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Immunostaining & data analysis Shujing Li ION, SIBS, CAS 20141127

Immunostaining data analysis - INSTITUTE OF Advantages –Hi‐resolution, easy to double/triple label –Better subcellular detail –Can be used with 3D microscopy/live imaging •

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Page 1: Immunostaining data analysis - INSTITUTE OF Advantages –Hi‐resolution, easy to double/triple label –Better subcellular detail –Can be used with 3D microscopy/live imaging •

Immunostaining& data analysis

Shujing LiION, SIBS, CAS20141127

Page 2: Immunostaining data analysis - INSTITUTE OF Advantages –Hi‐resolution, easy to double/triple label –Better subcellular detail –Can be used with 3D microscopy/live imaging •

Immunostaining• Detect specific molecules in cells / tissues

– proteins, peptides, sugars, lipids, etc.

• based on antibody‐antigen recognition– Specificity– Sensitivity

WHY do immunostaining?• Where

Spatial location – e.g. specific brain nuclei, subcellular localization

• When

Cellular events – e.g. apoptosis

• Cell type‐specific biomarkers

e.g. CD4, CD8 T‐cells, NK, Macrophages, Mast Cells, etc.

• Levels or efficiency of expression

Page 3: Immunostaining data analysis - INSTITUTE OF Advantages –Hi‐resolution, easy to double/triple label –Better subcellular detail –Can be used with 3D microscopy/live imaging •

Compare immunostaining, WB vs ELISA

Immunostaining WB ELISA

Sensitivity

Specificity

Quantitative

Localization

Page 4: Immunostaining data analysis - INSTITUTE OF Advantages –Hi‐resolution, easy to double/triple label –Better subcellular detail –Can be used with 3D microscopy/live imaging •

Immunostaining workflowIHC: Immunohistochemisry

Blocking

1st Ab

2nd Ab

Staining with substrates Mounting 

Antigen retrievalPermeabilization

FixationEmbedding

ICC: Immunocytochemistry

IF: Immunofluorescence

Immuno‐elelctron microscopy

Page 5: Immunostaining data analysis - INSTITUTE OF Advantages –Hi‐resolution, easy to double/triple label –Better subcellular detail –Can be used with 3D microscopy/live imaging •

FixationGoals of fixation

1. Prevent autolysis by rapidly terminating

enzymatic/metabolic activities

2. Preserve tissue structures while stabilizing and hardening the tissue for processing.

3. Prevent bacterial decomposition

Key factors affecting chemical fixation1. Osmolality, pH, temperature 2. Concentration of fixative3. Incubation time4. Tissue type5. Size of specimen: No more than  4mm thick(fixative penetration)

A: 1 hour (approximately 0.8 mm penetration), B: 2 hours (approximately 1.2 mm penetration), C: 4 hours (approximately 1.6 mm penetration) and D: 8 hours (approximately 2.2 mm penetration)

Page 6: Immunostaining data analysis - INSTITUTE OF Advantages –Hi‐resolution, easy to double/triple label –Better subcellular detail –Can be used with 3D microscopy/live imaging •

Fixatives‐Aldehydes(formaldehyde 甲醛, glutaraldehyde戊二醛)‐Oxidizing agents, metallic ions and complexes(osmium tetroxide 四氧化锇, chromic acid 铬酸, Zn)‐Protein‐denaturing agents(acetic acid 乙酸, methanol 甲醇, ethanol 乙醇, acetone 丙酮)

氯化汞,重铬酸钾

Page 7: Immunostaining data analysis - INSTITUTE OF Advantages –Hi‐resolution, easy to double/triple label –Better subcellular detail –Can be used with 3D microscopy/live imaging •

Effect of fixative on immunostaining patterns 

http://www.leicabiosystems.com/pathologyleaders/fixation‐and‐fixatives‐4‐popular‐fixative‐solutions/

Page 8: Immunostaining data analysis - INSTITUTE OF Advantages –Hi‐resolution, easy to double/triple label –Better subcellular detail –Can be used with 3D microscopy/live imaging •

EmbeddingParaffin (wax) sections Cryostat (frozen) sections

Storage Multiple years at room temperature 1 year at ‐80 

Morphology Preserve tissue morphology and subcellular structure well (but brain & spinal cord may shrink)

Ice crystals may affect tissue structure

Antigen preservation Antigen masking, often need antigen retrieval

Preserve antigen (but also retain enzyme activity)

Protocols  Multiple proceduredehydrate & rehydrate

Time‐saving

Page 9: Immunostaining data analysis - INSTITUTE OF Advantages –Hi‐resolution, easy to double/triple label –Better subcellular detail –Can be used with 3D microscopy/live imaging •

Antigen retrieval• Proteolytic‐Induced Epitope Retrieval (PIER): Enzymatic digestion  

• Heat‐Induced Epitope Retrieval (HIER): Microwave, Pressure cooking

Emoto et al., J Histochem Cytochem, 2005

Effects of pH on heat‐induced antigen retrieval

Page 10: Immunostaining data analysis - INSTITUTE OF Advantages –Hi‐resolution, easy to double/triple label –Better subcellular detail –Can be used with 3D microscopy/live imaging •

Permeabilization(if detecting an intracellular target)

Sang Hyoung Lee,…Morgan Sheng, Neuron, 2004 

Page 11: Immunostaining data analysis - INSTITUTE OF Advantages –Hi‐resolution, easy to double/triple label –Better subcellular detail –Can be used with 3D microscopy/live imaging •

Blocking• Blocking non‐specific binding of antibodies

‐BSA or a serum matching the species of 2nd Ab• Biotin blocking: avidin and biotin • Peroxidase blocking: H2O2 • Alkaline phosphatase blocking: levisamole• Autofluorescence blocking: 

‐Glycine/lysine or sodium borohydride to block aldehydes‐Use frozen tissue sections

• Blocking cross‐reactive antigens (Mouse on Mouse, 2nd Ab binding to endogenous mouse IgG and to Fc receptors)‐Unconjugated anti‐mouse IgG (H+L)‐Using F(ab) monomeric secondary antibodies

Page 12: Immunostaining data analysis - INSTITUTE OF Advantages –Hi‐resolution, easy to double/triple label –Better subcellular detail –Can be used with 3D microscopy/live imaging •

Primary antibodiesPolyclonal – a mixture of multiple antibodies recognizing different epitopes of the antigen

Monoclonal – identical copies of the same unique antibody. Recognizes only a single epitope

HOW to prove an antibody is specific and efficient? Negative control: no 1st Ab, KO or knock‐down samples, region‐specific pattern Positive control: overexpression samples, region‐specific pattern Antigen absorptionOther evidence: WB etc.

Page 13: Immunostaining data analysis - INSTITUTE OF Advantages –Hi‐resolution, easy to double/triple label –Better subcellular detail –Can be used with 3D microscopy/live imaging •

No signalIf positive control not work:  protocol, solution, tissue/cell sample, 2nd AbIf positive control work: 1st Ab concentration, ABC or TSA amplification, antigen retrieval

High backgroundIf negative control also have signal/background: blocking, dry, staining with substrates too longIf negative control have no signal/background: blocking, 1st Ab concentration

Page 14: Immunostaining data analysis - INSTITUTE OF Advantages –Hi‐resolution, easy to double/triple label –Better subcellular detail –Can be used with 3D microscopy/live imaging •

Secondary antibodies & substratesFluorescence dyes: ALEXA dyes, Rhodamine, Cy5, etc.HRP (horseradish peroxidase), DABAP (Alkaline phosphatase), NBT/BCIP

Polymer method

Page 15: Immunostaining data analysis - INSTITUTE OF Advantages –Hi‐resolution, easy to double/triple label –Better subcellular detail –Can be used with 3D microscopy/live imaging •

TSA: Tyramide Signal Amplification

Page 16: Immunostaining data analysis - INSTITUTE OF Advantages –Hi‐resolution, easy to double/triple label –Better subcellular detail –Can be used with 3D microscopy/live imaging •

Mounting• Fluorescent imaging

Aqueous mounting media (hydrophilic), anti‐fading, glycerol

• Enzymatic label / chromogen combinationsOrganic mounting media (hydrophobic)

Substrates and chromogens for IHC

Page 17: Immunostaining data analysis - INSTITUTE OF Advantages –Hi‐resolution, easy to double/triple label –Better subcellular detail –Can be used with 3D microscopy/live imaging •

Lasers & Fluorescent dyeslasers

Dye Ex Peak(nm)

Em Peak(nm)

DAPI (nucleus) 358 461GFP 470 509

Alexa 488 495 519FITC 495 519

Propidium Iodide (nucleus) 536 617Alexa 568 578 603

TRITC 547 572Cy3 550 570

Texas Red 595 615Alexa 633 632 647

TOTO-3, TOPRO-3 (Nucleus) 642 660Cy5 650 670

500

600

700

488

543

633

405Immunofluorescence• Advantages– Hi‐resolution, easy to double/triple label– Better subcellular detail– Can be used with 3D microscopy/live imaging• Disadvantages– Background autofluorescence– Lack of surrounding tissue/cellular detail– Not permanent

Commonly used fluorescent molecules• Nuclear stains: DAPI, PI, TOPRO, TOTO…• Calcium indicators: Fura, Fluo• Membrane dyes: DiI, DiO• Synaptic vesicle labels: FM1‐43, FM4‐64• Organelle marker: MitoTracker• Cytoskeleton marker: Phalloidin (F‐actin)

Page 18: Immunostaining data analysis - INSTITUTE OF Advantages –Hi‐resolution, easy to double/triple label –Better subcellular detail –Can be used with 3D microscopy/live imaging •

Color vs Brightness

Page 19: Immunostaining data analysis - INSTITUTE OF Advantages –Hi‐resolution, easy to double/triple label –Better subcellular detail –Can be used with 3D microscopy/live imaging •

Image quantitative analysisIntensity information from immunostaining images are RELATIVE (not absolute) and NON‐LINEARQuantitative analysis only work on high‐quality images

Page 20: Immunostaining data analysis - INSTITUTE OF Advantages –Hi‐resolution, easy to double/triple label –Better subcellular detail –Can be used with 3D microscopy/live imaging •

Before start…Experiment design• Always include a CONTROL in each experiment: eg. GFP transfection, neighboring untransfected neuron, untreated neuronal culture, vehicle (DMSO, EtOH), depending on your sample and your hypothesis

• Co‐process all samples simultaneously: data is relative and not absolute

• Make master mixes for antibodies when possible

• Multiple samples of each treatment per experiment, repeated in multiple experiments (at least 3, but COMPLETE one full experiment before repeating: your experiment design usually needs to be retuned unless you are a GENIUS)

Page 21: Immunostaining data analysis - INSTITUTE OF Advantages –Hi‐resolution, easy to double/triple label –Better subcellular detail –Can be used with 3D microscopy/live imaging •

• Keep all acquisition parameters constant (Laser intensity, Detector gain, Objective, Light path, Zoom, Frame size, Averaging / Scanning speed, Pinhole size, Projection, number of layers)

• Collect images on same day if possible (fading problems, exact same microscope settings etc)

• Beginners: re‐check parameters of images throughout experiment even if you did not actively change anything

• Blind‐code all data on acquisition (good habit, very important for qualitative analyses)

• Always keep unprocessed original image (data can be reanalyzed years later, as long as you have the original data with all the controls)

Collecting images for quantitative analysis

Page 22: Immunostaining data analysis - INSTITUTE OF Advantages –Hi‐resolution, easy to double/triple label –Better subcellular detail –Can be used with 3D microscopy/live imaging •

Data analysis

• Number (cell number, branch tip number, spine number)• Length (dendrite length, spine neck & diameter)• Area • Intensity • Co‐localization

Page 23: Immunostaining data analysis - INSTITUTE OF Advantages –Hi‐resolution, easy to double/triple label –Better subcellular detail –Can be used with 3D microscopy/live imaging •

Example 1: what’s the density of spine?  Number/length  

Page 24: Immunostaining data analysis - INSTITUTE OF Advantages –Hi‐resolution, easy to double/triple label –Better subcellular detail –Can be used with 3D microscopy/live imaging •

Example 2: How does activity affect the expression of TF in neurons? 

neuron markerAlexa 568

TFAlexa 488

Page 25: Immunostaining data analysis - INSTITUTE OF Advantages –Hi‐resolution, easy to double/triple label –Better subcellular detail –Can be used with 3D microscopy/live imaging •
Page 26: Immunostaining data analysis - INSTITUTE OF Advantages –Hi‐resolution, easy to double/triple label –Better subcellular detail –Can be used with 3D microscopy/live imaging •
Page 27: Immunostaining data analysis - INSTITUTE OF Advantages –Hi‐resolution, easy to double/triple label –Better subcellular detail –Can be used with 3D microscopy/live imaging •

Application in neurosciencesFluorescence activated cell sorter (FACS) Immuno‐electron microscopy

Page 28: Immunostaining data analysis - INSTITUTE OF Advantages –Hi‐resolution, easy to double/triple label –Better subcellular detail –Can be used with 3D microscopy/live imaging •

Application in neurosciencesFluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)

Page 29: Immunostaining data analysis - INSTITUTE OF Advantages –Hi‐resolution, easy to double/triple label –Better subcellular detail –Can be used with 3D microscopy/live imaging •

Jianbo Xiu,…Hailan Hu, Nat Neurosci., 2014 

Tyramide‐amplified IHC–FISH (TAI‐FISH)

Page 30: Immunostaining data analysis - INSTITUTE OF Advantages –Hi‐resolution, easy to double/triple label –Better subcellular detail –Can be used with 3D microscopy/live imaging •
Page 31: Immunostaining data analysis - INSTITUTE OF Advantages –Hi‐resolution, easy to double/triple label –Better subcellular detail –Can be used with 3D microscopy/live imaging •