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__________________________________________________________________________________________________________IGARSS and 27th Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing , Denver, Colorado August 2, 2006: State of Science of Environmental Application of Imaging Spectroscopy in honor of Prof. A..Goetz
Imaging Spectroscopy for Soil Imaging Spectroscopy for Soil ApplicationsApplications
Ben-Dor1* E., Taylor R.G2., Hill J3., Demattê J.AM4., Whiting M.L5., Chabrillat, S6., and Sommer S. 7
*1 Department of Geography and Human Environment, Tel Aviv University, Israel 2 School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Science, University of New South
Wales, Sydney, Australia3 Remote Sensing Department, Faculty of Geography./Geosciences, Trier
University, Germany 4 Department of Soil Science, São Paulo University, ESALQ, Piracicaba, Brazil
5 CalSpace, University of California, Davis, California, USA. 6 GeoResearch. Center (GFZ) Potsdam, Section 1.4: Remote Sensing, Potsdam,
Germany 7 European Commission – DG Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment
and Sustainability, Ispra, Italy
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________IGARSS and 27th Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing , Denver, Colorado August 2, 2006: State of Science of Environmental Application of Imaging Spectroscopy in honor of Prof. A..Goetz
1983- AIS – Van G., and A.F.H. Goetz and J.B. Wellman 1984 Airborne Imaging Spectrometer: A new tool for remote sensing: IEEE Trans Geosciences Remote Sensing 22(6): 546-549
1984-AVIRIS 1987-GER1992-CASI1994- AISA1994-MIVIS1996- HYMAP1997- DAIS1999, 2000 - MODIS, ASTER2000-HYPERION2001-CHRIS-PROBA2003-AISA-ES2006- AVIRIS* 2007-ARES2010-EnMAP
Image Spectroscopy Image Spectroscopy –– Some Mile stones Some Mile stones
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________IGARSS and 27th Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing , Denver, Colorado August 2, 2006: State of Science of Environmental Application of Imaging Spectroscopy in honor of Prof. A..Goetz
7.6%10.6%
24.1%
0.0%
5.0%
10.0%
15.0%
20.0%
25.0%
חאזו
מ לכ למה
מאירם
1 2 3
הנש
11989 20001989 1994
From
all
pape
rs
Year
IS in Science (1)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________IGARSS and 27th Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing , Denver, Colorado August 2, 2006: State of Science of Environmental Application of Imaging Spectroscopy in honor of Prof. A..Goetz
11989 20051995 2000
IS in Science (2)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________IGARSS and 27th Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing , Denver, Colorado August 2, 2006: State of Science of Environmental Application of Imaging Spectroscopy in honor of Prof. A..Goetz
IS in IGARSS IS in IGARSS
First met with Alex
5%
Image Spectroscopy Sessions• 1990, Maryland US – 0/80= 0%
• 2006, Denver US – 7/80= 9%(not including other sessions with IS oriented issues)
RADAR & SAR sessionsRADAR & SAR sessions• 1990,Mariland US -15/120=12.5%• 2006, Denver US – 21/120=17.5%
Honor to Alex
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________IGARSS and 27th Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing , Denver, Colorado August 2, 2006: State of Science of Environmental Application of Imaging Spectroscopy in honor of Prof. A..Goetz
Soil :Soil : ""The upper layer of the earth which may be dug, plowed, The upper layer of the earth which may be dug, plowed, specifically, the loose surface material of the earth in which pspecifically, the loose surface material of the earth in which plants grow.lants grow." " (Thompson 1957)(Thompson 1957)
Claysilt sand organic mattercarbonatesiron oxideswaterparticle sizeair Return Impact
Soil is composed of
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________IGARSS and 27th Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing , Denver, Colorado August 2, 2006: State of Science of Environmental Application of Imaging Spectroscopy in honor of Prof. A..Goetz
length
width
spectral
IS:IS: The acquisition of images in hundreds of registered, contiguous The acquisition of images in hundreds of registered, contiguous spectral bands such that for each picture element it is possiblespectral bands such that for each picture element it is possible to to complete reflectance spectrum (Goetz 1994)complete reflectance spectrum (Goetz 1994)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________IGARSS and 27th Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing , Denver, Colorado August 2, 2006: State of Science of Environmental Application of Imaging Spectroscopy in honor of Prof. A..Goetz
Figure 2
Stoner, E.R. and M.F., Baumgardner, 1981. Characteristic variations in reflectance of surface soils. Soil Science Society of American Journal 45: 1161-1165
5 spectral types in USA
Main Soil Chromophores
Iron Oxides
Hygroscopic Water
Clays
OrganicMatter
Particle Size
Organic Matter
Calcite
Ben-Dor E., and A. Banin 1995b, Near infrared analysis (NIRA) as a Simultaneously method to evaluate spectral featureless constituents in soils., Soil Science 159:259-269
Soil Spectroscopy Soil Spectroscopy
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________IGARSS and 27th Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing , Denver, Colorado August 2, 2006: State of Science of Environmental Application of Imaging Spectroscopy in honor of Prof. A..Goetz
Spectral Assignments for Soil Constituents Soil Soil ChromophoresChromophores
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________IGARSS and 27th Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing , Denver, Colorado August 2, 2006: State of Science of Environmental Application of Imaging Spectroscopy in honor of Prof. A..Goetz
MLRA 9
MLRA 67
MLRA 77
MLRA 105
Matter properties expressed as a linear function of its reflectance spectral data:Principal components methodology
1301119119300130130 1 XXXXX ebCby ++=
Cheng-Wen et al. (2001)
Quantitative Method for spectral based matter properties (1) Quantitative Method for spectral based matter properties (1)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________IGARSS and 27th Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing , Denver, Colorado August 2, 2006: State of Science of Environmental Application of Imaging Spectroscopy in honor of Prof. A..Goetz
Quantitative Method for spectral based material properties (2)Quantitative Method for spectral based material properties (2)
Ben-Gera, I., and K.H. Norris, 1968, Determination of moisture content in soybeans by direct spectrophotometry. Israeli Journal of Agriculture Research. 18:124-132.
First developed for Food Sceince:
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________IGARSS and 27th Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing , Denver, Colorado August 2, 2006: State of Science of Environmental Application of Imaging Spectroscopy in honor of Prof. A..Goetz
NIRS is a chemomtrics method where NIR-SWIR spectral region is used to predict chemical constituents of a given matter.
NIRS NIRS Dalal, R.C., and R.J. Henry. 1986. Simultaneous determination of moisture, organic carbon and total nitrogen by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy. Soil Science Society of America Journal 50:120-12
Quantitative Method for spectral based SOIL properties Quantitative Method for spectral based SOIL properties
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________IGARSS and 27th Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing , Denver, Colorado August 2, 2006: State of Science of Environmental Application of Imaging Spectroscopy in honor of Prof. A..Goetz
Soil- NIRS summary • Malley D. Martin P.D. and E. Ben-Dor., 2004, Application in
Analysis of Soils. Chapter 26 In Near Infrared Spectroscopy in Agriculture. Craig R., Windham R., and Workman J., (eds). A three Societies Monograph (ASA, SSSA, CSSA) 44: 729-784.
• Viscarra Rossel R.A.., D.J.J Walvoort, A.B. McBratney, L.J. Janikand J.O. Skjemstad 2005 Visible, near infrared, mid infrared or combined diffuse reflectance spectroscopy for simultaneous assessment of various soil properties Geoderma 131:59-75.
• Demattê, J.A.M., Campos, R. C., Alves, M. C., Fiorio, P. R. and Nanni, M. R. 2004c. Visible-NIR reflectance: a new approach on soil evaluation. Geoderma, 121: 95-112.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________IGARSS and 27th Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing , Denver, Colorado August 2, 2006: State of Science of Environmental Application of Imaging Spectroscopy in honor of Prof. A..Goetz
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________IGARSS and 27th Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing , Denver, Colorado August 2, 2006: State of Science of Environmental Application of Imaging Spectroscopy in honor of Prof. A..Goetz
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________IGARSS and 27th Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing , Denver, Colorado August 2, 2006: State of Science of Environmental Application of Imaging Spectroscopy in honor of Prof. A..Goetz
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________IGARSS and 27th Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing , Denver, Colorado August 2, 2006: State of Science of Environmental Application of Imaging Spectroscopy in honor of Prof. A..Goetz
ConclusionsConclusions
• Soil Spectra consists of many interesting chromophores
• Quantitative analysis of soil spectra is possible (NIRS)
• Soil is a complex system
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________IGARSS and 27th Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing , Denver, Colorado August 2, 2006: State of Science of Environmental Application of Imaging Spectroscopy in honor of Prof. A..Goetz
Idea: to apply NIRS or related methods to Idea: to apply NIRS or related methods to precision agriculture domain precision agriculture domain
Idea
s rat
her a
pplic
atio
ns
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________IGARSS and 27th Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing , Denver, Colorado August 2, 2006: State of Science of Environmental Application of Imaging Spectroscopy in honor of Prof. A..Goetz
Idea: to apply NIRSIdea: to apply NIRSor related methods for RS dataor related methods for RS data
Question (1) : Does NIRS work within 6 bands? Answer (1) : Yes
(Ben-Dor E., and A. Banin, 1995c, Quantitative analysis of convolved TM spectra of soils in the visible, near infrared and short-wave infrared spectral regions (0.4-2.5mm). International Journal of Remote Sensing 18:3509-3528).
Question (2) : Does TM- NIRS work?Answer (2) : Yes
(Nanni, M.R. and Demattê, J.A.M. 2006. Spectral reflectance methodology in Comparison to traditional soil analysis. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 70:393-407).
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________IGARSS and 27th Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing , Denver, Colorado August 2, 2006: State of Science of Environmental Application of Imaging Spectroscopy in honor of Prof. A..Goetz
NIRS in 6 TM bandsNIRS in 6 TM bands
Ben-Dor E. and A. Banin, 1995, Quantitative analysis of convolved TM spectra of soils in the visible, near infrared and short-wave infrared spectral regions (0.4-2.5mm). International Journal of Remote Sensing,18:3509-3528.
Question (1)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________IGARSS and 27th Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing , Denver, Colorado August 2, 2006: State of Science of Environmental Application of Imaging Spectroscopy in honor of Prof. A..Goetz
Landsat-5, TM
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
1 2 3 4 5 7 TM Bands
Ref
lect
ance
fact
or (%
) CD1CD2LV1LV2PV1TE1TE2LV2
Hight intensity variation
Loss intensity variation
Spectral curves
High iron and clay contents
Low iron and sandy soil
30 m
30 mNanni and Demattê (2005)
Soil Mapping from Orbit using TMSoil Mapping from Orbit using TMQuestion (2)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________IGARSS and 27th Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing , Denver, Colorado August 2, 2006: State of Science of Environmental Application of Imaging Spectroscopy in honor of Prof. A..Goetz
Idea: to apply NIRSIdea: to apply NIRSor related methods for HRS dataor related methods for HRS data
Question (3) : Does NIRS work within real IS data? Answer (3) : Yes
(Ben-Dor E., K. Patkin, A. Banin and A. Karnieli 2002b, Mapping of several soil properties using DAIS-7915 hyperspectral scanner data. A case study over clayey soils in Israel. International Journal of Remote Sensing 23:1043-1062)
Question (4) : Is it straight forward? Answer (4) : No
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________IGARSS and 27th Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing , Denver, Colorado August 2, 2006: State of Science of Environmental Application of Imaging Spectroscopy in honor of Prof. A..Goetz
NIRS on IS (1) NIRS on IS (1) Ben-Dor et al., 2004
Vegetation Question (3)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________IGARSS and 27th Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing , Denver, Colorado August 2, 2006: State of Science of Environmental Application of Imaging Spectroscopy in honor of Prof. A..Goetz
N
c
60
km
3
EC
OM
SM
PM
Ben-Dor et al., 2004
NIRS on IS (2) NIRS on IS (2) Question (3)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________IGARSS and 27th Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing , Denver, Colorado August 2, 2006: State of Science of Environmental Application of Imaging Spectroscopy in honor of Prof. A..Goetz
Why it is not (yet) straight forward?Why it is not (yet) straight forward?
• Atmospheric attenuation: requires perfect removal of atmospheric chromophors
(Ben-Dor E.,. Kindel B. and A.F.H Goetz 2004 Quality Assessment of Several Methods to Recover Surface Reflectance I using Synthetic Imaging Spectroscopy (IS) Data, Remote Sensing of Environment 90: 389-404)
• Signal to Noise: NIRS requires high SNR data base(Kruse F.A. Comparison of AVIRIS and Hyperion for Hyperspectral Mineral MappingIn proceedings 11th JPL Airborne Geoscience Workshop, 4-8 March 2002,
Pasadena, CA, Jet Propulsion Laboratory Publication 03
• Subsurface detection: Still problematic, Requires supplementation from other methods
(Heller D., and Ben-Dor E. 2006, A Novel Method of Classifying Soil Profiles in the Field Using Optical Mean Soil Science Society of American Journal
Question (4)- NO
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________IGARSS and 27th Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing , Denver, Colorado August 2, 2006: State of Science of Environmental Application of Imaging Spectroscopy in honor of Prof. A..Goetz
Quantitative IS of soil properties Quantitative IS of soil properties
• Soil Salinity: (gypsum, sodium)• Soil properties: (iron oxides, organic
matter, clay, carbonates)• Soil infiltration: (crust, classes)• Soil Formation: (clay, iron oxides)• Soil Contamination: (heavy metals)• Soil Moisture: (H2O)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________IGARSS and 27th Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing , Denver, Colorado August 2, 2006: State of Science of Environmental Application of Imaging Spectroscopy in honor of Prof. A..Goetz
Soil Salinity (1)Soil Salinity (1)Dehaan and Taylor 2003
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________IGARSS and 27th Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing , Denver, Colorado August 2, 2006: State of Science of Environmental Application of Imaging Spectroscopy in honor of Prof. A..Goetz
a b
Soil Salinity (2)Soil Salinity (2)Ben-Dor et al., 2004
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________IGARSS and 27th Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing , Denver, Colorado August 2, 2006: State of Science of Environmental Application of Imaging Spectroscopy in honor of Prof. A..Goetz
הים התיכון
הדי ונההגד ולה
מחצבת חול
וכו רכ ר
שטח מיוש ר לבנייה
12
3 4
5
67
8
9
10
11
14
15
16 1
7
12
13
2121
2021
19
18
2221
AshdodcityBeach
BlowoutDune in slacksDeflation zoneBare dunesOther
Sand samples
LandsatLandsat CASICASI
Iron oxides as indicator for soil formation Iron oxides as indicator for soil formation
clay
Iron
Oxi
des
Soil Formation Soil Formation Ben-Dor et al., 2005
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________IGARSS and 27th Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing , Denver, Colorado August 2, 2006: State of Science of Environmental Application of Imaging Spectroscopy in honor of Prof. A..Goetz
1st D
eriv
ativ
e
Re f
lec t
anc e
Clay Accumulation
2.2um 1.7um
Particle Size Changes
Crust I
Crust I Crust I
Crust I
Clay
w
asho
ut
fine particle
coarse particleHigh clay
Low clay
0 joule 1842 joule650 joule
Soil Infiltration and Erosion : Physical Crust (1)Soil Infiltration and Erosion : Physical Crust (1)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________IGARSS and 27th Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing , Denver, Colorado August 2, 2006: State of Science of Environmental Application of Imaging Spectroscopy in honor of Prof. A..Goetz
ABD
C
Vegetation
high low
NBen-Dor et al., 2004
Soil Infiltration and Erosion : Physical Crust (2)Soil Infiltration and Erosion : Physical Crust (2)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________IGARSS and 27th Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing , Denver, Colorado August 2, 2006: State of Science of Environmental Application of Imaging Spectroscopy in honor of Prof. A..Goetz
: Map of four soil degradation (erosion) classes derived from AVIRIS data over S-France (I: undisturbed, II: slightly degraded, III: severely degraded - classes IV and V refer to exposed bedrock of marls and limestone) (after Hill et al., 1995).
Soil Erosion Soil Erosion
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________IGARSS and 27th Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing , Denver, Colorado August 2, 2006: State of Science of Environmental Application of Imaging Spectroscopy in honor of Prof. A..Goetz
400420440460480500520540560580600
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
1-LR2-LR
3-LR4-LR
5-LE6-PE
7-Liv
vv
v
v
vv
vv
v vv
vv v
v
v
v
vv
v
v
v
v
vv
vv
v
vvv
vv
v
vv
vvv
v v
vv v
- --- ------- - --- -- ---- -
- -----
8-Al
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
350 438 523 606 686 764 839 912 983 1068 1230 1392 1549 1700 1889 2129 2366
"1A" "1B" "1C"
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
350 438 523 606 686 764 839 912 983 1068 1230 1392 1549 1700 1889 2129 2366
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
350 438 523 606 686 764 839 912 983 1068 1230 1392 1549 1700 1889 2129 2366
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
350 438 523 606 686 764 839 912 983 1068 1230 1392 1549 1700 1889 2129 2366
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
350 438 523 606 686 764 839 912 983 1068 1230 1392 1549 1700 1889 2129 2366
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
350 438 523 606 686 764 839 912 983 1068 1230 1392 1549 1700 1889 2129 2366
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
350 438 523 606 686 764 839 912 983 1068 1230 1392 1549 1700 1889 2129 2366
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
350 438 523 606 686 764 839 912 983 1068 1230 1392 1549 1700 1889 2129 2366
Basaltic rocks
-v
v
v
Shale
Distance, m
Alti
tud,
m
.
Depth A (0-20 cm)_______
Depth B (40-60 cm)______
Depth C (80-100 cm) _____
Soil Soil ToposequenceToposequence (from field spectroscopy) (from field spectroscopy)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________IGARSS and 27th Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing , Denver, Colorado August 2, 2006: State of Science of Environmental Application of Imaging Spectroscopy in honor of Prof. A..Goetz
Gonçalves et al. (2005)
Clay CEC
Sand SiltSoil Properties Soil Properties
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________IGARSS and 27th Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing , Denver, Colorado August 2, 2006: State of Science of Environmental Application of Imaging Spectroscopy in honor of Prof. A..Goetz
Detailed soil map constructed by traditional methods
Detailed soil map constructed by aerial photographs and
spectral radiometry data
Soil mapping from field spectroscopy Soil mapping from field spectroscopy
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________IGARSS and 27th Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing , Denver, Colorado August 2, 2006: State of Science of Environmental Application of Imaging Spectroscopy in honor of Prof. A..Goetz
Soil Age Soil Age
Cruvi et al., 2006
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________IGARSS and 27th Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing , Denver, Colorado August 2, 2006: State of Science of Environmental Application of Imaging Spectroscopy in honor of Prof. A..Goetz
0 As [ppm] 370
Residual Sludge
Potential Acidification Risk
Arsenic Contamination
Calcite-Buffering Need
0 CaCO3 [g/kg] 90
0 H2SO4 [g/kg] 120
0 Weight [g/kg] 140
Lead Contamination
0 Pb [ppm] 2500
Soil Contamination Soil Contamination Kemper and Sommer (2002, 2003)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________IGARSS and 27th Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing , Denver, Colorado August 2, 2006: State of Science of Environmental Application of Imaging Spectroscopy in honor of Prof. A..Goetz
30
40
50
2000 2100 2200 2300 2400
Wavelength, nm
Ref
lect
ance
, %
SmectiteKaoliniteSmectite/Illite
a b
Swelling SoilSwelling Soil
Chabrillat and Goetz, 1999, 2006
Chabrillat et al., 2002
Goetz et al., 2001
b
SmectiteIllite/SmectiteKaoliniteNo clay
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________IGARSS and 27th Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing , Denver, Colorado August 2, 2006: State of Science of Environmental Application of Imaging Spectroscopy in honor of Prof. A..Goetz
Soil MoistureSoil Moisture
1.4μm1.9μm
Water is significant chromophors
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________IGARSS and 27th Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing , Denver, Colorado August 2, 2006: State of Science of Environmental Application of Imaging Spectroscopy in honor of Prof. A..Goetz
Soil ClaySoil Clay (Montmorillonite) and Relative Humidity
slope
OH-clayOH-water OH-water
Ben-Dor et al 1999
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________IGARSS and 27th Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing , Denver, Colorado August 2, 2006: State of Science of Environmental Application of Imaging Spectroscopy in honor of Prof. A..Goetz
Clayey Soil and Soil Moisture
Bowers and Hanks, 1965
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________IGARSS and 27th Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing , Denver, Colorado August 2, 2006: State of Science of Environmental Application of Imaging Spectroscopy in honor of Prof. A..Goetz
Rd
σ
λi
λ0
A
++ ++
++++++
+++
+ +
+
+
OH- Fundamental
Whiting et al., 2004
Inverted Gaussian function is fitted to the fundamental water absorption center at 2800 nm to the convex hull boundary points of a logarithmic transformed SWIR region
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________IGARSS and 27th Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing , Denver, Colorado August 2, 2006: State of Science of Environmental Application of Imaging Spectroscopy in honor of Prof. A..Goetz
Water ContentRed <1%
Green <2%Blue <5%
Yellow <10%Cyan <15%
Magenta <20%Sea Green <32%
Purple >32%Black = Vegetated
or No Data
Water ContentRed <1%
Green <2%Blue <5%
Yellow <10%Cyan <15%
Magenta <20%Sea Green <32%
Purple >32%Black = Vegetated
or No Data
Whiting (unpublished results)
Soil Water content Soil Water content
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________IGARSS and 27th Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing , Denver, Colorado August 2, 2006: State of Science of Environmental Application of Imaging Spectroscopy in honor of Prof. A..Goetz
N
S
EW
N
S
EW
a b
Haubrock et al., 2006b
Soil Water content Soil Water content
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________IGARSS and 27th Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing , Denver, Colorado August 2, 2006: State of Science of Environmental Application of Imaging Spectroscopy in honor of Prof. A..Goetz
Merge with other remote sensing Merge with other remote sensing technique technique
Surface Gypsum Correlated with 60 cm depth EC
y = 0.3568x - 1.98R2 = 0.9566
0102030405060708090
0 50 100 150 200 250
Surface CaSO4 (meq/l)
60 c
m d
epth
EC
(ds/
m)
Field Spectroscopy
Salinity as an Example
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________IGARSS and 27th Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing , Denver, Colorado August 2, 2006: State of Science of Environmental Application of Imaging Spectroscopy in honor of Prof. A..Goetz
East Line
Buried River
Field GPRField GPR
Salinity as an Example
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________IGARSS and 27th Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing , Denver, Colorado August 2, 2006: State of Science of Environmental Application of Imaging Spectroscopy in honor of Prof. A..Goetz
Soil map production Soil map production Air photograph
Soil map
IS
λRNIRS
Ben-Dor and Heller , Submitted to SSSAJ
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________IGARSS and 27th Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing , Denver, Colorado August 2, 2006: State of Science of Environmental Application of Imaging Spectroscopy in honor of Prof. A..Goetz
Vision: IS should be commercially and Vision: IS should be commercially and economically operated (rather than economically operated (rather than onlyonly
scientifically used)scientifically used)
Example: NIRS Commercially Covers: food, textile, tobacco, pharmacological, medicine, vegetation, soil and more….
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________IGARSS and 27th Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing , Denver, Colorado August 2, 2006: State of Science of Environmental Application of Imaging Spectroscopy in honor of Prof. A..Goetz
Quantitative Reflectance Spectroscopy (1) Quantitative Reflectance Spectroscopy (1)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________IGARSS and 27th Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing , Denver, Colorado August 2, 2006: State of Science of Environmental Application of Imaging Spectroscopy in honor of Prof. A..Goetz
Quantitative Reflectance Spectroscopy (2) Quantitative Reflectance Spectroscopy (2)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________IGARSS and 27th Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing , Denver, Colorado August 2, 2006: State of Science of Environmental Application of Imaging Spectroscopy in honor of Prof. A..Goetz
Vision (1)Vision (1)
Ben-Dor E., Taylor R.G., Hill J., Demattê J.AM., Whiting M.L., Chabrillat, S., and Sommer S. 2006 Imaging Spectrometry for Soil Applications
…………By means of this paper, we will have the privilege of making the entire soil science community aware of this important field and saying: ““(Soil) Imaging (Soil) Imaging Analysis: Time for the Giant Wake up Call". Analysis: Time for the Giant Wake up Call".
A paper based on this presentation submitted to the special issue of :
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________IGARSS and 27th Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing , Denver, Colorado August 2, 2006: State of Science of Environmental Application of Imaging Spectroscopy in honor of Prof. A..Goetz
similaritiesIS -NIRS
NIRS• 1968- Ben-Gera and Norrish (first paper)
• 1987- Davies paper (let the giant…)
• 2000- Commercially operated
IS• 1984- Van and Goetz (first paper)
• 2006-Ben-Dor’s paper (let the giant..)
• 2010- Commercially operated
19 y
ears
13 y
ears
22 y
ears
14 y
ears
Vision (2) Vision (2)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________IGARSS and 27th Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing , Denver, Colorado August 2, 2006: State of Science of Environmental Application of Imaging Spectroscopy in honor of Prof. A..Goetz
Conclusion remarks Conclusion remarks • The Imaging Spectroscopy has reached a point of no return….
• Imaging Spectroscopy in the soil environment has a bright future…..
• Commercializing Imaging spectroscopy for soil and other applications may be a key for success….
• A new Journal covering Imaging Spectroscopy applications (such as NIRJ for NIRS) is missing: We suggest to establish a new journal entitled : Journal of Imaging Spectroscopy
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________IGARSS and 27th Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing , Denver, Colorado August 2, 2006: State of Science of Environmental Application of Imaging Spectroscopy in honor of Prof. A..Goetz
We thank Alex for opening the ISWe thank Alex for opening the IS window for the scientific community window for the scientific community and hope to see in IGARSS 2015 >20% and hope to see in IGARSS 2015 >20% of the sessions of the sessions -- IS orientedIS oriented…….. ..
We thank all of you for your attentionWe thank all of you for your attention