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Imaging of Small Bowel and
Colon
Linda Pantongrag-Brown, MD
King Chulalongkorn Memorial
Hospital, Bangkok
Small Bowel
Anatomy
• Longest tubular organ in body, 18-22 feet
• Mesentery: 15 cm long between ligament
of Treitz to IC junction
• Rule of 3’s
– Wall thickness < 3mm
– Diameter < 3 cm
– Air-fluid levels < 3
Normal Bowel Caliber
• Mnemonic: “3-6-9-12”
– 3 cm max size of small bowel
– 6 cm max size of transverse colon
– 9 cm max size of cecum
– 12 cm max size of cecum before it may burst
Case 1
• A 58-year-old man presented with
abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting.
Case 1
• Rigler Triad
– Partial small bowel obstruction
– Gas in biliary tree
– Ectopic calcified gallstone
• Diagnosis: Gallstone Ileus
Case 2
• A 63-year-old man presented with
abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting.
Case 2
• “Stepladder pattern”
• Multiple air-fluid levels (> 3 ), different
height in the same loops
• Dilated small bowel lumen (> 3cm) with
no air in the colon
• Diagnosis: Small bowel obstruction (CA
cecum)
SBO Etiologies
• Adhesion/Fibrosis
• Internal hernia
• Volvulus
• Intussusception
• GS ileus
• Abscess
• Neoplasm
Case 3
• A 45-year-old man presented with
abdominal pain and fever.
Case 3
• Abscess at the RLQ causing partial SBO
• Possible etiologies
– Ruptured appendicitis
– Ruptured diverticulitis
– SB infarction with perforation
– CA colon with perforation
• Diagnosis: SB infarction with perforation
Case 4
• A 26-year-old female presented with
recurrent abdominal pain.
Case 4
• Cluster of small bowel loops at the left-
side abdomen with marked dilatation of
the duodenum suggestive of left
paraduodenal hernia (through fossa of
Landzert)
Case 5
• A 58-year-old female presented with
abdominal pain.
Case 5
• Relatively thickened, regular folds with
minimal nodularity
• This pattern implies relatively even
distribution of submucosal deposition.
• It is usually caused by edema or
hemorrhage.
D/Dx: Regular, smooth
thickened folds
• Edema (Diffuse)
– Hypoproteinemia (cirrhosis, NS, protein losing
enteropathy)
– CHF
– Portal HT
• Hemorrhage (Focal)
– Anticoagulant therapy/coagulopathies
– Ischemia (SMA, SMV thrombosis; hypoperfusion)
– Vasculitis
Case 5
• Thrombus within the SMV
• Diffusely thickened small bowel wall
• Dx: Ischemic bowel, SMV thrombosis
Case 6
• A 58-year-old man presented with
abdominal distension and pain.
Case 6
• “String of pearls” appearance with
relatively absence of air in colon,
indicative of small bowel obstruction
• Site of obstruction is possibly proximal.
SBO Etiologies
• Adhesion/Fibrosis
• Internal hernia
• Volvulus
• Intussusception
• GS ileus
• Abscess
• Neoplasm
Case 6
• Coil-spring appearance, indicative of
intussusception
• Dx: Lymphoma
Case 7
• A 74 year-old man presented with
abdominal pain and fever.
Case 7
• Jejunal diverticula with inflammatory
mass encasing the small bowel loops and
extraluminal air bubbles
• Dx: Rupture jejunal diverticulitis
Case 8
• A 59-year-old man, check up.
Case 8
• A pedunculated polyp with lobulated
contour at the descending colon
• Diagnosis: Tubulovillous adenoma
Colonic Polyp
• Hyperplastic polyp
– Sessile polyp < 5 mm
• Adenomatous polyp
– Tubular adenoma
– Tubulovillous adenoma
– Villous adenoma
Adenoma Size & Incidence of
Malignancy
• < 5 mm, 0.5%
• 5-9 mm, 1%
• 10-20 mm, 5-10%
• > 20 mm, 10-50%
• All polyps > 10 mm should be removed
• Time for adenoma-carcinoma sequence
10-15 years
Case 9
• A 56-year-old man presented with
constipation.
Case 8
• Circumferential mass at rectum with a
small processional node
• Dx: CA rectum, Modified Dukes C
– T3 (servos)
– N1 (1-3 regional l.n.)
– M0 (No distant met)
CA Colon: preop staging by CT (Balthazar, AJR 1988)
CT vs Modified Dukes
• Stage A (limit to colonic wall): 57%
• Stage B (extend to serosa/pericolic fat): 17%
• Stage C (involve regional nodes): 68%
• Stage D (involve adjacent organs, peritoneal seedings, liver met): 81% with 100% positive predictive value.
CA Colon: preop staging by CT (Balthazar, AJR 1988)
• CT is inaccurate in Dukes A, B, C
staging, and do not effect surgical
treatment.
• CT is sensitive with high +ve predictive
value in Dukes D
Should pre-op CT staging be
performed?
• Yes.
• Because its high sensitivity and high +ve
predictive value in detecting advanced
lesions, which may lead to changes in
surgical planning (limited resection
instead of extensive curative procedure),
or preoperative management.
Case 10
• A 60-year-old man presented with melon.
CT Coronagraph
Case 10
• Intriguingly lobulated mass with
relatively thin wall
• Dx: CA rectum, Modified Dukes A
– T2 (muscular propia)
– N0
– M0
2 cm polyp
Case 11
• A 46-year-old man presented with
abdominal pain and distension.
Case 11
• Distended cecum rotates into the LUQ
• Dx: Cecal volvulus
Case 12
• A 55-year-old man presented with fever
and abdominal pain.
Case 12
• Extraluminal air bubbles at LLQ with
evidence of sigmoid diverticulosis
• Dx: Ruptured sigmoid diverticulitis
Case 13
• A 45-year-old man presented with fever
and abdominal pain.
Case 13
• Dilated appendix with air bubbles
dissecting in its wall and rupture into the
peritoneal cavity
• Dx: Rupture acute appendicitis
Case 14
• A 45-year-old man presented with
abdominal distension.
Case 14
• Omental cake
• Implantation with mass effect over the liver and splenic surfaces (scalloping sign)
• Ascites
• Rim calcified cyst at the RLQ
• Dx: Pseudomyxoma peritonei, from ruptured mucocele
D/Dx omental cake
• Peritoneal carcinomatosis
• TB peritonitis
• Pseudomyxoma peritonei
– Rupture mucocele
– Mucinous adenoCA metastasis
• Peritoneal mesothelioma
• Lymphoma
Case 15
• A 57-year-old presented with acute
abdominal pain and diarrhea.
Case 15
• Diffuse thickening of sigmoid colon
• D/Dx:
– Infectious colitis
– Ischemic colitis
– Pseudomembranous colitis
– Inflammatory bowel (UC, Crohn’s)
Case 15
• Dx: Ischemic colitis
Conclusion
• Normal anatomy
• SBO
– Gallstone ileus
– CA cecum
– Abscess (SB infarction with perforation)
– Intusussception (lymphoma)
• Internal hernia
– Left paraduodenal hernia
• SB ischemia (SMV thrombosis)
• Rupture jejunal diverticulitis
Conclusion
• Colonic polyp
• Carcinoma (T3N1, T2N0)
• Cecal volvulus
• Ruptured diverticulitis
• Ruptured appendicitis
• Pseudomyxoma peritonei (ruptured mucocele)
• Ischemic colitis