IMPACT OF EMERGENCY

8/11/2019 IMPACT OF EMERGENCY

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FEDERALISM: IMPACTOFEMERGENCY

SUBMITTEDBY: RAJWANTSINGHBAMELCOURSEINSTRUCTOR: AJEYSANGAI

ENROLLMENTNO: 20091034

SEMESTERVIII

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ABSTRACT

The ppe! "#$ %& '()$e %he "#p*% &+ e#e!,e'*) &' %he +e-e!(

$%!.*%.!e/ The ppe! "(( #e *p!%"e $%.-) &+ !"&.$

C&'$%"%.%"&'$ #"'() USA S"%e!('- We$% Ge!#') '- I'-"/C'- #",h% ($& 5ee' '()$e- "%h !e$pe*% %& %he "#p*% &+

e6%e!'( e#e!,e'*)/ Its main aim is to analyse and evalate t!e

Indian "osition #it! $es"e%t to t!e ot!e$ Constittions as to

t!e e&tent to #!i%! t!e 'ede$al "o#e$s a$e e$oded d$in(

t!ese times)

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SYNOPSIS

Title

The %"%(e &+ #) ppe! "$ 78e-e!("$#: I#p*% &+ E#e!,e'*)/ I

p!%"*.(!() *h&$e %h"$ %&p"* %& e6#"'e %he I#p*% %h% %he

"#p&$"%"&' &+ ' E#e!,e'*) "(( he &' %he +e-e!( $%!.*%.!e

.'-e! !"&.$ *&'$%"%.%"&'$/

Relevan%e

8e-e!("$# "$ $)$%e# &+ ,&e!'#e'% h"*h h$ h- h.,e

#&.'% &+ "#p*% "' %he #&-e!' &!(-/ I% h$ 5ee' p&("%"*(

%h&.,h% h"*h h$ #') -"#e'$"&'$ '- h$ 5ee' "'%e!p!e%e- "'

#') )$/ I' %he $.5e*% &+ Cp!%"e C&'$%"%.%"&' +e-e!("$#

+&!#$ e!) "'%e!e$%"', '- "#p&!%'% *$e &+ $%.-)/ Whe' %he

I'-"' pe!$pe*%"e "$ %e' +e-e!("$# h$ '&% 5ee' *&'*ep% &+

#.*h -e5%e .'%"( %he e#e!,e'*)/ H&ee! "' p&$% e#e!,e'*)

I'-" %he *&'*ep% &+ +e-e!("$# h$ 5ee' 5!&.,h% "'%& (",h% '- h$

5ee' e6#"'e-/ He'*e *p!%"e '()$"$ &+ %he "#p*% &+

e#e!,e'*) "' %he +e-e!( $%!.*%.!e !e#"'$ e!) !e(e'%/

Resea$%! Met!odolo(y

The !e$e!*h #e%h&-&(&,) %h% "(( 5e -&p%e- "$ p.!e() -&*%!"'(

'- '()%"*( "' '%.!e/ V!"&.$ '&%e- %e6%$ !%"*(e$ p!"#!)

(e,"$(%"&'$ !e 5e"', $%.-"e- '- *p!%"e '()$"$ "(( 5e-&'e/ A(( %he #%e!"($ !e+e!!e- "(( -.() 5e *'&(e-,e-/

Resea$%! *estions

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1/ H& -&e$ ' e#e!,e'*) "#p*% %he +e-e!( $)$%e# "' !"&.$

*&'$%"%.%"&'$;2/ Wh% "$ %he p&$"%"&' I'-" he' e(.%e- ,"'$% %he &%he!

*&'$%"%.%"&'$ &' %he "#p*% &+ e#e!,e'*) &' +e-e!("$#;

+y"ot!esis

E#e!,e'*) "$ $"%.%"&' "' h"*h e$$e'%"(() %he +e-e!( $%!.*%.!e

"' (( C&'$%"%.%"&'$ "$ e!&-e- %& ' e6%e'%/ The 8e-e!( $%!.*%.!e "'

I'-" h$ &+%e' 5ee' *!"%"*"$e- +&! 5e"', &!"e'%e- %&!-$ %he

U'"&'/ H&ee! *p!"$&' "%h &%he! *&'$%"%.%"&'$ &' %he

"#p*% &+ e#e!,e'*) &' %he +e-e!( $%!.*%.!e$ p!&e$ %h% "% "$ '&%

$&/

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C!a"te$ ,

INTROD-CTION

8e-e!("$# "$ p&("%"*( ph"(&$&ph) "' h"*h %he p&e! %& ,&e!' "$$h!e- 5e%ee' N%"&'( '- S%%e ,&e!'#e'%$ *!e%"', h% "$

&+%e' *((e- +e-e!%"&'/1D"*e) $%%e- %h% +e-e!("$# "$ '%"&'(

*&'$%"%.%"&' +&! 5&-) &+ $%%e$ h"*h -e$"!e$ .'"&' '- -&e$ '&%

-e$"!e .'"%)/ The e$$e'*e &+ +e-e!%"&' "$ %he e6"$%e'*e &+ .'"&'

'- "%$ $%%e$ '- %he -""$"&' &+ p&e! 5e%ee' %he .'"&' '- %he

$%%e$/ 8e-e!("$# ($& $e!e$ %he p.!p&$e &+ p!ee'%"', %he !"$e &+

' .%&*!%"* ,&e!'#e'% h"*h 5$&!5$ %he p&e!$ &+ &%he!$ '-

%h!e%e'$ %he ("5e!%) &+ ' "'-""-.(/

I' 8e-e!( C&'$%"%.%"&'$ $.*h $ U'"%e- S%%e$ &+ A#e!"*

A.$%!(" '- C'- %he -e+e'*e &+ %he ! p&e! "$ *&'+e!!e- &'

%he 8e-e!%"&'/ The p&e! h"*h "$ ("#"%e- "' %"#e$ &+ pe*e

e6p'-$ "' %"#e$ &+ ! &! "##"'e'% %h!e% &+ !/2A'- -.!"',

! +&! p!*%"*( p.!p&$e$ %he$e +e-e!( ,&e!'#e'%$ +.'*%"&' $

.'"%!) ,&e!'#e'% $"'*e "' %he #&-e!' %"#e$ "% "$ e$$e'%"( %h%

%he %&%( !e$&.!*e$ &+ %he *&.'%!) 5e "(5(e %& 5e #&5"("$e- 5)

%he Ce'%!( ,&e!'#e'%/ The e6%e'% &+ %he ! p&e!$ "$ &+%e' (e+%

%& %he "'%e!p!e%%"&' &+ %he *&.!%$/

E#e!,e'*) p!e$e'%$ e!) .'"


6/36

&+ H/M/ See!"?$ 5&& Constitutional Law of India3. I% $)$ %h%

the emergency and its aftermath have brought the question of

Federalism into prominence and made it necessary to devote a

Chapter to it in the third edition.

A(%h&.,h "% "$ **ep%e- '- e6pe*%e- %h% %he +e-e!( $%!.*%.!e "$

-"#"'"$he- '- %he p&e!$ &+ %he +e-e!( p&e!$ !e e6p'-e-

-.!"', ' e#e!,e'*) $"%.%"&' "% "$ e$$e'%"( ($& "#p&!%'% %& $ee

%he e6%e'% %& h"*h $.*h p&e!$ !e e!&-e-/

3H/ M/ See!" Constitutional Law of India V&(/ 1 4%hE-' U'"e!$( L =.5("$h"',

C&/ 19914H/ M/ See!" Constitutional Law of India V&(/ 1 4%hE-' U'"e!$( L =.5("$h"',C&/ 1991 p/ 2@3

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C!a"te$ .

E/TERNAL EMERGENCY

Whe' "' 199!icey "' h"$ 5&&Law of Constitution &p"'e-

%h% "'*p!"$&' %& .'"%!) ,&e!'#e'% +e-e!( ,&e!'#e'% &.(-

5e e ,&e!'#e'%? he $ "%h&.% %he e6pe!"e'*e &+ %he %&

&!(- !$ h"*h he ee'%.(() e'-e- .p *h',"', %he +e-e!(

$)$%e# "'*(.-"', %h% &+ %he U'"%e- S%%e$ &+ A#e!"* "%h h"*h

he p!"#!"() #-e h"$ '()$"$/

I' %he #&-e!' %"#e$ %he!e "$ e!) ("%%(e -&.5% %h% "' *$e &+ ! &!

') &%he! e6%e!'( ,,!e$$"&' *%"e p!%"*"p%"&' &! p$$"e

-e+e'*e &.(- e


8/36

A$ h$ 5ee' #e'%"&'e- 5e+&!e %he!e "$ '& e6p!e$$"&' p!&"$"&' +&!

%he e6p'$"&' &+ %he +e-e!( p&e!$ -.!"', e6%e!'( e#e!,e'*)

h"*h h$ 5ee' p!&"-e- "' %he C&'$%"%.%"&'/ Th"$ (*.' h$ 5ee'

F((e- "%h %he he(p &+ %he J.-"*"( I'%e!p!e%%"&'/ Ge'e!(() ((

e6e*.%"e '- (e,"$(%"e p&e! !e(%"', %& -e+e'*e &! ! e$%$"%h %he U'"&' $ pe! %he C&'$%"%.%"&' '- %he $%%e$ he '& $*&pe

+&! p!%"*"p%"&'/

Th"$ e6e*.%"e p&e! "$ -e!"e- +! A!%"*(e II S/ 21 &+ %he

C&'$%"%.%"&' h"*h #e$ %he =!e$"-e'% &+ %he U'"%e- S%%e$ &+

A#e!"* %he C#'-e! "' Che"+ &+ %he A!#) '- N)/? A(%h&.,h

%he!e he 5ee' p!&%e$%$ +! %"#e %& %"#e %h% %he p&e!$ e$%e-

"' %he =!e$"-e'% !e e!) "-e %he C&',!e$$ '- %he S.p!e#e

C&.!% he $.pp&!%e- %h"$ p&e! &+ %he =!e$"-e'%/

I' %he *$e &+Ludec$e v. %at$ins&"% h$ 5ee' he(- %h% %he p&e!$

$ C#'-e!"'*h"e+ "'*(.-e %he p&e! %& "'"%"%e $ e(( $ %&

*&'-.*% %he ! '- %he $e'- %!&&p$/ The C&.!% ($& he(- %h% !

p&e! &+ %he =!e$"-e'% "$ '&% $.5e*%e- %& .-"*"( !e"e/

H&ee! "' %he *$e &+ 'oungstown v. (awyer)"% h$ 5ee' he(- %h%

%he -.!"', %he ! %"#e %he p&e! &+ %he =!e$"-e'% -&e$ '&% e6%e'-

%& %he %"', &+ p&$$e$$"&' &+ p!"%e p!&pe!%) "%h&.% %he.%h&!"%) &+ (/

The +e-e!( p&e!$ h"*h he 5ee' $.pp&!%e- 5) %he S.p!e#e

C&.!% &' *e!%"' 5!&- p!"'*"p(e$ !e $ +&((&$:

1/ The p&e! ,"e' 5) %he C&'$%"%.%"&' %& %he E6e*.%"e '-

C&',!e$$ e6%e'-$ %& ee!) #%%e! '- *%""%) $& !e(%e- %&

! $ $.5$%'%"(() %& e*% "%$ *&'-.*% '- p!&,!e$$ '-

7e#5!*e$ ee!) ph$e &+ '%"&'( -e+e'*e/9

2/ The p$$"', &+ ($ 5) %he C&',!e$$ .'-e! %he ,!5 &+e6e*.%"', "%$ p&e!$ h"*h "$ '&% ((&e- $ ,e'e!( !.(e "$

((&e- he' "% "$ -&'e $& +&! p.!p&$e &+ '%"&'( -e+e'*e/3/ I% "$ '&% +&! ') *&.!% %& $e% "' !e"e &+ %he "$- &+ %he

*%"&'$ %e' 5) %he$e 5!'*he$ &+ %he G&e!'#e'% &!

$.5$%"%.%e "%$ .-,e#e'% +&! %he"!$/10

"194@ 33 US 10 1(

192 343 US >9 @>#*irabayashi v. +.(1943 320 US @1 939410*irabayashi v. +.(1943 320 US @1

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4/ The !e$e!e- p&e!$ &+ %he S%%e .'-e! %he 10%h#e'-#e'%

&.(- '&% *e "'%& p() $& (&', $ %he C&',!e$$ $

e6e!*"$"', ') &+ "%$ e'.#e!%e- p&e!$ $.*h $ %he !

p&e!$? 5.% &.(- !e"e $ $&&' $ %he p&$$"5"("%"e$ &+

-e#&5"("$%"&' +%e! %he %e!#"'%"&' &+ h&$%"("%"e$ !e &e!/11The$e ! p&e!$? $ he 5ee' "'%e!p!e%e- 5) %he S.p!e#e

C&.!% "'*(.-e "#p&$"', &+ *.!+e12 -e%e'%"&' &+ $.$pe*%e-

pe!$&'$ +&! !e$&'5(e pe!"&- &+ %"#e "%h&.% %!"(13 %&

!e,.(%e %he p!"*e$14 *&'%!&( %he -"$%!"5.%"&' '- !%"&' %he

*&'$.#p%"&' &+ e$$e'%"( *#&-"%"e$1/

B) Eme$(en%y P$ovisions "$ovided 'o$ in t!e Constittion

.). India

A(%h&.,h %he!e $ #.*h -e5%e '- *p!"$e h"*h $

"'&(e- "' %he $hp"', &+ %he +e-e!( $%!.*%.!e "' %he I'-"'C&'$%"%.%"&' %he C&'$%"%.%"&'( #e!$ he +*e- '& -""*.(%)

he' "% *#e %& e#e!,e'*) %h% $ *.$e- -.e %& 7! %h%

#&-e!' ! *&.(- '&% 5e +&.,h% "%h&.% %he *p(e%e *&'%!&( '-

#&5&(&"$%"&' &+ (( !e$&.!*e$ &+ %he *&.'%!) '- .'"Fe- p&("*)/

Th"$ "$ h% $ #e'% 5) D!/ B/R/ A#5e-! he' he $"-:

the residual loyalty of the citi,en in an emergency must be to

the Centre and not to the Constituent (tates. For it is only the

Centre which can wor$ for a common end and for the generalinterests of the country as a whole.-

/./.- 0roclamation of an emergency

11%oods v. 1iller194@ 333 US 13@ 14412*irabayashi v. +.(1943 320 US @1132 parte 2ndo1944 323 US 2@314'a$us v. +(1944 321 US 4141&

(teuart v. 4owles1944 322 US 39@ 4031'Available at http://www.ambedkar.or!/ambcd/'32.)hird*20+eadin!*20o%*20,ra%t*20-onst1".11.1#4#*20to*202'.11.1#4#.htm

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The U'"&' E6e*.%"e "' $.*h *$e$ "$ ,"e' p&e! %& p!&*("# '

e#e!,e'*) .'-e! A!%"*(e 32 &+ %he C&'$%"%.%"&' "' &!-e! %& 5e'eF%

+! %he e#e!,e'*) p!&"$"&'$ h"*h e6p'- %he $*&pe &+ %he

U'"&' ,&e!'#e'%/ The p&e! "' %h"$ A!%"*(e 5e(&',$ %& %he U'"&'

E6e*.%"e $.5e*%e- %& %he pp!&( &+ %he =!("#e'%/ The=!&*(#%"&' #) 5e "$$.e- 5) %he =!e$"-e'% &' %he ,!&.'-$ &+ !

&! e6%e!'( ,,!e$$"&' &! !#e- !e5e(("&'/ Th"$ e6%e'-$ %& %he %"#e$

'&% &'() he' ' *%.( ! h$ 5ee' e'$.e- 5.% ($& %& %he %"#e

he' %he!e "$ %he %h!e% &+ ' "##"'e'% -',e!/ The =!&*(#%"&'

&+ %he p!e$"-e'% "$ %& 5e #-e &'() he' he "$ $%"$Fe- $ %& %he

e6"$%e'*e &+ $e %h!e% &! "##"'e'% -',e! %& %he $e*.!"%) &+

I'-" &! ') p!% %he!e&+/ Th"$ "$ '&% %& 5e h&ee! &'() %he

$.5e*%"e $%"$+*%"&' &+ %he p!e$"-e'% (&'e 5.% $h&.(- he 5ee'

$.,,e$%e- 5) %he U'"&' C5"'e%/ U'(e$$ "% "$ pp!&e- 5) 5&%h %he

h&.$e$ &+ %he =!("#e'% "%h"' pe!"&- &+ &'e #&'%h $.*h

=!&*(#%"&' "(( *e$e %& 5e "' +&!*e/

/././ 5evocation of 2mergency

=!"&! %& %he 44%h#e'-#e'% %he !e&*%"&' &+ =!&*(#%"&' $

'&% p!&"-e- +&! '- $ (e+% %& %he -"$*!e%"&' &+ %he U'"&'

E6e*.%"e/ H&ee! +%e! %he 44%h#e'-#e'% =!&*(#%"&' *'

*e %& ' e'- he'

1/ Up&' %he e6p"!) &+ &'e #&'%h !e$&(.%"&' h$ '&% 5ee'

p$$e- "' 5&%h %he h&.$e$ &+ %he =!("#e'%/ I' *$e &+ %he

h&.$e$ h"', 5ee' -"$*&(e- "%h"' %h"$ %"#e %he

=!&*(#%"&' ,e%$ ("+e &+ 30 -)$ +! %he F!$% $"%%"', &+ %he

h&.$e p!&"-e- %h% %he *&.'*"( &+ $%%e$ he pp!&e- &+ %he

$#e/2/ I' *$e &+ "% 5e"', pp!&e- 5) 5&%h %he h&.$e$ &+ %he

p!("#e'% "% e6p"!e$ #&'%h$ +%e! %he -) he' %he ($%pp!&( h$ 5ee' &5%"'e- "%h 23!-#&!"%) "' 5&%h %he

h&.$e$/3/ The =!e$"-e'% "$ ($& 5&.'- %& "$$.e !e&*%"&' he' %he

h&.$e &+ %he pe&p(e h$ p$$e- !e$&(.%"&' -"$pp!&"', %he

*&'%"'.'*e &+ =!&*(#%"&'/ 8&! %h"$ %he h&.$e *' 5e

*&'e'e- ee' he' '&% "' $e$$"&' 5) '&%"*e ,"e' 5) 110%h

&+ %he #e#5e!$ %& %he Spee!/

10


11/36

/./.3 6usti7ability of the 0roclamation

The 3@%hA#e'-#e'% %& %he I'-"' C&'$%"%.%"&' h$ "'$e!%e- C(.$e

%& %he A!%"*(e 32 h"*h $&.,h% %& 5! %he .-"*"( !e"e &+ %he

=!&*(#%"&' .'-e! A!%"*(e 32/ Th"$ $ $.5$%"%.%e- 5) %he 44

%h

C&'$%"%.%"&'( #e'-#e'% h"*h !e#&e- %he 5! &' %he J.-"*"(

!e"e/ He'*e '& "% "$ p&$$"5(e +&! %he!e %& 5e .-"*"( !e"e &'

%he =!&*(#%"&' #-e .'-e! A!%"*(e 32/ 8&! e6#p(e

1/ Th% %he =!&*(#%"&' h"*h h$ 5ee' #-e "$ h&(()

e6%!'e&.$ '- "!!e(e'% +&! h"*h %he p&e!$ .'-e! A!%"*(e

32 !e *&'+e!!e- &! %h% %he!e "$ '& !e$&'5(e 'e6.$

5e%ee' %he !e$&'$ %h% !e -"$*(&$e- '- %he $%"$+*%"&' &+

%he =!e$"-e'%/

1>

2/ Th% %he e6e!*"$e &+ %he p&e! h$ 5ee' mala 7de.-)

H&ee! "% "$ %& 5e ep% "' #"'- %h% %he &'.$ %& p!&e %he

((e,%"&' &+ mala 7de &! *&(&.!5(e e6e!*"$e "$ .p&' %he pe!$&'

h& h$ *h((e',e- %he ("-"%) &+ %he =!&*(#%"&' '- $"'*e %he!e

"$ '&%h"', "' A!%"*(e 32 h"*h !e/ B.% he' ' e#e!,e'*) h$ 5ee'

p!&*("#e- $ pe! A!%"*(e 33 %he U'"&' e6e*.%"e *'

1"8.9. 5oy v. +nion of IndiaAIR 19@2 SC >101((tate of 5a:asthan v. +nion of IndiaAIR 19>> SC 131

11


12/36

,"e' -"!e*%"&'$ %& %he $%%e e6e*.%"e &' any #%%e!/ Th"$

e$$e'%"(() #e$ %he $%%e e6e*.%"e *p(e%e() "' *&'%!&(

&+ %he U'"&' e6e*.%"e/Th"$ p&e! $ .$e- 5) %he U'"&' e6e*.%"e "' %he )e!

193 -.!"', %he Ch"'e$e ,,!e$$"&' he' %he $%%e$ e!e"$$.e- -"!e*%"&'$ %& p) $pe*"( %%e'%"&' %& %he e6p'$"&'

&+ $*"e'%"F* e-.*%"&' *&'$%!.*%"&' '- e"*"e'%

#"'%e''*e &+ !&-$ "' !e(%"&' %& %he ! e&!%$/5/ I' &!-e! %& e6e*.%e %he ($ h"*h !e #-e 5) %he

=!("#e'% .'-e! %he e6%e'-e- .!"$-"*%"&' %he =!("#e'%

#) $$",' %he# %& %he U'"&' e6e*.%"e "'$%e- &+ %he $%%e

e6e*.%"e $ pe! A!%"*(e 33 5/3/ A$ pe! A!%"*(e 34 %he =!e$"-e'% $h(( he %he C&'$%"%.%"&'(

p&e! %& #&-"+) %he p!&"$"&'$ &+ %he C&'$%"%.%"&' h"*h !e!e(%"', %& %he ((&*%"&' &+ %he F''*"( !e$&.!*e$ 5e%ee'

%he U'"&' '- %he S%%e$ 5) h"$ &!-e!/ S.*h ' &!-e! $h(( 5e

$.5e*%e- %& %he pp!&( &+ %he =!("#e'% '- '& $.*h &!-e!

$h(( &pe!%e 5e)&'- %he F''*"( )e! "' h"*h %he

=!&*(#%"&' 5) "%$e(+ *e$e$ %& &pe!%e/

I' %he (",h% &+ %he$e &5$e!%"&'$ "% *' 5e $ee' %h% "' %he I'-"'

C&'$%"%.%"&' -.!"', ! %he $%!.*%.!e *h',e- "'%& *p(e%e()

.'"%!) &'e/ I' &!-e! %& &"- 5.$e &+ %he$e p!&"$"&'$ h"*h he5ee' "'$e!%e- %he!e he 5ee' #') #e'-#e'%$ h"*h he 5ee'

5!&.,h% 5&.%/ B) %he 19> #e'-#e'% "% $ #-e *(e! %h% %he

=!&*(#%"&' 'ee- '&% 5e #-e %& (( %he $%%e$ '- *' 5e #-e

.$% %& &'e p!% &+ %he *&.'%!)/ Th!&.,h 19>@ #e'-#e'% "% $

($& 5!&.,h% 5&.% %h% %he pp!&( &+ %he p!("#e'% "$ %& 5e

5!&.,h% 5&.% "' &'e #&'%h $ &pp&$e- %& %& #&'%h$/ The $#e

#e'-#e'% ($& 5!&.,h% 5&.% %he *h',e %h% 23!- pp!&( &+

%he 5&%h &+ %he h&.$e$ &%"', "$ %& 5e *


13/36

' "#p*% &' %he +e-e!( $%!.*%.!e/ Nee-(e$$ %& $) %he p!&"$"&'$

"' %he !"&.$ +e-e!( C&'$%"%.%"&'$ !e '&% &+ %he $#e '%.!e/

1), -SA

The C&'$%"%.%"&'( p!&"$"&' h"*h p!&"-e$ +&! %he I'%e!'(E#e!,e'*) "$ %he ($% p!% &+ A!%"*(e IV Se*%"&' 4 h"*h $)$ %h%

;9 he!e "% -e(e,%e$ "% p&e!$ %& %he =!e$"-e'%5) h"*h "% $ #-e (+.( %h% %he =!e$"-e'% &+ %he U'"%e-

S%%e$ #) &' %he pp("*%"&' %he (e,"$(%.!e &+ $.*h $%%e$ &!

%he e6e*.%"e *(( +&!%h $.*h '.#5e! &+ #"("%" &+ ') &%he!

$%%e &! $%%e$ $ he #) .-,e $."*"e'% %& $.pp!e$$ $.*h '

"'$.!!e*%"&'/3/ I' $"%.%"&'$ he' %& !"( +*%"&'$ "' %he *&.!$e &+

!e5e(("&' *("# %& 5e %he (+.( ,&e!'#e'% &+ %he $%%e %he

1#Luther v. 4orden 1@49 > H& 1

13


14/36

*&.!%$ he he(- %h% "% "$ .p&' %he C&',!e$$20%& -e*"-e $ %&

h& +&!#$ %he (e,"%"#%e *("# +&! %he $%%e '- &.(- ,e% %he

$$"$%'*e &+ %he U'"&'/ S"'*e %h"$ #",h% %e %"#e %he

=!e$"-e'% .'-e! %he -e(e,%e- p&e!$ %h% !e "'e$%e- &'

h"# *' #e -e*"$"&' $ h& &.(- ,e% %he $$"$%'*e &+%he U'"&' "' %he F,h%/

4/ I% "$ ($& %& 5e '&%e- %h% 'e"%he! %he *&',!e$$ '&! %he

=!e$"-e'% !e &5(",e- %& $e'- "' +&!*e$ $ $&&' $ !e-? In the case of internal troubles or when dangerthreatens from another Canton" the government of the

threatened Canton must immediately inform the Federal

Council in order to enable it to ta$e appropriate measures

within the limits of its competence >8rticle -A/ >3?" >-A?

and >--?? or to summon the Federal 8ssembly. In urgent

cases" while immediately informing the Federal Council" the

government is entitled to see$ help from other Cantons" which

20

W(( >0021ibid22In re !ebs" 1@9 1@ US 4

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15/36

are bound to provide it.

>/? %henever the cantonal government is unable to summon

help" the competent federal authority may intervene without

being called upon= this authority is bound to do so whenever

the security of (wit,erland is at sta$e.>3? In the event of a federal intervention" the federal

authorities shall ensure that the provisions of 8rticle Bare

observed.>?


16/36

$e*%"&' 4/ The &!-$ %h% he 5ee' .$e- .'-e! %h"$ !e 7"'%e!'(

-"$%.!5'*e/ I' %he )e! 19> ' #e'-#e'% $ #-e %& A!%"*(e

32 h"*h $.5$%"%.%e- %he &!-$ 7"'%e!'( -"$%.!5'*e$ "%h

7!#e- !e5e(("&'/ D.!"', %h"$ %"#e '& $.*h #e'-#e'% $ #-e

%& %he A!%"*(e 3/ Th"$ $ -&'e $& %h% ee' "' %"#e$ &+ pe*e %heU'"&' "$ *pe%e'% %& pe!+&!# "%$ duty .'-e! A!%"*(e 3 %& #ee%

') $e!"&.$ 5!e-&' &+ ( '- &!-e! "' $%%e 5) !e$%&!"', %&

#e'$ &%he! %h' .'-e! A!%"*(e 32 $.*h $

1/ I$$."', -"!e*%"&'$ %& %he S%%e ,&e!'#e'%$ .'-e! A!%"*(e$

22> '- "' *$e &+ +"(.!e %he U'"&' #) pp() A!%"*(e 3

!e- "%h A!%"*(e 3/2. The .'"&' #) $e'- "%$ !#e- +&!*e$? "' "- &+ %he *""( p&e!

&+ %he $%%e *&'*e!'e- %& $.pp!e$$ %he -"$&!-e!/ The!e &.(-5e '& p!&5(e# "' $.*h *$e$ he' %he $%%e "%$e(+ *&'$"-e!$

%he "- &+ %he U'"&' +&!*e- 'e*e$$!) "' %he "e &+ %he

"'-e h"*h h$ "'$e!%e- E'%!) 2A "' ("$% 1 '- %he

#e'-#e'% &+ E'%!) 1 '- 2 "' ("$% 1/ A+%e! %h"$ #e'-#e'%$

"% *' 5e $+e(% $"- %h% %he .'"&' *' $e'- "' "%$ +&!*e$ "'

*$e$ &+ "'%e!'( -"$%.!'*e$? h"*h 'ee- '&% 5e ') %h"',

("e !#e- !e5e(("&'? 5.% #) 5e ,!e $"%.%"&' &+ ( '-

&!-e! h"*h "' the opinion of the +nion %he $%%e p&("*e !e

.'5(e %& -e( "%h/ The U'"&' +&!*e$ h"*h !e -ep(&)e-

-.!"', %h"$ %"#e !e 5e "' %he *&'%!&( &+ %he U'"&' *p(e%e()/

A!%"*(e 2>A h"*h h$ 5ee' "'$e!%e- 5) %he 19> #e'-#e'%

h$ p!&"-e- %h% %he$e +&!*e$ $h(( 5e .'-e! %he *&'%!&( &+

%he $%%e ,&e!'#e'% 5.% %h"$ h$ 5ee' $.5$e


17/36

p&e! he' **&!-"', %& %he U'"&' E6e*.%"e %he $"%.%"&' h$

!"$e' "' h"*h %he ,&e!'#e'% &+ %he $%%e *''&% 5e *!!"e- &' "'

**&!-'*e "%h %he p!&"$"&'$ &+ %he C&'$%"%.%"&'/

I' %he *($$"* p%%e!' &+ +e-e!("$# $.*h $ USA '- A.$%!(" %he$%%e$ !e .%&'&.$ '- "'-epe'-e'% e'%"%"e$ "%h"' %he $phe!e

$$",'e- %& %he# 5) %he C&'$%"%.%"&'( -""$"&' &+ p&e!$/ He'*e

%he!e "$ '&


18/36

The S.p!e#e C&.!% h$ he(- %h% %he


19/36

I% "$ %& 5e '&%e- %h% A!%"*(e IV 4 -&e$ '&% p!e$*!"5e %he #&-e "'

h"*h "% #) 5e e'+&!*e- ,"'$% $%%e h"*h +"(e- %& #"'%"'

!ep.5("*' +&!# &+ ,&e!'#e'%/ O' (( &**$"&'$ "' h"*h "% h$

5ee' .$e- "% $ 5) $e'-"', #"("%!) +&!*e$ ,"'$% %he e!!"',

$%%e$/ I' 1>9 %he p&e! &+ %he =!e$"-e'% %& $e'- %!&&p$ $*&'+e!!e- 5) %he C&',!e$$ 5) e'*%"', $%%.e +&! %h"$ p.!p&$e %&


20/36

The "'%e!e'%"&' "' S"%e!('- h&ee! ,&e$ &'e $%ep he- &+

%he &+ %he U'"%e$ S%%e$ &+ A#e!*" he!e %he U'"&' #) pp&"'%

C#"$$"&'e! %& %e &e! %he *""( -#"'"$%!%"&' &+ C'%&'

% %he e'- &+ #"("%!) &pe!%"&'$/

3)1 India

=!&55() &'e &+ %he #&$% *&'%!&e!$"( '- 5.$e- p!&"$"&'$ &+ %he

I'-"' C&'$%"%.%"&' A!%"*(e 3 !e-$ $ +&((&$:

3B. 0rovisions in case of failure of Constitutional machinery in

(tate

>-?If the 0resident" on receipt of report from the #overnor of the

(tate or otherwise" is satis7ed that a situation has arisen in whichthe government of the (tate cannot be carried on in accordance

with he provisions of this Constitution" the 0resident may be

0roclamation

>a?assume to himself all or any of the functions of the #overnment

of the (tate and all or any of the powers vested in or eercisable by

the #overnor or any body or authority in the (tate other than the

Legislature of the (tate=

>b?declare that the powers of the Legislature of the (tate shall be

eercisable by or under the authority of 0arliament=

>c?ma$e such incidental and consequential provisions as appear to

the president to be necessary or desirable for giving eEect to the

ob:ects of the 0roclamation" including provisions for suspending in

whole or in part the operation of any provisions of this Constitution

relating to any body or authority in the (tate 0rovided that nothing

in this clause shall authorise the 0resident to assume to himself any

of the powers vested in or eercisable by a *igh Court" or to

suspend in whole or in part the operation of any provision of this

Constitution relating to *igh Courts

>/?8ny such 0roclamation may be revo$ed or varied by a

subsequent 0roclamation

>3?2very 0roclamation issued under this article ecept where it is

a 0roclamation revo$ing a previous 0roclamation" cease to operate

at the epiration of two months unless before the epiration of thatperiod it has been approved by resolutions of both *ouses of

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21/36

0arliament 0rovided that if any such 0roclamation >not being a

0roclamation revo$ing a previous 0roclamation? is issued at a time

when the *ouse of the 0eople is dissolved or the dissolution of the

*ouse of the 0eople ta$es place during the period of two months

referred to in this clause" and if a resolution approving the0roclamation has been passed by the Council of (tates" but no

resolution with respect to such 0roclamation has been passed by

the *ouse of the 0eople before the epiration of that period" the

0roclamation (hall cease to operate at the epiration of thirty days

from the date on which the *ouse of the 0eople 7rst sits after its

reConstitution unless before the epiration of the said period of

thirty days a resolution approving the 0roclamation has been also

passed by the *ouse of the 0eople

>?8 0roclamation so approved shall" unless revo$ed" cease to

operate on the epiration of a period of si months from the date of

issue of the 0roclamation 0rovided that if and so often as a

resolution approving the continuance in force of such a

0roclamation is passed by both *ouses of 0arliament" the

0roclamation shall" unless revo$ed" continue in force for a further

period of si months from the date on which under this clause it

would otherwise have ceased to operating" but no such

0roclamation shall in any case remain in force for more than three

years 0rovided further that if the dissolution of the *ouse of the

0eople ta$es place during any such period of si months and a

resolution approving the continuance in force of such 0roclamation

has been passed by the Council of (tates" but no resolution with

respect to the continuance in force of such 0roclamation has been

passed by the *ouse of the 0eople during the said period" the

0roclamation shall cease to operate at the epiration of thirty days

from the date on which the *ouse of the 0eople 7rst sits after its reConstitution unless before the epiration of the said period of thirty

days a resolution approving the continuance in force of the

0roclamation has been also passed by the *ouse of the 0eople

>B?Gotwithstanding anything contained in clause > ?" a resolution

with respect to the continuance in force of a 0roclamation

approved under clause > 3 ? for any period beyond the epiration of

one year from the date of issue of such 0roclamation shall not be

passed by either *ouse of 0arliament unless

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22/36

>a? a 0roclamation of 2mergency is in operation" in the whole of

India or" as the case may be" in the whole or any part of the (tate"

at the time of the passing of such resolution" and

>b? the 2lection Commission certi7es that the continuance in forceof the 0roclamation approved under clause > 3 ? during the period

speci7ed in such resolution is necessary on account of diEiculties in

holding general elections to the Legislative 8ssembly of the (tate

concerned 0rovided that in the case of the 0roclamation issued

under clause > - ? on the th day of Dctober" -H)B with respect to

the (tate of 0un:ab" the reference in this clause to any period

beyond the epiration of two years

The pe*.("!"%"e$ &+ %h"$ p!&"$"&' &+ %he C&'$%"%.%"&' $ *p!e-%& %h&$e &+ &%he! C&'$%"%.%"&'$ !e 5!&- $.*h $ %h% "' %he US

C&'$%"%.%"&' "% "$ $&.,h% %& #"'%"' %he !ep.5("* +&!# &+ %he

,&e!'#e'%? "' %he $%%e$/ Whe!e$ "' %he I'-"' C&'$%"%.%"&' "%

*' 5e !e&e- +&! %he #"'%e''*e &+ %he entire C&'$%"%.%"&'/ I%

($& "'*(.-e$ %he p&e! %& $.$pe'- %he $%%e?$ e6"$%"', ,&e!'#e'%

h"*h "$ '&% p!&"-e- +&! .'-e! ') &%he! C&'$%"%.%"&'/

.3.- *istory


23/36

G&e!'&!Ge'e!( .'-e! %he G&e!'#e'% &+ I'-" A*% 193

&*"+e!&.$() &pp&$"%"&' $ #-e 5) #') #e#5e!$ &+ %he

*#"%%ee "-e/ D!/ B/ R/ A#5e-! h"(e -e+e'-"', %h"$ p!&"$"&'

h$ he(- %h%:

...such articles will never be called into operation and they

would remain a dead letter. If at all they are brought into

operation" I hope the 0resident" who is endowed with these

powers" will ta$e proper precautions before actually

suspending the administration of the provinces. I hope the

7rst thing he will do would be to issue a mere warning to a

province that has erred" that things were not happening in the

way in which they were intended to happen in the

Constitution. If that warning fails" the second thing for him todo will be to order an election allowing the people of the

province to settle matters by themselves. It is only when these

two remedies fail that he would resort to this article.

G&"', 5) %he &!-$ &+ D!/ A#5e-! "% *' $+e() 5e *&'*(.-e- %h%

A!%"*(e 3 "$ %& 5e .$e- $ e!) ($% !e$&!% "' %he !!e$% &+ !!e

ee'%$/ Th"$ !%"*(e h$ 5ee' p!&"-e- $ $+e%) (e %& *&.'%e!

-"$!.p%"&' &+ p&("%"*( #*h"'e!) "' S%%e '- "' &!-e! %& p!&"-e

+&! (( %he *&'*e"5(e e6",e'*"e$/

A!%"*(e 3 &+ %he C&'$%"%.%"&' $%%e$ %h%:

It shall be the duty of the +nion to protect every (tate

against eternal aggression and internal disturbance and to

ensure that the government of every state is carried on in

accordance with the provisions of this Constitution.

The &!- otherwise? "' A!%"*(e 31 $ '&% p!e$e'% "' %he "'"%"(

-!+%/ I% "'%!&-.*e- % (%e! p&"'% &+ %"#e %h!&.,h ' #e'-#e'%

-e$p"%e &+ %he p!&%e$%$ +! D!+%"&' C#"%%ee #e#5e!$ %h% "%

$ '&%h"', 5.% ' &pe' "'"%%"&' %& 5.$e %he A!%"*(e/ D!/

A#5e-! .$%"Fe- "%$ "'%!&-.*%"&' &+ %he &!- &%he!"$e? 5)

$)"', %h% A!%"*(e 2>>A %he '& A!%"*(e 3 p!&"-e- 5&e

"#p&$e- -.%) &' %he U'"&' %& e'$.!e %h% %he ,&e!''*e &+ %he

S%%e$ "$ "' **&!-'*e "%h %he C&'$%"%.%"&'( p!&"$"&'$ '-

he'*e "% &.(- '&% 5e p!&pe! +&! %he =!e$"-e'% %& #e h"$ -e*"$"&'

5$e- $&(e() &' %he !ep&!% &+ %he G&e!'&! &+ S%%e/

23


24/36

.3./ 2Eects of the use of 8rticle 3B

The ee*% &+ %he .$e &+ A!%"*(e 3 "' %he "$$.e &+ =!&*(#%"&' &+

+"(.!e &+ C&'$%"%.%"&'( M*h"'e!) !e -!$%"* "'-ee- '- !e

p!&"-e- .'-e! A!%"*(e 3> &+ %he C&'$%"%.%"&'/ I%$ "#p*% &' %hee'%"!e +e-e!( +5!"* "$ '& (e$$ $e!"&.$ %h' %h% &+ =!&*(#%"&' &+

' e6%e!'( e#e!,e'*) .'-e! A!%"*(e 32 "' *e!%"' $pe*%$ "%

%e'-$ %& ee' #&!e $ee!e/

The -.!%"&' &+ $.*h =!&*(#%"&' &.(- 5e +&! %& #&'%h$/

H&ee! "+ %he =!&*(#%"&' $ "$$.e- he' %he H&.$e$ &+ %he

=e&p(e $ -"$$&(e- &! -"$$&(.%"&' %&& p(*e -.!"', %he pe!"&- &+

%& #&'%h$ %he =!&*(#%"&' &.(- *e$e %& &pe!%e &' %he e6p"!)

&+ 30 -)$ +! %he -) &' h"*h %he h&.$e &+ pe&p(e F!$% #ee%.'(e$$ %he =!&*(#%"&' "$ pp!&e- 5) %he =!("#e'%/ The ("+e &+

%he =!&*(#%"&' *' 5e e6%e'-e- +&! #&'%h$ % %"#e $.5e*%e-

%& #6"#.# -.!%"&' &+ %h!ee )e!$/

Whe' %he $%%e (e,"$(%.!e "$ $.$pe'-e- 5) %he =!&*(#%"&' #-e

.'-e! A!%"*(e 3 "% $h(( 5e *pe%e'% +&!

%he p!("#e'% %& -e(e,%e p&e!$ %& #e ($ +&! %he $%%e

%& %he =!e$"-e'% &! ') &%he! .%h&!"%) $pe*"Fe- 5) h"#

5 +&! %he =!e$"-e'% %& .%h&!"$e he' %he H&.$e &+ %hepe&p(e "' '&% "' $e$$"&' e6pe'-"%.!e +! %he *&'$&("-%e-

+.'- &+ %he $%%e pe'-"', %he $'*%"&' &+ $.*h e6pe'-"%.!e

+! %he =!("#e'%*+&! %he =!e$"-e'% %& p!.(,%e &!-"''*e +&! %he

-#"'"$%!%"&' &+ %he $%%e he' %he =!("#e'% "$ '&% "'

$e$$"&' KA!% 3>/ B) %he $.*h p!.(,%"&' %he =!e$"-e'%

#)

A$$.#e %& h"#$e(+ (( &! ') +.'*%"&'$ &+ %he E6e*.%"e &+ %he

S%%e &! ') .%h&!"%) $e %he H",h C&.!%

De*(!e %h% %he p&e!$ &+ %he (e,"$(%.!e &+ %he $%%e $h(( 5e

e6e!*"$5(e 5) &! .'-e! %he .%h&!"%) &+ %he =!("#e'%/ I'

$h&!% 5) $.*h =!&*(#%"&' %he U'"&' &.(- $$.#e *&'%!&(

&e! (( %he +.'*%"&'$ "' %he $%%e -#"'"$%!%"&' e6*ep% %he

J.-"*"!)/ I% &.(- #e' %h% (( %he C&.'*"( &+ M"'"$%e!$ "'

%he S%%e $h(( $%'- -"$#"$$e- '- (( %he e6e*.%"e p&e!

$h(( 5e e$%e- "' %he G&e!'&! .'-e! %he -"!e*%"&' '-

*&'%!&( &+ %he =!e$"-e'%/ U$.(() %he =!e$"-e'% pp&"'%$

24


25/36

-"$e!? %& ,."-e %he G&e!'&! -.!"', %he *&'%"'.'*e &+ %he

e#e!,e'*)/

A' e6%!e#e "((.$%!%"&' $ %& h& =!&*(#%"&' .'-e! A!%

31 #) p!()$e ee' %he &%he! p!&"$"&'$ &+ %he

C&'$%"%.%"&' !e(%"', %& %he $%%e *&'*e!'e- "$ "((.$%!%e- 5)%he =.'5 *$e he!e .'-e! %he =!&*(#%"&' .'-e! A!%"*(e

3 1 !e(%"', %& =.'5 %he =!e$"-e'% $.$pe'-e- %he

&pe!%"&' &+ A!%"*(e 1>4 $ !e$.(% &+ h"*h "% $ '& (&',e!

p&$$"5(e +&! %he G&e!'&! %& $.##&' %he S%%e A$$e#5() +&!

') $"%%"', -.!"', %he *&'%"'.'*e &+ %he =!&*(#%"&'/ I% $

he(- %h% ee' %h&.,h% %he &pe!%"&' &+ %he p!&"$"& %& A!%*"(e

3 *&.(- '&% &pe!%e $ !e,!-$ %he S%%e &+ =.'5 "$ %h%

5"(( +&! !e&!,'"$%"&' &+ %h% $%%e$ *&.(- 5e 5!&.,h% 5e+&!e

%he =!("#e'% '- $ e'*%e- h"*h ,!e%() e*%e- %he

$%%e "%h&.% %he *&'$e'% &+ %he $%%e (e,"$(%.!e ee' %h&.,h

$.*h *&'$e'% &+ %he (e,"$(%.!e $ !e


26/36

A'&%he! #''e! "' h"*h %he p&e! h$ 5ee' $&.,h% %& 5e *.!5e-

5) %he 19>@ #e'-#e'% "$ %h% %he F'("%)? *(.$e h"*h h$

5ee' "'$e!%e- 5) %he 3@%h#e'-#e'% *% &+ 19> h$ 5ee' "%%e-/

I' %he !e$.(% %he =!e$"-e'%?$ $%"$+*%"&' $ %& %he 'ee- +&! "$$."',

=!&*(#%"&' .'-e! A!%"*(e 3 1 $h(( 5e &pe' %& .-"*"(!e"e % (e$% &' %he ,!&.'- &+ mala 7de. 1ala 7de" h&ee! "$ $&

-""*.(% %& e$%5("$h %h% "%$ e6"$%e'*e ppe!$ &'() "' (e,(

("%e!%.!e/ J.-,e$ *&.(- '&% F'- mala 7de ee' "' e6%!e#e *$e

$.*h $ "' %he *$e (tate of 5a:asthan v. +nion of India3

Frequent issues not intended

The e!) +*% %h% "% "$ .'-e! %he $#e p!% $ A!%"*(e 32 "% *' 5e

$ee' %h% A!%"*(e 3 "$ 5e .$e- &'() $p!"',() he' %he "'%e!'(e#e!,e'*) "$ &+ $.*h '%.!e %h% "% "$ $"#"(! %& %h% &+ e6%e!'(

e#e!,e'*) $ -e(% "%h "' A!%"*(e 32 '- %e$ %he $hpe &+ '

!#e- !e5e(("&'/ I% "$ he'*e &'() (&,"*( %h% %he !epe%e- .$e &+ %he

!%"*(e h"*h $ %& 5e -e- (e%%e! h$ !e&e- !"&.$ *!"%"*"$#$/

.3.


27/36

C&'$%"%.%"&' '- -"$*&.!,e- %he ("%e!( *&'$%!.*%"&' &+ A!%"*(e

31/3>

The C#"$$"&' +%e! !e"e"', $.,,e$%"&'$ p(*e- 5e+&!e "% 5)

$ee!( p!%"e$ "'-""-.($ '- &!,'"%"&'$ -e*"-e- %h% A!%"*(e3 $h&.(- 5e .$e- $p!"',() $ ($% #e$.!e he' (( "(5(e

(%e!'%"e$ h- +"(e- %& p!ee'% &! !e*%"+) 5!e-&' &+

C&'$%"%.%"&'( #*h"'e!) "' S%%e/ I% he(- %h% (( %%e#p%$ $h&.(-

5e #-e %& !e$&(e %he *!"$"$ % S%%e (ee( 5e+&!e !e*&.!$e %&

A!%"*(e 3 "$ %e'/3@

A**&!-"', %& %he C#"$$"&'?$ !ep&!% %he$e (%e!'%"e$ #) 5e

-"$pe'$e- "%h &'() "' *$e$ &+ e6%!e#e e#e!,e'*) he!e +"(.!e

&' %he p!% &+ %he U'"&' %& %e "##e-"%e *%"&' .'-e! A!%"*(e 3&.(- (e- %& -"$$%!&.$ *&'$e


28/36

#&!e ee*%"e/39 The !ep&!% ($& e#ph$"e- %h% %he G&e!'&!?$

!ep&!% h"*h "$ %he $%!%"', p&"'% +&! %he =!e$"-e'%"( *%"&' .'-e!

A!%"*(e 3 $h&.(- 5e spea$ing document" containing a precise

and clear statement of all material facts and grounds on the basis

of which the 0resident may satisfy himself as to the eistence orotherwise of the situation contemplated in 8rticle 3B. The

C#"$$"&'?$ !ep&!% ($& !e*#e'-e- %h% "-e p.5("*"%) "' ((

#e-" $h&.(- 5e ,"e' %& %he G&e!'&!?$ Rep&!%/40

Wh"(e -"$*.$$"', %he !ep&!% &+ %he S!!" C#"$$"&' "% "$ ($&

&!%h) %& %e '&%"*e %h% %he "e$ e6p!e$$e- 5) S!" =/V/

R#''! +&!#e! Ch"e+ J.$%"*e &+ %he M-!$ Che''" H",h

C&.!% h& he-e- %he I'


29/36

he$"%%e %& pe!+&!# "%$ C&'$%"%.%"&'( -.%) #e!e() 5e*.$e "%

"'&(e$ *&'$"-e!"', p&("%"*( "$$.e$/ A% %he $#e %"#e "% $h&.(-

!e$%!"*% "%$e(+ %& e6#"'"', he%he! %he C&'$%"%.%"&'( !e-? 8rticle 3B of the Constitution confers a power upon the

0resident to be eercised only where he is satis7ed that a

situation has arisen where the #overnment of a (tate cannot

be carried on in accordance with the provisions of the

Constitution. +nder our Constitution" the power is really thatof the +nion Council of 1inisters with the 0rime 1inister at

its head. /?


30/36

must be formed on relevant material. 3? -? of 8rticle

3B" it must be held" having regard to the overall

Constitutional scheme that the 0resident shall eercise it only

after the 0roclamation is approved by both *ouses of

0arliament under clause >3? and not before. +ntil such

approval" the 0resident can only suspend the Legislative

8ssembly by suspending the provisions of Constitution

relating to the Legislative 8ssembly under subJclause >c? ofclause >-?. ? -? can be issued only

where the situation contemplated by the clause arises. In such

a situation" the #overnment has to go. a? Clause >3? of 8rticle 3B is conceived as a chec$ on the

power of the 0resident and also as a safeguard against abuse.

In case both *ouses of 0arliament disapprove or do not

approve the 0roclamation" the 0roclamation lapses at the end

of the twoJmonth period. In such a case" #overnment whichwas dismissed revives.


31/36

>b? *owever" if the 0roclamation is approved by both the

*ouses within two months" the #overnment >which was

dismissed? does not revive on the epiry of period of the

0roclamation or on its revocation. (imilarly" if the Legislative

8ssembly has been dissolved after the approval under clause>3?" the Legislative 8ssembly does not revive on the epiry of

the period of 0roclamation or on its revocation. >? 8rticle

&>/? merely bars an enquiry into the question whether any"

and if so" what advice was tendered by the 1inisters to the

0resident. It does not bar the Court from calling upon the

+nion Council of 1inisters >+nion of India? to disclose to the

Court the material upon which the 0resident had formed the

requisite satisfaction.


32/36

revive and reactivate the Legislative 8ssembly wherever it

may have been dissolved or $ept under suspension. In such a

case" the Court has the power to declare that acts done"

orders passed and laws made during the period the

0roclamation was in force shall remain unaEected and betreated as valid. (uch declaration" however" shall not preclude

the #overnmentLegislative 8ssembly or other competent

authority to review" repeal or modify such acts" orders and

laws.B

4&.+ ommai v. 5nion o% 6ndia A6+ 1##4 - 1#1(

32


33/36

CONCL-SION

The *.!!e'% ppe! #"'() (&&$ "'%& %he C&'$%"%.%"&'$ &+ USA

S"%e!('- '- I'-"/ I% h$ 5ee' %!"e- %& ,.,e %he "#p*% &+ '

e#e!,e'*) &' %he +e-e!( $%!.*%.!e &+ %he$e C&'$%"%.%"&'$ '-e(.%e %he p!&"$"&'$ &+ %he I'-"' C&'$%"%.%"&' "' *p!"$&' %&

%he &%he! C&'$%"%.%"&'$/

E#e!,e'*) "' ,e'e!( "$ '&% ' &!-"'!) $"%.%"&' 5.% ' e6%!

&!-"'!) &'e he!e %he -) %& -) *%""%"e$ &+ %he ,&e!'#e'%

he 5ee' -"$%.!5e- +&! $e !e$&' '- e6%! &!-"'!) #e$.!e$

he 5ee' *((e- +&! "' !e$p&'$e %& %he $#e/ The 8e-e!( $%!.*%.!e

$ h&(e !ep!e$e'%$ ' "'he!e'% e'e$$ $ h$ 5ee' '&%e- 5)

A/V/ D"*e) "' *p!"$&' %& .'"%!) +&!# &+ ,&e!'#e'% $"'*e "' .'"%!) +&!# &+ ,&e!'#e'% he' +*e- "%h $.*h $"%.%"&'$ %he

!e$&.!*e$ &+ %he *&.'%!) !e#"' .'"%e- '- *' 5e e"*"e'%() .$e-/

I' %he 8e-e!( $)$%e# !"&.$ p!&"$"&'$ he 5ee' "'%!&-.*e- "'%&

%he C&'$%"%.%"&' "%$e(+ h"*h "'%e'-e- %& !e#e-) %h"$ P/ I' $e

*$e$ %he .-"*"!) h$ $%eppe- "' e'h'*e- %he p&e! &+ %he U'"&'

$.*h %"#e$/ The 5$"* p!"'*"p(e 5eh"'- %he$e %%e#p%$ %& !e#e-)

%he "'he!e'% e'e$$ "$ %h% "' *$e$ &+ e#e!,e'*) %he p&e!$ &+

%he +e-e!( ,&e!'#e'% !e e6p'-e-/ H&ee! %he e6%e'% %& h"*h

$.*h ' e6p'$"&' %e$ p(*e "$ h% h$ 5ee' &5$e!e- "' %he

*.!!e'% ppe!/

The #"' -"e!e'*e$ %h% !e +&.'- "' (( %he e'+&!*e#e'% &+ (( %he

%)pe$ &+ e#e!,e'*) 5e%ee' %he I'-"' C&'$%"%.%"&' '- &%he!

C&'$%"%.%"&'$ !e 5!&-() %h%

-. The &!-$ h"*h he 5ee' .$e- "' %he I'-"' C&'$%"%.%"&'

!e 5!&- "' %he"! $*&pe $ *p!e- %& %he &%he!

C&'$%"%.%"&'$ '- !e *p5(e &+ "-e "'%e!p!e%%"&'$/ The&!-$ .$e- 5) &%he! C&'$%"%.%"&'$ !e (e$$ 5!&- .$.(() '-

(%h&.,h S"%e!('- $e%"#e$ %e'- %& .$e e


34/36

%he I'-"' C&'$%"%.%"&' he!e$ "' %he U'"%e- S%%e$

C&'$%"%.%"&' "% !e#"'$ &'() %& %he e6p'$"&' &+ %he (e,"$(%"e

p&e!/ The p!&"$& %& A!%"*(e >31 e6p!e$$() $%%e$ %h% %he

e6e*.%"e p&e! &+ %he U'"&' $h(( '&% e6%e'- "' ') $%%e

#%%e!$ "%h"' %he (e,"$(%"e *pe%e'*e &+ %he S%%e e6*ep%%& %he e6%e'% %h% %he C&'$%"%.%"&' &! ( #-e 5) %he

=!("#e'% #) &%he!"$e p!&"-e &%he!"$e/ The S"%e!('-

C&'$%"%.%"&' p!&"-e$ +&! %he pp&"'%#e'% &+ *#"$$"&'e!

%& %e &' %he *""( p&e!$ &+ %he C'%&'$/3. I' (( %he C&'$%"%.%"&'$ he' "% "$ '&% *$e &+ e6%e!'( !

%he $%%e ,&e!'#e'%$ !e %& #e ' pp("*%"&' +&!

"'%e!e'%"&' 5) %he U'"&' ,&e!'#e'%/ Th"$ *' $.pe!$e-e-

5) %he$e C&'$%"%.%"&'$ &'() "' !!e *$e$ he' %he!e "$ h",h

$ee!"%) &+ -',e!/ I' I'-"' C&'$%"%.%"&' %h"$ -e*"$"&' "$

#-e &'() %& %he $.5e*%"e $%"$+*%"&' &+ %he U'"&'/ Th"$

**&!-"', %& %he .%h&! "$ %he p&"'% he!e %he +e-e!( p&e!$

!e 5e"', *p(e%e() e!&-e-/ Th% "' *$e$ &+ "'%e!'(

e#e!,e'*) &! %h% &+ 5!e-&' &+ *&'$%"%.%"&'( #*h"'e!)

%he "'%e!e'%"&' 5) %he U'"&' "$ &'() .p&' %he $.5e*%"e

$%"$+*%"&' &+ %he U'"&'/. The F''*"( e#e!,e'*) h"*h *' 5e "#p&$e- .'-e! %he

I'-" C&'$%"%.%"&' "$ .'"


35/36

H&ee! *p!"$&' "%h &%he! *&'$%"%.%"&'$ &' %he "#p*% &+

e#e!,e'*) &' %he +e-e!( $%!.*%.!e$ p!&e$ %h% "% "$ '&% $&/ The

h)p&%he$"$ "$ p!&e- !&', '- %he .%h&! "$ &+ %he &p"'"&' %h% %he

p!&"$"&'$ .'-e! %he I'-"' C&'$%"%.%"&'$ !e "'-ee- $ee!e

*p!e- %& %he &%he!$ e$pe*"(() -.!"', e#e!,e'*"e$ he' %he$%%e "$ e$$e'%"(() *&'e!%e- "'%& $.5 -""$"&' &+ %he U'"&'/ The!e

"$ ' e!&$"&' &+ %he +e-e!( $%!.*%.!e -.!"', %he$e %"#e$ $

*p!e- %& %he &%he! C&'$%"%.%"&'$/ A(%h&.,h %he .-"*"!) h$

$%eppe- "' % %"#e$ %& p!ee'% %h"$ %he!e "$ $%"(( +! ) %& ,&/

REFERENCES

Boo6s

A/V/ D"*e)Law of Constitutional Law" 10%hE-'/ U'"e!$( L

=.5("$h"', C&/ 1@@

C/H/ WHEARE Federal #overnment" 4%h E-'/ O6+&!-

U'"e!$"%) =!e$$ 193

D!/ D.!, D$ B$. Comparative Federalism" 2'-E-/ Le6"$

Ne6"$ 19@>

H/ M/ See!" Constitutional Law of India V&(/ 1 4%h E-'

U'"e!$( L =.5("$h"', C&/ De(h" 1991

H#"- h' M.h##- W H& 1 42

*irabayashi v. +.(1943 320 US @1

In re !ebs" 1@9 1@ US 4

Ludec$e v. %at$ins" 194@ 33 US 10 1

3&


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Luther v. 4orden 1@49 > H& 1

1ississippi v. 6ohnson 1@> 4 W(( 4>

0ac. (tates v. Dregon 1912 223 US 11@ 141 10

W(( >00

%oods v. 1iller194@ 333 US 13@

'oungstown v. (awyer 192 343 US >9 @>

India

8.9. 5oy v. +nion of IndiaAIR 19@2 SC >10

(.5. 4ommai v +nion of India (1994) 3 SCC 1

(tate of 5a:asthan v. +nion of IndiaAIR 19>> SC 131

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