Imperialism

Response to the West

India—Mughal Empire

• 1600s—Portuguese control trade in Goa

• 1661—British East India Co. controlled trade in Bombay

• 1691—British establish port of Calcutta

They were annoyed with Europeans, but viewed them as harmless

India

• Lured by tea, sugar, silk, salt and jute

• Mughal Empire weakens

• Hindus and Muslims are fighting

• British East India Company conquersCeylon (Sri Lanka) and into Pakistan and Afghanistan

India—Sepoy Rebellion

• Relied on sepoys, Indians that worked for the British as soldiers

• Sepoys were alarmed at the hunger of the British and their disregard for Hindu/Muslim customs

• 1857—they learned that their bullet cartridges were greased with pork and beef fat, so they rebelled

• They fought for 2 years, but failed

India—British Parliament

• 1858 British parliament took control of India from the East India Company

• Mughal rulers were sent into exile

• 1877—Queen Victoria—Empress of India

• Raw materialsGBmfg goodsIndia

• Upper caste learned English, Christianity spread, and RRs and canals were built

China—Qing/Manchu

• Focused on surrounding neighbors• Didn’t aspire to conquer the world• Allowed Europeans to trade until they felt

threatened—so expelled them• Fierce protectors of the culture• 1724—Christianity banned, but allowed

Europeans to trade at CantonLimited contact,but allowed

Highly organized, confident civilization

China—Opium Wars

• 1773—introduced opium• 1838—Manchu edict forbidding the sale or use of

opium• 1839—Chinese seized British opium in Canton• 1839-1842—fought• Treaty of Nanjing—”unequal treaty” British was

given rights to expand trade with China and right to create more opium addicts

China—Opium Wars

• 1843—Hong Kong declared a crown possession• 1844—China forced to let Christian missionaries

back in the country• 1856 2nd Opium War for 4 years• China defeat opened all of China up to European

trade• Britain did not want to establish a colony like in

India BUT fought for trading concessions

China—Internal Rebellion

• White Lotus Rebellion—Buddhist mad at government taxes and corruption

• Taiping Rebellion—nationalistic Chinese wanted to get rid of the Manchu Dynasty

• 1876—Korea declares independence• Sino-French War (1883)—lose control of Vietnam• 1895—handed Taiwan over to Japan• Spheres of Influence are created by Europeans• US’s Open Door Policy—supports Chinas

sovereignty but declares equal trading policy

China—Boxer Rebellion

• Anti-Manchu, anti-European, and anti-Christian—the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists or Boxers

• They used guerilla warfare tactics and slaughtered Christian missionaries and seized foreign embassies

• Not successful BUT furthered the hurt of ChinaBoxer Protocol—had to pay for any costs associated with the rebellion

China

• Chinese culture begins to crumble

• 1901—foot binding abolished

• 1905—2000 yr old Examination System eliminated

• 1911—imperial rule ends

• Sun Yat-sen establishes a republic

Ottoman Empire

• 1700s armies had fallen behind in technology and strength

• Fought with Russians for Balkans and Black Sea

• Central government was less effective

• Provinces becoming independent relying on private armies

Ottoman Empire

• Muhammad Ali seized power after Napoleon of Egypt

• Built a powerful army & sponsored industrialization of cotton textiles and armaments

• He transformed Egypt into a crucially strategic location and link, because of the Suez Canal

Ottoman Empire

• Decrease trade and losing territory, because Europe could trade directly with China

• Became reliant on foreign loans and gave European capitulations

Ottoman Empire

• Mahmud II tried to reform:– Army– Secondary education– Roads, telegraph, and postal service

• Tanzimat Era– French legal system as a guide for laws– Public trials and equality above sharia

Ottoman Empire

• Opposition to Reforms– religious conservatives and the Ottoman

bureaucracy

• Young Turks—exiled pushed for universal suffrage, equality before the law, and emancipation of women

• 1908—coup overthrew sultan and set up a “puppet” government

Ottoman Empire

• Attempted change, but remained weak and vulnerable

• GB & France actually try to keep it a float worried that Russia would gobble it up

• GB will gain control of Egypt in 1883

Japan

• 1542—Portuguese established trade & Christian missionaries followed

• Jesuits controlled the port of Nagasaki—trade flourishedWesternization

Japan—Tokugawa ShogunateEdo Period

• 1600—strict and rigid government• Confucian inspired caste system• Christians were persecuted• 1635—National Seclusion Policy• Japanese culture thrived w/o foreign influence

(kabuki and haiku)

Reacted the strongest c/c China & India

Highly organized, confident civilization

Japan Imperialism

• 1853—Commodore Matthew Perry from the US arrived on a steamboat and shocked the Japanese

• They realized their isolation didn’t allow them to compete economically and militarily with the industrialized world

• 1854—Treaty of Kanagwa—West won trade

Japan—Meiji Restoration

• Japanese organized and overthrew the shogun that ratified the treaties and restored the Emperor Meiji to power

• Japanese Westernization—emerged as a world power

• 1870—built railroads and steamships• 1876—samurai warrior class abolished and

universal military service required• Reduced European and US influence and traded

on equal footing

Japan—Meiji Restoration

• 1895—defeated China for Korea and Taiwan

• 1904—Russo-Japanese War kicked Russians out of Manchuria and established their own sphere of influenceC/C IR with Europe—Japan’s was on fast

forward b/c they didn’t have to invent everything theirselves

Africa

• Fragmented—no centralized power• Overwhelmed by European technology• Egypt—Suez Canal• South Africa—Boers (Dutch) & the Zulus• Berlin Conference—1884

C/C with LA boundary lines were determined with European agreements away for the scene and

ruled similarly

US Foreign Policy

• Monroe Doctrine (1823)—declared Western Hemisphere off limits to Europe

• US had invested $$ in LA businesses• 1904—Europeans sent warships to Venezuela

demanding repayment of debtsRoosevelt Corollary—US will intervene in financial disputes between Europe and countries in the Americas

• Panama Canal—finished in 1914• Spanish-American War 1898 kicked Spain out of

Cuba, Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico

Ethnocentrism in Europe

• Not a new idea—Chinese “center of the universe”• Europeans ability to act on those attitudes made

them dangerously unique• Armed with technologically advanced militaries

and strong economic motives, the Europeans were quite capable of subjugating.

• Their success reinforced the attitudes leading to more colonization.