I’m Positive!

Ene

rgy

Distance Apart (between nuclei)

A metal ionA metal atom

I.E.

E.A.

A nonmetal atom

A nonmetal ionI’m Negative

I said I’m Positive!!

Yes, I’m positive I’m negative

Your jokes are stupid!

Ions as packed spheres.

I’m Positive!

Ene

rgy

Distance Apart (between nuclei)

A metal ion

I.E.

E.A.

A nonmetal ion

I’m Negative

When a metal and a nonmetal atom are around each other there is the opportunity for….

…the transfer of electrons producing ions that would like to cling to each other.

The simplest ratio of the packed ions is called:

The Formula Unit

The formation of a bond between two nonmetal atoms.

Atoms sufficiently far apart to have no interaction

Ene

rgy

Distance Apart (between nuclei)

Bond Energy

Bond Length

Low

est

ener

gy

situ

atio

n

“molecule” of acetic acid… space filling model

“molecule” of acetic acid… ball and stick model

Ene

rgy

Distance Apart (between nuclei)

Bond Energy

Bond Length

When a nonmetal and another nonmetal atom are around each other there is the opportunity for….

…the sharing of electrons producing molecules in which the atoms like to cling to each other.

Probability representation of the electron sharing in HF.

Expected H—F bond nrg = ½(H—H bond nrg + F—F bond nrg)

= (H—F)act - (H—F)exp

Fluorine was found to produce the compound with the largest value. (i.e. fluorine has the greatest ability to polarize bonds!)

Electronegativity: the ability of an atom to attract shared pairs of electrons to itself in a molecule

Electronegativity values for selected elements.

Table 12.1

The three possible types of bonds.

Pure Covalent

Polar Covalent

Ionic