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Images from Space: Satellites and Sensors
Credit: NASA
The A-Train Constellation: Near-simultaneous observations from multiple instruments
World’s longest running satellite data collection program
Landsat Applications National Land Cover Database (NLCD)
Endless Possibilities • Habitat mapping • Mapping flood
plains • Wildfire impacts • Nearshore
bathymetry
• Watershed management
• Coral reef health • Invasive species monitoring
• Disaster management
• Agricultural insurance fraud
• Deforestation • Wildlife corridors • Impervious surfaces
• Mapping geologic landforms
• Cartographic mapping
• Renewable energy siting
And on and on. . .
• Part of the Copernicus Program - the European Union’s Earth Observation Program
• Several 2-satellite constellations are active or in development:
- Sentinel 1A/B
- Sentinel 2A/B
- Sentinel 3A/B
- Sentinel 4
- Sentinel 5
- Sentinel 6
Sentinel
Satellite Constellation – Two or more satellites in complimentary orbital planes that work together as a system.
Satellite Constellation
GPS Satellite Constellation. 24 Satellites in 6 Orbital Planes RapidEye Constellation. 5 Satellites in 1 Orbital Plane
Benefits: • Redundant Sensor • Better temporal resolution (revist time)
Sentinel 1A/B
Credit: ESA
Instrument Swath Width Resolution
Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) 80km; 250km; 400km 5x5m; 5x20m; 25x100m
Launch: • April, 2014; April, 2016
Uses: • Radar imaging of sea ice, land movement and marine
environment; Sea surface winds; Wave height
Mission: • Radar imaging of land and
water
Sentinel 2A/B
Credit: ESA
Instrument Swath Width
Spatial Spectral Revisit
MultiSpectral Instrument (MSI)
290km 10m, 20m, 60m 13 Band 5 Days at equator
Uses: • Land cover change
• Spatial planning
• Global agriculture
• Forest/vegetation monitoring
• Flood mapping and risk assessment
Launch: • June, 2015; March, 2016
Mission: • Land monitoring with optical
imagery
Sentinel 3A/B
Credit: ESA
Instrument Swath Width
Spatial Spectral Revisit
OCLI 1,270km 300m 21 Bands < 2 days at
equator
SLSTR 1,420km 500m (VIS, SWIR); 1km (MWIR, TIR)
9 Band < 1 day at equator
Uses: • Land and Ocean color
• Global and regional land and surface temperature
• Pollution monitoring
Launch: • February, 2016; April, 2018
Mission: • Marine Observation
Sentinel 4 • Air quality trace gases and
aerosols
Sentinel 5
Sentinel 6
• Atmospheric measurements with high spatio-temporal resolution
• Radar altimeter to measure global sea surface height
Commercial Satellites
Platform Spatial Spectral Revisit
Optical Sensor
Assembly (OSA)
0.8m Panchromatic
4m Multispectral
5 Bands 3 Days
INFO: • Launched September, 1999;
retired 2015 • First commercial high
resolution sensor
USES: • Base maps • Environmental monitoring
Land Remote Sensing Policy Act – October, 1992. Enabled American companies to operate imaging satellites in space.
IKONOS-1, Washington DC, October, 1999
IKONOS-1
Commercial Satellites
SPOT - Satellite Pour l’Observation de la Terre
Platform Spatial Spectral Revisit
SPOT 6 & 7
1.5m Panchromatic
6m Multispectral
5 Bands Daily
INFO: • SPOT 1 launched February, 1986
- 10-20m resolution
• SPOT 7 launched June, 2014
• Another pioneer of commercial satellite market
‐ Can collect stereo pairs using scenes form adjacent paths
USES: • Base maps • Environmental monitoring
SPOT 7 Image, Fiji
Commercial Satellites WorldView-3
INFO: • Launched August, 2014
• First multi-payload, super spectral, high-resolution commercial satellite
USES: • Base maps
• Agriculture
• Environmental monitoring
• Mining
Platform Spatial Spectral Revisit
WorldView-3
0.31m Panchromatic; 1.2m Multispectral;
3.7m SWIR; 30m CAVIS
1 Panchromatic 8 multispectral
8 SWIR 12 CAVIS
1 day
Credit: Digital Globe, WV-3. U.S. Capitol 30cm
Commercial Satellites
Satellite Swath Width
Spatial Bands Revisit
QuickBird, 2001 16.8km 0.61m Pan; 2.62m MS 5 3.5 Days; Daily
Oblique
RapidEye, 2008 77km 5m 5 5.5 Days Nadir; Daily Oblique
GeoEye-1, 2008 15.2km 0.4m Pan; 1.65m MS 5 3 Days; Varies
Oblique
Pleiades-1A/B, 2011 20km 0.5m Pan; 2m MS 5 Daily
Many Others:
• Resolutions and revisit times continue to improve
• Public/Private partnerships
• Large image archives still available for decommissioned satellites
Commercial Satellites
CubeSat
• Design proposed 1999 by researchers from CA Polytechnic State U. and Stamford U.
• Satellite are composed of blocks 10cm x 10cm x 11.5cm with each cube weighing no more than 1.3kg (1U 6U)
• Often built with off-the-shelf electronic components and processors
• Often launched as “multiples”
Design standards reduce research and deployment costs .
First launched in 2003, there were over 900 deployed in orbit by Jan., 2019
Commercial Satellites
SkySat
• Based on CubeSat concept, but scaled up to about the size of a small fridge
• 15 satellites deployed.
• 0.7m Pan; 1m MS
• 5 Band
• Can capture Pan video 30-120 sec.
Credit: SkySat. Tripoli, Libya
Commercial Satellites
PlanetScope
• Based on CubeSat concept - 3U sizing
• 200+ individual “doves” deployed as a series of “flocks”
• 3.7m; 4 Band; Daily revisit
Watching a Satellite Deploy: https://www.planet.com/pulse/whats-it-like-to-watch-a-satellite-deploy/
Instrument Spatial Spectral
CZCS 0.8km 6 Band
SeaWiFS 1.1km 8 Band
Marine Sensors
SeaWiFS – Sea-Viewing Wide Field-of-View Sensor
INFO: • 1997 – 2010 • Expanded on CZCS • Sensor could be tilted to avoid glint over
equatorial regions
USES: • Global ocean biologic ocean data
CZCS – Coastal Zone Color Scanner
INFO: • 1978 – 1986 • Beginning of Ocean color imagery
USES: • Chlorophyll concentration; Sediment distribution;
Salinity; Temperature; Ocean currents
SeaWiFS
SeaWiFS Chlorophyll Concentration
NASA’s Earth Observing System
Instrument Swath Width Spatial Spectral Revisit
MODIS 2,330km 200m (bands 1-2); 500m (bands3-7);
1000m (bands 8-36) 36 Band 1-2 Days
Aqua Launch: • May, 2002 • Crosses Equator in PM
Terra Launch: • December, 1999 • Crosses equator in AM
Marine Sensors
VIIRS – Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite
Launch: • October, 2011 • Rides on Suomi NPP
satellite
USES: • Designed to replace
aging MODIS sensors • Ocean color; Ocean/Land
temperature; Ice movement; Fires; Clouds and aerosols
Instrument Swath Width
Spatial Spectral Revisit
VIIRS 3,060km 375m (6 I-Bands);
750m (16 M-Bands) 22 Band 16 Days
Marine Sensors
NASA. Suomi NPP
Accessing Imagery: Commercial Satellite Vendors and Resellers
Dozens of Options: - Satellite Imaging
Corporation
- Harris Geospatial
- LANDinfo
• As a buyer you will be responsible for defining all parameters of the imagery you need – AOI; cloud coverage; timeframe; etc.
• In addition to the area covered, cost will often depend on whether the imagery exists in the archive or if new tasking is required.
Temporal Requirements?
SST, 4µ Night, Daily SST, 4µ Night, 8-Day SST, 4µ Night, Monthly
SST, 4µ Night, Monthly Climatology (2002-2018)
Climatology = Composite/Summary/Average over specified timeframe
• Project needs will determine choice and level of processing needed
Data Pre-Processing?
https://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov/
Level 1&2 Browser
USGS Earth Explorer
https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/
Image Access: USGS LandsatLook Viewer
https://landlook.usgs.gov/viewer.html • Access Landsat and Sentinel-2 images
Image Access: Sentinel
https://scihub.copernicus.eu/dhus/#/home
Resources
50 Satellites you need to know: Earth Satellite List https://gisgeography.com/earth-satellite-list/
NASA Ocean Color https://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov/
USGS Earth Explorer https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/
USGS Landsat Look https://landlook.usgs.gov/viewer.html
Copernicus Open Access Hub https://scihub.copernicus.eu/dhus/#/home