Imperialism 1. Define imperialism and the motivations behind imperialism. 2. Examine how economic and political imperialism affected the nations and societies around the world.

Imperialism

What is it? - (Definition)

What is it like? (Characteristics)

Making Connections

Age of Exploration

1. Economic Motives:

2. Social/religious motives:

3. Methods of Conquest:

4. Impact of colonization: a) Positive

b) Negative

Imperialism

1. Economic Motives:

2. Social/religious motives:

3. Methods of Conquest:

4. Impact of colonization: a) Positive

b) Negative

Imperialism (1870s-1910s) 1. Definition: to dominate another country’s politics,

culture, or economy Europe had previously spread its influence during the

Age of Exploration - Led mainly to trading empires

Europe used its growing industry, technology, and organization to its advantage a. Technology: telegraph, steam boats, machine guns

(Maxim), railroads b. Medicines: Quinine (to treat malaria – a disease spread

by mosquitoes) c. Organization – new, stronger nation-states, militarism (belief that a gov’t should maintain a strong military to

promote national interests)

2. Motivations a. Economic: access to materials, a market to sell industrial goods a. Military: needed refueling stops for

merchant and navy vessels, to earn prestige in the era of nationalism

b. Religious goals: to Christianize & bring Westerner values to “little brothers”

c. Scientific: sense of racial superiority- i. Europe had advanced technologically

beyond the rest of the world ii. Europe was the fittest, the rest of the

world was the weakest iii. It was the best to use the weak to

continue to build up the strong

3. Types of imperial rule

a. Direct rule: European nation sent their own people to govern (France)

b. Indirect rule/protectorate: keep local rulers, but influence them with “advice” and by sending their kids to European schools (England, Belgium)

c. Sphere of influence: an area where a European nation had exclusive trading rights, happened mostly in China

4. General process of imperialism

a. Established contact and explored i. missionaries

ii. explorers: Dr. David Livingston, Henry Stanley, Pierre de Brazza

b. Fought for colonies with other European nations i. Each country tried to sign treaties

with local tribes/kingdoms

ii. Berlin Conference (1884): broke up Africa without war

iii. Enforced Open Door Policy in China (1899)

Process of Imperialism

c. Began to make use of the colonies, established governments i. Extracted natural resources – ivory, rubber,

gold, iron, oils ii. Built improvements – Suez & Panama

Canals (1869) (1914), railroads iii. Forced European values & sold cheap/old

European goods

d. Fought with indigenous peoples to keep control i. Zulu Uprising & Boer War: South Africans

versus England ii. Maji-Maji Rebellion: Germany versus

Herero in modern Tanzania iii. Sepoy Rebellion: England versus India iv. Opium War: England versus China

Imperialism 1. Compare and Contrast the

two cartoons 2. How does each of these

cartoons portray Imperialism?

- Definition: to dominate another country’s politics, culture, or economy

Imperialism • http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/1907powr.htm

Map Terms Terms for the regions controlled by Imperialist Powers

• Colony: a territory under the immediate political control of a state.

• Protectorate: an independent nation that is protected diplomatically or militarily by a stronger nation.

• Sphere of Influence: a region where a nation has significant cultural, economic, military or political influence.

Causes of Imperialism

• Nationalism

• Militarism

• Industrialism

Mapping Imperialism • Which region of Africa

did France dominate?

• The British land holdings in Africa ran (choose one) east to west / north to south from ___________ to ___________.

• How many African colonies did Germany control? How many did Italy control?

Mapping Imperialism

• How many years did it take England to gain control over India? • What were the two largest British colonies in Asia and the Pacific? • Which Europeans controlled the widest variety of resources in Asia

and the Pacific?

Mapping Imperialism • Which country

controlled the largest overseas empire in 1914? The second largest? The smallest?

• Roughly how much (what percentage) of the world’s land came under the control of imperialist nations by 1914?

For discussion: • A. Compare the resources and land area that was controlled

during this era. Did certain countries control more land or resources than the rest?

• B. Fact 1: over 1 billion people live in China. Fact 2: Europe had just gone through the Industrial Revolution and waves of nationalism by 1900. Question: for what purposes did Europeans want to set up “spheres of influence” in China?

• C. Fact 1: Europe/US industrialized during the 1800s. Fact 2: The rest of the world industrialized during the 1900-2000s. Question: how was it that Europe/US was able to conquer the world so quickly during the Age of Imperialism?

Imperialism & Anti-Imperialism Heart of Darkness – Joseph Conrad

• “They were conquerors,… They grabbed what they could get for the sake of what was to be got. It was just robbery with violence, aggravated murder on a great scale, and men going at it blind – as is very proper for those who tackle a darkness.”

The Sacred Mission of Civilization – King Leopold II (Belgium)

• “Our refined society attaches to human life (and with reason) a value unknown to barbarous communities. The Belgian army have always present in their minds a strong sense of honor…not sparing their own blood, they will the more spare the blood of natives, who will see in them the all-powerful protectors of their lives and property.”

Arguments over Imperialism pg. 752 Comparing Viewpoints

Imperialist Arguments

• 1. Cecil Rhodes

Anti-Imperialist Arguments

• 1. Chief Kabongo

Where does Rudyard Kipling’s the White Man’s Burden fall in this argument?

The White Man’s Burden Stanza 1: • Portrayal of Colonizers

(Westerners):

• Portrayal of colonized natives:

Stanza 2 • Motivations for

Imperialism:

Stanza 3, 4 & 5 • Outcome of Imperialism:

– What did the colonizers want to happen?

– What actually happened?

– What was the White Man’s “reward” for imperialism?

– What does Kipling mean by the last 4 lines?

Take up the White man's burden –

Send forth the best ye breed –

Go bind your sons to exile

To serve your captives' need;

To wait in heavy harness

On fluttered folk and wild –

Your new-caught, sullen peoples,

Half devil and half child.

Take up the White Man's burden –

In patience to abide,

To veil the threat of terror

And check the show of pride;

By open speech and simple,

An hundred times mad plain.

To seek another's profit,

And work another's gain.

Take up the White Man's burden –

The savage wars of peace –

Fill full the mouth of Famine

And bid the sickness cease;

And when your goal is nearest

The end for others sought,

Watch Sloth and heathen Folly

Bring all your hope to nought.

Take up the White Man's burden –

No tawdry rule of kings,

But toil of serf and sweeper –

The tale of common things.

The ports ye shall not enter,

The roads ye shall not tread,

Go make them with your living,

And mark them with your dead!

Take up the White man's burden -- And reap his old reward:

The blame of those ye better,

The hate of those ye guard –

The cry of hosts ye humour

(Ah, slowly!) toward the light: --

"Why brought ye us from bondage,

"Our loved Egyptian night?"

Take up the White Man's burden –

Ye dare not stoop to less –

Nor call too loud on freedom

To cloak your weariness;

By all ye cry or whisper,

By all ye leave or do,

The silent, sullen peoples

Shall weigh your Gods and you.

Europeans Two Views on Colonized Natives

“Half-Devil”

• The half-devil portrayal establishes the colonized as violent savages. Evil, trickster nature.

“Half-Child” • The half-child portrayal

establishes a need for a more knowledgeable colonizer to teach the innocent and ignorant colonized about life and civilization. – “(Ah, slowly!) toward the light”

The image of a half-devil and half-child creates a dual personality for those who are colonized, and it serves to justify different aspects of imperialism.

The White Man’s Burden • Compare the Poem to the images

• Create your own representation of the ‘White Man’s Burden’

What the United States has Fought

For

Purpose of Imperialism “Models of Civilization”

Africa 1880

Division of Africa

- Explorers and missionaries increase contact in interior of Africa

- King Leopold arranges trade treaties in Africa, along the Congo River

- Rival claims by Britain, France, and Germany throughout the rest of the African continent

- 1884 Berlin Conference = Europeans divide Africa to avoid conflict

Event

Partition of Africa - 1884

- Europeans establish new borders in Africa (w/out consulting Africans)

- European states exploit Africans (for resources & markets)

- European powers compete for colonies

- Africans resist/ revolt against European rule

-African leaders forge nationalist movements, attempt to create new & independent African nations

Characteristics of African Imperialism 1. How does each of these cartoons portray imperialism in the African Congo? 2. What motivations does each of these cartoons address? What do these cartoons

suggest are the outcomes of imperialism in the Congo?

The Congo and South-West Africa

• South-West Africa – Germany attempts to exterminate the Herero (80% killed) and Namaqua (50% killed) people by encouraging famine and poisoning wells

• Congo - King Leopold II of Belgium personally owned the colony for ivory and rubber – Estimated 16 million natives

died between 1885-1908

Characteristics of Imperialism in Africa

• The African Cake – introduction to the European colonization of Africa.

Questions

• What process did European powers use to divide up Africa?

• How did Europeans justify the colonization of Africa?

• What were two effects of European colonization that you observed in the video?

The Berlin Conference: The General Act of Feb. 26, 1885

1. Locate Berlin, the Congo River, and the Niger River.

2. Paraphrase each of these agreements. Pay particular attention to Chapter VI, these were the key terms.

3. Who was invited to this conference? Who was noticeably lacking an invitation?

4. Who is to have free navigation on the Niger and Congo River? Who is not provided free navigation?

5. Make an inference: what were the main goals of the Berlin Conference?

Causes of Imperialism Review

• Nationalism European nations wanted to demonstrate their power and prestige to the world. – Balance of Power European nations were forced to

acquire new colonies to achieve a balance with their neighbors and competitors.

• Economic Motives The Industrial Revolution created an unquenchable demand for raw materials and new markets.

• White Man's Burden The Europeans’ sense of superiority made them feel obligated to “civilize the heathen savages” they encountered.

Characteristics of Imperialism in Africa Sources Characteristics of Imperialism

(Actions of the Colonizers, Reactions of the Colonized)

Colonization in Africa Video Irrational borders created (divides tribes), war & conflict

Imperialism: a Sample Treaty

The Berlin Conference

Link to Literature: “The Gentlemen of the Jungle”

Two Views of Imperialism in Africa: David Livingstone &

Basil Davidson

Africa’s Next big war?

Characteristics of African Imperialism • Division of Land made by European Explorers &

Leaders – Without consent of Africans – White Europeans believe they are racially superior to

Africans (White Man’s Burden argument) – Borders created ethnic conflict that continues today

• Violence – Competition between Europeans turns violent

• Ex: Boer Wars between Dutch & English settlers in South Africa with the Zulu’s caught in the middle resisting both groups of Europeans

– Africans resist European Rule • Ex: Samori Toure (Algerian leader) battles the French

• Native Groups Revolt & form Nationalistic movements – Form tribal or religiously based national identities to resist

Europeans • Ex: Usman dan Fordio in Nigeria sets up a Muslim state

Warm-Up

• What does this cartoon suggest is the primary reason businesses and governments get involved in imperialistic ventures? – Use Specific details

from the cartoons to support your answer

Expansion of British Rule in India

British East India Company (founded by Queen Elizabeth I in 1700s - many British politicians had Stock in the company, but Co. Not run by the Gov’t)

1857 British Government took

Control & made India a colony (Direct Rule)… How did this happen?

British Imperialism in India

Causes

1. Mughal (Indian) empire lacks strong rulers

2. British East India Company increase influence by ‘divide & conquer’ tactics

*exploit religious divisions & rivalries between local rulers so the BEIC is most powerful force in India

3. 1857 Sepoy Mutiny

BEIC employed Indian soldiers (Sepoys) who revolted against the British

4. British Gov’t steps in to stop the Revolt

Event

British Government Colonial Rule

in India

- British viceroy (representative of British gov’t)

replaces East India Company

Effects

1. India used for it’s natural resources & as a market for British goods

Effects:

- India’s once prosperous hand-weaving industry is ruined

-massive deforestation

-Famines sweep India in late 1800s

2. Changes to India by British Gov’t

- Revised legal system (outlaw Sati & other native customs)

- Built schools & railroads

3. Cultural Diffusion

- Ex: Maharajas

Imperialism in India

• Economic Motives The Industrial Revolution created an insatiable demand for raw materials and new markets.

• Suez Cannel makes this possible & profitable

http://regentsprep.org/regents/global/themes/imperialism/india.cfm

Characteristics of British Rule in India

• Violence in Conquest

• Local ‘Rulers’ with British control

• Cultural Diffusion

HoB: 3:00 – 7:00 Maharaja: 0 – 5:30

Warm up – Daily Life in India British Army

• Social class determined the way of life for British Army in India. Upper-class men served as officers. Lower-class British served at lesser rank and did not advance past sergeant. Only men with the rank of sergeant and above were allowed to bring their wives to India. Officer’s wives often attempted to re-create England in the home setting. Officers and enlisted men spent much of the day involved in sports, with the upper-class officers socializing at arranged events.

Indian Servants • Caste determined

Indian occupations. Jobs were strictly divided by caste. Castes were divided into 4 broad categories called varna. Indian civil servants were of the 3rd varna, house and personal servants were 4th varna. Even within the varna, jobs were strictly regulated. For example in the photo both servants were of the same varna but the person washing the man’s feet was of a different caste than the person using the fan.

Questions: Examine the photo and the two captions 1. How did a person’s social class,

whether British or Indian, impact their daily lives in India?

2. Make Predictions - How do you think the British viewed the Indians?

3. How do you think the Indians viewed the British?

Warm-up Discussion

Cartoon 1 • Translation: “I say, you

must buy this poison immediately. We want you to really poison yourselves, so that we will have enough tea to comfortably digest our beefsteaks!”

Questions:

1. How does each of these cartoons represent China?

2. How does each cartoon represent the British?

3. If the Middle East decided to stop selling the US oil what do you think the US’s response would be? Why?

4. How does the US try to prevent drugs from entering the country?

Cartoon 2

How was China divided into Spheres of

Influence by European Interests?

Causes of the Decline of Qing China Causes

Economic disruptions

1. Opium trade (controlled by the British East India Co.)

disrupts Chinese economy

a. Opium War with Britain (China loses)

Political disruptions

1. Treaty of Nanjing forces China to make concessions to the

British gov’t

a. Series of ‘unequal treaties’ / gives Westerners power

Social changes

1. Population explosion

2. Widespread government corruption & tax evasion

Violence Erupts

1. Taiping Rebellion (civil war kills 20 million) 1850-64

2. Sino-Japanese War (China defeated by Japan) 1894-95

3. Boxer Rebellion (opposing Western imperialism)1899-1901

2 yr. old boy becomes emperor – Qing Dynasty falls

Event Decline of Qing China

Western powers create

Spheres of Influence in

China

Tasks

• Revolts, Rebellions and Unrest

• Tasks:

• Read the notes and the sections in the textbook that address these events.

• Fill in the Chart: Imperialism – Keeping Power, Putting down Rebellions

• Answer the questions on your assignment sheet in the space provided.

• Discuss your findings with the class.

Revolts, Rebellions and Unrest The Boer War The Opium War The Sepoy Rebellion

Causes

British Actions

British Justifications

Indigenous Reaction(s)

Victor Outcome(s)

Imperialism – Keeping Power, Putting down Rebellions

After you have finished the Chart choose one of the conflicts to summarize by creating a first person account of the event, (either in a letter, political cartoon, journal entry, etc.)

1. Choose one viewpoint to Represent (either British or Indigenous) 2. Include the causes, British actions, and the outcome in your

summary • Viewpoints to choose from: • Imagine you were a British politician. Defended the actions of the

British Empire towards one of these groups of people. Defend your statement with facts.

OR • Imagine you were a Chinese, Boer, or an Indian during the era of

imperialism. Explain how you would have felt towards the British. Defend your statement with facts.

Revolts, Rebellions and Unrest The Boer War The Opium War The Sepoy Rebellion

Causes Boers fled to Africa for religious freedoms, British want natural resources in S. Africa (diamonds & gold)

British was selling opium to China

British take control of India 1600-1850 and sepoys do not like British authority

British Actions

Started reconquering Boer states

Continued trade and forced unequal treaties on China

British took best jobs and make sepoys servants (rifle cartridges)

British Justifications

British Found both diamonds and gold in S. Africa. British claim on the land is stronger

British think they are superior to China - Better weapons and more $

British think they are superior to the Indians. Making them civilized (Sati)

Indigenous Reaction(s)

Started fighting the British with guerilla tactics

China Outlaws opium trade

Rebelled but not enough troops

Victor Outcome(s)

England wins and annexed South Africa

England win and annexed Hong Kong

Britain won, monarch ruled through a viceroy

Conflicts over Modernization in Japan

• Allegory of the New fighting the Old in early Meiji Japan, circa 1870

Analysis of Statistics from the Meiji Restoration

Question: After examining the statistics below, how is Japan changing between 1870 and 1914?

• With industrialization came the demand for coal. There was dramatic rise in production, as shown in the table below.

• Coal production Year Coal production (metric tons)

Year Coal Production

1875 600,000

1885 1,200,000

1895 5,000,000

1905 13,000,000

1913 21,300,000

• Coal was needed for two things: steamships and railroads. The growth of these sectors is shown below.

Year # of Steamships

1873 26

1894 169

1904 797

1913 1514

Year Track (miles)

1872 18

1883 240

1887 640

1894 2100

1904 4700

1914 7100

The Meiji Restoration – time period in Japanese history in which Japanese leaders sought to modernize Japan and adopt Western ways.

Japan’s response to Western Imperialism Rise of a New Empire

Causes

- Social and Economic unrest

- Foreign pressure

Meiji Restoration

- Strong Central Government

Effects

- Builds an empire by

- Extend influence in Korea

Japan’s response to Western Imperialism Rise of a New Empire

Causes

- Social and economic unrest

-Foreign pressure western powers (US/ Mathew Perry) try to force open Japan

- Daimyo and samurai revolt over modern changes

Meiji Restoration

- Strong central government

- Businesses adopt Western methods

- Leaders encourage industrialization

- Social changes and Industrialism lead to nation building (similar to western motives)

Effects

- Builds an empire by…

- Extends influence in Korea

- Conflicts with China

- Defeats Russia

Effects of Imperialism

Effects

1. Europe added to their empires (nearly 1/5th of the land area of the globe) and to their wealth

2. Cultural Diffusion of western culture/ political ideas

3. Growth of global markets/ commercial revolution – Disappearance of small farms

to enable mass production

4. Rivalries over European empires leads to increasing tension between European powers - eventually erupts into war…

Long-Term Effects 1. Legacy of imperialism – many

colonized nations resent western influence creating tense relationship with the west today – Economic exploitation, racist

ideas

2. Lack of modernization in many colonized nations led to severely underdeveloped nations – Many old colonies are still 3rd

world or developing nations

3. Borders do not reflect ethnic or cultural lines leading to conflicts – Terror regimes (Congo) led to

mass killings, torture and amputations

– Pakistan and India

Current Change

Africa • Conflicts over land, resources and

political power common in Africa

• EX: Sudan – due to the continuous fighting in Sudan (1950s – today) the country has decided to split. – A referendum took place in

Southern Sudan in January 2011, in which 98% of S. Sudan voted to split.

– New State will be formed on July 9th 2011

– Changes in Sudan: http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/video/2011/jan/05/sudan-independence-referendum

Developing World Powers

• India and China – Two most populous countries

in the world

– Both are developing economies (India 10th largest world GDP, China 2nd largest world GDP and fastest growing economy)

Where are they today…

Japanese Contact with Foreign Powers Japanese View of Americans/ Westerners

American/ Western View of the Japanese

Outcome:

Imperialism - to dominate another country’s politics, culture, or economy

Causes

Effects

Building Imperial Empires

• Africa

• India

• China

Review: Causes of European Imperialism

Economic Causes

Political and Military Causes

Social Causes

Technological causes

New Imperialism

Review: Causes of European Imperialism Economic Causes

-Need for natural resources

- Desire to expand markets

- Outlet needed for growing populations

(Industrial Revolution)

Political and Military Causes

- Bases needed

- Nationalism (pride and prestige of a global empire)

- National Security

Social Causes

- Desire to Spread Christianity/ Western Civilization

- Belief in racial superiority

- Belief in Social Darwinism

Technological causes

- Advances in communication

- Medical Knowledge

- Advances in weaponry/ overseas travel (makes conquest possible)

New Imperialism

Review Chart Africa India China

Type(s) of

Imperialism: - Direct Control

- Indirect Control

- Spheres of Influence

Direct and

Indirect control

Indirect control Spheres of

Influence

List the European/

Western countries that

laid claim to these

areas

(Use the map to help

you fill in the boxes)

GB, Germany,

France, Portugal,

Belgium, Spain,

Italy…

GB GB, French,

Germany, Japan

European and Western

Motives/ Perspectives

on Imperialism

Resources

(diamonds, gold)

Trade (new

markets)

westernizing

spices (Indian

goods), religion,

nationalism,

trade, racial

superiority

Resources (silk,

tea, china)

Native Perspectives on

Imperialistic

Expansion

Revolts, Boer

war

Revolt (Sepoy

Rebellion

opium war

Japan Lesson

• http://aboutjapan.japansociety.org/content.cfm/constructing_imperial_japan

*5/6 3:33 – 8:00

*6/6 0 – 8:18

• Japanese History of Edo period to Maiji Restoration

• 5/6 - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aPMZ4suRSjY

• 6/6 - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4vHvmAVSyUI&feature=BFp&list=WL8EFC9C7C6E02B8D7&index=1

Sources

• http://www.japanfocus.org/-Erin-Murphy/3182 • http://www.coedu.usf.edu/main/departments/se

ced/webq/social%20studies/history/jberringer/default.htm

• What US has fought for - http://www.mentorhigh.com/roberts/APUS/APUSHP8/APUSLecture8B.html

• http://www.npr.org/2004/04/26/1851882/mandela-an-audio-history

Sources 2

• Lesson Plan - http://jimburns.net/jimpages/portfolio/lp.asp – Orwell’s ‘shooting an elephant’ http://www.george-

orwell.org/Shooting_an_Elephant/0.html

– The Magnificent African Cake 1:09 – 10:44 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Py762-uYvy4

– Heart of darkness - http://www.shmoop.com/heart-of-darkness/race-quotes.html

– Modern historical interpretation of imperialism - http://vodpod.com/watch/2311248-rachel-maddowthe-white-mans-burden

Colonialism in Africa video – 1 – 3:24

• http://www.coedu.usf.edu/main/departments/seced/webq/social%20studies/history/jberringer/default.htm

American View of the World: http://www.alamo.edu/pac/faculty/rhines/images/civilizationmap.jpg