Imperialism

Chapter 11/ SOL 9 d & e

Imperialism

•By end of 1800’s: only a few European nations and the U.S. controlled nearly entire world

5 Major Factors 5 Major factors that led to the race for

Imperial colonies

1. Raw Materials2. New Markets3. Nationalism4. Outlets for Population5. Missionary Motives

Raw Materials •Industrialization led to need for more raw materials

New Markets •Average worker could not afford products they were producing, so they needed new markets to buy surplus

Nationalism •European nations were competing and striving for strength and prestige

Outlets for Population •still allowed

people to retain their citizenship & allow the mother country to receive their taxes!!!

Missionary Motives

“White Man’s Burden”

•converting them to Christianity•introduced education, hygiene & medical knowledge

•it was their moral duty to change the natives & make them more European

Berlin Conference

•To prevent war•1884-1885: to settle disputes over division of Africa…NO AFRICAN REPRESENTATIVE WAS PRESENT

How territory was gained…•European first sent private

citizens to make a claim there (merchants, traders, explorers)

•As the natives resisted, Europeans sent military to protect the citizens

Types of foreign control

Colony:

Protectorate:

•under total control of a foreign power

•the foreign country is still running the gov’t and the economy

Types of foreign control cont…

Condominium:

Sphere of Influence:

•a region where two countries share a territory

•Trading privileges

Types of foreign control cont…

Direct Rule:

Indirect Rule:

•Controlling all levels of government

•locals hold lower gov’t positions

Paternalism •Governing as a parent!

North Africa

North Africa• One of first targets…due to

proximity to Europe• The French gained control of Tunisia

by loaning them money that they knew they could not repay

North Africa cont…•France got Morocco•Britain wanted to join in the conquest of North Africa

North Africa cont…•French built the Suez Canal• Egypt purchased ½ of the

stocks & then sold them!

North Africa cont…•The Sudan was Britain’s next

target b/c they needed control of the Nile River

•Britain & France both wanted the Sudan = estab. A condominium over it!

North Africa cont…

•Italy wanted Libya•The people of Libya hated Italian rule

http://www.unesco.org/water/ihp/prizes/great_man/img/libya.gif

West Africa

West Africa

•Dutch and Portuguese were the 1st Europeans to come in contact with West Africa

West Africa cont…

•French colonized a large portion of West Africa.

•British also moved into interior portion of West Africa; They claimed territory along the Niger River.

West Africa cont…•By the early 1900’s, all of West

Africa except for Liberia had been claimed by Britain, France, Portugal, Germany and Spain.

•Liberia was est. by freed slaves for the U.S.

http://i.cnn.net/cnn/2003/WORLD/africa/07/07/liberia/story.africa.liberia.map.gif

East Africa

East Africa•Slave raids had disrupted the

political stability of the region and made it easier to invade.

•Ethiopia only region in East Africa that did not succumb to foreign invasion

•Fatal cattle disease killed 80% of the cattle, which led to widespread starvation

Central Africa

Central Africa• Dr. Livingstone explored the interior

portion of Africa• 1st European to explore the Zaire

River (Congo)• Henry Stanley (American) went to

find him; Stanley “bumped into” Livingstone—famous quote “Dr. Livingstone, I presume”

Central Africa cont…• Leopold II (Belgium) purchased

900,000 sq miles (Congo)• Leopold practically depleted Congo’s

entire rubber supply• After criticism, Leopold turned it

over to Belgium gov’t

Central Africa cont…• French also gained a piece of the

Congo and stretched their empire to west coast when they acquired French Equatorial Africa

South Africa

South AfricaBoer War: Btwn African & British;

British won & gained control of the Boer Republic

Boer: Dutch Farmer AKA Afrikaners—language Afrikaans

Paternalism/AssimilationBritish Used Indirect Rule because

empire covered about ¼ of globe“The sun never sets on the British

empire”

Imperialism & India• British took control of India • British East India Company

controlled India• Sepoy Mutiny: Indian revolt • British intro. Social reforms, educ,

technology• “Jewel of the British Empire”• British remained until mid 1900’s

when Gandhi formed the Indian Nat’l Congress

Imperialism & China• Had isolated themselves/restricted foreign

trade• Balance of trade—China• Europeans—trade deficit—wanted free tradeOpium War: 1839-1842, Chinese tried to halt

the British from importing opium = war! (British won)

Treaty of Nanking: 1842 opened up 5 ports to British

Spheres of Influence: outside powers claimed trading rights in China

Taiping Rebellion: wanted to overthrow the Qing

Imperialism & China

Open Door Policy: USA 1899, John Hay; = trading rights for all nations

Boxer Rebellion: Chinese uprising against foreign nations; wanted to go back to isolationism! FAILED!!

Imperialism & Japan

•Isolationist!!!!