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8/2/2019 Impending Paradigm Shift in Engineering and Third Industrial Revolution
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IMPENDING PARADIGM SHIFTIN ENGINEERING AND
3RD INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Amitabha GhoshSenior Scientist
National Academy of Sciences India
Honorary Distinguished Professor
IIT Kanpur and BESU Shibpur
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Paradigm shift in technology brings overwhelmingtransformations in the society affecting almost all
spheres of activities. In the recorded history only
twice such changes took place. These are usually
referred to as µ INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONS¶.
The first IR happened during the period 1775-
1830 and the second IR started in the 1960s and
reached its maturity in the 1990s.
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Industrial Revolutions in the Human History
First IR: 1775 Emergence of Prime Movers.Technology and Manufacturing became the deciding factor for
World Power
Second IR: 1970 Emergence of Microelectronics,Computers and Communication.Knowledge-based industry and
Information Technology transfo--rmed the society and startedplaying a major role in WorldEconomy.
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10
100
1000
1700 1750 1800
Yearly Pig Iron
Production in
England -1000
Tons)
Newcomen¶s
Atmospheric
Engine (1712)
James Watt¶s
Separate Condenser
(1769)
Rotary
Engine
(1788)
Trevithik¶s
Real Steam
Engine (1802)
Railway
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First Industrial
Revolution
Second Industrial
Revolution
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Third IR: ? Engineering based on Biomimeticsand advanced systems based upon
the principles of Synthetic Biologywill follow the principles of biologyand life science.
The emergence of such systems will
take the society to a situation beyondthe science fictions. Maximum impactwill be on health care and artificialintelligence. Man still may not be ableto create artificial life but many future
machines will possess many of theattributes of a living organism.
Presently it is difficult to identify the appropriate parameter to
mark the event
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The Second Industrial Revolution was
characterized by 2 dimensional
miniaturization. Objective was tomanipulate information.
The Third Industrial revolution will be
characterized by 3 dimensionalminiaturization. Objective will be
to manipulate material.
But Why Miniaturize?
To understand the importance of miniaturization
and its need one has to examine the trend of
development in technology
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1/Size1/Size
D e g r e e o f A u t o m a t i o n &
I n t e l l i g e n c e L e
v e l
D e g r e e o f A u t o m a t i o n &
I n t e l l i g e n c e L e
v e l
Intelligent Microrobots/ Intelligent Microrobots/
Manipulating Blood CellsManipulating Blood Cells
Molecular Motor Molecular Motor Micro Machine Tool Micro Machine Tool CNC Machining CentreCNC Machining Centre
Autonomous Autonomous
Humanoid RobotsHumanoid Robots
Mars Land Rover Mars Land Rover
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Trend of Miniaturization
2000 ??
Traditional Processes
Current Micro & RP Technology
Nano technology
Time
Macro
Meso
Micro
Nano
Atomic
Level of material
manipulation
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MiniaturizationMiniaturization willwill bebe aa veryvery majormajorfeaturefeature inin futurefuture machinesmachines forfor manymanyreasonsreasons
# Lower cost and higher packing density makes it# Lower cost and higher packing density makes itpossible to incorporate a very large number of variety ofpossible to incorporate a very large number of variety of
sensors which is essential to make a machine intelligentsensors which is essential to make a machine intelligentand autonomous.and autonomous.
# Non invasive health care can be possible through# Non invasive health care can be possible throughminiaturization.miniaturization.
# Low energy and low material consumption leading to# Low energy and low material consumption leading tobetter conservation of resources.better conservation of resources.
# Fast response and disposable.# Fast response and disposable.
# New laws of physics and chemistry for small scale may# New laws of physics and chemistry for small scale maybe necessary for particular applications.be necessary for particular applications.
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It should not be forgotten that miniaturization
will be unavoidable for making not onlysmall things but for developing systems of
macroscopic sizes also miniaturization will be
a very important activity
Compact packing of very large number of sensors
Making actuators relatively more powerful
Reducing the cost for necessary social impact
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The trend of change in fabricating
miniaturized systems through the
new capability for manipulatingmaterial at micro, nano and molecular
levels can be represented by the
next diagram in a schematic manner.
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Impact of Miniaturization on Various
Aspects of Futuristic Systems
Configuration and Design
Material
Actuation
Sensing and Control
Fabrication and Manufacturing
Energy Source
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Intelligent systems¶ major
characteristics depend on themassively parallel arrangement
of miniaturized devices like all
living organisms.
This is not only to just increase the
information collection ability butto use the advantages of scaling laws
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In Design Monolithic StructuresMiniaturizationMassive ParallelismSoft Material
In Fabrication Bottom-Up ApproachSelf Assembly of
Materials at Micro,Nano and Molecular Levels
Self Replicating
In Operation Intelligent
Self LearningSelf Correcting
Energy Biochemical
Metabolism, Photosynthesis
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Force(N)
10¹
10¹
10
10
Object Radius (m)
10 10 10 10³
Surface Tension
Van der Waals
Electrostatic
Gravity/Electromagnetic
Scaling of different types of forces
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Electrostatic Force ~ l²Inertia Force/Electromagnetic Force(Const. Heat Flow) ~ l³
Electromagnetic Force(Const. Current Density) ~ l
F F
l
l/n F/n² F/n²
(F/n²)×n³=nF nF
Number of actuators = n³
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Features
Trends of Paradigm ShiftsTrends of Paradigm Shifts
MultiMulti componentcomponent MonolithicMonolithic
Hard and dumbHard and dumb Soft and smartSoft and smart
Electric, hydraulic,Electric, hydraulic, Smart materials, ionicSmart materials, ionicPneumatic motorsPneumatic motors polymer based artificialpolymer based artificialand actuatorsand actuators muscles and moleculesmuscles and molecules
CentralizedCentralized DistributedDistributed
Microscopic, mesoscopic sizeMicroscopic, mesoscopic size Microscopic, nanoscaleMicroscopic, nanoscale
Limited numbersLimited numbers Very large numbersVery large numbers
SeperatedSeperated IntegratedIntegrated
Material
Actuation
Sensors
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External andExternal and Internal andInternal andpredominantlypredominantly biochemical andbiochemical and
electricalelectrical electricalelectrical
CentralizedCentralized DistributedDistributed
MostlyMostly Miniaturized inMiniaturized inMacroscopicMacroscopic many casesmany cases
Bottom up andBottom up andTop downTop down self assembled inself assembled in
many cases. Self many cases. Self replicationreplication thethe
ultimate dreamultimate dream
Energy Source
Size
Manufacturing
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For actuation and operationsmart materials will be used
which respond to electrical
signals viz Electro ActivePolymers, Shape Memory
Alloy and some Smart Macro
Molecules.
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Shape Memory
Alloy
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Basic Principle of Bending of IPMC Beams
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Molecular Motors
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In extremely miniaturized systems the source of energy
may be very different and can be localized at the places
of their requirement. The major clue to such matters
are expected to come from the living world. In such
situations the power transmitting electrical connections
can get eliminated. The maximum potential in this
direction belongs to the use of hydrolysis of ATP that
releases a substantial amount of free energy. In fact this
is the common energy currency in all plants and otherliving objects.
Energy Source
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Energy is stored in the covalent bonds between phosphates.
ADP + Pi + Energy ATP
Hydrolysis of ATP
ATP ADP + Pi
ENERGY
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Fabrication and Manufacturing
Fabrication and manufacturing of microsystems
is going to be the real challenge. The traditional
µtop down¶ approach will be very unsuitable and,
sometimes, impossible to implement.
A fundamental paradigm shift is inevitable andone must switch over to the µbottom up¶ approaches
which is universal in all living organisms.
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Progress of TOP-DOWN & BOTTOM-UP approaches
1990
Microelectronics
Generative Manufacturing MEMS
nEMS Molecular
electronics
Time
Macro
Meso
Micro
Nano
Level of
material
manipulation
1950 2010
Chemistrybiotechnology
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Fabrication of Miniaturized Systems
by Top Down ApproachTill now the primary process for microsystem fabrication
is based on lithography. As a result the confugarations of mostsuch devices are prdominantly 2 & ½ dimensional. The realchallenge is to create truely 3 D microsystems in a cost effectivemanner
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The real challenge can be met withtechniques adopting µbottom up¶
approach.
Furthermore, economically viable
fabrication will have to adopt the
µself assembly¶ principle
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Components that interact irreversibly give rise to disorderedComponents that interact irreversibly give rise to disordered
productsproducts
Components that can adjust positions once in contact canComponents that can adjust positions once in contact can
form ordered objects if the ordered form is the lowestform ordered objects if the ordered form is the lowest
energy configurationenergy configuration
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Self Assembly ± Molecular Level
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Pattern Generation by Self Assembly
HPB
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Pattern Generation by Self AssemblyPattern Generation by Self Assembly
HPB
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Miniaturization Massiveparallelism
Embedded
Biochemical
Energy Source
And Control
Electronics
Bottom upFabrication
And Self Assembly
Based Mass
Manufacturimg
Futuristic Engineering
S
M
A
R
T
M
A
T
E
R I
A
L
S
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From many points of view the engineering
systems of the coming age will mimic the
living objects.
There will be a major synthesis of life science
and engineering. The artificially designedand developed devices and systems will be
based upon biological principles.
A new branch of applied science and
technology entitled
µSynthetic Biology¶ has started emerging.
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Traditional Engineering
Mathematics
and Computation
for Extensive
Simulation &
Modeling
Physics
Chemistry
Life
Science
Engineering of the New Era
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EMERGING ENGINEERING SUBECTS
Molecular Engineering
Synthetic Biology
Smart Macromolecules and
Intelligent MaterialsManufacturing by Self Assembly
of Materials
Artificial Intelligence, Self Learning,Self Correction
Self Replication
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Thus, it is apparent that in not too distant
future the subject µEngineering¶ will have
a different look. It will be heavily dependent
on Physical Sciences and in many cases the
guiding principle will follow the living world.
It may not be impossible that a very many
systems and devices will depend on biochemical
energy for their operation. And photosynthesis
could also be a source. It can make a very
major impact on the world environment
and save our world
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Thank You