi

onpl

anni

ngco

mm

issi

on,

Gov

t.of

Indi

a

Appendix 187

Tab

le9

Inve

ntor

yof

med

icin

alby

HA

BIT

Soc

curr

ing

inU

ttar

akha

nd

Bot

anic

alna

mes

Ver

nacu

lar

nam

esF

amil

ies

Hab

itP

art

used

Sta

tus

Aca

cia

conc

inna

DC

.S

hika

kai

Mim

osac

eae

Tre

eP

ods/

leav

esE

ndan

gere

dC

assi

afi

stul

aL

inn.

Am

alta

sC

aesa

lpia

nace

aeT

ree

Fru

itpu

lpC

ulti

vate

dC

edru

sde

odar

a(R

oxb.

exL

amb.

)G

.D

onD

eoda

rP

inac

eae

Tre

eW

ood

oil

Com

mon

Hyd

noca

rpus

laur

ifol

ia(D

enns

t.)S

leum

erR

owti

/Tau

rell

aF

laco

urti

acea

eT

ree

See

dsR

are

Mes

uafe

rrea

L.

Nag

kesa

rC

lusi

acea

e(G

utti

fera

e)T

ree

Flo

wer

sC

ulti

vate

d

Pis

taci

ain

tege

rrim

aS

tew

art

exB

rand

isK

akar

asin

ghi

Pis

taci

acea

eT

ree

Lea

fga

lls/

woo

dS

carc

eP

runu

sce

raso

ides

D.

Don

Pad

amR

osac

eae

Tre

eH

eart

woo

d/F

ruit

/en

docr

pC

omm

on

Rho

dode

ndro

nar

bore

-um

Sm

.B

uran

sE

rica

ceae

Tre

eF

low

ers/

Bar

k/te

nder

leav

esC

omm

on

Str

ychn

osnu

x-vo

mic

aL

.K

aras

kara

/Kuc

hla

Str

ychn

acea

eT

ree

See

dsS

carc

eS

ympl

ocos

race

mos

aR

oxb.

Lod

hra

Sym

ploc

acea

eT

ree

Bar

kS

carc

eT

axus

bacc

ata

Lin

n.sp

wal

lich

iana

(Zuc

c.)

Pil

ger

Thu

ner/

Tal

ishp

atra

Tax

acea

eT

ree

Lea

ves/

Bar

kS

carc

e

Zan

thox

ylum

arm

atum

DC

.T

ejph

al/D

arm

arR

utac

eae

Tre

eW

ood/

seed

sS

carc

eA

coni

tum

atro

xS

tapf

Mit

havi

shR

anun

cula

ceae

Her

bR

oots

Thr

eate

ned

A.

hete

roph

yllu

mW

all.

Ex

Roy

leA

tivi

shR

anun

cula

ceae

Her

bR

oots

Thr

eate

ned

A.

viol

aceu

mJa

cq.

Pat

ish/

Dud

hia

vish

Ran

uncu

lace

aeH

erb

Roo

tsE

ndan

gere

dA

coru

sca

lam

usL

.V

acha

/vac

hA

race

aeH

erb

Rhi

zom

esC

omm

onA

nacy

clus

pyre

thru

mD

C.

Aka

rkar

aA

piac

eae

Her

bR

oots

Sca

rce

Ang

elic

aar

chan

geli

caL

.C

hora

Api

acea

eH

erb

Roo

ts/s

eeds

Sca

rce

A.

glau

caE

dgew

.G

andr

ayan

iA

piac

eae

Her

bR

oots

/fru

its

End

ange

red

Api

umgr

aveo

lens

Ajm

ada/

Sol

ari

Api

acea

eH

erb

Roo

tsC

ulti

vate

dA

rtem

isia

mar

itim

aL

.K

irm

ala

Ast

erac

eaH

erb

Who

lepl

ant

Com

mon

Asp

arag

usad

scen

dens

Rox

b.S

hata

var

Lil

iace

aeH

erb

Roo

tsC

ulti

vate

dB

acop

am

onni

eri

(Lin

n.)

Pen

nell

Bra

hmi

Scr

ophu

lari

acea

eH

erb

Who

lepl

ant

Com

mon (c

onti

nued

)

188 Appendix

Tab

le9

(con

tinu

ed)

Bot

anic

alna

mes

Ver

nacu

lar

nam

esF

amil

ies

Hab

itP

art

used

Sta

tus

Ber

gini

aci

liat

aS

tern

bP

asha

nbhe

d/S

ilph

ori

Sax

ifra

gace

aeH

erb

Roo

tsR

are

Can

nabi

ssa

tiva

Lin

n.B

hang

Can

nabi

nace

aeH

erb

Lea

ves

Abu

ndan

tC

ente

lla

asia

tica

(L.)

Urb

anM

andu

kpar

niH

ydro

coty

lace

aeH

erb

Who

lepl

ant

Com

mon

Cit

rull

usco

locy

nthi

s(L

.)K

untz

eIn

dray

anC

ucur

bita

ceae

Her

bW

hole

plan

tC

ulti

vate

dC

olch

icum

lute

umB

aker

Hir

antu

tiya

Lil

iace

aeH

erb

Who

lepl

ant

Cul

tiva

ted

Cop

tis

teet

aW

all.

Mam

ira/

Mis

hmi

Ran

uncu

laea

eH

erb

Rhi

zom

esR

are

Cur

culi

goor

chio

des

Gae

rtn.

Kal

imus

liH

ypox

idac

eae

Her

bR

oots

Sca

rce

Cur

cum

aam

ada

Rox

b.A

mah

aldi

Zin

gibe

race

aeH

erb

Roo

ts/r

hizo

mes

Com

mon

Cyp

erus

rotu

ndus

Lin

n.M

otha

Cyp

erac

eae

Her

bR

hizo

mes

Com

mon

Dac

tylo

rhiz

aha

tagi

rea

(Don

.)S

ooH

athj

ari

Orc

hida

ceae

Her

bR

oots

Rar

e,no

wcu

ltiv

ated

Del

phin

ium

denu

datu

mW

all.

Nir

bish

iR

anun

cula

ceae

Her

bR

oots

Rar

eD

idym

orar

pus

pedi

cell

ata

R.

Pat

har

laun

g/G

enti

anac

eae

Her

bL

eave

sR

are

Br.

Dio

scor

eade

ltoi

dea

Wal

l.ex

Kun

thP

atth

arP

hori

Gai

nthi

eD

iosc

orea

ceae

Her

bT

uber

sC

ulti

vate

dE

ulop

hia

cam

pest

ris

Wal

l.S

alib

mis

riO

rchi

dace

aeH

erb

Roo

ts/t

uber

sE

ndan

gere

dF

umar

iaof

fici

nali

sL

.P

itt

Pap

ara

Fum

aria

ceae

Her

bW

hole

plan

tC

omm

onG

enti

ana

kurr

ooR

oyle

Nil

kant

hi,

Kur

n/K

utki

Gen

tian

acea

eH

erb

Who

lepl

ant

Com

mon

Glo

rios

asu

perb

aR

oyle

Kal

ihar

iL

ilia

ceae

Her

bT

uber

s/le

aves

Rar

eH

edyc

hium

spic

atum

Buc

h.–

Ham

.S

mit

hK

apur

kach

ri/S

itru

tiZ

ingi

bera

ceae

Her

bR

hizo

mes

Sca

rce

Hyo

scya

mus

nige

rL

.K

hura

sani

ajva

yan

Sol

anac

eae

Her

bL

eave

sC

ulti

vate

dM

ucun

apr

urie

ns(L

.)D

C.

Kon

ch/K

awnc

hF

abac

eae

Her

bS

eeds

/fru

its

Com

mon

Nar

dost

achy

sja

tam

ansi

(D.

Don

)D

CJa

tam

asi/

Bal

chha

rV

aler

iana

ceae

Her

bR

hizo

mes

End

ange

red

Nel

umbo

nuci

fera

Gae

rtn.

Kam

alN

elum

bona

ceae

Her

bS

tem

/See

dsC

omm

onO

rchi

sla

tifo

lia

L.

Sal

amm

isri

/Sal

apO

rchi

dace

aeH

erb

Lea

ves

Rar

eP

apav

erso

mni

feru

mL

.A

phim

Pap

aver

acea

eH

erb

Cap

sule

sC

ulti

vate

dP

lant

ago

ovat

aF

orsk

Isab

gol

Pla

ntag

inac

eae

Her

bS

eed

husk

Com

mon (c

onti

nued

)

Appendix 189

Tab

le9

(con

tinu

ed)

Bot

anic

alna

mes

Ver

nacu

lar

nam

esF

amil

ies

Hab

itP

art

used

Sta

tus

Pod

ophy

llum

hexa

ndru

mR

oyle

Ban

kakr

i/V

anka

kri

Pod

ophy

llac

eae

Her

bR

oots

End

ange

red

Pol

ygal

ach

nens

isH

am.

Mir

agu

Pol

ygal

acea

eH

erb

Roo

tsC

omm

onR

heum

emod

iW

all.

exM

iers

.A

rchu

/Rev

andc

hini

Pol

ygon

acea

eH

erb

Roo

tsE

ndan

gere

dR

ubia

cord

ifol

iaL

inn.

Man

jeet

h/M

anje

etR

ubia

ceae

Her

bR

oots

Com

mon

Sau

ssur

eaco

stus

(Fal

c.)

Lip

sch

Kut

hA

ster

acea

eH

erb

Roo

tsC

omm

on/

Cul

tiva

ted

S.

obva

llat

aW

all.

exC

.B.

Cla

rke

Bra

hmak

amal

Ast

erac

eae

Her

bR

oots

Com

mon

S.

lapp

aC

.B.

Cla

rke

Kut

hA

ster

acea

eH

erb

Roo

tsC

omm

onS

wer

tia

chir

ayit

a(R

oxb.

exF

lem

.)K

arst

Chi

rayi

taG

enti

anac

eae

Her

bW

hole

plan

tR

oads

ide

plan

tati

onT

ephr

osia

purp

urea

(L)

Per

s.S

hare

punk

haF

abac

eae

Her

bL

eave

sC

omm

on/

Cul

tiva

ted

Tin

ospo

raco

rdif

olia

Mie

rsex

Hoo

kF

.an

dT

hom

s.G

iloi

/Gur

ach

Men

ispe

rmac

eae

Cli

mbi

ng-

shru

bW

hole

plan

tC

omm

on

Urg

inea

indi

ca(R

oxb.

)K

unth

.Ja

ngli

piya

z/B

anpi

ajL

ilia

ceae

Her

bW

hole

plan

tC

omm

onV

aler

iana

hard

wic

kii

Wal

l.S

ugan

dhba

la/T

agge

rV

aler

iana

ceae

Her

bR

oots

Sca

rce

V.

jata

man

siJo

nes

Tag

ar/S

amev

aV

aler

iana

ceae

Her

bR

hizo

mes

Rar

eV

iola

odor

ata

L.

Van

afsa

/Ban

afol

a/B

anaf

saV

iola

ceae

Her

bF

low

er/f

ruit

Com

mon

/C

ulti

vate

dB

erbe

ris

aris

tata

DC

.D

aruh

arid

raB

erbe

rida

ceae

Shr

ubR

oots

/bar

kR

are

B.

asia

tica

Rox

b.K

ilm

ora/

king

ora

Ber

beri

dace

aeS

hrub

Roo

ts/b

ark

Rar

eC

alot

ropi

sgi

gant

eum

Lin

n.M

adde

r/M

adar

Asc

lepi

adac

eae

Shr

ubW

hole

plan

tC

omm

onC

epha

elis

ipec

acua

nha

(Bro

t.)A

.R

ich.

Ipec

acR

ubia

ceae

Shr

ubW

hole

plan

tR

are

Eph

edra

gang

etic

aW

all.

Som

Eph

edra

ceae

Shr

ubS

tem

Sca

rce

E.

gera

rdia

naW

all.

Som

/Asm

ania

Eph

edra

ceae

Shr

ubW

hole

plan

tR

are

Gly

cyrr

hiza

glab

raL

inn.

Mul

ethi

Fab

acea

eS

hrub

Roo

ts/s

tem

sC

ulti

vate

d

(con

tinu

ed)

190 Appendix

Tab

le9

(con

tinu

ed)

Bot

anic

alna

mes

Ver

nacu

lar

nam

esF

amil

ies

Hab

itP

art

used

Sta

tus

Juni

peru

sco

mm

unis

Lin

n.D

hup

lakr

iC

upre

ssac

eae

Shr

ubW

hole

plan

tC

omm

onP

lum

bago

indi

caL

.L

alC

hitr

aP

lum

bagi

nace

aeS

hrub

Roo

tsG

row

nin

gard

ens

P.

zeyl

anic

aL

.C

hitt

er/C

hitr

akP

lum

bagi

nace

aeS

hrub

Roo

tsR

are,

now

Cul

tiva

ted

Pue

rari

atu

bero

sa(R

oxb.

exV

adar

ikan

d,S

iari

Fab

acea

eS

hrub

Tub

er/

Sca

rce

Wil

ld.)

DC

.le

aves

Tyl

opho

rain

dica

(Bur

m.

F.)

Mer

r.A

nant

moo

lA

scle

piad

acea

eC

lim

bers

Lea

ves/

root

sE

ndan

gere

dU

ncar

iaga

mbi

er(H

unt.)

Rox

b.M

ath-

kunt

ha,

Kat

h-K

unth

aR

ubia

ceae

Cli

mbi

ng,

Shr

ubL

eave

s/br

anch

esR

are

Wit

hani

aso

mni

fera

(L.)

Dun

alA

shag

andg

ha/A

sgan

dha

Sol

anac

eae

Shr

ubR

oots

Rar

eD

iosc

orea

bulb

ifer

aL

.R

atal

u/G

aint

hie

Dio

scor

eace

aeC

lim

bing

Aer

ial

tube

rsC

omm

onE

ntad

aph

aseo

loid

es(L

.)M

err.

Gad

bigh

/Gad

bich

Bir

abi/

Chi

anM

imos

acea

eH

uge

clim

bing

shru

bS

eeds

/ste

m/b

ark

Com

mon

Sm

ilax

glab

raR

oxb.

Bar

iC

hobc

heen

iS

mil

acac

eae

Cli

mbe

rR

oots

/bul

bC

omm

onT

rich

osan

thes

dioi

caR

oxb.

Pot

ala/

Par

wal

Cuc

urbi

tace

aeC

lim

ber

Fru

its

Cul

tiva

ted

Sour

ceN

atur

alR

esou

rces

Indi

aF

ound

atio

n:P

ilot

Stu

dyon

Mec

hani

smfo

rsu

stai

nabl

ede

velo

pmen

tan

dpr

omot

ion

ofhe

rbal

and

med

icin

alpl

ants

inth

est

ate

ofU

ttar

akha

nd,

SE

Rdi

visi

onpl

anni

ngco

mm

issi

on,

Gov

erm

ent

ofIn

dia

Appendix 191

Tab

le10

Mai

nso

cio-

econ

omic

fact

ors

behi

ndre

spon

sibl

efo

rtr

adit

iona

lcr

ops/

land

race

s/ge

rmpl

asm

(Aft

erB

isht

etal

.20

06)

S.

No.

Impo

rtan

tfa

ctor

sre

spon

sibl

efo

rag

ro-

biod

iver

sity

loss

Pro

cess

ofch

ange

and

impl

icat

ion

1.C

hang

ein

crop

ping

patt

erns

due

toec

onom

icco

nsid

erat

ions

The

farm

ers

inth

ere

gion

are

invo

lved

indi

vers

eli

veli

hood

opti

ons

ascu

ltiv

atio

nof

crop

s,li

vest

ock,

fore

stry

,etc

.Man

yof

the

trad

itio

nal

crop

sar

egr

own

unde

rm

argi

nal

cond

itio

nsan

dof

ten

prov

ide

low

yiel

dan

dex

trem

ely

low

inco

me,

forc

ing

the

farm

ers

toun

dert

ake

othe

rac

tivi

ties

,fo

rex

ampl

e,re

plac

emen

tof

mix

edcr

oppi

ngto

mon

ocro

ppin

g,cu

ltiv

atio

nof

impr

oved

stra

ins

brin

ging

abou

tm

ore

unif

orm

ity

incr

opsp

ecie

san

dsw

itch

ing

over

toca

shcr

ops.

Mon

o-cr

oppi

ngan

dun

ifor

mit

yre

sult

sin

incr

ease

dvu

lner

abil

ity

tope

step

idem

ics

and

cons

eque

ntlo

ssof

biod

iver

sity

.B

esid

es,

asi

gnifi

cant

prop

orti

onof

the

trad

itio

nal

agri

cult

ural

land

has

been

brou

ght

unde

rca

shcr

ops

oro.

—se

ason

vege

tabl

es.

Thi

sha

sad

vers

eim

plic

atio

nson

trad

itio

nal

agro

-eco

syst

emsa

ndtr

adit

iona

lag

ro-

biod

iver

sity

ofth

ere

gion

has

shru

nkov

erth

eti

me

2.P

opul

atio

ngr

owth

and

land

frag

men

tati

onT

hehu

man

popu

lati

onha

sin

crea

sed

over

tim

e.T

hela

ndfr

agm

enta

tion

and

insu

ffici

ent

crop

yiel

ddu

eto

high

land

:man

rati

oan

dlo

wou

tput

:inp

utra

tio

oftr

adit

iona

lcro

psco

mpe

lled

farm

ers

toco

nsid

erot

her

opti

ons

for

live

liho

od3.

Lac

kof

trad

itio

nal

know

ledg

eS

ince

ther

eis

nosy

stem

atic

docu

men

tati

onof

ethn

o-m

edic

inal

uses

oftr

adit

iona

lla

ndra

ces

and

the

trad

itio

nalu

nder

util

ized

crop

s,th

eyo

unge

rge

nera

tion

isun

awar

eab

outt

hedi

stin

ctiv

epr

oper

ties

ofth

ela

ndra

cedi

vers

ity.

Lac

kof

this

know

ledg

eof

ten

lead

sto

disc

onti

nuat

ion

ofcu

ltiv

atio

nof

som

eof

thes

ela

ndra

ces

whi

char

eof

high

nutr

itio

nal

valu

eto

them

.T

his

kind

ofkn

owle

dge

is,

how

ever

,ve

rym

uch

esse

ntia

lfo

rva

lue

addi

tion

tolo

cal

land

race

dive

rsit

yan

dal

soin

IPR

prot

ecti

on4.

Out

-mig

rati

onM

igra

tion

ofpe

ople

topl

ain

area

sfo

ro.

—fa

rmjo

bsan

dre

duce

din

tere

stin

trad

itio

nal

agri

cult

ure

5.C

hang

ein

food

habi

tsY

ield

pote

ntia

lof

mos

tof

the

trad

itio

nal

crop

sha

sbe

enst

able

for

the

last

2–3

deca

des.

The

food

shor

tage

prob

lem

isbe

caus

eof

popu

lati

ongr

owth

,ch

ange

info

odha

bits

(inc

reas

ing

pref

eren

cefo

rw

heat

and

rice

asst

aple

s),

redu

ctio

nin

crop

dive

rsit

yan

dne

tso

wn

area

6.S

ocia

lva

lues

Loc

also

cio-

cult

ural

inte

grat

ion

has

decr

ease

d.S

ocia

lin

stit

utio

nssu

chas

com

mun

ity

part

icip

atio

nin

natu

ral

reso

urce

man

agem

ent

for

agri

cult

ure,

and

seed

and

labo

urex

chan

gesy

stem

sar

edi

sapp

eari

ngfa

stle

adin

gto

wea

keni

ngof

agri

cult

ural

man

agem

ent

192 Appendix

Table 11 Changes in faming system

Crops/cropping season Summer season crop Replacement crop % decline intraditional crops

Panicum miliaceum (Cheena) High Yielding rice varieties 65.5Oryza sativa (Traditional land races) High Yielding rice varieties 100Avena sativa (Jai) Potato 78.5Fagopyrum tataricum (Phaphar) Potato and rajma 82.5F. esculentum (Oggal) Rajma 92.7Parilla frutescense (Bhangjeera) Soyabean 100Setaria italica (Kauni) Soyabean 65.2Eleusince coracana (Koda) Soyabean and amaranth 36.5Echinochloa frumentacea (Jhangora) Pigeon Pea 72Macrotyloma uniflorum (Gahat) Soyabean and amaranth 70Vigna sp. (Mass) Pigeon pea and amaranth 100Winter season cropsTriticum aesativum

(traditional landraces of wheat)+ Brassica (sarson)

High yielding wheat varieties 100

Hordeum himalayens (Owa) Potato, amaranth and rajma 95Hordeum vulgare (Jau) Improved mustard varieties 84.3

Source Nautiyal, S., Bisht, V., Rao, K. S., & Maikhuri, R. K. (2008). The role of cultural values inagrobiodiversity conservation: A case study from Uttarakhand, Himalaya. Journal of HumanEcology, 23, 1–6

Table 12 Traditional commercial crops

English name Vernacular name English name Vernacular name

Amaranth Chaulai Soybean BhattAmaranth Chuwa/Marcha/Ramdana Soybean Kala BhattPigeon pea Tor Soybean SoybeanPig-weed Bethu Naked barley O-wa-jauTaro Pindalu/Kuchain Horesgram GahatBuckwheat Oggal Potato AluBuckwheat Phaphar Mat bean BhirngaMaize Mungri Adjuki bean RainsRice bean Bhotia Black gram UrdZinger Adrak Cow pea SontaPoppy Post Hog-millet Cheena Jakhiya

Appendix 193

Tab

le13

Thr

eate

ned

med

icin

alpl

ants

ofU

ttar

akha

nd

Nam

eof

the

plan

tF

amil

yL

ocal

/tra

dena

me

Sta

tus

Gen

eral

dist

ribu

tion

Dis

trib

utio

nin

Utt

arak

hand

Par

tI Nar

dost

achy

sgr

andi

flora

DC

.V

aler

ianc

eae

Jata

man

siV

ulne

rabl

eIn

dia

(Gar

hwal

toS

ikki

m)

Bhu

tan,

Nep

alan

dW

.T

ibet

Gar

hwal

and

Kum

aon

3300

–450

0m

Fri

till

aria

toyl

eiH

ook.

Lil

iace

aeK

ashi

rko

koli

Cri

tica

lly

rare

Indi

a(K

ashm

irto

Kum

aon)

Chi

na(W

.T

ibet

)G

arhw

alan

dK

umao

n26

00–4

000

m

Ono

sma

brac

teat

umW

all.

Bor

agin

acea

eG

ojhi

vaR

are

Indi

a(G

arhw

alto

Kum

aon)

Nep

alG

arhw

alan

dK

umao

n33

00–4

500

mP

odop

hyll

umhe

xand

rum

Roy

le.

Pod

ophy

llac

eae

Ban

kakr

iE

ndan

gere

dIn

dia

(Kas

hmir

toE

.H

imal

aya)

Nep

alG

arhw

alan

dK

umao

n30

00–4

000

m

Rhe

umau

stra

leD

Don

=(R

heum

emod

iW

all)

.P

olyg

onac

eae

Rev

an Chi

niV

ulne

rabl

eIn

dia

(H.P

.to

Sik

kim

)N

epal

,B

huta

n,S

.W.

Gar

hwal

and

Kum

aon

3300

–400

0m

Pic

rorh

iza

kurr

ooa

Roy

leC

roph

ular

iace

aeK

utki

End

ange

red

Indi

a(G

arhw

alan

dK

umao

n)N

epal

,B

huta

n,C

hina

and

May

anm

ar

Gar

hwal

and

Kum

aon

3300

–400

0m

Swer

ita

chir

ayit

a(R

oxb.

Ex

Fle

m).

Kar

sten

Gen

tian

ceae

Chi

rayi

taC

riti

call

yR

are

Indi

a(K

ashm

irto

Sik

kim

and

Ass

am),

Nep

alan

dB

huta

nG

arhw

alan

dK

umao

n18

00–2

500

m

Dac

tylo

rhiz

aha

tagi

rea

(D.

Don

)S

oo=

(Orc

his

lati

floia

L.)

Orc

hida

ceae

Sal

am panj

aE

ndan

gere

dIn

dia

(Kas

hmir

toS

ikki

m),

Nep

al,

Bhu

tan,

Chi

na,

Pak

ista

nA

lpin

ere

gion

ofG

arhw

alan

dK

umao

n30

00–4

000

mA

ngel

ica

glau

caE

dgew

Api

acea

eC

hora

ka,

Cho

ruV

ulne

rabl

eIn

dia

(Kas

hmir

toG

arhw

alan

dK

umao

nG

arhw

al27

00–3

600

m

Seli

num

elat

um(E

dges

)H

iroe

=(S

elin

umte

nuif

oliu

mW

all.

Ex

Cl.)

Api

acea

eM

urva

Indi

a(K

ashm

irto

Sik

kim

and

Ass

am)

Nep

alan

dC

hina

Gar

hwal

and

Kum

aon

3000

–430

0m

Gen

tian

aku

rroo

Roy

leG

enti

anac

eae

Kar

ua/T

rue

Kut

kiR

are,

End

ange

red

Indi

a(K

ashm

irto

Kum

aon)

Gar

hwal

and

Kum

aon

Par

tII

Aco

nitu

mhe

tero

phyl

lum

wal

l.R

anun

cula

ceae

Ati

vish

a/A

tees

hV

ulne

rabl

eIn

dia

(Kas

hmir

toS

ikki

n),

Nep

alG

arhw

alan

dK

umao

n36

00–4

500

m

(con

tinu

ed)

194 Appendix

Tab

le13

(con

tinu

ed)

Nam

eof

the

plan

tF

amil

yL

ocal

/tra

dena

me

Sta

tus

Gen

eral

dist

ribu

tion

Dis

trib

utio

nin

Utt

arak

hand

Lil

ium

poly

phyl

lum

D.

Don

Lit

iace

aeK

akol

iR

are

Indi

a(K

ashm

irto

Kum

aon)

,A

fgan

ista

nan

dN

epal

Gar

hwal

and

Kum

aon

2200

–350

0m

Mal

axis

mus

cife

ra(L

indl

.)K

untz

e=

Mic

rost

ylis

mus

cife

ra(L

indl

.)R

dl.

Orc

hida

ceae

Jiva

kR

are

Indi

a(K

ashm

irto

Sik

kim

),N

epal

,B

huta

n,M

yanm

ar,

and

W.

Chi

na

Gar

hwal

and

Kum

aon

2600

–400

0m

Cel

astr

uspa

nicu

latu

sW

ild.

Cel

astr

acea

eJy

otis

mat

iV

ulne

rabl

eIn

dia

(H.P

.to

Ass

amU

Pto

750

mfr

ompl

ains

,N

epal

)O

uter

Him

alay

atr

opic

alfo

rest

ofU

ttar

anch

alC

urcu

ligo

orch

ioid

esG

aert

n.H

ypox

idac

eae

Tal

mul

ika

Vul

nera

ble

Indi

a(J

amm

uto

Ass

aman

dS

outh

Indi

a),N

epal

,Sri

Lan

ka,J

apan

,M

alay

sia

and

Aus

tral

ia

Tro

pica

lfo

rest

sup

to50

0m

Tax

usw

alli

chia

naZ

ucc.

(=ta

xus

bacc

ata

L.)

Tax

acea

eT

alis

h/T

hune

rC

riti

call

yR

are

Indi

a(W

este

rnto

Eas

tern

Him

alay

a),

Nep

al,

Bhu

tan,

Mya

nmar

,M

alay

sia

and

Indo

Chi

na

Gar

hwal

and

Kum

aon

2600

–380

0m

Abi

espi

ndro

wR

oyle

Pin

acea

eIn

dia

(Kas

hmir

toK

umao

n),

Eas

tA

fgan

ista

nan

dN

epal

Gar

hwal

and

Kum

aon

2300

–270

0m

Abi

essp

ecta

bili

s(D

.D

on)

Mir

b=

(Abi

esw

ebbi

ana

Lin

dl.)

Pin

acea

eA

ital

ish

Indi

a(K

ashm

irto

Kum

aon)

E.

Afg

hani

stan

and

Nep

alG

arhw

alan

dK

umao

n30

00–4

000

m

Appendix 195

Tab

le14

Sta

teG

over

nmen

tin

itia

tive

sfo

ren

hanc

ing

live

liho

od

Obj

ecti

veS

chem

eD

irec

tou

tlay

/tim

epe

riod

/no.

ofbe

nefi

ciar

ies

Indi

rect

outl

ay/p

erio

dIn

dire

ctou

tlay

/per

iod

(2)/

peri

od

To

alle

viat

epo

vert

yL

ivel

ihoo

das

sist

ance

/tr

aini

ngan

dsk

ill

upgr

adat

ion/

revo

lvin

gfu

ndto

SH

Gs

Sel

fem

ploy

men

t(a

nnua

l)R

s.2,

000/

-pm

afte

r3

year

sR

educ

tion

ofpo

vert

yin

%ag

e–8

.25

%

(1)

Nos

.of

Sw

aroz

gari

sof

SH

Gs

unde

rS

GS

Y—

1,50

0R

s.1,

200/

-pm

afte

r6

mon

ths

(2)

Nam

ada

woo

len

acti

vity

Tra

inin

g—20

0R

s.1,

000/

-pm

afte

r6

mon

ths

(3)

Off

seas

onve

geta

ble

cult

ivat

ion

bypo

lyho

uses

—55

6

Rs.

2,50

0/-

pmaf

ter

6m

onth

s

(4)

Fis

heri

es—

10R

s.1,

000/

-pm

afte

r6

mon

ths

(5)

Tra

inin

gto

unem

ploy

edyo

uth

inIT

I—17

0R

s.5,

000/

-pm

afte

r2

Yea

rs

(6)

Em

ploy

men

tor

ient

edbo

oks

toun

empl

oyed

yout

h—1,

000

To

incr

ease

agri

cult

ural

prod

ucti

vity

(1)

Min

orir

riga

tion

Irri

gate

dar

ea—

75.3

8H

aIn

crea

sein

prod

ucti

ondu

eto

impr

oved

seed

supp

lyan

dir

riga

tion

Per

hect

are

inco

me

ofR

s.28

50in

Kha

rifc

rops

and

Rs.

3675

inR

abi

crop

s

(2)

Maj

orir

riga

tion

Irri

gate

dar

ea—

75.3

8H

a(3

)A

gric

ultu

reIm

prov

ese

eddi

stri

buti

onC

heck

ing

land

slid

es(4

)C

heck

dam

s/la

ndM

gmt.

Sch

ool

Enr

olm

ent

and

inli

tera

cy(1

)P

rovi

sion

ofbo

oks

In24

4sc

hool

sIn

crea

sein

enro

lmen

tIn

crea

sein

atte

ndan

ce(2

)P

rov.

ofL

abE

qpts

.In

210

scho

ols

(3)

Pro

visi

onof

spor

tsgo

ods

In60

scho

ols

(con

tinu

ed)

196 Appendix

Tab

le14

(con

tinu

ed)

Obj

ecti

veS

chem

eD

irec

tou

tlay

/tim

epe

riod

/no.

ofbe

nefi

ciar

ies

Indi

rect

outl

ay/p

erio

dIn

dire

ctou

tlay

/per

iod

(2)/

peri

od

ent

Roa

dan

dbr

idge

sco

nstr

ucti

on1s

tY

ear—

2.00

km/1

brid

geT

oco

nnec

tru

ral

area

sw

ith

heal

thce

ntre

s,bl

ock

HQ

san

din

ter

coll

eges

heal

thca

rede

v.an

dpo

pula

tion

cont

rol

Incr

ease

inm

arke

ting

and

inco

me

(1)

Str

engt

heni

ngof

prim

ary

heal

thC

entr

es2n

dY

ear—

15.0

0km

/3br

idge

s

(2)

Dev

elop

men

tof

heal

thfa

cili

ties

3rd

Yea

r—16

.55

km/2

brid

ges

(3)

Str

engt

heni

ngof

anga

nwar

ice

ntre

s1s

tye

ar—

92n

dye

ar—

93r

dye

ar—

91s

tye

ar—

32n

dye

ar—

21s

tye

ar—

32n

dye

ar—

33r

dye

ar—

3T

rans

form

ers

and

HT

/LT

line

sfo

rim

prov

emen

tin

Low

Vol

tage

supp

ly

Sub

Sta

tion

799

25sq

mT

oad

dres

spr

oble

ms

ofin

crea

sed

pow

erde

man

dan

dlo

wvo

ltag

esu

pply

Est

abli

shm

ent

ofpo

wer

base

dsm

all

scal

ein

dust

ryan

dge

nera

tion

ofin

com

eby

augm

enta

tion

ofem

ploy

men

tH

Tli

nes—

29.8

kmL

Tli

nes—

34.2

km

(con

tinu

ed)

Appendix 197

Tab

le14

(con

tinu

ed)

Obj

ecti

veS

chem

eD

irec

tou

tlay

/tim

epe

riod

/no.

ofbe

nefi

ciar

ies

Indi

rect

outl

ay/p

erio

dIn

dire

ctou

tlay

/per

iod

(2)/

peri

od

Tou

rism

deve

lopm

ent

Dev

elop

men

tof

rura

lto

uris

m,

trek

king

and

anci

ent

rout

es

Dev

elop

ing

tour

ism

toge

nera

teal

tern

ate

mea

nsof

live

liho

odan

dth

usau

gmen

tea

rnin

gs

To

attr

act

both

nati

onal

and

inte

rnat

iona

lto

uris

tsfo

rge

nera

ting

empl

oym

ent

and

incr

ease

din

com

e

Jatr

opha

plan

tati

onV

anP

anch

ayat

,de

grad

edla

ndth

roug

hS

HG

sS

eeds

wil

lbe

purc

hase

dby

Utt

aran

chal

For

est

Dev

elop

men

tco

rpor

atio

n

Pro

vide

addi

tion

alem

ploy

men

tan

din

com

eto

SH

Gs

198 Appendix

Table 15 Changing approaches to forest conservation

Approaches Main features

Sustainable timber harvest Timber harvest in amount equal to increment,thus capital remaining intact; replete withfailures suggesting that ecosystems do notbehave like banks

Harvest of non-timber forest products (NTFPs)and development of economic enterprisesbased on them

Expected to be more sustainable because treesare cut, only their parts such as resin, leaves,fruits, bark and organisms like mushrooms,lichens, and medicinal herbs collected.However, sustainable harvest practices arepoorly developed and hardly practiced.Market is also poorly understood

Carbon sequestration in response to the globalwarming, an easily measurable ecosystemservice

A part of Clean Development Mechanism ofKyoto protocol; but trade is still in infancy,at least in developing countries. Easy totrade because carbon is not required to betransported and quality of good invariant

Other ecosystem services, e.g., soil formation,pollination of crops hydrologic regulation,and regulation of biogeochemical cycle

Science of ecosystem services still in infancy;payment mechanism scarcely in place

Source Singh, S. P. (2007) Selling of ecosystem services. Samaj Vigyan Shodh Patrika. SpecialIssue (Uttarakhand-1). pp. 3–10

Appendix 199

Tab

le16

Asu

mm

ary

ofec

osys

tem

attr

ibut

esan

dse

rvic

esof

maj

orfo

rest

type

sin

cent

ralH

imal

aya

and

ofL

anta

naca

mar

ath

atfo

llow

saf

ter

defo

rest

atio

n

For

est

Att

ribu

tes

Sup

ply

ofec

osys

tem

serv

ices

Ban

jO

ak•

Lar

gebi

omas

s(a

bout

400–

500

tha

-1)

•D

eep

soil

form

atio

n•

Fin

ero

ots

and

carb

onde

posi

tion

upto

1.50

mor

mor

e•

Hig

hso

ilfe

rtil

ity

•H

igh

inve

stm

ent

ofph

otos

ynth

ate

inec

tom

ycor

rhiz

ae,

mas

sive

year

lynu

trie

ntre

turn

toso

ilth

roug

hli

tter

fall

•E

ffec

tive

carb

onse

ques

trat

ion

(als

oin

deep

soil

)•

Con

side

rabl

enu

trie

ntan

dw

ater

rete

ntio

nC

hir

pine

(Pin

usro

xbur

ghil

)•

Sm

all

biom

ass

(abo

ut20

0t

ha-

1)

•S

uppl

yof

ecos

yste

mse

rvic

esfr

omst

eep

•H

igh

prod

ucti

vity

(12–

20t

ha-

1yr

-1)

slop

esw

ith

litt

leso

il•

Hig

hnu

trie

ntus

eef

fici

ency

,gr

eat

abil

ity

toto

lera

test

ress

•E

ffec

tive

colo

niza

tion

ofm

ount

ain

scop

esan

dco

ntro

lov

erso

ilnu

trie

nts

•R

eten

tion

ofnu

trie

nton

step

and

rock

ysl

opes

,as

soci

ativ

eni

trog

enfi

xati

on(a

tle

ast

inso

me

pine

s)A

lder

(Aln

usne

pale

nsis

)•

Sm

all

biom

ass

(abo

ut10

0t

ha-

1)

•D

evel

opm

ent

oftr

eeco

ver

(aso

rtof

rain

ing

plan

tati

onby

natu

re)

wit

hout

any

cost

•V

ery

high

prod

ucti

vity

(20–

30t

ha-

1yr

-1)

•H

igh

effe

ctiv

eco

loni

zati

onof

land

slip

s:H

igh

rate

ofN

-fixa

tion

(up

to20

0kg

ha-

1yr

-1)

•F

acil

itat

ion

ofot

her

spec

ies

•N

utri

ent

supp

lyto

othe

rec

osys

tem

s.L

anta

naB

ush

land

(Lan

tana

cam

ara)

•L

owbi

odiv

ersi

ty•

Low

soil

Cst

orag

e•

Fla

mm

able

byco

olfi

re•

Hyd

rolo

gic

cycl

ead

vers

ely

affe

cted

•P

rodu

ctiv

ity

sim

ilar

tofo

rest

sbu

tlo

wbi

omas

s,ve

rysh

allo

wro

oted

•P

ersi

sten

tbu

tli

ght

fire

regi

me

•L

oss

ofbi

odiv

ersi

ty

Sour

ceS

ingh

,P

.(2

007)

.S

elli

ngof

Eco

syst

emS

ervi

ces.

Sam

ajV

igya

nSh

odh

Pat

rika

,pp

.3–

12

200 Appendix

Table 17 Altitudinal variations in natural vegetation

Type Height Species

Sub-tropical \1,400 Aonla, Semal, Jamun, Reetha, Mango, Malu,Tun, Buransh, Anyaar,

Sub-temperate 1,400–2,000 Pine, Oak, Buransh, Anyaar, Kafal, Payan,Bhimal

Temperate 2,000–3,300 Oak, Mawa, Pangar, Korak, Silver, Fur, Uttis,Thuner, Devrigaal, Ransal, Devdar,Thamrigal, Jumura

Alpine [3,300 Grassland, Alpine meadows, Terang, Deodar,Bhojpatra, herbs

Source Compiled by the author

Appendix 201

Glossary

Agriculture the occupation, business, or science of cultivating the land,producing crops, and raising livestock

Agronomy the science of soil management, land cultivation, and crop production

Bugyal is a nomenclature for alpine meadows

Cash crops a crop grown for direct sale rather than personal consumption

Danda highland forest area

Diversification the provision or development of greater variety

Ecology the study of the relationships and interactions between living organismsand their natural or developed environment

Emigration the act of leaving a native country to live in another country

Enhancement to improve or add to the strength, worth, beauty, or other desirablequality of something

Fragile easy to break, damage, or harm, usually because delicate or brittle

Gad or Gadhera is synonym to stream

Gangar lowland residential area

Immigration the act of people entering into a new country to settle permanently

Khet and Bari synonym to agricultural fields

Livelihood work done to earn a living or whatever provides a source of income

Niche any recess or hollow such as in a rock formation

Off-season a time of year when activity or business is at a low level

Sectoral a component of an integrated system such as an economy or a society

Van Panchayat elected members of the village assembly who look after theconservation of forest


203

About the Author

Vishwambhar Prasad Sati (b. 1966), gained hisD.Litt. in 2011 and Ph. D. in 1992, in Geography, isa Professor of Geography and ResourceManagement, Mizoram University, Aizawl. He hasabove 20 years of teaching and research experienceand he has served many national and internationaleducational institutes in various capacities—Assistant Professor, Associate Professor andProfessor in the Madhya Pradesh HigherEducation and Associate Professor in the EritreaInstitute of Technology, N.E. Africa. He has beenVisiting Scientist of the Indian National Science

Academy (2012), Visiting Scholar of the Academy of Sciences for DevelopingCountries and Chinese Academy of Sciences (2010), worked at the IMHE,Chengdu, China; Fellow of the Indian Council of Social Science Research(2008–2009), worked at the HNBGU, Srinagar Garhwal; an Associate at the IndianInstitute of Advanced Studies (2008), and a fellow at the G. B. Pant Institute ofHimalayan Environment and Development (1993). He has completed six ResearchProjects, written 18 Reference and Text Books, published 74 Research Papers injournals of international and national repute and above 50 articles in magazinesand newspapers, presented research papers in 17 countries, received fellowshipsand travel grants from 18 research organizations for participating in the variousInternational Events, supervised five Ph.D. thesis, chaired academic sessions,participated as Resource Person in the national and international conferences, andserving many International professional bodies as member, editor and reviewer.


205

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