Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
2011/9/30
1
9/30/2011 [email protected] 1
Impact of 3R-Related Policies
on Resource Management
Anthony SF Chiu Professor, De La Salle University
Chair, Asia Pacific Roundtable for SCP
Sep 11, 2011 Bangkok, Thailand
Outline of the Presentation
1. Introduction of SPGESCP
2. Missing Link – 3R flow
3. Need for connecting 3R and
impact on Policy Options
2011/9/30
2
3
Second: Reuse
Use items repeatedly.
Landfill disposal
Third: Material Recycling
Recycle items which cannot
be reused as raw materials.
First: Reduction
Reduce waste, by-products, etc.
Fifth: Proper Disposal
Dispose of items which cannot
be used by any means.
Fourth: Thermal Recycling
Recover heat from items which
have no alternatives but
incineration and which cannot
be recycled materially.
Treatment
(Recycling, Incineration, etc.)
Natural Resources
Input
If the above-mentioned order seems not to contribute to the reduction of the environmental load, exceptions are permitted so that different orders can be adopted.
Production
(Manufacturing, Distribution, etc.)
Consumption
Discarding
Japan info slides are sourced from Jiro Hiratsuka, MOEJ 2004
Philippine Macro economic Profile
Indicators 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
GDP (billion PhP,
current prices) 6,031 6,649 7,409 7,679 8,513
GDP (growth %,
constant 1985
prices)
5.3 7.1 3.7 1.1 7.3
Agriculture 3.8 4.9 3.1 0.0 -0.5
Industry 4.5 6.8 4.9 -0.9 12.1
Services 6.5 8.1 3.1 2.8 7.1
Investment (million PhP)
357,003 385,804 464,221 314,114 -
Local (%) 53.5 44.5 60.6 61.2 - Foreign (%) 46.5 55.5 39.4 38.8 -
- The Philippine economy grew over the past five years, but not as intense as
other Asian countries.
- The services sector appears to be have sustained the economic growth of the
country.
- Investments are weak, specifically foreign investment in 2009. NSCB, 2011; DTI, 2010
2011/9/30
3
Socio-economic Indicators Indicators 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Employment rate
(%, January) 91.9 92.2 92.6 92.3 92.7
Underemployment
(%, January) 21.3 21.5 18.9 18.2 19.7
CPI (2000=100) 137.9 141.8 155.0 160.0 166.1
Inflation rate (%) 6.2 2.8 9.3 3.2 3.8
GNI per capita
(US$, current rate) 1,310 1,510 1,770 1,860 2,050
GNI per capita,
PPP (current
international $)
3,220 3,490 3,670 3,670 3,930
Gini coefficient 0.4580 - - 0.4484 -
- Employment rate show no signs of improvement for the past years.
Underemployment is also significant.
- Inflation is high and can be a threat to growth.
- The Gini coefficient remained high.
NSCB, 2011; WB, 2011; UN Human Development Report 2009
GDP & Employment by Economic Sector
Economic
Sector
GDP Share (%)
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Agriculture 18.79 18.40 18.31 18.11 16.79
Industry 32.51 32.42 32.78 32.13 33.55
Services 48.71 49.18 48.92 49.75 49.66
Economic
Sector
Employment Share (%)
Jan-06 Jan-07 Jan-08 Jan-09 2010
Agriculture 36.54 31.85 35.00 34.57 33.20
Industry 15.07 13.62 14.78 14.17 15.00
Services 48.38 54.53 50.22 51.25 51.80
- In terms of output, the services sector contributes roughly half of the GDP of
the Philippines, followed by the industry and agriculture. [S > I > A]
- In terms of livelihood, the services sector generates the most job followed by
agriculture and industry. [S > A > I]
NSCB, 2011; NSO, 2011
2011/9/30
4
Investment by Economic Sector
Economic
Sector
Investments Share (%)
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Agriculture 0.33 1.33 0.48 0.54 0.91
Industry 78.04 60.89 68.61 55.13 59.46
Services 21.62 37.78 30.90 44.33 39.62
In terms of investments, investment in the industry sector is on the decline, but
still contributes the largest share. [I > S > A]
DTI, 2010
Philippine Development Plan 2011-2016
• PDP 2011-2016 emphasizes inclusive growth: “sustained
growth that creates jobs, draws the majority into the
economic and social mainstream, and continuously reduces
mass poverty”
• Vision for the Philippines in relation to economy,
environment and society: “an organized and widely-shared
rapid expansion of our economy through a government
dedicated to honing and mobilizing our people’s skills and
energies as well as the responsible harnessing of our
natural resources”
NEDA, 2011
2011/9/30
5
• Among the 10-point agenda of the PDP 2011-2016
related to ENR are:
• Competitive industry and services sectors
• Competitive and sustainable agriculture and fisheries
sector
• Accelerating infrastructure development
• Conservation, protection and enhancement of the
ENR
PDP 2011-2016
NEDA, 2011
3. Philippines Resource
Base
3.2. Policies for Resource
Use and Management
2011/9/30
6
Aspect Policy
Land/ Forestry RA 7279: Urban Development and Housing Act of 1992
EO 318: Promoting Sustainable Forest Management in the Philippines
Agriculture &
Fisheries
RA 6657: Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law
EO 481: Promotion and Development of Organic Agriculture in the
Philippines
RA 8550: Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998
RA 8435: Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act of 1997
Mining RA 7942: Philippine Mining Act of 1995
RA 7076: People’s Small-Scale Mining Act of 1991
Energy RA 9367: Biofuels Act of 2007
RA 9513: Renewable Energy Act of 2008
Water
resource
PD 1067: Water Code of 1976
RA 8041: National Water Crisis Act of 1995
DAO 2002-08: Coastal Environment Program
RA 9275: Clean Water Act of 2004
Air quality RA 8749: Clean Air Act of 1999
DAO 2000-18: Chemical Control For Ozone Depleting Substances
Climate
change RA 9729: Climate Change Act of 2008
Ecotourism EO 111: National Ecotourism Strategy
Oil pollution RA 9483: Oil Pollution Compensation Act of 2007
Waste
RA 9003: Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000
RA 6969: Toxic Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Wastes Control
Act of 1990
• The General Appropriations Act (RA No.
10147) is the summary that shows the
allocation of government expenditure for a
given fiscal year.
• 2011 budget: PHP 1,000,387,764,000 or
USD 23,373,059,718
Fiscal Framework
2011/9/30
7
• PHP 51,456,313,000 or USD 1,201,375,270 (5.14%) – allocation for the resource use and management in the Philippines
Budget for Management of ENR
94.857%
3.8% 0.113% 1.23%
Others
Agriculture
Energy
Forestry, Land, Mineral, and Water
General Appropriations Act of 2011
• European Union allocates
primarily on the
preservation of
environment
• Vietnam allocates a huge
portion of its budget in
agriculture
• Philippines and
Malaysia’s allocation is
similar in terms of
proportion to total
expenditure
Comparison of Budget Allocation
Philippines
Vietnam Malaysia European
Union
Percentage of total expenditure
5.14 25.18 4.17 42.5
Monetary Terms(Billions, USD)
1.2 6.3 2.98
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Pe
rce
nta
ge
Funds allocated for use and management of resources (%)
2011/9/30
8
Oligopoly
Energy
Minerals
Water
Similar to Perfect Competition
Agriculture
Forestry
Land
Market Structures
• Sectors are classified based on the volume of market
players and market structure assumptions
• Oligopolistic markets assumes few players and many
barriers for new firms
• Perfectly competitive markets assumes huge volume of
players and firms has no market influences
3. Philippines Resource
Base
3.4. Measuring Resource
Intensity (attempt)
2011/9/30
9
Source: WRI et al.,2000; Rapera, Corazon
The Basic MFA Model
Domestic Environment
Stocks
Economic
Processing
Air,
Water Water
Vapour
DE
DHF
Imports
FHF
TMR
Immigrants
DMI DPO
DHF
Exports
TDO
Emigrants
MEASURES USED
INPUT Total Material
Requirement (TMR)
Direct Material Input (DMI) = Domestic
Extraction (DE) + imports
Domestic Hidden Flows (DHF)
Foreign Hidden Flows (FHF)
OUTPUT Domestic Processed
Output (DPO )
Total Domestic Output (TDO) = Domestic
Processed Output (DPO ) + DHF
Direct Material Output (DMO)
Total Material Output (TMO)
BALANCE
Net Addition to Stocks (NAS) = DMI + Air and
Water – Exports – DPO – Water Vapour
Imports and Exports
Air, Water, Water Vapour
2011/9/30
10
Social and Economic Indicators
• Total Materials Requirement (TMR)
• TMR/capita
• TMR/GDP
• Direct Material Inputs (DMI)
• DMI/Capita
• Imports / Capita
• Hidden Flows/Capita
Classification of Materials
Domestic • Non - Renewable
• Energy Carriers
• Metal Ores
• Industrial Minerals
• Construction Materials
• Excavation
• Renewable • Plant Biomass
• Animal Biomass
• Soil Erosion
• .
Imports • Non - Renewable
• Energy Carriers
• Metal Ores
• Industrial Minerals
• Construction Materials
• Excavation
• Renewable • Plant Biomass
• Animal Biomass
• Semi-Manufactures
• Final Products
• Hidden Flows • Imported Raw Materials
• Imported Semi-Manufactures
2011/9/30
11
DOMESTIC PRODUCED
98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 0
8
0
9
1
0
NON -
RENEWABLE
Energy Carriers X X X X X X X X X X m m m
Industrial Minerals X X X X X X X X X X X
Construction
Materials
X X X X X X X X X X X
RENEWABLE
Agriculture X X X X X X
Forestry X X X
Livestock X X X X X X
Fish X X X X X X
HIDDEN FLOW
Soil Erosion
Excavation
IMPORTS 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 0
8
0
9
1
0
NON -
RENEWABLE
Energy Carriers X X X X X X X X X X m m m
Industrial Minerals X X X X X X X X X X X
Construction
Materials
X X X X X X X X X X X
RENEWABLE
Agriculture X X X X X X
Forestry X X X
Livestock X X X X X X
Fish X X X X X X
SEMI-
MANUFACTURES
FINAL PRODUCTS
HIDDEN FLOWS
Excavation
Soil Erosion
2011/9/30
12
EXPORTS 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 0
8
0
9
1
0
NON -
RENEWABLE
Energy Carriers X X X X X X X X X X m m m
Industrial Minerals X X X X X X X X X X X
Construction
Materials
X X X X X X X X X X X
RENEWABLE
Agriculture X X X X X X
Forestry X X X
Livestock X X X X X X
Fish X X X X X X
SEMI-
MANUFACTURES X X X X X X
FINAL PRODUCTS
HIDDEN FLOWS
Excavation
Soil Erosion
Total Material Requirement
(TMR) Indicators
8,428,739,811 8,868,305,032
9,752,562,296
8,825,429,997 8,292,202,303
9,386,591,289
10,620,226,83
4
9,473,045,200
-
2,000,000,000
4,000,000,000
6,000,000,000
8,000,000,000
10,000,000,000
12,000,000,000
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
TOTAL MATERIAL REQUIREMENT (TMR)
TMR
103.85 107.05 115.38 104.29 96.15 106.84 118.70 104.01
2,353.93 2,407.03
2,553.92
2,201.70
1,938.82
2,094.62
2,251.85
1,883.95
-
500.00
1,000.00
1,500.00
2,000.00
2,500.00
3,000.00
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
TOTAL MATERIAL REQUIREMENT INDICATORS
TMR per Capita TMR per GDP
2011/9/30
13
Direct Materials Input (DMI)
Indicators
110,171,128 109,204,571
117,698,404
109,105,573
134,918,505 136,470,448 139,068,153
147,311,292
-
20,000,000
40,000,000
60,000,000
80,000,000
100,000,000
120,000,000
140,000,000
160,000,000
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
DIRECT MATERIAL INPUT (DMI)
DMI
1.36 1.32 1.39 1.29 1.56 1.55 1.55 1.62
30.77 29.64
30.82
27.22
31.55 30.45
29.49 29.30
-
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
DIRECT MATERIALS INPUT (DMI) INDICATORS
Commodity per Capita (DMI per Capita) DMI per GDP
• Energy
Resource Intensity Data
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Energy to GDP (TOE/Php)
Oil to GDP (BBL/Php)
Electricity to GDP (KWh/Php)
Source: Department of Energy
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Energy to
GDP (TOE/Php
1M)
41.5 40.4 38.2 36.1 35.1 33.3 31.8 30 28.5 28.6 27.7
Oil to GDP
(BBL/Php
100,000)
14.1 12.8 12.1 11.5 10.8 9.8 9.1 8.2 7.9 7.5 7.3
Electricity to
GDP
(KWh/Php)
45.1 46.5 47.5 46.9 48.8 48.5 46.7 44.5 43.6 42.9 43.3
2011/9/30
14
Effect to GDP and Importance
for the Poor (Informal Sector?)
• The agriculture, fisheries and forestry classification in GDP reflects an increasing trend on the total value of resources consumed.
• With respect to total GDP, it resembles a downward sloping trend with much of the impact felt on the last year of the period covered.
• While food production shows a steady rise, its contribution to GDP becomes less through time.
Effect to GDP and Importance
for the Poor (Informal Sector?)
• The same declining trend may be
observed in the electricity, gas and water
category while the opposite may be seen
in mining and quarrying where its
contribution to GDP rises.
• Other components of GDP may have had
greater contribution to the economy than
the former (services sector).
2011/9/30
15
BAS; NSCB
Effect to GDP and Importance for the Poor (informal sector?)
0.00%
5.00%
10.00%
15.00%
20.00%
25.00%
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry
20.16 20.06 19.84 19.62 19.06 18.79 18.40 18.31 18.11 16.79
Mining and Quarrying 1.02% 1.48% 1.65% 1.59% 1.65% 1.47% 1.74% 1.70% 2.05% 2.26%
Electricity, Gas and Water 3.31% 3.30% 3.25% 3.18% 3.11% 3.14% 3.13% 3.24% 3.11% 3.15%
Percentage Share of Selected Value Added Accounts to Total GDP (in %)
• While the contribution of the Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry to GDP has gone low, employment has mildly followed the same trend with slight decreases from 32.77% in 2002 to 31.75% in 2008
• With regard to poverty incidence, fishermen and farmers account for the highest percentages for all categories, slightly going up in 2006 with 49.90% and 44%, respectively.
Effect to GDP and Importance for the Poor (Informal Sector?)
2011/9/30
16
Philippine Statistical Yearbook (PSY); NSCB
Effect to GDP and Importance for the Poor (Inf Sec?)
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
% of Employed in Agriculture to Labor Force
32.77% 32.45% 32.25% 32.79% 32.26% 32.02% 31.75%
% of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry to GDP
19.78% 20.16% 20.06% 19.84% 19.62% 19.06% 18.79% 18.40% 18.31%
Poverty Incidence of Farmers 46.60% 42.40% 44.00%
Poverty Incidence of Fishermen 50.80% 43.60% 49.90%
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Selected Macroeconomic Indicators
32
Material Flow Accounts (MFA) of Japan
The material flow accounts for FY2000 roughly show:
1) Total material input is about 2.1 billion tons
2) Amount of cyclical use (reuse + recycling) is 218 million tons
3) Amount of final disposal is 56 million tons
(Unit: million ton)
Domestic resources
（1,124）
Exports（132）
Returned to nature
(84）
Final
disposal
（56）
Reduction（241）
Amount of cyclical use [reuse+recycle] （218）
Net addition to stock（1,107） Resources
（718）
Products
（70）
Natural resources
and the like input
［Direct Material
Input］
（1,912） Energy consumption（420）
Imports
(788)
Total material
input
（2,130）
Generation of
waste and the like
（600）
Food consumption（127）
2011/9/30
17
33
Three Indicator Based on MFA
• Resource Productivity (input)
• Cyclical Use Rate (cycle)
• Final Disposal Amount (output)
34
0
250
500
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
10
00
ye
n p
er
ton
GDP
DMI* (Input of natural resources and the like) *DMI: Direct Material Input
390,000 yen per ton
(40% improvement from FY2000)
Resource Productivity
=
Input: Resource Productivity
2011/9/30
18
35
0
5
10
15
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
%
Amount of cyclical use (reuse + recycling)
DMI + Amount of cyclical use
Cyclical Use Rate
=
14 %
(40% improvement from FY2000)
Cycle: cyclical use rate
36
0
50
100
150
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Mill
ion
to
ns p
er
ye
ar
Output: Final Disposal Amount
= Final disposal amount of waste Final Disposal Amount
28 million tons
(50% reduction from FY2000)
2011/9/30
19
37
Measures by national
government
• Secure material cycle in nature
• Change lifestyle [Re-style]
• Promoting businesses relating a Sound Material-Cycle Society
• Realize Safe and secure treatment and disposal of waste
• Establish the basis for supporting a Sound Material-Cycle Society
38
Measures by local
governments
• make efforts in community making, including sorted collection and appropriate management of waste, promotion of 3Rs, and improvement of waste treatment facilities
• cooperate with business and private organizations, including NPOs and NGOs, to assist local residents to change their lifestyles (as a coordinator and main animator of the efforts of the community)
• recommend environment conscious green products and services or products made in the local area
• take the initiative in green purchasing, implementation of an environment management system (as a business organization)
• formulate the fundamental plan to promote the establishment of a SMCS in the local area
2011/9/30
20
39
Material Flow Accounts by local
government
Material Organic
Resources Resources
Stock of construction,
infra-structure and machinery
Provisions to
process,fertilizer,
feed,seeds,etc.
53
（Macadam, iron, etc）
32
(Petroleum,coal,etc）
5 Consumption(Provisions taken)
5 Reduction of waste by management
3 Final disposal of waste
8 Recycled resources (4)
（
ship and bring between Aichi prefecture and other region over bring 3 (Petroleun,coal,etc.)
Consumption
of fuel
29
Other
(1)
9
90
To discharge
6
Recycled resources
18
New stock
72 Natural
Resources
90
[Section 1]
Consumption
of resources
108
[Section2]
Manufacturing
of products
88
Ship of
final
products
(2)
270
Bring of
final
products
(2)
330
[Section 3]
Sell and
purchase
94
[Section 4]
New Stock
Consumption
Discharge
100 Management
and Disposal
15
Fossil
Material
Fuel
Valuables (3)
7
(1)Growth of agricultural products by photosynthesis,over bring of primary or secondary products,inflow of water to concrete,etc
(2)“Ship”includes“Export”and“Bring”includes“Import”.
(3)Valuables:articles that can be bought
(4)Recycled resources:waste(invalid articles)reutilised
Some prefectures are developing their MFA (ex. Aichi Pref.)
Please visit our website:
http://www.aprscp.net
Or e-mail us at:
Please Participate in the UNEP-IGES
mini Roundtables and events at
The 10th Asia Pacific Roundtable for
Sustainable Consumption and
Production
Jogyakarta, Indonesia
9-11 November 2011
Thank you very much!
