Upload
benson
View
32
Download
3
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
Images of the ‘Savage’. American Museum (AMNH), 1921. state of savagery (nature), AD 1500. AMNH, 1993. Neanderthals. Nearly complete skeleton in shallow grave at la Chapelle aux Saints (found 1908) became generalized description: - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Citation preview
Images of the ‘Savage’
state of savagery (nature), AD 1500
AMNH, 1993
American Museum (AMNH), 1921
Neanderthals• Nearly complete skeleton in
shallow grave at la Chapelle aux Saints (found 1908) became generalized description:
• Misshapen individual: acutely curved spine from osteoarthritis, thus being bent-over or hunched; old and highly degenerated
• Hardly representative of greater (i.e., younger and healthier) population
Brutish Neanderthals
Re-Constructing a Neanderthal
Levallois Technique
By late Mousterian a variety of fairly finely worked stone tools were being used by Neanderthal populations
Distribution of Mousterian technology in Eurasia
MOUSTERIAN, 200-40k UPPER PALEOLITHIC,90(africa)/40-12k
ACHEULEAN, to 1.5m
OLDOWAN, to 2.4m
Ceremonialism• Evidence from burials shows that
Neanderthals accommodated the sick and injured in life. Some living individuals were in very bad physical condition requiring care by others: La Chapelle; evidence of blind and maimed individual
• Treated the dead with honor and ritual; Grave goods?
Artist’s impression of Shanidar Cave, Iraq
Neanderthal flute? (50k)
Neanderthal
Late Pleistocene Greece
600-400k
1.8 m – 600 k
1 m – 50k
500-35 k400 k - now
H. floresiensis, or “the Hobbit”
H. sapiens
800k
Neanderthals in southern Spainto 31-28 K
Lagar Velho, Portugal (1998); 25k, 4 year old, Homo sapiens/Homo neandertalensis transition?
DNA
Supports suggestion of Neanderthal as separate species
20
40
70
120
06/12/03
Herto, Ethiopia (160k)(transitional modern H. sapiens)
Middle Stone Age: 250-125 k
Cranial Features of Anatomically Modern Humans
• Cranial capacity: 1350 cc• Vertical frontal bone (forehead)• High, parallel walled cranial vault• Rounded occiptal region (lacking occiptal
torus)• Non-continuous brow ridge• Flat, non-projecting face• chin
Border cave Klasies River Mouth
Howieson’s Poort
Middle Stone Age, Southern Africa(Anatomically modern H. sapiens)
Blombos
Blombos Cave, South Africa, 75k
Shell ornaments
Incised ocher, bone tools, stone projectile points
MSA: Bone technology• Bone points from MSA
deposits at Blombos Cave (a), Peers Cave (b), Sibudu Cave (c) and Klasies River (d);
• Later Stone Age layers at Rose Cottage Cave (e) and Jubilee Shelter (f), and an Iron Age occupation at Mapungubwe (g)
MSA Iron AgeLSA
Katanda, Democratic Republic of Congo (110-80 k)
Kung arrow points, 20th century
Broad spectrum diet, including terrestrial and marine mammals, fish, shell-fish, and reptiles
Clear evidence of hearths
Blade technology and projectile points
Art and ritual objects
Middle Stone Age:
Post-100,000 Behavior(H. sapiens)
• Increased diversity and standardization in material culture• More rapid change in artifacts• Organic material culture• Jewelry and carvings• Figurative and non-figurative art• Clear organization of space (dwellings and elaborate hearths)• Long-distance transport of lithic raw materials• Broad-spectrum economies• Storage• Large mammal hunting• Occupation of more difficult environments• Growth in population density
EUROPEAN UPPER PALEOLITHIC
Aurignacian (40-29 K)Gravettian (29-21 K)Solutrian (21-19 K)
Magdalenian (19-12K)
Broad Spectrum EconomyMore Settled Life &Larger Communities
ReligionComplex ToolsCold Weather
ClothingShelter
Art
Burial discovered by workmen in 1868 at Cro-Magnon (30K), in the village of Les Eyzies in France.
Middle to Upper Paleolithic Transition (55-35k)
• Aurignacian (after 40K)• Aurignac Rockshelter, Pyrenees, France
Sunghir, Aurignacian, near Moscow, 30k
Mezir, Ukraine, 30-25K BP
Siberia, 10k
Elephant Hunters?
Grotte du Lazaret (France), 186-127 K
Terra Amata (France), 200-400 K
Early Dwellings
Magdalenian Structure
Reconstruction at UpperPaleolithic Site in
Dordogne region, France
Dolní Věstonice, Czech Republic (27-23 K)
Dolní Věstonice
Art and Clothes (Perishables)
ROCKART
Art and personal adornment probably quite old, but blossoms in the Upper Paleolithic
Art shows much about society:
Shamanism and Ritual (fertility)
Territory
Group Identity and Solidarity
Artistry
16,000
15,000
13,000
Deep skull, 40k
Niah cave, Sarawak
Lake Mungo (40k+)
Burial with red ocher
Boats from south-east Asia to Australia, 100km at its shortest point back then
(can’t see from coast to coast)
Clovis and Big-Game Hunting(13-12 K)
Mega-fauna extinction: over-kill or post-LGM
climate change
Meadowcroft, PA• Strata IIA: C14 dates between 16,200 and
13,200 BP from undoubted cultural origin; (to 21,000 BP years from uncertain origin)
Monte Verde, Chile (15k)
Monte Verde, 15-13 K