Imperialism

Monroe Doctrine

• The Monroe Doctrine was a US foreign policy regarding Latin American countries in 1823. It stated that further efforts by European nations to colonize land or interfere with states in North or South America would be viewed as acts of aggression, requiring U.S. intervention.

Imperialism

• Imperialism is the rule of one country by another• The country was divided between Imperialist and Anti-Imperialist in

the late 1800s

Spanish American War

• Origins of the Spanish American War• The Triggering Events• Course and Consequences of the War

Origins of the Spanish American War

• Spain’s power was in decline. By 1898 Spain had Cuba, Philippines, Puerto Rico• Jose Marti organized rebellion while living in US

Humanitarian Concerns

• Progressives move to reform internationally

Yellow Journalism

• Technique for selling more newspaper by sensationalizing and even distorting news events to arouse interest and evoke sympathy• Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolf Hearst

Economic Interest

• $50 million invested in Cuba• Cuban civil war was hurting investments and if America went to war

and won that would open the door to more investments

Imperial interest

• Ostend Manifesto-before Civil War letter that urged America to buy Cuba and turn it into a slave state/colony –remember Missouri Compromise

Triggering Events

• De Lome Letter• Explosion of the Maine

Course and Consequence

• War lasted four months• Theodore Roosevelt-Rough Riders took San Juan Hill outside of

Santiago (old Cuban capital)• Commodore George Devey defeated Spanish fleet in Manila Bay the

Philippines• Spain lost Cuba, Philippines, Puerto Rico and Guam• US paid $20 million for the Philippines, Cuba became independent but

under direct control of the US

Teller Amendment-Platt Amendment

• Anti-Imperialist in Congress passed the Teller Amendment along with declaring war• Stated the United States would not annex Cuba• After the war, Platt Amendment• US can intervene in Cuban affairs, put bases there and Cuba could not

borrow from foreign countries that can later control them

Imperialist vs Anti Imperialist

• The Spanish American War made the US an imperial power and people had different opinions about it

Those in favor:Need for Raw materials and marketsNew technological CapabilitiesImportance of Naval Power (Alfred Thayer Mahan “The Influence of Sea Power Upon History)Competition with European PowersGolden OpportunityNew Manifest DestinyWhite Man’s Burden- Anglo-SaxonsSocial Darwinists

• Against:• Immoral and against democracy• Lead to rivalry and armed conflict• Take jobs and reduce wages for Americans• Social reformers: Samuel Gompers (labor), Jane Addams (settlement

houses), William Jennings Bryan (farmers) made the Anti Imperialist League• Mark Twain “I am opposed to having the eagle put its talons on any

other land”

Our Colonial Empire after the war

PhilippinesPhilippines were upset the President McKinley annexed the Philippines instead of granting them their independenceBegin fighting new American occupiers for 3 yearsFilipino forces defeated in 1902

Hawaii

• Many American businesses (plantations) forced King of Hawaii to change constitution to give only property owners right to vote• 1893 Queen Liliuokalani tried to change constitution back but US

Marines and landowners forced her out of power• President Cleveland refused to take Hawaii (anti-imperialist)• 1898 after war Congress voted to annex Hawaii

Guam Samoa and Midway

• Midway 1867• Guam taken from Spain• Samoa 1899• Small islands provided supplies and fuel to ships

Pan Americanism

• The idea that Latin America and US should work togoether

Puerto Rico, Cuba, Virgin Islands

• Puerto Rico became and American possession• Cuba- Teller/Platt Amendment= protectorate• Virgin Islands- purchased from Dutch 1917

Foreign Policy 1898-1914

• With the control of the Philippines and naval bases and coaling stations in Midway, Hawaii, Guam, Samoa, Asian importance grew

Open Door Policy in China 1899

• Secretary of State John Hay proposed equal trading rights for all foreign “Open Door” policy • Led to Boxer Rebellion-Chinese opposed to foreign influence • To compromise Hay announced US would oppose any attempt to

divide China

Japan

• Matthew Perry “gunboat diplomacy” opened Japan to trade• Japan became industrializing and desire to be imperialistic after what

happened to them• Weak China and strengthening Japan led to war-Sino-Chinese War• Japan won and gained Taiwan and Korea• Later fought Russia for Chinese land and won, Theodore Roosevelt

ended the way with the Treaty of Portsmouth

Panama Canal

• New Asian interest led to a need for the Panama Canal• Panama was part of Colombia and US offered $10 million and annual

fee for the canal land. Colombia refused. US supported rebels in Panama who were trying to separate from Colombia. • Roosevelt sent ship to defend rebels, Panama became its own country

and gave US “Panama Canal Zone”• Canal cost over $400 million and cost thousands of lives from work

conditions and disease (malaria and yellow fever

Roosevelt Corollary

• Monroe Doctrine- no new colonies in Americas• Roosevelt Corollary-no use of force to collect any debts in Americas• Dominican Republic• Haiti• “Big Stick” policy

Taft “Dollar Diplomacy”

• Encouraged bankers to lend money to Caribbean countries to pay European loans or invest• When unable to pay US sent troops and government had to give

control of certain industries to American businesses

Wilson “Watchful Waiting”

• Intervened in Haiti, Nicaragua, and DR • Purchased Virgin Islands from Denmark • In Mexico, General Huerta overthrew government. Wilson did not

recognize government• Sent troops to prevent Germans from landing arms in Mexico, Huerta left

power • Angered Mexicans, Pancho Villa murdered American workers in Mexico

and crossed border and attacked American town in New Mexico• Wilson sent troops into Mexico for a year to search for Pancho Villa but

never found him

Florida involvement

• Ybor City- Cuban cigar making operation• Cuban immigrants gave Jose Marti money and support• Tampa became big base for Spanish American War• Henry Flagler built railroad to Key West to increase trade potential