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Entrainment Characterization Study Final Table of Contents

Alcoa Warrick Operations TOC-1 Burns & McDonnell

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page No.

1.0 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 1-1 1.1 Final Rule Requirements...................................................................................... 1-2 1.2 Report Organization ............................................................................................. 1-3

2.0 DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYTICAL METHODS ..................................... 2-1 2.1.1 Field Methods ....................................................................................... 2-1 2.1.2 Laboratory Methods .............................................................................. 2-5 2.1.3 Data Management ................................................................................. 2-6

2.1.4 Data Analysis ........................................................................................ 2-6 2.2 Quality Assurance/Quality Control Procedures ................................................... 2-7

2.2.1 Field Procedures.................................................................................... 2-7 2.2.2 Laboratory Procedures .......................................................................... 2-7

2.2.3 Data Analysis Procedures ..................................................................... 2-8

3.0 RESULTS .......................................................................................................... 3-1 3.1.1 Entrainment ........................................................................................... 3-1 3.1.2 Water Quality and River Flow .............................................................. 3-8

4.0 DISCUSSION .................................................................................................... 4-1 4.1.1 Eggs....................................................................................................... 4-1

4.1.2 Dominant Larval and Juvenile Species and Peak Densities ................. 4-1 4.1.3 Threatened and Endangered Species .................................................... 4-4 4.1.4 Comparison to 1979 Entrainment Study ............................................... 4-4

5.0 SUMMARY ........................................................................................................ 5-1

6.0 LITERATURE CITED ........................................................................................ 6-1

– ANNUAL ENTRAINMENT ESTIMATES



LIST OF TABLES

Page No.

Table 1-1: Report Organization ............................................................................................... 1-4

Table 2-1: Summary of the Entrainment Characterization Study Design ............................... 2-4 Table 3-1: Taxonomic List of Fish in Entrainment Samples ................................................... 3-1



LIST OF FIGURES

Page No.

Figure 2-1: Conceptual Drawing of the Pump-Based Entrainment Sampling System ............. 2-2 Figure 2-2: Photograph of the Pump-Based Entrainment Sampling System ............................ 2-3 Figure 3-1: Life Stage Composition for Year 1 ........................................................................ 3-2 Figure 3-2: Species Composition for Year 1 ............................................................................. 3-3

Figure 3-3: Life Stage Composition for Year 2 ........................................................................ 3-4 Figure 3-4: Species Composition for Year 2 ............................................................................. 3-4 Figure 3-5: Temporal Variation between Year 1 and Year 2 .................................................... 3-5 Figure 3-6: Temporal Variation by Life Stage for Year 1 ........................................................ 3-6 Figure 3-7: Temporal Variation by Life Stage for Year 2 ........................................................ 3-6

Figure 3-8: Diel Variation by Life Stage for Year 1 ................................................................. 3-7 Figure 3-9: Diel Variation by Life Stage for Year 2 ................................................................. 3-8

Figure 3-10: Temperature and Dissolved Oxygen Data for Year 1 ............................................ 3-9 Figure 3-11: Temperature and Dissolved Oxygen Data for Year 2 ............................................ 3-9

Figure 3-12: Ohio River Flows at Cannelton, Indiana (June 2015 to May 2017) by

Monitoring Year ................................................................................................... 3-10

Entrainment Characterization Study Final List of Abbreviations

Alcoa Warrick Operations i Burns & McDonnell

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

Abbreviation Term/Phrase/Name

ºC degrees Celsius

µm micrometer

§ Section

AIF actual intake flow

APGI Alcoa Power Generating Inc.

AWPP Alcoa Warrick Power Plant

BTA Best Technology Available

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

cfs cubic feet per second

CWA Clean Water Act

CWIS cooling water intake structure

DIF design intake flow

EM entrainment mortality

EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

EPRI Electric Power Research Institute

IDEM Indiana Department of Environmental

Management

m³ cubic meters

mg/L milligrams/liter

MGD million gallons per day

MW megawatt

NPDES National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System

Entrainment Characterization Study Final List of Abbreviations

Alcoa Warrick Operations ii Burns & McDonnell

Abbreviation Term/Phrase/Name

ODNR Ohio Department of Natural Resources

QA/QC quality assurance/quality control

SOPs standard operating procedures

sp. species

USDA U.S. Department of Agriculture

USGS U.S. Geological Survey

Entrainment Characterization Study Final Introduction

Alcoa Warrick Operations 1-1 Burns & McDonnell

1.0 INTRODUCTION

On August 15, 2014, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) published in the Federal Register

the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System – Final Regulations to Establish Requirements for

Cooling Water Intake Structures at Existing Facilities and Amend Requirements at Phase I Facilities

(EPA, 2014a). The Final Rule establishes requirements under Section (§) 316(b) of the Clean Water Act

(CWA) to ensure that location, design, construction, and capacity of cooling water intake structures

(CWIS) reflect the best technology available (BTA) for minimizing adverse environmental impacts. The

purpose of this action is to reduce impingement and entrainment of fish and other aquatic organisms at

CWIS used by power generation and manufacturing facilities to withdraw cooling water. The regulations

apply to facilities that use CWIS to withdraw water from waters of the U.S. and have or require a

National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit. The Final Rule establishes

requirements for facilities that are designed to withdraw more than 2 million gallons per day (MGD) of

water from waters of the U.S. and use at least 25 percent or more of the water withdrawn exclusively for

cooling purposes.

The Alcoa Warrick Power Plant (AWPP) is a division of Alcoa Power Generating Inc. (APGI), a wholly-

owned subsidiary of Alcoa Corporation. AWPP is a four-unit, 823-megawatt (MW), coal-fueled, steam-

electric power station located in Newburgh, Indiana. The facility uses once-through (open-cycle)

condenser cooling with the Ohio River as the source and receiver of cooling water. APGI wholly owns

three of the four generating stations, which were placed into service in the early 1960s. The largest unit,

Unit 4, is jointly owned by APGI and Vectren Inc., a utility company.

AWPP is a base-load station that generates a continuous supply of electricity throughout the year to

power the Alcoa Warrick Operations manufacturing facility. In addition to electrical power, the power

plant also provides potable water, steam, and high temperature water across the plant. These services are

critical to the various production processes throughout the Warrick Operations manufacturing facility.

The Final Rule applies to AWPP due to the following:

• AWPP has a NPDES permit and is a point source for industrial discharge of wastewater. The

NPDES permit effective date is August 31, 2013, and the permit expiration date is July 31, 2018.

• AWPP uses one cooling water intake structure (CWIS) in a once-through cooling water system.

The Ohio River is the source and receiver of the once-through cooling water system. The total

DIF at AWPP is 400,000 gallons per minute (gpm) or 576 MGD. The design intake flow (DIF) of

576 MGD at AWPP is therefore greater than the 2 MGD criteria. The actual intake flow (AIF) is



518.0 MGD based on data from January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2014. This time period was

selected because it is most representative of the intake flows when the smelter is in operation.

• AWPP uses approximately 91 percent of the water withdrawn from the Ohio River for cooling

water purposes; therefore, the percentage of flow withdrawn from the Ohio River is used

exclusively for cooling purposes is greater than 25 percent criteria.

Because AWPP is subject to the Final Rule, has a DIF that is greater than 2 MGD, and an AIF greater

than 125 MGD, AWPP is required to prepare permit application requirements § 122.21(r)(2) through (13)

for submittal to the Indiana Department of Environmental Management (IDEM).

1.1 Final Rule Requirements

The Final Rule at 40 CFR § 122.21(r)(9) states that existing facilities that withdraw greater than 125

MGD AIF are required to conduct an Entrainment Characterization Study that includes a minimum of 2

years of entrainment data collection (EPA, 2014). The Final Rule defines entrainment and entrainment

mortality (EM) as:

• Entrainment means any life stages of fish and shellfish in the intake water flow entering and

passing through a CWIS and into a cooling water system, including the condenser or heat

exchanger. Entrainable organisms include any organisms potentially subject to entrainment.

Entrainment excludes those organisms that are collected or retained by a sieve with maximum

opening dimension of 0.56 inch. Examples of sieves meeting this definition include but are not

limited to a ⅜-inch square mesh, or a ½- by ¼-inch mesh.

• Entrainment mortality means death as a result of entrainment through the CWIS, or death as a

result of exclusion from the CWIS by fine mesh screens or other protective devices intended to

prevent the passage of entrainable organisms through the CWIS.

The Final Rule at § 122.21(r)(9) states that the Entrainment Characterization Study must include the

following components:

(i.) Entrainment Data Collection Method. The study should identify and document the data

collection period and frequency. The study should identify and document organisms collected to

the lowest taxon possible of all life stages of fish and shellfish that are in the vicinity of the

CWIS and are susceptible to entrainment, including any organisms identified by the permitting

authority and any species protected under Federal, State, or Tribal law, including threatened or

endangered species with a habitat range that includes waters in the vicinity of the CWIS.



Biological data collection must be representative of the entrainment at the intake(s) subject to

this provision. The owner or operator of the facility must identify and document how the location

of the CWIS in the waterbody and the water column are accounted for by the data collection

locations.

(ii.) Biological Entrainment Characterization. Characterization of all life stages of fish, shellfish,

and any species protected under Federal, State, or Tribal law (including threatened or

endangered species), including a description of their abundance and their temporal and spatial

characteristics in the vicinity of the CWIS, based on sufficient data to characterize annual,

seasonal, and diel variations in entrainment, including but not limited to variations related to

climate and weather differences, spawning, feeding, and water column migration. This

characterization may include historical data that are representative of the current operation of the

facility and of biological conditions at the site. Identification of all life stages of fish and

shellfish must include identification of any surrogate species used and identification of data

representing both motile and non-motile life-stages of organisms.

(iii.) Analysis and Supporting Documentation. Documentation of the current entrainment of all life

stages of fish, shellfish, and any species protected under Federal, State, or Tribal law (including

threatened or endangered species). The documentation may include historical data that are

representative of the current operation of the facility and of biological conditions at the site.

Entrainment data to support the facility’s calculations must be collected during periods of

representative operational flows for the CWIS, and the flows associated with the data collection

must be documented. The method used to determine latent mortality along with data for specific

organism mortality or survival that is applied to other life stages or species must be identified.

The owner or operator of the facility must identify and document all assumptions and

calculations used to determine the total entrainment for that facility together with all methods

and quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) procedures for data collection and data analysis.

The proposed data collection and data analysis methods must be appropriate for a quantitative

survey.

1.2 Report Organization

This report provides the NPDES permit application requirements in the Final Rule under § 122.21(r)(9).

The report provides the data collection and analytical methods and results of the 2-year Entrainment

Characterization Study at AWPP. Table 1-1 shows the organization of this report.



Table 1-1: Report Organization

Chapter Relevant

Permit Requirement Report Chapter Title

2 122.21(r)(9)(i) Data Collection and Analytical Methods

3 122.21(r)(9)(ii and iii) Results

4 122.21(r)(9)(ii and iii) Discussion

5 N/A Summary

6 N/A Literature Cited

Entrainment Characterization Study Final Data Collection and Analytical Methods


2.0 DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYTICAL METHODS

Entrainment data collection and analysis was performed by Burns & McDonnell, a qualified

environmental firm with trained professionals that have skills and knowledge to produce valid samples

and evaluations under a formal QA/QC plan. The following provides a description of the entrainment

sampling field, laboratory, and reporting methods.

2.1.1 Field Methods

Entrainment sampling was conducted biweekly (twice per month) during the biologically productive

period (March to October) over a 2-year period from June 2015 to May 2017. The first year of sampling

(Year 1) started in June 2015 with sampling occurring from June through October 2015 and then March

to May 2016. The second year of sampling (Year 2) started in June 2016 with sampling occurring from

June through October 2016 and then March to May 2017.

Each sample collection event was conducted over a 24-hour period with samples collected every 6 hours

for a total of four samples per event. Entrainment samples were collected from a tap off of the service

water pump in the pump house (Figure 2-1). A sample volume of at least 100 cubic meters (m³) was

pumped, filtered, and collected using an in-line flow meter, plankton net, and barrel sampler (Figure 2-1).

A photograph of the entrainment sampler is provided in Figure 2-2.



Figure 2-1: Conceptual Drawing of the Pump-Based Entrainment Sampling System

µm = micrometer



Figure 2-2: Photograph of the Pump-Based Entrainment Sampling System



A summary of the entrainment sampling program is provided in Table 2-1.

Table 2-1: Summary of the Entrainment Characterization Study Design

Sample Type Sample Parameter Description

Entrainment Sampling duration Year 1: June 2015 through October 2015; March

through May 2016

Year 2: June 2016 through October 2016; March

through May 2017

Sampling location A tap off of the service water pump in the pump house

Number of sampling events

per year

Year 1: 16; Year 2: 18

Sampling frequency Biweekly (every other week)

Four samples per event. Samples collected every 6

hours over a 24-hour period.

Sampling method A 505-micrometer mesh plankton net with inline flow

meter and buffering barrel.

Volume sampled At least 100 cubic meters (m3) per 6-hour subsample.

Total number of samples 136 (34 events x 4 samples)

Ancillary data Number and duration of

pumps operating

Obtained from Alcoa Warrick Power Plant

Cooling water volume

pumped

Obtained from Alcoa Warrick Power Plant

Temperature Obtained in the field prior to each event

Dissolved oxygen Obtained in the field prior to each event

Weather observations Obtained in the field prior to each sampling event

After the appropriate time elapsed (6 hours), the plankton net was washed down from the outside-in, into

the cod-end. The cod-end was then removed, and the contents were carefully washed into a labeled

sample container. Samples were preserved in 5-percent buffered formaldehyde. Entrainment sampling

was documented in the field on a standardized field data collection form. Entrainment sample information

recorded on the field data collection form included:

• Sample collection location

• Sampling event start and end date

• Sampling event start and end time

• Flow meter start and end volume (m³)

• Water quality measurements (temperature and dissolved oxygen)

• Sample identification (ID) number



2.1.1.1 Water Quality Measurements

Water quality measurements were taken at the entrainment sampling location using a water quality meter.

Prior to each sampling event, pre-operational systems checks were made and each system parameter

calibrated following manufacturer’s instructions. Water quality parameters of temperature and dissolved

oxygen were measured at the surface in front of the CWIS prior to the collection of samples during each

sampling event. Water quality measurements were documented in the field on the entrainment field

collection form.

2.1.1.2 Other Data

At the conclusion of sampling, daily intake rates from over the study period were retrieved from the

AWPP’s data management systems. To provide additional context to the entrainment results, daily

average Ohio River flow was obtained from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) river gaging Station

Number 03303280 in Cannelton, Indiana.

2.1.2 Laboratory Methods

Preserved entrainment samples were processed and analyzed by laboratory technicians and taxonomists of

EcoAnalysts, Inc., Moscow, Idaho. Samples were processed and analyzed according to EcoAnalysts’

standard operating procedures (SOPs). For the purposes of this study, only ichthyoplankton (fish eggs and

larvae) were processed in the laboratory. Shellfish were not included because no commercially or

recreationally important shellfish inhabit the Ohio River in the vicinity of CWIS.

Ichthyoplankton were manually sorted from the sample, enumerated, and identified to species if possible

or the lowest practical taxon. Ichthyoplankton were generally enumerated into the following life stages:

eggs, yolk sac larvae, post yolk sac larvae, and juveniles. The yolk sac/post yolk sac larvae life stage

category was used when a larva was degraded or damaged but could be identified to a specific taxon. If

large amounts of entrained organisms were present in the sample, sub-sampling was performed using a

plankton splitter to proportion the sample into equal aliquots for sorting. Subsampling was completed in

accordance with scientifically acceptable practices as identified in the laboratory SOPs. The total length

was measured to the nearest 0.1 millimeter for up to 30 individuals per sampling event of each

ichthyoplankton life stage; a quantity large enough to allow for statistical evaluation. Entrained juvenile

fish were measured to the nearest 0.5 millimeter for length and body depth. When greater than 30

individuals of each ichthyoplankton life stage was present in a sample, a random selection of 30

individuals was measured. Laboratory quality control inspections were performed for sorting,

identification, life-stage determination, and enumeration, as identified in EcoAnalysts’ QA/QC plan and

SOPs.



External QA of ichthyoplankton taxonomic identification was also completed. A synoptic reference

collection was created for review by a second external taxonomist to verify the accuracy of all taxa

identified in the project. In addition, 10 percent of all samples containing specimens are randomly

selected for whole sample re-identification by a QA taxonomist to verify identifications and counts in a

portion of those samples containing specimens.

2.1.3 Data Management

A significant amount of data was generated by the Entrainment Characterization Study. All field

generated data, finalized laboratory results, and sample QA/QC data were stored in a secure Microsoft

Excel® workbook. Limited access to the data was controlled at the server level. The entrainment database

supported the generation of report deliverables through standardized and automated approaches such as

the use of pivot tables.

2.1.4 Data Analysis

Individual counts of eggs and larvae were converted to densities by dividing the number of individuals in

the subsample by the subsample volume in m3. Densities were normalized to number of individuals per

100 m³.

Annual entrainment estimates were calculated by multiplying the entrainment densities by the intake

flow. Entrainment for periods between sampling events were estimated by extrapolating the entrainment

rates over the representative time period based on the flow volumes measured on those days. The

estimates of each survey period were then combined to provide estimates for each month and then the

entire year. The formula for entrainment (N) is as follows:

𝑁𝑡 = (𝐶𝑝)(𝑄𝑝)(𝑡)(𝑚)

where:

Cp = population densities (eggs/larvae/juveniles) per 100 m3 in the intake water

Qp = facility design intake flow

t = time period (number of representative days)

m = estimated mortality of ichthyoplankton due to entrainment

To be conservative, the design intake flow rate of 567 million gallons per day (MGD) was used and 100

percent mortality of entrained ichthyoplankton was assumed.

To account for the specimens that were categorized in the laboratory as unidentified, partially degraded,

or damaged, identifiable larval densities were adjusted by multiplying the entrainment density of these

categories by the proportion of the identifiable larvae and then added to the identifiable entrainment



densities. For example, the following is the equation used to adjust the identifiable yolk sac larval

entrainment to account for the unidentified, partially degraded, or damaged larvae. The adjusted yolk sac

larvae formula is as follows:

𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑌𝑆𝐿𝑡𝑎𝑥𝑎 = (𝐼𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑌𝑆𝐿𝑡𝑎𝑥𝑎

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑒) × 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒

Tables and figures showing entrainment abundances by taxon/life stage were prepared so that annual,

seasonal, and diel variations in entrainment could be characterized.

2.2 Quality Assurance/Quality Control Procedures

To provide data quality throughout the Entrainment Characterization Study, a quality system was

established and documented. The quality system is a structured and documented management approach

describing the policies, objectives, principles, organizational authority, responsibilities, accountability,

and implementation plan to provide quality of work processes, products, and services. It provides the

framework for planning, implementing, and assessing QA/QC activities on the project. A quality system

was developed, approved, and in place before sampling efforts were initiated.

A QA/QC program was implemented for the field and laboratory components of the Entrainment

Characterization Study. The QA/QC program for this study consisted of the preparation of and adherence

to field SOPs, training, pre-printed data forms, and laboratory quality control procedures.

2.2.1 Field Procedures

The field QA/QC program consisted of written SOPs, training, and pre-printed data forms and sample

labels. The purpose of the SOPs was to enhance the consistency with which samples and data were

collected in the field. SOPs were prepared prior to the beginning of the entrainment sampling and were

readily available for reference to those conducting the sampling. The SOPs describe the specific

requirements for use as both an operational and training tool. All personnel conducting the field sampling

received onsite training by a senior Burns & McDonnell scientist with prior experience conducting

entrainment sampling. To enhance the completeness, field collected data was recorded on project-

specific, pre-printed data forms. Similarly, external and internal labels for sample jars were used that

require only the addition of sampling event-specific information.

2.2.2 Laboratory Procedures

The entrainment samples were sorted and processed by EcoAnalysts, Inc. in accordance with its SOPs

and QA/QC procedures.



2.2.3 Data Analysis Procedures

Data were entered into and analyzed using Microsoft Excel®. Data transcribed from field forms were

double-checked for accuracy by a person other than the original data entry person. Similarly, the

processes and formulas in the spreadsheets were reviewed for accuracy and correctness by a qualified

second party.

Entrainment Characterization Study Final Results


3.0 RESULTS

A total of 13,216 fish larvae, eggs, and juveniles representing 24 taxa were collected during the 2-year

Entrainment Characterization Study (Table 3-1). The annual entrainment estimates by life stage, taxa, and

month are provided in Appendix A.

Table 3-1: Taxonomic List of Fish in Entrainment Samples

Common Name Scientific Namea Common Name Scientific Namea

Asian carp Hypophthalmichthys sp. Paddlefish Polyodon spathula

Carpsucker/buffalo Carpiodes/Ictiobus sp. Perches Percidae

Catfishes Ictaluridae Sturgeon Scaphirhynchus sp.

Channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus Shads Alosa sp.

Emerald shiner Notropis atherinoides Shiners Notropis sp.

Flathead catfish Pylodictis olivaris Skipjack herring Alosa chrysochloris

Freshwater drum Aplodinotus grunniens Spiny-rayed fishes Actinopterygii

Gars Lepisosteidae Striped bass Morone saxatilis

Gizzard shad Dorosoma cepedianum Suckers Catastomidae

Herrings Clupeidae Temperate bass Morone sp.

Madtoms Noturus sp. Walleye Sander vitreum

Minnows Cyprinidae Walleye/sauger Sander sp.

(a) sp. = species

The Final Rule at § 122.21(r)(9) requires that a facility characterize all life stages of fish, shellfish, and

species protected under Federal, State, or Tribal law (including threatened or endangered species). A

description of their abundance, and temporal and spatial characteristics based on sufficient data to

characterize annual, seasonal, and diel variations in entrainment is required. These descriptions are

provided below.

3.1.1 Entrainment

The following provides a description of the entrainment abundance and composition, and annual, and

temporal variation of the 2-year entrainment characterization study.

3.1.1.1 Abundance and Composition

The estimated annual entrainment for Year 1 was 335,444,966 individuals. Post yolk sac larvae was the

most dominant life stage accounting for 83.6 percent of the total, followed by juveniles (11.9 percent),

yolk sac larvae (4.0 percent), and eggs (<1 percent) (Figure 3-1). A total of 8 taxa accounted for 95

percent of the total annual entrainment. Freshwater drum (Aplodinotus grunniens) was the most dominant



taxa, accounting for 52 percent of the total (Figure 3-2). Other dominant taxa included carpsucker/buffalo

(Ictiobus species [sp.]) (15.6 percent), herrings (Clupeidae) (13.6 percent), and gizzard shad (Dorosoma

cepedianum) (5.0 percent).

Figure 3-1: Life Stage Composition for Year 1

Eggs<1%

Yolk sac larvae4%

Post yolk sac larvae84%

Juvenile12%



Figure 3-2: Species Composition for Year 1

The estimated annual entrainment for Year 2 was slightly lower than Year 1 with 331,449,276

individuals. Post yolk sac larvae was again the most dominant life stage accounting for 77.1 percent of the

total, followed by yolk sac/post yolk sac larvae (18.7 percent), eggs (2.8 percent), yolk sac larvae (1.0

percent), and juveniles (<1 percent) (Figure 3-3). The yolk sac/post yolk sac larvae life stage category

was used when a larva was degraded or damaged but could be identified to a specific taxon. A total of 7

taxa accounted for 98 percent of the total annual entrainment in Year 2. Similar to Year 1, freshwater

drum was the most dominant taxa, accounting for 47.8 percent of the total (Figure 3-4). Asian carp

(Hypophthalmichthys sp.) was the second most abundant, representing 38.8 percent of the total. Other

dominant taxa included Cypriniformes (5.5 percent), paddlefish (Polyodon spathula) (1.8 percent), and

herrings (1.6 percent).

Freshwater drum52%

Carpsucker/buffalo16%

Herrings14%

Gizzard shad5%

Minnows3%

Walleye/Sauger2%

Shiners2%

Skipjack herring1%

12 Other taxa5%



Figure 3-3: Life Stage Composition for Year 2

Figure 3-4: Species Composition for Year 2

Egg3% Yolk sac larvae

1%

Yolk sac/post yolk sac larvae19%

Post yolk sac larvae77%

Juvenile<1%

Freshwater drum48%

Asian carp39%

Cypriniformes5%

Paddlefish2% Herrings

2%

Carpsucker/buffalo1%

Spiny-rayed fishes1%

15 Other taxa2%



3.1.1.2 Temporal Variation

The estimated annual entrainment was 335,444,966 and 331,449,276 in Years 1 and 2, respectively. Peak

abundances occurred during both years in May and June as well as July in Year 2 (Figure 3-5). In Year 1,

approximately 87 percent of the entrainment occurred in May and June. In Year 2, approximately 71

percent of the entrainment occurred in May and June. June was the most abundant month in Year 1,

accounting for 68 percent of the annual entrainment. May, however, was the most abundant month in

Year 2, representing 71 percent of the annual entrainment. A substantially higher abundance of post yolk

sac larvae and juveniles were entrained in June of Year 1, while June in Year 2 had a higher abundance of

eggs (Figure 3-6; Figure 3-7). The highest abundance of yolk sac/post yolk sac larvae occurred in May of

Year 2 (Figure 3-7).

Figure 3-5: Temporal Variation between Year 1 and Year 2

0

50,000,000

100,000,000

150,000,000

200,000,000

250,000,000

Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Mar Apr May

Es

tim

ate

d E

ntr

ain

me

nt

Year 1 Annual Estimate

Year 2 Annual Estimate



Figure 3-6: Temporal Variation by Life Stage for Year 1

Figure 3-7: Temporal Variation by Life Stage for Year 2

0

50,000,000

100,000,000

150,000,000

200,000,000

250,000,000N

um

be

r E

ntr

ain

ed

Juvenile

Post yolk sac larvae

Yolk sac larvae

Eggs

0

20,000,000

40,000,000

60,000,000

80,000,000

100,000,000

120,000,000

140,000,000

160,000,000

180,000,000

Nu

mb

er

En

tra

ine

d

Juvenile


Yolk sac/post yolk sac larvae

Yolk sac larvae

Eggs



3.1.1.3 Diel Variation

All life stages were collected during each of the diel periods (morning, afternoon, evening, and night)

(Figure 3-8 and Figure 3-9). A higher abundance of eggs, yolk sac larvae, and juveniles were collected at

night for both years. Only yolk sac/post yolk sac larvae in Year 2 had higher abundances in the evening,

with the majority of these being Asian carp larvae (Figure 3-9).

Figure 3-8: Diel Variation by Life Stage for Year 1

0

20,000,000

40,000,000

60,000,000

80,000,000

100,000,000

120,000,000

140,000,000

Morning Afternoon Evening Night

Nu

mb

er

En

tra

ine

d

Juvenile


Yolk sac larvae

Eggs



Figure 3-9: Diel Variation by Life Stage for Year 2

3.1.2 Water Quality and River Flow

The typical inverse relationship between temperature and dissolved oxygen was observed for the recorded

water quality measurements. Over the 2 years, temperature ranged from 9.5 to 30.4 degrees Celsius (°C)

(Figure 3-10 and Figure 3-11). The lowest temperatures were observed in March and the highest

temperatures were observed at the end of July. Dissolved oxygen ranged from 6.7 to 11.3 milligrams/liter

(mg/L), with the lowest recorded measurement in July and the highest recorded measurement in March

(Figure 3-10 and Figure 3-11).

0

20,000,000

40,000,000

60,000,000

80,000,000

100,000,000

120,000,000

Morning Afternoon Evening Night

Nu

mb

er

En

tra

ine

dJuvenile



Yolk sac larvae

Eggs



Figure 3-10: Temperature and Dissolved Oxygen Data for Year 1

Figure 3-11: Temperature and Dissolved Oxygen Data for Year 2

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

8

12

16

20

24

28

32

Dis

so

lved

Oxyg

en

(mg

/L)

Tem

pera

ture

(°C

)

Temperature (°C)

Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L)

6

7

8

9

10

8

12

16

20

24

28

32

Dis

so

lved

Oxyg

en

(mg

/L)

Tem

pera

ture

(°C

)

Temperature (°C)

Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L)



Changes in river flow volume due to precipitation and weather affect the water surface elevation and

temperature, and available habitats. These abiotic and habitat changes may affect the spawning time of

resident fish and the seasonal distribution of fish eggs and larvae. Ohio River flows recorded at USGS

Station Number 03303280 in Cannelton, Indiana, from June 1, 2015, to May 31, 2017 were obtained to

compare river flows between the entrainment monitoring years (Figure 3-12). Higher river flows occurred

in June, July, late December and early January, and February during Year 1 of the entrainment study as

compared to Year 2. Higher river flows occurred in January and April during Year 2 of the entrainment

study as compared to Year 1.

Figure 3-12: Ohio River Flows at Cannelton, Indiana (June 2015 to May 2017) by Monitoring Year

Source: USGS Station Number 03303280 in Cannelton, Indiana (www.usgs.gov)

cfs = cubic feet per second

0

100,000

200,000

300,000

400,000

500,000

600,000

Riv

er

Flo

w (

cfs

)

Year 1

Year 2

Entrainment Characterization Study Final Discussion


4.0 DISCUSSION

The following provides a discussion on the results of the Entrainment Characterization Study.

4.1.1 Eggs

Species identification for early life stages of fish is limited to a few distinguishing descriptive

characteristics including color, shape, counts, and length/width measurements. These characteristics may

not be observable in degraded or damaged organisms. Furthermore, similarities between species at a

particular life stage can limit identification to a coarser scale of taxonomic resolution such as family or

genera level. Often the egg stage is unidentified, while post-egg stages are identified only to family or

genera levels, depending on the region of the U.S. (Electric Power Research Institute [EPRI], 2011).

Eggs in Year 1 of the Entrainment Characterization Study were not identified to a particular taxon.

However, in Year 2, eggs were either unidentifiable or identified as freshwater drum. Eggs identified as

freshwater drum were collected in June in relatively high abundance.

The eggs collected during this study are very likely those of freshwater drum. Freshwater drum is a

pelagophil, a species that broadcasts eggs at the water surface with no parental care. Spawning occurs

over a period of 6 to 7 weeks in June and July when water temperatures reach a minimum of 18ºC

(Swedberg and Walburg, 1970). Eggs drift on the surface of the water until they hatch, approximately 2

weeks later. In addition, freshwater drum was the most abundant taxa across both monitoring years for

larvae.

4.1.2 Dominant Larval and Juvenile Species and Peak Densities

The most dominant larval and juvenile species entrained during the 2-year study (in order of dominance)

were: freshwater drum, Asian carp, carpsucker/buffalo, herring (Clupeidae), and carp/minnows

(Cyprinidae). The results for these species are discussed in more detail below.

4.1.2.1 Freshwater Drum

Freshwater drum was the most abundant taxa across both monitoring years for larvae. Freshwater drum

larvae were collected June through September with a peak in June. Juvenile freshwater drum were

collected May through July with a peak in June of Year 1 and July of Year 2.

Freshwater drum is a common resident species in the Ohio River, and typically accounts for a high

percentage of the larval drift in large, freshwater rivers because of its spawning strategy. As previously

mentioned, freshwater drum is a pelagophil, a species that broadcasts eggs at the water surface with no



parental care. Eggs drift on the surface of the water until they hatch, approximately 2 weeks later. The

larvae remain near the surface, drifting for approximately 2 weeks, until they are able to swim, at which

point they migrate to the bottom where they remain until they are mature (Boschung and Mayden, 2004).

4.1.2.2 Asian Carp (Hypophthalmichthys sp.)

Asian carp was the second most collected taxa in the 2-year entrainment study. Asian carp were collected

in higher abundances in Year 2 compared to Year 1 and accounted for 65.7 percent of the yolk sac larvae,

68.3 percent of the yolk sac/post yolk sac larvae, and 32.9 percent of the post yolk sac larvae in Year 2.

Larvae were collected May through August with a peak in yolk sac larvae in May and a peak in post yolk

sac in July.

In the Ohio River, Asian carps include the bighead (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis) and silver

(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) (Ohio Department of Natural Resources [ODNR], 2017a). Asian carp is a

voracious and destructive invasive species that is threatening the survival of native fishes and the overall

health of freshwater systems, including the Ohio River. Their range in the United States now extends

from Louisiana to Minnesota on the Mississippi River, to South Dakota on the Missouri River, to Ohio on

the Ohio River, and throughout the Illinois River Basin. Asian carp populations pose a threat to native

species because of their efficient plankton feeding ability, high fecundity, adaptability to adverse

conditions, and lack of natural predators. Establishment of bighead and silver carp populations often lead

to reductions in populations of native species that rely on plankton for food, including all larval fishes,

some adult fishes, and native mussels (U.S. Department of Agriculture [USDA] 2017).

If Asian carp larvae is removed from the annual entrainment estimates because it is considered invasive,

the adjusted annual entrainment is estimated to be 332,909,308 and 202,973,042 for Year 1 and 2,

respectively.

4.1.2.3 Carpsucker and Buffalo (Carpiodes and Ictiobus sp.)

Carpsucker/buffalo larvae were collected in higher abundance in Year 1 compared to Year 2 and

accounted for 18.6 percent of the post yolk sac larvae in Year 1. Larvae were collected June through

August, with a peak in yolk sac larvae in May in Year 1 and June in Year 2. No juveniles were collected.

Based on impingement and electrofishing data (Burns & McDonnell, in progress) at AWPP, the most

common carpsucker/buffalo species are river carpsucker (Carpiodes carpio) and smallmouth buffalo

(Ictiobus bubalus). Both species are lithopelagophils, open-substratum spawners, that spawn demersal

and adhesive eggs over a variety of substrates (Jester, 1973). Limited observations for river carpsucker

indicate spawning takes place in April and May at night in relatively shallow water. Fish congregate near



the surface, and the eggs are shed and fertilized in the water column (Ross, 2001). Smallmouth buffalo

spawning typically occurs during April and May, when females migrate to backwaters and smaller

streams and broadcast eggs over a variety of substrates (ODNR, 2017b). Spawning frequency of

smallmouth buffalo is one seasonal peak per year, with females producing up to 525,000 eggs

(Fishbase.org, 2015). Eggs hatch within 1 to 2 weeks (ODNR, 2017b). It is likely that both of these

species spawn in the vicinity of the AWPP.

4.1.2.4 Herrings (Clupeidae)

Herring larvae were collected in higher abundance in Year 1 when compared to Year 2 and accounted for

13.2 percent of the post yolk sac larvae (including gizzard shad larvae) in Year 1. Post yolk sac larvae

were collected June through August (over the 2-year study), with a peak in June in Year 1 and July in

Year 2. Juvenile herring (including herring, skipjack herring, and gizzard shad) were collected in high

abundance, accounting for 76.0 percent of the juvenile annual entrainment estimate in Year 1 and 9.8

percent in Year 2.

Based on entrainment data at AWPP, the most common herring species are gizzard shad and skipjack

herring. Gizzard shad is a pelagophil while skipjack herring is a phytolithophil (non-obligatory plant

spawners that deposit eggs on submerged plants). Both represent an important prey for recreational

species in the Ohio River (ODNR, 2017c). Gizzard shad is a pelagic species that occurs at or near the

surface of lotic and limnetic waters during all life stages, including during spawning. Gizzard shad spawn

between April and May by broadcasting as many as 500,000 eggs into the water column and over

submerged objects such as rocks or logs near the shore (ODNR, 2017c). Reared in near-surface

freshwater, larval gizzard shad are a dominant component of large, freshwater rivers (Willis, 1987).

Skipjack herring inhabits deeper portions of the river, with moderate to swift currents (Boschung and

Mayden, 2004). Skipjack herring spawns over gravel and sand bars in the demersal zone from early

March to late April (Boschung and Mayden, 2004). Juvenile skipjack herring are pelagic. Although it is

likely that both of these species spawn in the vicinity of the AWPP, the majority of the herring larval

entrainment at AWPP is likely gizzard shad based on the high abundance of gizzard shad post yolk sac

larvae in the entrainment samples and its reproductive strategy.

4.1.2.5 Carp and Minnows (Cyprinidae)

Cyprinidae is the family of freshwater carp and true minnows. Cyprinid larvae (including those identified

to the order Cypriniformes and Notropis sp.) were collected in higher abundance in Year 2 (20.0 million)

when compared to Year 1 (14.6 million). In Year 1, cyprinids represented 44.1 percent of the yolk sac

larvae, and accounted for 29.3 percent of the yolk sac/post yolk sac larvae in Year 2. Larvae were



collected May through August (over the 2-year study period). Yolk sac larvae peaked in June in Year 1

and larvae identified to the order Cypriniformes peaked in May in Year 2. Notropis sp. (shiners) post yolk

sac larvae were collected in highest abundance in June of Year 1. Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) post-

yolk sac larvae were only collected in June in Year 2. Juvenile cyprinids (including Notropis sp.) were

collected in high abundance in June in Year 1, accounting for 7.2 percent of the juvenile annual

entrainment estimate in Year 1, and, including emerald shiner (Notropis atherinoides), 52.0 percent in

Year 2.

Based on the entrainment results, the two cyprinids identified to species were emerald shiner and common

carp. Emerald shiner is a pelagophil, a species that broadcasts eggs at the water surface with no parental

care. Spawning occurs from May to July at night at the water surface, and non-adhesive eggs sink to the

bottom (Boschung and Mayden, 2004). Larvae grow rapidly near the bottom and ascend to the water

surface in a few days (Ross, 2001). Common carp, an introduced species that has become widespread in

the United States, is a phytolithophil. Spawning begins in late April and continues into June with adhesive

eggs being broadcast over large areas in vegetation with water depths between 1 and 4 feet. Larval and

juvenile carp remain in the vegetated areas until they are 3 to 4 inches in length (ODNR, 2017d).

Although it is likely that both of these species spawn in the vicinity of the AWPP, the majority of the

cyprinid larval entrainment at AWPP is likely emerald shiner based on its reproductive strategy.

4.1.3 Threatened and Endangered Species

No federally or State listed threatened or endangered species fish eggs, larvae, or juveniles were identified

over the 2-year study. Only one post yolk sac larva was identified as Scaphirhynchus sp. Scaphirhynchus

is a genus of sturgeons native to the United States. Currently, three species are recognized in this genus:

Scaphirhynchus albus (pallid sturgeon [federally endangered]), Scaphirhynchus platorynchus (shovelnose

sturgeon), and Scaphirhynchus suttkusi (Alabama sturgeon). Of these three, only the shovelnose sturgeon

occurs and is naturally reproducing in the Ohio River. Therefore, the one post yolk sac larva collected is a

shovelnose sturgeon.

4.1.4 Comparison to 1979 Entrainment Study

An ichthyoplankton entrainment study was conducted from March 22 to August 2, 1979, at AWPP to

characterize and estimate entrainment (WAPORA, 1979). A total of 214,871,013 fish eggs and larvae

were estimated to have been entrained during the 1979 study period. Estimated entrainment was greatest

in May and June (88,927,166 and 89,112,060 individuals, respectively). The most abundant taxa were

shads and herrings (Dorosoma sp. or Alosa sp.), representing 35.2 percent of the total. Other dominant

taxa included carpsucker and buffalo (Carpiodes spp. or Ictiobus spp.) (28.9 percent), freshwater drum



(12.9 percent), and carp (9.1 percent). Other taxa collected in relatively low abundances were paddlefish,

mooneye (Hiodon tergisus), goldeye (Hiodon alosoides), emerald shiner, tadpole madtom (Noturus

gyrinus), temperate basses (Morone spp.), sunfishes (Lepomis spp.), and crappie (Pomoxis spp.).

The annual entrainment results of this study are similar in abundance and species composition to the 1979

study. Although Year 1 and 2 annual entrainment estimates of this study (335,444,966 and 331,449,276

individuals, respectively) are higher than the 1979 study, the overall sampling period per year for this

study (March-October) was longer than the 1979 study (March 22 to August 2), which would explain the

higher estimated annual entrainment. The 1979 study would not account for the entrainment estimates in

September and October. The most abundant species collected during this study and the 1979 study were

freshwater drum, herrings, carpsucker/buffalo, carp, and emerald shiner. Other prevalent species during

both studies were paddlefish, sunfish, madtom (Noturus sp.), and temperate basses. The most striking

difference between the two studies is the presence and relatively high abundance of the invasive Asian

carp during this study. In Year 2, Asian carp accounted for 65.7 percent of the yolk sac larvae, 68.3

percent of the yolk sac/post yolk sac larvae, and 32.9 percent of the post yolk sac larvae. Mooneye,

goldeye, and crappie were not identified during this study but were collected in the 1979 study.

Entrainment Characterization Study Final Summary


5.0 SUMMARY

Entrainment sampling was conducted biweekly (twice per month) during the biologically productive

period (March to October) over a 2-year period from June 2015 to June 2017. The first year of sampling

(Year 1) started in June 2015 with sampling occurring from June through October 2015 and then March

to May 2016. The second year of sampling (Year 2) started in June 2016 with sampling occurring from

June through October 2016 and then March to May 2017. Each sample collection event was conducted

over a 24-hour period with samples collected every 6 hours for a total of four samples per event.

The estimated annual entrainment ranged from 335,444,966 to 331,449,276 for Year 1 and Year 2,

respectively. Post yolk sac larvae was the most dominant life stage for both years, accounting for 83.6

percent of the total in Year 1, and 77.1 percent of the total in Year 2. A total of 20 fish taxa were collected

over the 2-year study. Freshwater drum was the most dominant taxa for both years, accounting for 53

percent of the total in Year 1, and 47.8 percent of the total in Year 2. Other dominant taxa in Year 1

included carpsucker/buffalo (15.5 percent), herrings (Clupeidae) (13.6 percent), and gizzard shad (5.0

percent). Other dominant taxa in Year 2 included Asian carp (38.8 percent), Cypriniformes (5.5 percent),

paddlefish (1.8 percent), and herrings (1.6 percent). If the invasive Asian carp larvae are removed from

the annual entrainment estimates, the adjusted annual entrainment is estimated to be 332,909,308 and

202,973,042 for Year 1 and 2, respectively.

Peak abundances occurred during both years in May and June. These two months accounted for 87

percent of the entrainment in Year 1 and 71 percent of the entrainment in Year 2. All life stages were

collected during each of the diel periods (morning, afternoon, evening and night). A higher abundance of

eggs, yolk sac larvae, and juveniles were collected at night for both years. Only yolk sac/post yolk sac

larvae in Year 2 had higher abundances in the evening, with the majority of these being Asian carp larvae.

Eggs in Year 1 of the entrainment characterization study were not identified to a particular taxon.

However, in Year 2, eggs were either unidentifiable or identified as freshwater drum. Eggs identified as

freshwater drum were collected in June in relatively high abundance. The majority of unidentifiable eggs

collected during this 2-year study is likely those of freshwater drum because it is a pelagophil, a species

that broadcasts eggs at the water surface with no parental care.

The most dominant larval and juvenile species entrained during the 2-year study (in order of dominance)

were: freshwater drum, Asian carp, carpsucker/buffalo, herring (Clupeidae), and carp/minnows

(Cyprinidae). Asian carp was the second most collected taxa in the 2-year entrainment study. Asian carp

Entrainment Characterization Study Final Summary


were collected in higher abundances in Year 2 when compared to Year 1 and accounted for 65.7 percent

of the yolk sac larvae, 68.3 percent of the yolk sac/post yolk sac larvae, and 32.9 percent of the post yolk

sac larvae in Year 2. Based on entrainment, impingement, and electrofishing data at AWPP, the most

common carpsucker/buffalo species are river carpsucker and smallmouth buffalo; the most common

herring species are gizzard shad and skipjack herring; and the most common cyprinids are emerald shiner

and common carp. Their susceptibility to entrainment is primarily due to their reproductive strategy. All

of these species are either pelagophils or litho/phytopelagophils, species that provide no parental care, and

either broadcast eggs at the water surface or over vegetative or coarse substrates.

The annual entrainment results of this this study are similar in abundance and species composition to the

1979 study. Although Year 1 and 2 annual entrainment estimates of this study (335,444,966 and

331,449,276 individuals, respectively) are higher than the 1979 study (214,871,013 individuals), the

overall sampling period per year for this study (March-October) was longer than in 1979 study (March 22

to August 2), which would likely explain the higher estimated annual entrainment.

Entrainment Characterization Study Final Literature Cited


6.0 LITERATURE CITED

Boschung, H.T. and R.L. Mayden. (2004). Fishes of Alabama. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.

736 pp.

Burns & McDonnell. (In Progress). Section 316(a) Variance Demonstration Study for the Alcoa Warrick

Power Plant.

EPRI (Electric Power Research Institute). (2011). National and Regional Summary of Impingement and

Entrainment of Fish and Shellfish based on an Industry Survey of Clean Water Act §316(b)

Characterization Studies. EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: 2011. 1019861.

Fishbase.org. (2017). Reproduction of Ictiobus bubalus. Retrieved October 2017 from

http://www.fishbase.org/Reproduction/FishReproSummary.php?ID=2992&GenusName=Ictiobus

&SpeciesName=bubalus&fc=125&StockCode=3188.

Jester, D.B. 1973. Life history, ecology, and management of the smallmouth buffalo, Ictiobus bubalus

(Rafinesque), with reference to Elephant Butte Lake. New Mexico State University Agric. Exp.

Sta. Res. Rep. No. 273. 80 pp.

Ohio Department of Natural Resources (ODNR). (2017a). Asian Carp in Ohio. Retrieved October 2017

from http://ohiodnr.gov/asiancarp.

Ohio Department of Natural Resources. (2017b). Species Guide Index, Fish, Smallmouth Buffalo.

Retrieved October 2017 from http://wildlife.ohiodnr.gov/species-and-habitats/species-guide-

index/fish/smallmouth-buffalo

Ohio Department of Natural Resources. (2017c). Species Guide Index, Fish, Gizzard Shad. Retrieved

October 2017 from http://wildlife.ohiodnr.gov/species-and-habitats/species-guide-

index/fish/gizzard-shad.

Ohio Department of Natural Resources. (2017d). Species Guide Index, Fish, Common Carp. Retrieved

October 2017 from http://wildlife.ohiodnr.gov/species-and-habitats/species-guide-

index/fish/common-carp.

Ross, S.T. (2001). The Inland Fishes of Mississippi. Mississippi Department of Wildlife, Fisheries and

Parks. 624 pp. University Press of Mississippi.

Swedberg, D.V., and C.H. Walburg. (1970). Spawning and early life history of the freshwater drum in

Lewis and Clark Lake, Missouri River. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 99(3):

560-570.

U.S. Department of Agriculture. (2017). Invasive Species: Aquatic Species, Asian Carp. Retrieved

October 2015 from http://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/aquatics/asiancarp.shtml.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2014). National Pollutant Discharge Elimination

System—Final Regulations to Establish Requirements for Cooling Water Intake Structures at

Existing Facilities and Amend Requirements at Phase I Facilities; Final Rule. 40 CFR Parts 122

and 125. August 15, 2014. EPA–HQ–OW–2008–0667, FRL–9817–3.

Entrainment Characterization Study Final Literature Cited


WAPORA, Inc. (1979). Entrainment Studies at the ACG Station, Newburgh, Indiana. Submitted to

ALCOA Generating Corporation. October 12, 1979.

Willis, D.W. (1987). Reproduction and Recruitment of Gizzard Shad in Kansas Reservoirs. North

American Journal of Fisheries Management, 7:71-80.

– ANNUAL ENTRAINMENT ESTIMATES

Appendix A-1: Year 1 Annual Entrainment Estimates (June 2015 to May 2016)

Common Name Scientific Name June July August September October March April May Total Percent by Life Stage

Percent Composition

of Total

Eggs

Unidentified eggs Actinopterygii 0.0 264,571.3 1,149,788.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 374,732.0 1,789,092 100 0.5

Yolk sac larvae

Asian carp Hypophthalmichthys sp. 0.0 221,163.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 221,163 12.2 0.1

Freshwater drum Aplodinotus grunniens 0.0 0.0 688,098.3 108,722.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 796,821 43.8 0.2

Minnows Cyprinidae 0.0 757,138.2 45,106.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 802,245 44.1 0.2


Asian carp Hypophthalmichthys sp. 81,651.7 0.0 43,377.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 125,029 0.3 0.0

Carpsucker/buffalo Carpiodes/Ictiobus sp. 0.0 0.0 148,062.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 6,970,508.9 7,118,571 18.6 2.1

Catfishes Ictaluridae 0.0 184,260.8 305,529.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 489,791 1.3 0.1

Channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus 0.0 174,921.8 78,325.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 253,247 0.7 0.1

Freshwater drum Aplodinotus grunniens 19,703,429.0 320,204.7 1,383,172.9 811,561.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 22,218,368 58.1 6.6

Gars Lepisosteidae 0.0 54,829.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 54,829 0.1 0.0

Gizzard shad Dorosoma cepedianum 489,910.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 489,910 1.3 0.1

Herrings Clupeidae 4,567,592.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4,567,593 11.9 1.4

Madtoms Noturus sp. 0.0 62,749.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 62,749 0.2 0.0

Minnows Cyprinidae 408,258.4 0.0 0.0 159,908.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 568,166 1.5 0.2

Paddlefish Polyodon spathula 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 485,186.9 485,187 1.3 0.1

Sturgeon Scaphirhynchus sp. 0.0 55,290.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 55,291 0.1 0.0

Shiners Notropis sp. 571,561.7 55,546.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 627,108 1.6 0.2

Walleye Sander vitreum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 50,863.9 0.0 50,864 0.1 0.0

Walleye/Sauger Sander sp. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 51,265.6 1,051,969.3 1,103,235 2.9 0.3

Juvenile

Channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus 0.0 111,093.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 111,093 0.3 0.0

Flathead catfish Pylodictis olivaris 0.0 54,829.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 54,829 0.1 0.0

Freshwater drum Aplodinotus grunniens 5,628,195.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5,628,195 14.1 1.7

Gizzard shad Dorosoma cepedianum 12,689,486.9 436,133.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 13,125,620 32.8 3.9

Herrings Clupeidae 12,271,838.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 12,271,839 30.7 3.7

Minnows Cyprinidae 74,038.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 74,038 0.2 0.0

Shiners Notropis sp. 2,262,800.1 427,888.7 0.0 58,973.5 56,021.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 2,805,684 7.0 0.8

Skipjack herring Alosa chrysochloris 4,952,360.6 52,320.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5,004,681 12.5 1.5

Striped bass Morone saxatilis 887,784.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 887,784 2.2 0.3

Temperate bass Morone sp. 0.0 54,829.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 54,829 0.1 0.0

Partial/damaged larvae 35,993,434.7 94,446,179.4 6,256,785.6 160,966.5 0.0 0.0 860,120.8 115,829,627.4 253,547,114 75.6

Total 100,582,342.2 97,733,948.2 10,098,246.8 1,300,132.1 56,021.4 0.0 962,250.4 124,712,024.5 335,444,965.5 100

Percent by Month 30.0 29.1 3.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.3 37.2 100.0

Appendix A-2: Year 2 Annual Entrainment Estimates (June 2016 to May 2017)

Common Name Scientific Name June July August September October March April May Total Percent by Life Stage

Percent Composition

of Total

Egg

Freshwater drum Aplodinotus grunniens 5,651,596 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5,651,596 60.1 1.7

Unidentified eggs Actinopterygii 0 60,761 204,412 0 0 0 0 3,490,020 3,755,192 39.9 1.1

Yolk sac larvae

Asian carp Hypophthalmichthys sp. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 960,548 960,548 65.7 0.3

Carpsucker/buffalo Carpiodes/Ictiobus sp. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 434,783 434,783 29.8 0.1

Suckers Catostomidae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 66,001 66,001 4.5 0.0


Asian carp Hypophthalmichthys sp. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18,411,731 18,411,731 68.3 5.6

Carpsucker/buffalo Carpiodes/Ictiobus sp. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 575,550 575,550 2.1 0.2

Cypriniformes Cypriniformes 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7,893,927 7,893,927 29.3 2.4

Herrings Clupeidae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 73,004 73,004 0.3 0.0


Asian carp Hypophthalmichthys sp. 433,609 2,206,304 0 0 0 0 0 33,904,799 36,544,712 32.9 11.0

Carpsucker/buffalo Carpiodes/Ictiobus sp. 862,851 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 862,851 0.8 0.3

Catfishes Ictaluridae 0 29,092 103,023 0 0 0 0 0 132,115 0.1 0.0

Common carp Cyprinus carpio 60,673 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 60,673 0.1 0.0

Freshwater drum Aplodinotus grunniens 30,289,722 34,694,860 465,152 0 0 0 0 859,830 66,309,565 59.6 20.0

Gars Lepisosteidae 0 30,230 0 0 0 0 0 0 30,230 0.0 0.0

Gizzard shad Dorosoma cepedianum 124,424 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 124,424 0.1 0.0

Herrings Clupeidae 120,495 2,140,668 102,206 0 0 0 0 0 2,363,369 2.1 0.7

Minnows Cyprinidae 352,045 482,059 0 0 0 0 0 0 834,104 0.7 0.3

Paddlefish Polyodon spathula 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2,590,150 2,590,150 2.3 0.8

Perches Percidae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 34,177 34,177 0.0 0.0

Shads Alosa sp. 0 30,618 51,103 0 0 0 0 0 81,721 0.1 0.0

Skipjack herring Alosa chrysochloris 0 485,080 0 0 0 0 0 0 485,080 0.4 0.1

Suckers Catostomidae 0 0 0 0 0 0 52,400 0 52,400 0.0 0.0

Sunfishes Centrarchidae 0 28,118 0 0 0 0 0 0 28,118 0.0 0.0

Temperate bass Morone sp. 60,673 43,654 0 0 0 0 0 0 104,327 0.1 0.0

Walleye/sauger Sander sp. 0 0 0 0 0 0 153,897 436,874 590,771 0.5 0.2

Juvenile

Emerald shiner Notropis atherinoides 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 36,822 36,822 3.1 0.0

Freshwater drum Aplodinotus grunniens 0 335,685 0 0 0 0 0 36,752 372,437 31.2 0.1

Minnows Cyprinidae 0 226,157 309,263 47,583 0 0 0 0 583,003 48.9 0.2

Skipjack herring Alosa chrysochloris 0 116,588 0 0 0 0 0 0 116,588 9.8 0.0

Suckers Catostomidae 0 0 0 0 0 40,960 0 0 40,960 3.4 0.0

Sunfish/bluegill Lepomis sp. 0 0 0 0 0 42,473 0 0 42,473 3.6 0.0

Partial/damaged larvae 66,014,813 112,325,718 1,542,927 196,933 0 0 1,125,480 0 181,205,870 100.0 54.7

Total 103,970,903 153,235,590 2,778,086 244,516 0 83,434 1,331,778 69,804,969 331,449,276

Percent by Month 31.4 46.2 0.8 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.4 21.1 100

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Image result for alcoa logo...Entrainment Characterization Study Final Introduction Alcoa Warrick Operations 1-2 Burns & McDonnell 518.0 MGD based on data from January 1, 2010, to