IMPLEMENTING THE BANK’S GENDER MAINSTREAMING STRATEGY: SECOND ANNUAL MONITORING

REPORT, FY03

January 26,2004

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

ACROKYMS .L\D .4BBREVIATlONS

-4 AA @NGED AFR A I D S BNPP C A S CASP C C G CDD

C E D A W

CEM CGA C G C CIDA CIS

CODE C P I A D E C DL D P R

EAP ECA E S M A P ESSD

E S W

FA0

GAD GDLN GENFUND

G P G

GPRS HD HNP HQ IADB IAWG I C R IDA IDF

IDLO IF1 IMF INGAD

JSA

Analyt ical and Advisory Services Arab Network for Gender and Development A f r i ca Region Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Bank Ketherlands Partnership Program Country Assistance Strategy Country Assistance Strategy Progress Report MNA Consultative Council on Gender Community Driven Development

Convention on the Elimination o f a l l Forms o f Discrimination Against Women Country Economic Memorandum Country Gender Assessment Country Gender Coordinator Canadian International Development Agency Commonwealth o f Independent States

Committee on Development Effectiveness Country Pol icy and Institutional Assessment Development Economics Distance Learning Development Po l i cy Review

East Asia and Pacific Region Europe and Central Asia Region Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development Network Economic and Sector W o r k

Un i ted Nations Food and Agriculture Organization Gender and Development Global Development Learning Network Norweg iadDutch Trust Fund for Gender Mainstreaming Global Public Goods Incentive Fund for Gender Mainstreaming Ghana Poverty Reduction Strategy Human Development Network Health, Nut r i t ion and Population Headquarters Inter-American Development Bank Inter-Agency Work ing Group on Gender (India) Implementation Completion Report Intemational Development Association Wor ld Bank Institutional Development Fund

Intemational Development L a w Organization International Financial Institution Intemational Monetary Fund Interagency Gender and Development Group (Pakistan)

(grant)

JSDF L C R M&E M A P .MDB MDG MNA N G O O E C D D A C

OED

OPCS P A P A D PER PRElM

PRMEP P R M G E PRSC PRSP PSI

PSIA QAG QEA QSA

RUTA

R V P

S A D S A R SB

S D V

ssru SSP TA TF TSS TTL U N D P U N E C A L W O H C H R

UNICEF WBI WID W L S A

Joint Staff Assessment wss

Japan Social Development Fund (grant) La t in America and the Caribbean Region Monitor ing and Evaluation Mult i -Country A I D S Program Multi lateral Development Bank Mi l lenn ium Development Goa l Midd le East and Nor th A f r i ca Region Non-Government Organization Organization for Economic Co-operation and DevelopmentiDevelopment Assistance Committee Operations Evaluation Department

Operations Pol icy and Country Services Poverty Assessment Project Assessment Document Public Expenditure Review Poverty Reduction and Economic iManagement Network P R E M Economic Pol icy Group P R E M 'Gender and Development Group Poverty Reduction Support Credit Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper Private Sector Development & Infrastructure Network Poverty and Social Impact Analysis Quality Assurance Group Quality at Entry Assessment Quality o f Supervision Assessment

Regional Unit for Technical ,4ssistance (Central America) Regional V ice President

Sector Adjustment Loan South Asia Region Sector Board

Social Development Department (ESSD)

Sector Strategy Implementation Updates Sector Strategy Paper Technical Assistance Trust Fund Transitional Support Strategy Task Team Leader United Nations Development Programme United Nations Economic Commission fo r A f r i ca Uni ted Nations Off ice o f the H i g h Commissioner for Human Rights Uni ted Nations Children's Fund Wor ld Bank Institute Women in Development Women and L a w in Southein A f r i ca

Water Supply and Sanitation

11

TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................. v

I . Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1

I1 . Progress in Implementing the Gender Mainstreaming Strategy in FY03 ................ 3

Mainstreaming Gender in Country Diagnosis and Analytical Work ......................... 3 Mainstreaming Gender in Policy Dialogue ................................................................ 12

Mainstreaming Gender in the Lending Portfolio ....................................................... 17 Mainstreaming Gender in Staff and Client Capacity Building .................................. 20 Partnerships to Advance Gender Mainstreaming ...................................................... 23

I11 . Opportunities to Broaden the Impact o f Gender Mainstreaming Work ................ 26

Challenges Identified in the First Annual Monitoring Report ................................... 26 Continuing Challenges in Implementing the Strategy ............................................... 28 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 33

TABLES Table 1 Table 2 Table 3 Table 4

Status o f CGA Preparation in Active Countries. by Region ............................... 4 FYO 1-03 Poverty Assessments’ Coverage o f Gender Issues in Four Areas ........ 8 FYO 1-03 Poverty Assessments’ Treatment o f Gender Issues. by Region ........... 9 Treatment o f Gender in Core ESW in FY02 and FY03 ....................................... 10

FIGURES Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4

Figure 5

BOXES Box 1 Box 2 Box 3 Box 4

Attention to Gender Issues in Poverty Assessments. FYO 1-03 ........................... 8 Change in the Degree o f Gender Integration in CASs. FY98-99 to FY03 .......... 13 Percentage o f PRSPs with Extensive Treatment o f Gender Issues ...................... 15 Increase in the Proportion o f Operations with Design Components Addressing Gender Issues. from QSA4 to QSA5 ................................................................... 18 Increase in the Proportion o f Operations that Addressed Gender Issues during Supervision. from QSA4 to QSAS ....................................................................... 20

Examples o f External Partnerships in Producing CGAs ...................................... 5 Examples o f the Influence o f CGAs on Policy and Analytical Work ................. 6 Mainstreaming Gender into Poverty Assessments .............................................. 9 Good Practices in Integrating Gender in Core Diagnostic ES W ......................... 11

... 111

Box 5 Box 6 Box 7 Box 8

Box 9

Box 10

Box 11

Box 12 Box 13

Box 14

Box 15

Box 16

Box 17 Box 18

Good Practices in Gender Mainstreaming from CASs ........................................ 14 Monitoring Progress o f Gender-Related Actions in PRSPs ................................ 15 Support for Integrating Gender into the PRSPs in South Asia ............................ 16 Good Practices in JSAs: Recommendations to Improve Attention to Gender in the PRSP ......................................................................................... 17 Linking Gender Equality with Tourism and Regional Development in the Copan Valley in Honduras ................................................................................... 18 Ensuring Gender Mainstreaming during Project Implementation through the Gender Technical Facilities in Latin America and the Caribbean ....................... 19 Examples o f Successful Gender-Related Regional Learning Programs and Events ............................................................................................................ 21 Examples o f Gender-Focused Analytical Work in the Regions .......................... 23 Partnerships on Mainstreaming Gender between the Regions and Organizations Outside the Bank, FY03 ............................................................... 24 Country Gender Assessments and World Bank Interventions in China and Vietnam. ............................................................................................................... 29 Gender Sensitive Downsizing in Vietnam’s Poverty Reduction Support Credit ...................................................................................................... 30 Gender Distinctions in Infrastructure Priorities in the Poverty Assessment for Guatemala ............................................................................................................ 31 The Gender and Law Program in Africa .............................................................. 32 Gender Capacity Building and Learning in FY03 and FY04 .............................. 33

ANNEXES Annex 1 Annex 2

Regional Annual Monitoring Reports for FY03 .................................................. 34 Proposed Benchmarks for Measuring Gender Integration ................................... 92

iv

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1. The Bank made good progress in mainstreaming gender in FY03, but there are s t i l l challenges to address in implementing i t s gender mainstreaming strategy. Significant accomplishments in implementation during FY03 include:

2. The completion o f country gender assessments (CGAs), most of which were judged to be of satisfactory o r better quality. By the end o f FY03, a total o f 25 CGAs had been published or issued since the gender mainstreaming strategy was adopted in FY02. This represents 22 percent o f active client countries. Current plans in the regions suggest that up to 86 percent o f countries wi l l have completed CGAs, either self-standing or as part o f other ESW, by the end o f FY05, the date suggested for completion in the Bank’s gender mainstreaming strategy.

3. Increased attention to gender issues in core diagnostic economic and sector work (ESW), especially poverty assessments (PAS). A large majority o f PAs had better than adequate coverage o f gender issues, although less than ha l f included gender issues in monitoring and evaluation.

4. Increased attention to gender issues in country assistance strategies (CASs). Almost 80 percent o f al l CASs approved in FY03 proposed actions to address gender issues in at least one sector, compared with 73 percent in FY02. Most gender-related actions proposed in CASs tend to be concentrated in the human development (HD) sectors o f education and health.

5. Greatly increased attention to gender issues in the joint staff assessments (JSAs) o f full poverty reduction strategy papers (PRSPs), and somewhat increased attention in the PRSPs themselves. Over hal f o f the 17 JSAs o f full FY03 PRSPs provided concrete advice for improving attention to gender inequalities in the sectors considered in the PRSP, and ha l f also recommended further steps in sex-disaggregated data collection and monitoring. This i s a significant improvement f rom FY02, when none o f the 11 JSAs provided a specific gender-related comment or critique. The proportion o f PRSPs with extensive diagnosis o f gender inequalities increased to 33 percent in FY03 from 17 percent in FY02.

6. Increased attention to gender issues in project design and supervision. The Quality Assessment Group’s Quality o f Supervision in FYO1/02 (QSAS) review found that a significantly larger proportion o f projects paid attention to gender issues in project design and supervision compared with a review o f projects under supervision in FYOO (QSA4). The later review also found that operations that identify gender outcomes up front as project objectives subsequently pay greater attention to such outcomes and score higher on supervision than do those projects that do not identify such outcomes.

7. Completion o f a World Bank Institute (MI) strategy and action plan for integrating gender into i t s programs and initiation o f its implementation, fol lowing the appointment o f a WBI gender coordinator.

V

8. Greater use o f partnerships for gender mainstreaming. The Bank i s increasing i t s collaboration with UN agencies, the multilateral development banks (MDBs) and intemational financial institutions (IFIs), and bilateral donors as well as with c iv i l society groups to improve attention to gender and development issues at a global, regional and country level.

9. Many significant challenges remain to be addressed if the goals o f the mainstreaming strategy are to be met. Priority actions include:

Dissemination of and follow-up to CGAs through (a) active dissemination o f the CGA review to Bailk operational staff and to clients; (b) dissemination o f good practice examples to the same audiences, to provide ideas for effective follow-up to completed CGAs; and (c) targeted assistance in selected countries with recently completed CGAs.

Including gender analysis and complementing it with gender-responsive actions and monitoring in Bank ESW and lending. The Bank wil l complete guidance for PAS, PSIAs, and DPRs to ref lect the need to consider gender issues not only in analysis, but also in consultations, policy recommendations, and monitoring.

In lending, increasing attention to gender issues in sectors other than education and health, especially in sectors where research suggests there are often important gender issues (rural development, social protection, private sector development, water and sanitation and transport). This challenge to gender mainstreaming will be addressed by the thematic groups, and through the “Promising Approaches to Gender Mainstreaming” series.

Engendering client and staff capacity building in such areas as economic policy, rural development, social protection, and infrastructure, through a range o f activities including: (a) expanding the number o f countries in which client training on gender issues i s offered; (b) integrating gender into a broader range o f client training programs; (c) increasing gender mainstreaming in the Bank’s Operational Core Curriculum; and (d) disseminating the results o f on-going work o n gender and economic pol icy to Bank economists, clients, and others working o n economic pol icy issues. The goal o f implementing the gender mainstreaming strategy i s ambitious, but achievable. The Bank believes that progress toward this goal has been good, and i s committed to ensuring that progress continues in the coming year.

10. In line with the recent agreement at CODE to monitor sector strategy papers’ implementation through periodic integrated Sector Strategy Implementation Updates (SSWs) covering al l SSPs, this will be the last separate progress report on implementation o f the gender mainstreaming strategy. Future monitoring o f the gender mainstreaming strategy wil l be reported in the SSW.

vi

I. INTRODUCTION

1. The Bank continued to make good progress in mainstreaming gender during FY03. This report describes progress in implementing the gender mainstreaming strategy in the Bank’s operations, with a focus on the strategy’s main elements:

Country Diamosis and Analytical Work: country gender assessments (CGAs), core diagnostic economic and sector work (ESW), and poverty and social impact assessments (PSIAS);

Pol icv Dialogue: country assistance strategies (CASs), poverty reduction strategy papers (PRSPs), and jo int staff assessments (JSAs) o f PRSPs;

Lending: design and supervision o f lending operations;

Capacity Building for Bank staff and clients; and Partnerships with other development agencies, clients and civil society groups.

2. The Policy Research Report, Engendering Development-Through Gender Equality in Rights, Resources, and Voice, shows that there i s no region o f the world free from inequalities between males and females.’ The current report does not attempt to evaluate on-the-ground results o f Bank actions, but examines progress on gender mainstreaming within the scope o f the Bank’s work across regions, sectors, and products. N o r can the report cover al l the interesting and valuable initiatives going on in the regions, which are presented in the regional monitoring reports included in Annex 1. 3 , Evaluation o f on-the-ground results o f the Bank’s work on mainstreaming gender i s being carried out through several means: monitoring process, output and outcome gender indicators in the Bank’s Global Monitoring Report; conducting an assessment o f the impact o f CGAs in selected countries (planned for FY05); and collaborating with the Operations Evaluation Department (OED) to increase attention to the gender dimension o f the Bank products and processes they evaluate. 4. During FY03, accomplishments included:

m The completion o f CGAs for additional client countries; Increased attention to gender issues in core diagnostic ESW, especially PAS; Increased attention to gender issues in the CASs;

Greatly increased attention to gender issues in the JSAs of full PRSPs, and somewhat increased attention in the PRSPs themselves;

Increased attention to gender issues in project design and supervision; and Completion o f a World Bank Institute (WBI) strategy for integrating gender into i t s programs and initiation o f its implementation.

5. Areas in which implementation remains incomplete include: Dissemination o f and follow-up to CGAs;

World Bank. (200 1). Engendering Developiizeizt-Through Gender Eqzinlity in Rights, Resources, nizd 1

Voice. 1

Gender analysis in development po l icy reviews (DPRs) and in pub l ic expenditure reviews (PERs);

Complementing gender analysis with gender-responsive actions and monitoring in Bank ESW and lending;

In lending, extending attention to gender issues to sectors l i ke l y to have important gender and development issues, such as rura l development, social protection, private sector development, water and sanitation, and transport; and

Engendering client and staff capacity building in areas such as economic pol icy where to date l i t t l e attention has been paid to relevant gender issues.

6. Several o f these challenges were first identif ied in the Annual Mon i to r i ng Report for FY02. There was progress in addressing them during FY03, but “second generation” challenges remain and wil l b e addressed in FY04 and beyond.

7. The Bank’s Operational Po l i cy for Gender (O.P. 4.20) and gender mainstreaming strategy cal l for a strategic, selective approach to gender mainstreaming, w h i c h recognizes that not a l l sectors, issues, and operations are important fo r gender mainstreaming in every country. Fo r this reason, support to gender mainstreaming in the regions focuses o n high-priori ty countries, sectors, issues and products identified by regional staff. For FY04, fo r example, the regions have identif ied 17 priority countries, to wh ich Anchor support o n knowledge management, review and cross-support wi l l be targeted.2 Regional staff selected these countries as current priorit ies because o f the need to provide t imely inputs for inf luencing the CAS process, raising gender issues in planned consultations with govemment, o r focusing o n gender issues fo l low ing the completion o f the CGA. Country directors in those countries are also receptive to gender-related work.

8. The data used in this report are drawn f rom assessments conducted by the Bank’s Regional Vice-Presidencies, WBI, the Gender and Development Board (GAD Board), and the Social Development department (SDV). GAD Board assessments included reviews o f CGAs, core diagnostic ESW, and the f i rst generation o f PSIAs. The report also uses the results o f qual i ty o f supervision assessments (QSA4 and QSAS) conducted by the Quality Assurance Group (QAG).3

9. The report’s next chapter reviews progress o n gender mainstreaming during FY03 for the f ive main elements o f the gender mainstreaming strategy. The third and f ina l chapter discusses progress made in meeting the challenges identi f ied in the FY02 annual monitoring report, then describes the current challenges and plans to meet them. Annex 1 contains the FY03 moni tor ing reports prepared by the regions and Annex 2 contains the proposed benchmarks fo r measuring gender integration in different Bank products.

The gender Anchor i s providing data and analytical guidance to regional coordinators for integrating gender considerations into results-based CASs in six priori ty countries in AFR, and preparing statistical guidance sheets for the other 1 lp r i o r i t y countries based on a database o f publ ic ly available sex disaggregated indicators commissioned in the f u s t h a l f o f FY04.

For assessment results and niethodologies, see http://gender/inonitoring/ or contact Luc ia Fort (PRMGE). 3

2

11. PROGRESS IN IMPLEMENTING THE GENDER MAINSTREAMING STRATEGY IN FY03

MAINSTREAMING GENDER IN COUNTRY DIAGNOSIS AND ANALYTICAL WORK

10. FY03 saw the completion o f 15 CGAs and improved treatment o f gender issues in some core diagnostic ESW, especially PAS. A majority o f DPRs and PERs completed in FY03 did not address gender issues. The f i rst generation o f PSIAs frequently diagnosed gender issues, but rarely made gender-responsive recommendations for action or monitoring.

Country Gender Assessments: Completion, Quality and Impact

1 1. Country gender assessments (CGAs) are identified in the Bank’s gender mainstreaming strategy as the first step in a process designed to inform the Bank and our counterparts o f the key gender inequalities that are barriers to economic growth and poverty reduction. Completion o f CGAs i s an important element o f strategy implementation, but equally important i s the dissemination and use o f CGA findings by the Bank and client countries.

Increased Pace of Completion of Corintry Gender Assessments

12. By the end o f FY03, a total o f 25 CGAs (for 22 percent o f active client countries) had been published or issued since the gender mainstreaming strategy was adopted in FY02 (seven CGA-style reports had been completed earlier). Fifteen reports were completed in FY03, compared to eight reports completed in FY02. In addition, work was started on several CGAs in South Asia, with C G A concept notes completed for Afghanistan, Pakistan and Nepal. For FY04, there are plans to complete and issue 25 additional CGAs throughout the Bank. Current plans in the regions suggest that up to 86 percent o f active countries wi l l have completed a CGA, either self-standing or as part o f other ESW, by the end o f FY05, the date suggested for completion in the Bank’s gender mainstreaming strategy. Table 1 shows the status o f CGA preparation and current plans for completion by r e g i ~ n . ~

13. The challenge o f completing CGAs i s especially difficult in the Africa region because o f the large number o f countries and the large amount o f required analytical work. To address this challenge, the Africa region has decided to combine poverty and gender assessments into a single ESW product in many countries including Uganda.

14. In FY03, C G A preparation and consultation processes afforded opportunities for partnerships between the Bank, i t s clients, other donors and c iv i l society. Partnerships are in l ine with OP 4.20 and the gender mainstreaming strategy, which call for the Bank to take advantage o f analytical work on gender produced by other agencies or collaborate with other agencies. Although 17 CGAs completed to date were led exclusively by the Bank, four reports were done in partnership with other donors and another four have been led by other donors, government, civil society or academics. Fifteen CGAs have been at least partially funded by the client or other donors, and three have been conducted as part

A l i s t o f the CGAs and their completion projections i s available at http://gender/monitoring/. 3

o f other ESW. Several reports currently in preparation are also being conducted or ftinded by other agencies or groups, and many are part o f other ESW. Box 1 provides details o f these partnerships.

Number o f % o f active countries % o f active countries % o f active countries active with completed CGAs with completed CGAs planning to complete

Region countrieslb at end o f FY02 by end o f FY03 CGAs by end o f FY05 AFR 32 2 13 78 EAP 8 25 50 100 ECA 21 4 19 86 LCR 16 57 81 94 MNA 9 11 33 78 S A R 5 0 0 100 Total 91 22 43 86 1

/a The gender mainstreaming strategy recommends that CGAs be completed for all “active” client countries, either by the Bank or by other agencies. See CGA proposed benchmarks in Annex 2 / According to OPCS, “active” countries are clients for which the Bank’s Regional Management Teams have indicated that a full set o f core diagnostic ESW i s essential to carrying out the Bank’s operations in the country. Countries engaged in civil wadconflict, or emerging from conflict, are usually classified as “inactive” due either to a lack o f readily available data or to client capacity constraints.

b

Quality of the First Generation of CGAs

15. A retrospective review o f the 32 CGAs com leted by July 2003’judged the overall quality o f most reports as satisfactory or better.’Although CGAs vaned in approach and coverage, many reports provided a rigorous analysis o f gender issues in their respective countries and described the national and regional political, economic, social and cultural context. A majority o f the reports also provided a more complete understanding o f critical gender issues than was readily available from other sources at the time they were written.

Reports were reviewed for the fo l lowing countries: AFR: Benin, B u r h n a Faso, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Malawi, Sierra Leone, Zambia; for EAP: Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Vietnam; for ECA: Bosnia (3 reports), Bulgaria (2 reports), Ukraine, Turkey; for LCR: Argentina, Brazil, Caribbean (Dominican Republic, Hai t i and Jamaica), Central America (El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama), Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay and Uruguay; for MNA: Algeria and Arab Republic o f Egypt.

The review o f CGAs covered the fo l lowing areas: (1) preparation process and methodology; (2) the document, using checklists to determine sectoral and thematic coverage, depth o f analysis and the range o f po l i cy and programmatic recommendations made; and (3) dissemination and impact o f the CGA.

4

Box 1. Examples of External Partnerships in Producing CG4s

The Ethiopia C G A had UNECA as technical supervisor and the Malawi C G A received technical and financial support f rom U N D P . The C G A for Egypt was init iated by the Prime Minister and led by a team o f academic scholars, with participation and consultation with NGOs and community level women's organizations. The Bank prov ided funding to start the process (as well as peer review). The government and other donors provided additional fiinding. The CGA for El Salvador was a j o in t W o r l d BaMInter-Amer ican Development Bank study. The C G A for Turkey was prepared entirely by distinguished local academics. I t had a high degree o f local ownership, even though i t was managed and funded by the Bank. The Vietnam CGA resulted f r o m the compilation o f a situation analysis, national strategy, national p lan o f action, and poverty reduction strategy, a l l l e d by the Government in partnershp with donors, c i v i l society, and the Bank. The Bank used the reports that constituted the CGA to i n f o r m the CAS for 2003-2006.

GENFLJND' grants contributed to preparatory analytical work for the CGAs for Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Azerbaijan, Tajikistan, in ECA and Ghana in Africa. The Guinea CGA was developed in collaboration with Canada (CIDA), which provided b o t h expertise and financing. A Japanese trust fund grant financed the f inal reports for the CGAs for Argentina and Ecuador, which included an overall strategy with priori ty areas and an implementation (mainstreaming) plan. The Canadian Trust Funds and the government, together with the Bank, funded preparation o f the Republic of Yemen gender profile and ongoing CGA.

The CGA for Cambodia, which was supported by UNDP, the W o r l d Bank, and the Asian Development Bank, wil l be published as a government document. The preparation o f the Islamic Republic o f Iran CGA has been entrusted by the government to a team o f academic scholars fiom a state university. The Bank i s providing technical assistance. The Nepal CGA i s being cosponsored by the Bank and the United K ingdom Department fo r International Development (DFID). The gender prof i le and ongoing CGA for Djibouti were init iated by the government and l e d by a team withm the country, with technical assistance f iom the Bank.

CGAs l e d by other agencies or groups o r in partnership with others: 1

1

I

1

1

CGAs with funding f iom sources other than Bank budget: 1

1

1

1

Current partnerships in producing CGAs: 1

1

1

1

' GENFUND, the NonvegiadDutch Fund for gender mainstreaming that supports innovative gender mainstreaming in World Bank activities, plays an important role in leveraging the World Bank's efforts to advance gender equality. I t has produced numerous good practice examples o f gender-responsive work, and contributes to enhanced capacity in client governments and closer links with the Bank's development partners: http:iigenderigenfund/aboutgenfimd.htm.

16. The reports covered a wide range o f topics and sectors with CGAs in al l regions addressing gender issues in education, healthhutrition, and labor markets. The choice o f sectors covered by the C G A depended on such factors as the gender situation in the country, the sectoral affiliation o f the regional gender coordinator, and the approach or goal o f the team preparing the report.

17. All country teams producing a C G A envisioned i t as a key component o f their strategy for gender mainstreaming, but they also identified challenges in its preparation and use as a tool for mainstreaming gender in country programs. In preparing the reports, C G A teams often had to promote interest and support for gender mainstreaming at the policy level, clarify methodological issues, increase expertise and guidance o n gender analysis in the country, and overcome data limitations. Teams in most regions stated that

5

the background reviews, analysis, and consultations conducted in preparing the CGAs informed other po l i cy and analytical work, and influenced the design and implementation o f lending operations. CGA work also helped increase interest in and ownership o f the gender agenda among those donor, government and c i v i l society representatives with whom it was shared during dialogue. Although i t i s s t i l l too early to assess the impact o f the CGAs systematically, Box 2 illustrates some o f their effects o n CASs, PRSPs and other ESW.

Box 2. Examples of the Influence o f CGAs on Policy and Analytical Work' Africa 1

1

The Benin C A S drew on the CGA, and on country efforts to engender the PRSP process, to indicate key gender-related challenges to development. In Kenya, the recently completed C G A i s at the center o f the gender equality po l icy being developed by the n e w government, and i s being widely disseminated. The CGA informed the FY03 CEM and i s being used as a basis for incorporating gender issues in the preparation o f a results- based C A S for FY04 . In Ghana, the CGA was influential in integrating gender concerns in to the Ghana Poverty Reduction Strategy (GPRS), and in underpinning discussion o f genderigrowth linkages in the FY03 Poverty Assessment. I t i s also supporting the inclusion o f gender issues in the planned FY04 results- based CAS.

1

East Asia and Pacific 1 The background w o r k for the Cambodia and Vietnam CGAs was used in PRSP preparation and

facilitated participation o f representatives concemed about gender issues in the PRSP consultation process.

Because o f the CGA preparation process, the Government o f the Russian Federation requested comments f r o m the Bank on the government's strategy for gender equality, as we l l as Bank assistance in preparing an action p lan for the implementation o f the strategy.

Inputs f r o m CGAs completed or in progress in FY03 facilitated the process o f priori t iz ing gender issues and justifying their importance in the FY03 CASs for Ecuador, Nicaragua, Honduras, and Colombia.

Europe and Central Asia 1

Latin America and the Caribbean 1

Middle East and North Africa 1 The preparation o f the Algeria Gender and Poverty N o t e (due in FY04) identif ied pertinent gender

issues for the Algeria C A S and contributed to the gender section o f the report on Algeria and the Mi l lennium Development Goals (MDGs) . The participatory consultation process in preparation o f a Republic of Yemen Gender No te l ed to a National Republic o f Yemen Gender Strategy and Ac t i on Plan approved by the Cabinet.

1

Annex 1 has the annual regional monitoring reports that are the source o f the information in this Box. 1

18. One problem identi f ied in the review o f CGAs was inconsistency in dissemination and follow-up consultations with key stakeholders. Because the purpose o f CGAs i s to influence action, lack o f adequate fol low-up once CGAs are completed i s a significant problem. Work to reduce this problem i s underway, for example, through dissemination o f the CGA review to B a n k staff in the regions to build awareness o f the issue, dissemination o f good practice examples to prov ide ideas for effective follow-up, and targeted assistance fo r dissemination and follow-up in selected countries with recently completed CGAs. The next monitoring cycle wi l l fo l low up o n this issue.

6

NIainstreaming Gender in Economic and Sector Work (ESW)

19. Core diagnostic ESW i s a key element o f the World Bank’s assistance to i t s clients,’ and gender mainstreaming at the country leve l i s greatly facilitated if gender issues are w e l l integrated into this work. Among the different types o f core diagnostic ESW, poverty assessments (PAS) showed particularly strong improvement in attention to gender issues in FY03. Attention to gender issues in other core diagnostic ESW varied, with relatively frequent attention in country economic memoranda (CEMs) and less frequent attention in DPRs and PERs. A good practice note with guidance on integrating gender issues into DPRs is under preparation, and a similar note i s planned for PERs in FY05. Guidance on PAS has already been written.

Poverty Assessments

20. All PAS should integrate gender considerations.8 A desk review o f the 30 poverty assessments completed between FYOl and FY03 found that a l l reports at least mentioned gender issues or differences, and that the overwhelming majority integrated gender issues into the assessment adequately.’ The discrepancy between these results and those o f the Annual Monitoring Report for FY02 reflects the different rating systems used. The Annual Monitoring Report for FY02 focused on the sectoral coverage o f PAS-whether they had addressed gender issues in one or more than one sector. I t found that only 17% o f PAs had a multisectoral treatment. Recognizing that a PA’s sectoral coverage may vary according to country context, the current review focuses on the quality o f attention to gender issues in the different components o f the PAS: (i) assessment o f the poverty situation, (ii) analysis o f the impact on poverty o f growth and public actions, and (iii) appraisal o f poverty monitoring and evaluation systems.

21. The FY03 review found that the treatment o f gender issues in PAS improved between FYOl and FY03. In FY03,86 percent o f PAs addressed gender issues adequately or better, compared to 67 percent in FY02 and 57 percent in FYOl (see Figure 1). Indeed, in FY03, 71 percent o f PAs had better than adequate coverage o f gender issues, going beyond basic analysis o f available household survey data to fully integrate quantitative or qualitative analysis o f gender issues throughout the report. Only 21 percent o f FYOl PAS and 11 percent o f FY02 PAS were as thorough.

’ W o r l d Bank, 1996, Operational Directive 2.00 Country Economic and Sector Work. All PAS should address the gender dimension in data and information, poverty analysis, po l i cy

recommendations, and M&E. See the proposed benchmarks for P A S in Annex 2. Thirty poverty assessments were published in gray cover between FYOl and F Y 0 3 for the fo l lowing

countries: (FYO 1) Albania, Chile, China, Croatia, Domin ican Republic, Indonesia, K y r g y z Republic, Morocco, Nicaragua, Philippines, Sr i Lanka, Thailand, Republica Bolivariana de Venezuela, and West B a n k & Gaza; (FY02) Brazil, Bulgaria, Colombia, Arab Republic o f Egypt, Georgia, KOSOVO, Pakistan, Slovak Republic, and Uruguay; (FY03) Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Guatemala, India, Republic o f Yemen, Timor-Leste and Uzbekistan.

7

Figure 1. Attention to Gender Issues in Poverty Assessments, FYO1-03 Ratings by Fiscal Year (percentages)

Report Area 1, Gender Profile

2. Gender Analysis o f Poverty

70 60 50 40 30 20 1 0

0

Percent o f Poverty Assessments Rated Adequate or Better

81

84

I No mention of gender Marginal attention to Adequate coverage of Better than adequate issues gender issues gender issues coverage of gender

issues Rating

3 , Gender-responsive Policies

4. Gender-sensitive Monitoring and Evaluation

Source: Sum, J. 2 0 0 3 . Gender in Poverty Assessments, FYOl -03 : A Review

84

45

22. Although the particular gender issues addressed in the PAS varied substantially, most identif ied and analyzed the different socio-economic roles o f males and females and their relevance for poverty, and most also recommended gender-responsive policies (see Table 2). However, fewer than h a l f o f the reports included gender issues in moni tor ing and evaluation, such as discussing the need for sex-disaggregated data collection o r identi fying gender-sensitive indicators.

23. Between FYOl and FY03, the majori ty o f P A s prepared for four regions covered gender differences o r issues at least adequately (see Table 3)." Seventy-five percent o f poverty assessments prepared for LCR, MNA, and S A R each were rated satisfactory o r better; while 60 percent o f the assessments were found satisfactory or better in EAP. O f the nine reports prepared for countries in ECA, four were found to have covered gender issues adequately o r better. B o x 3 provides examples o f gender mainstreaming in PAS for two regions.

~

*O Between FYOl and FY03, no reports were published in gray cover for the AFR region. 8

Table 3. FY01-03 Poverty Assessments’ Treatment o f Gender Issues, by Region

EAP

ECA

LCR

I Region 1 Number o f PAS ~ Percentage o f PAs rated satisfactory or better 1 5 60

9 44

8 7.5

MNA 4 75

I I Source: Sum, J. 2003. Gender. in Poverty Assessnzents, FYOI-03: A Review.

I Box 3. Mainstreaming Gender into Poverty Assessments The PAS for Guatemala and Colombia, produced in FY03, included sex-disaggregated data analysis in labor market participation, and additionally in education and health in the case o f Guatemala.’ The Colombia P A addressed gender-specific aspects o f poverty in i t s analysis o f the determinants o f domestic violence and the impacts o f sociopolitical violence o n men. The Guatemala P A f i l ly mainstreamed the gender dimension, as it consistently addressed specific gender issues in different sectors and socioeconomic processes and considered poor women and girls as target groups for social policies.

A s part o f the PA for U t t a r Pradesh, India, qualitative research found that many women, especially in rura l areas, were perceived as having l i t t l e o r no potential for adding to the economic standing o f the household. Even though most poor women work outside the home out o f economic necessity, cultural ideals dictate that respectable women remain in the home and not engage in paid work. Women’s contributions are n o t seen as equal t o men’s, as they generally earn less. Women are often considered a burden because they require dowry for marriage. The P A team noted that this traditional ideal o f the secluded and unemployed wife was already recognized in Uttar Pradesh to be in confl ict with pragmatic efforts to improve economic well-being and household status.*

The Pakistan PA, which evolved in cooperation with the PRSP initiative, shows h o w gender gaps and social resistance to services (such as girls’ education) can be l d e d to poverty. The P A is based o n a Rural Household Survey, a detailed Qualitative Survey, and in-depth fieldwork in six villages. Designed to understand constraints to collective action to mitigate poverty, the fieldwork examined the social dynamics and groupings in communities and h o w they impede or improve access to institutions, services, and markets. As gender disparities remain substantial in a l l social indicators, targeted programs are considered essential to reduce these gaps, for example, through subsidies for girls’ educations, and through programs like the Women’s Health P r ~ j e c t . ~

’ FY03 Monitoring Report on Gender Mainstreaming in Latin America and the Caribbean. ‘Poverty in India, The Challenge of Uttar Pradesh, May 2002, p. 48.

FY03 Monitoring Report on Gender Mainstreaming in South Asia.

Other Core Diagnostic Cotintry ES W

24. Core ESW (other than PAS) for countries where gender i s identified as a pr ior i ty in the CAS should address gender issues or explain why they are not relevant.’’ A desk review o f a sample o f 28 core diagnostic ESW reports completed in FY02 and FY03 found that about 60 percent o f the sample addressed gender differences in at least one sector and provided data to explain those differences and their relevance for poverty analysis.’* There was substantial variation in how wel l different types o f ESW addressed

I’ See Annex 2 for proposed benchmarks for the integration o f gender issues in core ESW. I* Sum, J. (2003). Treatment of Gender Issues: FY02-03 Core Diagnostic ESWRetrospective Review. The sample o f 28 reports for FY02 included a l l 4 DPRs and 3 P A S delivered to the client, and 4 CEiMs and 7

9

gender issues (see Table 4). M o r e than ha l f o f CEMs considered gender issues in at least one sector, but a major i ty o f DPRs and PERs paid only superficial attention to gender.

Product Type

Table 4. Treatment o f Gender in Core ESW in FY02 and FY03 Ratings by Product Type (number o f reports)

Little or no mention of

gender diffelerelfces

analysis poverty analysis Country

Economic Memoranda

(CEiM) Development

Policy Reviews ( D W

Expenditure Public

Reviews (PER)

0 3

3

5

6

4

0

5

2

I

Total

9

5

14

25. Because DPRs are based o n existing ESW, their coverage o f gender issues should reflect previous gender analysis in the countries to which they apply, whether conducted by the Bank or by other parties. The DPRs for Indonesia and the Philippines, however, had no mention o f gender issues, even though a CGA o r gender prof i le as w e l l as a PA addressing gender issues had been completed for bo th countries by FY03. In the case o f the DPR for the Russian Federation, no previous country gender analysis was available, but the regional report o n Gender in Transition identi f ied gender issues in that country. Guidance on integrating gender issues into DPRs i s currently be ing developed to help improve the quali ty o f gender analysis in fkture reports.

26. Only f ive o f the 14 PERs completed in FY02 and FY03 contained gender analysis. PERs are the most common type o f core diagnostic ES W and are k e y to understanding h o w countries allocate resources, which can have important gender implications. A good practice note with guidance o n integrating gender issues in to PERs i s planned fo r FY05.

27. When FY02 and FY03 core diagnostic ESW addressed gender issues, i t did so most frequently in health and education. The guidance fo r engendering core diagnostic ESW currently being prepared will ident i fy ways in wh ich gender m a y be relevant in other sectors. Box 4 provides examples o f good practice in the treatment o f gender issues in core diagnostic ESW.

PERs selected by a random sample stratified by product type and region. The sample for FY03 included al l 17 reports published in gray cover (5 CEMs, 1 DPR, 5 PAS, and 7 PERs), plus one green cover report for Africa.

10

Box 4. G o o d Prac t i ces in I n t e g r a t i n g G e n d e r in C o r e D i a g n o s t i c ESW Several good practices in integrat ing gender i n to core diagnostic ESW emerged during FY03:

Disaggregating a l l available data by sex in text, tables, and charts. In addition to discussing gender issues in the text, the Is lamic Republic o f I r a n CEM includes a figure titled ‘Closing the Gender Gaps,’ which has a chart showing the narrowing o f the difference between female and male literacy rates in rural and urban areas f r o m 1976 to 1996, and the increase in the percentage o f women elected to parliament between 1981 and 1997.

Linking gender issues across sectors. The Sudan CENI l i n k s the country’s security environment and cultural constraints with the l o w level o f girls’ education in the country. Specifically, it notes that c i v i l war has resulted in a lack o f security in a l l areas; hence, parents do not want their daughters walking to school. I t also notes that the practice o f early arranged marriages deters parents f r o m spending scarce resources on girls’ education.’ Analysis in the K e n y a CEM confirms that gender inequality i s constraining Kenya’s growth performance and contributing to keeping it be low i t s long- run potential, especially through gender inequality in schooling. The CEiM argues that actions to reduce these gender-based obstacles to growth can make a v i ta l contribution to helping the economy to move closer to i t s production frontier, and then shifting the production frontier i tse l f .

Identifying actions t o correct gender disparities. The Bangladesh PER recommends using area- based poverty indicators to allocate public funds to social sectors, such as to the Female Secondary Stipends program. This no t only helps correct gender disparities, but strengthens the overal l impact o f public spending. Another example o f gender-specific action i s the targeting o f certain sectors for the development o f female employment in the Is lamic Repub l i c of I r a n CEM.’

Conduct ing gender analysis o f the budget in the context o f the PER. Based on the gender analysis o f the budget conducted as part o f the Morocco PER, Morocco’s Ministry o f Finance and Privatization endorsed the integration o f the gender dimension in Morocco’s budgetary re fo rm process. This i s l ike ly to advance the institutionalization o f gender in publ ic policy. *

Sum, J. (2003). Treatment of Gender Issues: FY02-03 Core Diagnostic ESW Retrospective Review. ’ FY03 Monitoring Report on Gender Mainstreaniing in the Middle East and North Africa, in Annex 1.

Poverty and Social Impact Assessments (PSIAs)

28. Including gender in Poverty and Social Impact Assessments (PSIAs) is important because the aim o f these reports i s to identify the distributional impacts o f pol icy changes-and policies often affect women and men differently. A recent review o f nine early PSIAs found that most reports mentioned impacts o f policies on men and women.I3 However, analysis o f gender issues was not always followed by pol icy recommendations or by gender-sensitive monitoring and evaluation plans or indicators. Opportunities for consultation and capacity building with local NGOs or women’s groups were often missed.

Conclusion

29. Significant progress was made during FY03 in completing CGAs, but their impact could be increased through more extensive dissemination and use in Bank operations and their adoption by clients. Also, the pace o f C G A completion may slow down in the

I’ Ellerman, M. (2003). Gender Review in the PSIA. Social Development Department, Social Analysis Group. This desk review covered the PS IA documents plus gender documents, the country’s CAS, PRSP, CGA, and interviews with task team leadersiteam members.

11

fLiture insofar as the regions have thus far focused o n the countries with abundant data: strong counterpart interest o r willing partners.

30. Attention to gender issues in country-level ESW increased in FY03 compared to the previous year. All PAS addressed gender issues, but attention in the early PSIAs was relatively weak, even though policies m a y have differential impacts on women and men. Attention in other core E S W (DPRs, PERs), where the relevance o f gender issues may not always be obvious, also remained relatively weak. To help improve these products, guidance fo r and good practice examples o f integrating gender issues in to DPRs and PSIAs are currently being written and are planned for PERs in FY05. Future moni tor ing reports wi l l track progress in this area.

3 1. Attention to CGA completion and gender integration in country-level E S W m a y give on ly a part ial v iew o f the progress o n mainstreaming gender in analytical work that has been achieved in the regions. As the regional monitoring reports in Annex 1 detail, gender mainstreaming efforts have also targeted sectoral and regional E S W and the regional sector strategies that set the direction for future country assistance. One example i s the ECA report o n the Roma as w e l l as the ECA regional study o f H W / A I D S . A significant part o f gender mainstreaming work occurs in regional strategy formulation, major conferences, or regional flagship reports. In the MNA region, fo r example, gender i s one o f f i ve regional focus areas, and was the focus o f one o f four regional flagship reports prepared for the 2003 Annual Meetings.

MAINSTREAMING GENDER IN POLICY DIALOGUE

32. CASs, PRSPs and the JSAs o f PRSPs pa id greater attention to gender issues in FY03 compared to FY02. Serious attention to gender issues in CASs has strengthened in the past six years, with gender-related actions concentrated in the human development (HD) sectors. At tent ion to gender issues improved markedly in JSAs. The treatment o f gender issues in PRSPs improved somewhat, but most PRSPs treated gender issues more narrowly than the evidence o n the l i n k s between gender equality and poverty reduction suggests w o u l d be optimal.

Country Assistance Strategies

33. The gender mainstreaming strategy recommends that a l l CASs should address gender issues, part icularly in sectors o r areas identi f ied as priorit ies in the CGA, or explain why they are no t r e 1 e ~ a n t . l ~ A desk review o f the 19 CASs discussed by the Board o f Executive Directors in FY03 found an increase in the proportion o f CASs with proposed gender-related actions in at least one sector.I5 Figure 2 shows that almost 80 percent o f a l l CASs fo r FY03 proposed actions to address gender issues in at least one sector, compared w i t h 73 percent in FY02 and about 50 percent six years earlier in FY98-99.

l4 See Annex 2 for the proposed benchmarks for attention to gender issues in CASs.

Jordan, Ky rgyz Republic, Nicaragua, Niger, Peru, Poland, Rwanda, Senegal, S r i Lanka, Tajikistan, Vietnam and Republic o f Yemen.

The CASs reviewed were for Azerbaijan, China, Colombia, Ecuador, Ethiopia, The Gambia, Guyana, 15

12

50% -,

25%

0%

Figure 2. Change in the Degree o f Gender Integration in CASs, FY98-99 to BY03 (percentages)

47' c

36%

No mention* Analysis but n o actions Action in one sector Actions in multiple

* "No mention" is equivalent to the rating of unsatisfactory used in the FY02 monitoring report; "analysis but no actions proposed is equivalent to marainallv satisfacton: "action in one sector" is eauivalent to satisfacton: and "actions in multiole sectors" is eauivalent to hiahlv satisfactorv.

proposed sectors

34. Overall, the record i s clearly one o f increasingly serious attention to gender issues in the Bank's country assistance strategies. The proportion o f CASs that proposed gender- related actions in one sector increased between FY02 and FY03 (from 33 percent to 47 percent), although the proportion that proposed gender-related actions in multiple sectors dropped from 40 to 32 percent.

35. In FY03, as in earlier years, gender-related actions in the CAS tended to be most frequent for the HD sectors o f education and health, encompassing almost ha l f o f al l gender-related actions proposed. Completion o f additional CGAs and better dissemination o f existing ones may help to raise awareness o f gender issues in other sectors.

36. From the perspective o f gender mainstreaming, the best CASs proposed gender- related actions that followed from analysis, provided corresponding progress indicators, and were responsive to the country's poverty reduction strategy (see Box 5 for examples)

13

Box 5. Good Practices in Gender Mainstreaming from CASs During FY03, several highly rated CASs provided good practices in gender mainstreaming:

Following good analysis of gender issues with proposed actions. The Jordan CAS noted that Jordan has made progress towards attaining the M D G s for girls' education and maternal mortality, but women's labor force participation continues to be l o w and the unemployment rate for women i s nearly twice that for men and rising. Gender-related actions provided in the pol icy matrix included revising labor laws and regulations on safety nets through Bank instruments such as a publ ic sector re form loan. Similarly, fol lowing analysis, the Senegal CAS identi f ied the gender-related impact o f actions in areas such as water, transport and social protection.

Including gender-related actions m d corresponding progress indicators in the program matrix. The C A S for China included specific actions and indicators to monitor progress in girls' school enrollment in i t s program matrix. The Vietnam and Republic of Yemen CASs also included indicators to measure progress in improving female literacy.

Responding to the country's PRSP by proposing gender-related actions. The CASs for Niger and the Kyrgyz Republic proposed actions that responded to PRSP priorities. The CAS for Kyrgyz Republic proposed gender-related actions in areas such as govemance and microfinance that were identif ied in the PRSP. The Niger CAS recognized the importance o f gender in Niger's PRSP and, in response to gender issues raised in the JSA o f the PRSP, proposed analytical work on women's legal status in Niger, in conjunction with an ongoing IDF Grant.

Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs) and Joint Staff Assessments (JSAs) 37. Because o f the importance o f gender issues for poverty reduction, al l PRSPs should address gender issues in their diagnosis. l6 A desk review o f the 18 full PRSPs for FY03 l7 found that the proportion of PRSPs with extensive diagnosis of gender inequalities almost doubled, from 17 percent in FY02 to 33 percent in FY03, as shown in Figure 3.18 Fewer PRSPs proposed public actions or gender-sensitive monitoring, however.

See Annex 2 for the proposed benchmarks for attention to,gender issues in PRSPs. 16

" For Benin, Cambodia, Cameroon, Chad, Ethiopia, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guyana, Ky rgyz Republic, Malawi, Mal i , Rwanda, Senegal, S r i Lanka, Tajikistan, Vietnam, and Republic o f Yemen.

Overall rating for each PRSP was based on an average o f ratings for four core elements (diagnosis, publ ic actions, monitoring, and consultative process) and eight sectors (health, nutr i t ion and population; education; labor markets; agriculture; safety nets; infrastructure; governance; and financial services).

14

18

Figure 3. Percentage of PRSPs with Extensive Treatment of Gender Issues, by Core Element and FY

100% 7

75%

50%

Public Actions

25% -

/ /

0% ’ A

WOO-01 (n = 5) W02 (n = 6) FY03 (n = 18)

38. Although PRSPs discussed various aspects o f gender inequality (such as literacy rates, employment and gender-based violence), specific actions with monitoring benchmarks were most often proposed in education and health, perhaps because o f greater availability o f sex-disaggregated data for these sectors, with some notable exceptions (see Box 6).

Box 6. Monitoring Progress of Gender-Related Actions in PRSPs About h a l f o f a l l FY03 PRSPs provided sex-disaggregated indicators to measure gender integration in the sectors o f education and health, and about one-third included gender-sensitive indicators to measure progress in the areas o f governance and labor markets.

A few PRSPs provided indicators t o monitor gender-related actions in the areas o f infrastructure, agriculture and rural development, and financial services. For example, the PRSP for M a l i l isted the percentage o f female entrepreneurs and the percentage o f women benefit ing from micro-enterprise as PRSP progress indicators. It also proposed training a number o f women in rehabil itation and conservation techniques for water and land as part o f the PRSP’s infrastructure and production sector pil lar.

39. Because PRSPs are not a Bank product, the Bank’s role in their preparation i s l imited to ensuring that countries are aware o f key gender issues by raising these issues in the country dialogue. Bank staff also provide assistance to women’s groups in PRSP countries to help them in the consultation process. Box 7 describes the support provided in South Asia for integrating gender issues into the PRSP process.

15

I Box 7. Support for Integrating Gender into the PRSPs in South Asia

Countries in South Asia supported the integration o f gender concerns in the PRSP process in various ways: Bangladesh: Establishing a Gender Platform fo r Engendering the PRSP. The Wor ld Bank, together w i th the Ministry o f Women’s Affairs and other donors, facilitated the establishment o f a “Gender Platform” in M a r c h 2003, which had representatives from both Government and c i v i l society. The “Gender Platform” developed terms o f reference and an action plan, and consulted and negotiated with the inter-ministerial PRSP Task Force to incorporate gender analysis and concerns in the full PRSP. The group i s using the findings o f a gender analysis o f the I-PRSP completed in June 2003 for developing an action p lan and a road map for a fully participatory preparation o f the full PRSP.

Nepal: Highlighting Social Inclusion in the PRSP. The Bank was instrumental in getting the Government o f Nepal to identify social inclusion as one o f the four pil lars o f the PRSP through dialogue and the provision o f background analysis on gender, caste and ethnic disparities in income, human development indicators and pol i t ical participation. Recognizing that such “targeted” programs have done l i t t l e to change the structural foundations o f exclusion and poverty, the Government actually reframed i t s ini t ial “targeted programs” pi l lar o f the PRSP to focus expl ici t ly o n overcoming gender, caste and ethnic exclusion in mainstream policies and programs rather than depending pr imar i ly o n targeted programs, which in the past have taken a welfare approach and accounted for on ly a very s m a l l part o f the national budget.

Pakistan: Support to INGAD for Engendering the I-PRSP. The Bank carries a gender dialogue with the Government either directly or through the Interagency Gender and Development Group (INGAD), and supports INGAD’s participation in the sub groups workmg o n the I-PRSP. This gender dialogue i s a regular on-going Bank activi ty with special focus on pol i t ical participation, poverty reduction and strengthening o f institutional mechanisms.

Sri Lanka: Supporting the Government’s Strategy on Gender as Part of the PRSP Process. In FY03, the Bank facilitated the Government’s strategy o n gender through the PRSC-I and pol icy dialogue. The strategy includes: (i) increased emphasis on the protection o f women’s rights in conformity with the UN Convention o n the El iminat ion o f All Forms o f Discrimination against Women (CEDAW); (ii) introduction o f an employment po l icy to promote equal training and employment opportunities for women; (iii) continued support for entrepreneurshp programs for women; (iv) greater support for victims o f gender-based violence; (v) specific rehabilitation programs targeting women affected by conflict; and (vi) introduction o f gender sensitization programs for the publ ic and private sectors.

1 Source: FY03 Monitoring Report on Gender Mainstreaming in South Asia, in Annex 1.

Joint Staff Assessments (JSAs) of the PRSPs

40. Over hal f o f the 17 JSAs o f full FY03 PRSPs reviewed provided concrete advice for improving attention to gender inequalities in the sectors considered in the PRSP. Almost al l JSAs at least acknowledged the treatment o f gender inequalities in the PRSP’s poverty diagnosis or the consultative process, or made a general statement about insufficient attention to gender in the PRSP. This attention to gender in JSAs i s a significant improvement f rom FY02 when only two o f 11 assessments brief ly described treatment o f gender issues in the PRSP and none provided a specific comment or critique. In FY03, JSAs often recommended further steps in diagnosis, actions or monitoring related to gender (see Box 8 for examples). H a l f o f the JSAs reviewed also recommended further steps in sex-disaggregated data collection and monitoring.

16

Box 8. Good Practice in JSAs: Recommendations to Improve Attention to Gender in the PRSP

In the JSA o f the Benin PRSP, staff praised the recognition o f gender equality as a pr ior i ty for poverty reduction and welcomed the use o f sex-disaggregated data. However, they pointed to the absence o f gender-related actions in key areas, such as governance and law. Although a personal and fami ly code was passed recently in Benin, staff noted that no mention o f those legal changes o r their implications for males and females was made in the PRSP. Staff also recommended that most sectoral strategies be h r t h e r “sharpened” to meet gender equality targets. The JSA for the Cambodia PRSP questioned the lack o f actions to address the findings o f the analysis o f gender issues, such as the gender gap in employment opportunities and access to land.

Conclusion

41. The level o f gender mainstreaming in CASs, PRSPs and JSAs o f PRSPs increased in FY03, The Bank and some o f our clients are learning to recognize the importance o f gender equality for poverty reduction and sustained economic growth, especially in the human development sectors o f education and health. An attempt was made to analyze whether CASs in countries that had completed CGAs treated gender issues more thoroughly than CASs in countries without a CGA. At the current time, the number o f countries available for this comparison i s very small. Hence, this analysis wi l l be pursued after FY04. With the completion o f additional CGAs and dissemination o f existing ones, attention to gender in CASs and PRSPs should improve.

42. Even though the PRSP i s not a Bank product, the Bank has an advisory role in the PRSP process. Bank teams assisting countries are increasingly aware o f gender issues and are raising these issues in the dialogue with their country counterparts. The Bank also i s providing assistance to civil society groups within PRSP countries to raise gender issues during the consultation process.

MAINSTREAMING GENDER IN THE LENDING PORTFOLIO

43. An FY03 QAG review o f projects under supervision in FYO1/02 found a markedly higher proportion o f projects that considered gender issues in project design and supervision than was found in an FYOl review o f projects under supervision in FYOO. The QAG review also found that projects that supervised gender issues received higher overall performance ratings. Even though the proportion with good treatment o f gender issues increased, not al l o f the projects that might profitably have integrated gender issues into design or supervision did so. A separate desk review o f 15 FYO1-03 HIVIAIDS lending operations found a high level o f attention to gender issues in the analysis o f r isks and vulnerabilities and in project implementation, but less attention to gender issues in monitoring and evaluation plans.

Improvements in the Design o f Lending Operations

44. In i t s FY03 review o f projects under supervision in FYOland FY02, QSA5 found that significantly more projects paid attention to gender issues in project design compared

17

with the QSA4 sample, which reviewed projects under supervision in FYOO (Figure 4).19 Although the proportion o f projects with gender analysis or components remained under 50 percent in QSAS, the proportion was markedly higher than in the earlier assessment.

Figure 4. Increase in the Proportion of Operations with Design Components Addressing Gender Issues, from QSA4 to QSA5 (percentages)

50% 45% 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0%

I Percentage of operations that included some Percentage of operations that had project form of gender analysis components addressing gender issues I

QSA4

QSA5

~~ ~

45. The FY03 regional gender mainstreaming monitoring reports (Annex 1) identified examples o f successful gender mainstreaming in education projects, including the Kenya Free Primary Education Project, Eritrea Education Sector Investment Project, Chad Education Sector Reform Project, and the Sierra Leone Rehabilitation o f Basic Education Project.

46. Although fewer in number, there were also good practice examples in other sectors. In South Asia, for example, well-engendered projects included the India Rural Women's Development and Empowerment Project (RWDEP), the Nepal Adjustment Credit, the Ghazi Barotha Hydropower Project, the A J K Community Infrastructure and Services Project, and the NWFP Community Infrastructure Project in Pakistan. The Honduras Regional Development in the Copan Valley Project provides an innovative example o f good practice in j o b creation for poor indigenous women (see Box 9).

Box 9. Linking Gender Equality with Tourism and Regional Development in the Copan Valley in Honduras

The Honduran Interactive Environmental Learning and Science Promotion Project, approved in F Y 9 9 and also known as PROFUTURO, provided opportunities for women f r o m indigenous communities to improve their income by identifying income-generation opportunities tied to tourism. The project also provided the women with training as archeological guides and to improve the quality o f their traditional handicrafts. Lessons f r o m th is project were included in the design o f a subsequent project. The Honduras Regional Development in the Copan Valley project, approved in FY03, includes specific attention to gender issues in an income generation component, which includes training, t e c h c a l assistance, and capacity building for employment or small enterprise development linked to naturalkultural tourism. The income generation component also includes Fondo Prosperidad, which i s designed to provide opportunities for community groups, particularly indigenous female groups, to access resources for economically viable enterprises l inked to tourism development.

l 9 Quality Assurance Group (2003). Quality of Supervision in FYOl and FYO2 (QSAS): http:lllnts022. worldbank.orglmdslmdoqalqagreports.nsfl(rsa)?openview.

18

47. Focusing on the process o f gender mainstreaming, and not on ly o n the outcomes, can po in t out practical next steps to mainstream gender in the Bank. Reflecting o n what has worked w e l l and what has not in each region could provide a valuable learning too l for operational staff. B o x 10 reviews LCR’s experience with Gender Technical Facil it ies that are designed to provide assistance to projects during design and implementation

Box 10. Ensuring Gender Mainstreaming during Project Implementation through the Gender Technical Facilities in Latin America and the Caribbean

After experimenting with different approaches to mainstreaming gender in operations, the La t i n America Gender Team concluded that the key to obtaining good results in mainstreaming gender was to ensure that gender elements do not disappear during project implementation. The Gender Technical Facil it ies (GTFs) were established to provide support during project implementation (rather than during project preparation).

GTF support helped Bank-funded projects in LCR achieve important results, including: 1 Higher retention o f pregnant girls in schools in El Salvador through the training o f school staff and

promoting changes in outdated school regulations. An increase in women’s access to land through better information dissemination campaigns on land registration in El Salvador and helping women to obtain ID cards in Guatemala. Gender-sensitive extension services that target men and women’s agriculture needs by training extension agents in Honduras. Higher participation o f women in road rehabilitation projects in Nicaragua.

Training project staff o n gender issues was more effective and sustainable than allocating gender experts to each project. A gender approach that focused on both men and women and their different contributions to the project worked better than a women-only focus. Mechanisms need to be in place to ensure the sustainability o f GTF-initiated actions after the t rus t funds that ini t ial ly supported them are closed.

1

1

1

Three years o f experience with the GTFs revealed the fol lowing lessons: 1

1

Source: Tomqvist, A., Peeters, P., and Meza, R. Forthcoming. Gender Mainstreanzing Strategy in Latin America, Lessons from the Gender Technical Facilities. Washington DC: World Bank.

Improvements in Supervision of Lending Operations

48. QSA5 found that the proportion o f projects that addressed gender issues during supervision increased substantially compared w i t h the QSA4 sample (Figure 5), and the correlation between supervision o f gender issues and higher qual i ty ratings o f supervision continues to be high. Ninety-two percent o f the operations that supervised gender issues received a satisfactory or better rating, compared to on1 63 percent o f the projects that did not address gender issues during their supervision. 2 B

’ O QSA5 results indicate that the same pattern is clear in operations that identi fy gender issues as a part o f project preparation. N ine ty percent o f operations that did some gender analysis as part o f project preparation were rated satisfactory or better; conversely, on ly 58% o f those operations in wh ich the QAG reviewer identif ied gender as important, but included no gender analysis, were rated as satisfactory o r better overall. These analyses do not control for other possibly confounding factors.

19

Figure 5. Increase in the Proportion of Operations that Addressed Gender Issues during Supervision, from QSA4 to QSA5

Percent of sample projects that supervised gender issues ~ I

QW QSA5 I

Gender in the HIV/AIDS Lending Portfolio

49. A desk review o f 15 HIVIAIDS lending operations from FYO1-03 (including two generations o f M A P projects) found frequent attention to gender issues in the analysis o f r isks and vulnerabilities and in the identification o f proj ect activities targeting different groups o f males and females. Less frequent was a focus on gender issues in monitoring and evaluation.21 Because the review did not cover supervision or fo l low the projects through implementation, assessing the quality o f implementation o f the gendered elements was not possible. The review concluded that subsequent HIV/AIDS lending would be enhanced not only by improved monitoring and evaluation, but also by improving poor women’s access to education, training and income generation to reduce their economic vulnerability; by increasing gender and development capacity building for project staff and government officials; and by enhancing interventions specifically focused on men, including gender sensitivity training for males.

Conclusion

50. QAG’s review o f projects under supervision shows that attention to gender equality issues in Bank lending continues to increase. Although gender issues are not relevant in al l Bank operations,22 the Q A G review also reinforces the finding that gender-responsive projects perform better overall than those where gender issues are relevant but ignored.

MAINSTREAMING GENDER IN STAFF AND CLIENT CAPACITY BUILDING

5 1. In the last two fiscal years, the Bank’s capacity building efforts responded successfully to the needs o f staff working on gender issues. However, attention to gender issues in core operational skills courses and in courses in areas such as economic policy, finance, and private sector development remained low.

Capacity Building for Bank staff

52. Over 30 gender-related staff learning events were conducted in the Bank in FY02 and FY03 , using various pedagogical methods, f rom field-based practica, lecture-based

21 Esber, E. (2003). Review of Gender Mainstreaming in HIWAIDS World Bank Lending Operations Fiscal Years 2001-2003. PRMGE. This was a review o f project assessment documents (PADS) for projects approved during FYO 1-03.

See Annex 2 for the proposed benchmarks for attention to gender issues in lending operations. 22

20

seminars and distance learning events to informal dialogues (see B o x 11). Some events were integrated in to existing network-wide seminar series that targeted bo th headquarters and field-based staff, including nine gender-related learning activities organized as part o f the PREM learning weeks in FY02 and FY03, and four gender-related events during ESSD’s learning weeks in FY02 and FY03.

53. Staff participating in the learning week events generally found the training useful and relevant to the demands o f their work. The courses evaluated in FY03 received a highly satisfactory ra t ing by staff. The highest rating went to a p i lo t training for country gender coordinators in the ECA region, described in B o x 11 above.

Box 11. Examples o f Successful Gender-Related Regional Learning Programs and Events

The f i rs t regional workshop for country gender coordinators (CGCs) in the non-Commonwealth of Independent States 7 (CIS7) countries in ECA took place in March 2003 in Warsaw. In addition to a basic introduction to the W o r l d Bank gender mainstreaming strategy and the process o f monitoring i t s implementation, the learning event focused on a limited number o f issues selected by the CGCs in a learning needs questionnaire. These issues were primari ly economic, such as gender inequalities in the labor market, gender implications o f social protection reforms, and gender budgets. The event was well attended and the evaluations were unanimous in indicating that the workshop was excellent o r very good. The ECA region also incorporated gender components in a number o f sub-regional learning events, often in conjunction with WBI and external partners. Examples o f these are the Workshop on the PRSP in the CIS7 countries, the HD CIS7 workshop, the Women Forum held at the Roma Conference, and the open sessions o f the Learning Event for GFPs in Warsaw (see above), to which local N G O s and government representatives were invited.

Gender Rights and Access to Justice in Peru: As part o f the preparation o f the Peru Justice Services Modernization Project, in November 2002 the Bank convened a panel o f experts for a dialogue between the Government o f Peru and c i v i l society in Lima, the Uni ted Nations Off ice o f the H i g h Commissioner for Human Rights (UNOHCHR) in Geneva, the Inter-American Development Bank in Washington, DC and the Inter-American H u m a n Rights System in N e w York. The panel discussed the role o f international conventions and their monitoring mechanisms in addressing access to justice and violence and discrimination against women; gave advice to local institutions developing the gender component o f a proposed Bank project t o modernize legal and jud ic ia l services; and shared information to enhance understanding o f gender rights in Peru. Because o f the dialogue’s success, at least f ive other Lat in American countries have asked for similar dialogues.

A Distance Learning (DL) Workshop on Gender Monitoring and Evaluation piloted in MNA brought together 104 participants representing client countries, partner organizations and the W o r l d Bank. The six- session DL course was offered through the Wor ld Bank offices and the Global Development Leaming Network (GDLN) in Egypt, Gaza, Jordan, Lebanon, the West Bank and the Republic o f Yemen. As a result, there was a request f r o m the Republic o f Yemen for fol low-up training o n monitoring and evaluation at the project and country levels. Forty participants f rom eight countries attended a three-day regional workshop in Bei rut o n Moni tor ing and Evaluating Progress towards Achieving the MDGs in MNA, organized jo in t l y by PRMGE, WBI and OED. The South Asia region organized numerous training programs and events, and prepared tools to increase gender mainstreaming in FY03, including: training and strategy development for the Ministry for Women’s Affairs in Afghanistan for implementation o f the Convention o n El imination o f a l l Forms o f Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW); facilitating two national workshops o n gender in the PRSP and a gender analysis o f I-PRSP in Bangladesh; funding for Gender Sensitization o f Delhi Police Personnel in India; and developing a methodology for assessing gender impacts in Rural Water Supply and Sanitation projects and a Toolk i t o n Gender in Resettlement and Rehabil itation for the region.

21

Progress in WBI's Training Programs

54. WE31 made considerable progress in gender mainstreaming in FY03. They: appointed a lead specialist as the WBI gender coordinator; developed a comprehensive action plan for mainstreaming gender in client training;23 went on-line with a new gender web page and a Storehouse o f Gender Learning Objects; established a Gender Mainstreaming Fund to provide grants to WBI TTLs to engender their courses; initiated a gender leaming program for WBI staff; and developed a "se l f assessment" tool to assist TTLs in mainstreaming gender.

55. The new action plan focuses on countries and identif ies client priorities through collaboration with the regional gender coordinators and country teams. In FY03, this focus was piloted in Afghanistan, where regional and WBI staff together developed an init ial activity plan, including common results indicators. A second focus country i s the Russian Federation.

56. A rapid assessment o f WBI programs in FY03 found satisfactory integration o f gender considerations in many sector and thematic programs. Several courses included stand-alone gender modules (Community Empowerment and Social Inclusion, Education, Govemance, Urban and City Management, HIV/AIDS, and Attacking Poverty), while others mainstreamed gender throughout (Health, Rural Poverty and Development, and Social Protection). Gender mainstreaming was rarest in the financial sector program, in some cases because gender equality issues were not relevant (regulations relating to money laundering, infrastructure-financing law), but in others because o f failure to recognize the importance o f gender issues.

Expansion of Knowledge Management Activities

57. FY03 saw an expansion o f knowledge management activities on gender mainstreaming to provide clients with a judicious and comprehensive program o f advisory and capacity building services focused o n strategic gender issues. The Bank's research, thematic group activities, web pages, conferences and publications developed and disseminated relevant and helpful pro-poor gender knowledge.

58. Regional staff conducted many analytical studies addressing gender issues, which are fully described in the regional reports in Annex 1. A few examples are highlighted in B o x 12. Gender web pages were implemented for al l regions and by WBI. Also, the GenderStats web site was revised and improved, and the gender portal o f the Global Development Gateway was one o f the most frequently used portals in that site.24

23 Gopal, G. 2003. WBI Gender Mainstreaming in FY03 - A Retrospective. 24 The GenderNet web site has l inks to regional and thematic groups web pages, and other sectoral resources o n gender (http://gender.worldbank.org/); the GenderStats web site has country data o n gender and l l n k s to the regional databases (http:l/devdata.worldbank.orglgenderstats/home.asp).

22

Box 12. Examples o f Gender-Focused Analytical Work in the Regions . The Africa region conlmissioned a study o n gender issues in the trade arena, as a contr ibution to the wider regional effort to support trade expansion in the region. As part o f their assistance to Uganda’s Poverty Eradication Act ion Plan, the Afr ica region also launched analytical work on gender dimensions o f poverty, and on gender and growth issues.

In order to ‘get the gender diagnosis right,’ regional research on gender issues was conducted and updated for the Middle East and North Africa Regional Gender Report, “Women in the Public Sphere.” The report focuses on women’s economic and polit ical participation in MNA countries and estimates the cost o f gender discrimination.

Country gender profi les or po l icy notes and data initiatives developed in several regions, such as the Africa Country Gender Database and the Latin America and the Caribbean Gender Disaggregated Database, are contributing to integrating gender in to Bank analytical work and country po l icy- making.

.

Conclusion

59. Gender mainstreaming in capacity building and knowledge management increased in FY03. WBI made significant progress and plans to further enhance attention to gender issues in cl ient training. Progress was also made in capacity building by the regions; in regional analytical work to underpin capacity building; and in the use o f the web to bring expertise on gender mainstreaming to our clients.

PARTNERSHIPS TO ADVANCE GENDER MAINSTREAMING

60. FY03 saw greater collaboration between the Bank and external partners for gender mainstreaming. C G A preparation, for example, benefited from partnerships with member country governments, c iv i l society organizations and other donors. Collaboration with partners increased the efficiency and effectiveness o f the work on mainstreaming gender by taking advantage o f already existing analytical work o n gender, conducting gender analysis as part o f ongoing poverty analysis, and strengthening support for C G A recommendations among the different stakeholders in the country. The fol lowing section discusses an important partnership between several intemational networks working o n gender issues, illustrates the different forms and purposes o f partnerships in South Asia, and provides examples o f external partnerships in other regions (in Box 13). The regional monitoring reports in Annex 1 have more examples.

23

Box 13. Partnerships on Mainstreaming Gender between the Regions and Organizations Outside the Bank, FY03

The Africa Region has continued to develop partnerships w i th external regional and country-based agencies. Some examples o f collaboration include: . Strengthening the analytical foundations for addressing gender and growth issues in A f r i ca with the

UN Economic Commission for Afr ica (UNECA)/Africa Center for Gender and Development; 4 Working with key partners to implement the country gender assessments, including U N D P (Malawi),

CIDA (Guinea), TJ’NECA (Ethiopia), and the Netherlands (Tanzania); . Working with W I L D A F / W L S A and I D L O on the Gender and L a w program, to tackle the nexus o f issues linking gender, AIDS, sexuality, violence and law; . Supporting regional and in-country efforts to engender PRSPs in partnerships w i th UNDP, CIDA, and the Netherlands; . Addressing issues o f gender and globalization with U S A I D and the Global Development Network.

In Latin America and the Caribbean, several partnerships have been established or continued to support the gender work program o f the region: . . .

The work o n You th Development in the Caribbean i s built o n ample consultation and collaboration with bilateral and multi lateral donors, including IADB, UNDP and UNICEF. Partnerships with FA0 in the Andean countries and with RUTA in Central America have been especially successful for mainstreaming gender issues in rura l development. Partnerships with NGOs and women organizations across the reg ion have been pursued as a way o f maximizing the impacts o f CGAs, as in the case o f the Country Gender Review for Brazil, which was published by the B a n k with CEPLA, a local NGO.

In the Middle East and North Africa, building partnerships and outreach are important mechanisms to further the gender agenda in the region in a participatory manner: . There are ongoing partnerships with the MNA Consultative Counci l on Gender (CCG), the MNA

Advisory Group, and the Arab Network for Gender and Development (@NGED), supported by the Development Grant Facil ity. Substantive efforts have gone into engendering regional conferences such as the Mediterranean Development Forum, the Bank i IMF Annual Meetings in Dubai, and the Knowledge Economy Regional Conference. Grants f r o m the IDF (Tunisia and Islamic Republic o f Iran) and JSDF (Republic o f Yemen and Jordan) are building institutional capacity for the work on gender equality.

. Promoting Understanding o f the Connection between Gender Equality and the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

61. Mindful o f the importance o f the MDGs in the arena o f international development assistance, the Bank collaborated with three international networks working on gender issues to highlight the importance o f gender equality for achieving al l o f the MDGs (not only Goal 3). This partnership included the UN Inter-Agency Network on Women and Gender Equality (a network o f gender focal points in United Nations offices, specialized agencies, funds and programs), the O E C D D A C Network on Gender Equality, and the Multilateral Development Bank Working Group on Gender. This partnership has been identified as a good practice example o f harmonization among development partners. The partners have undertaken the following activities: . analysis o f the role o f gender in achieving the M D G s and the implications o f the

M D G s for women’s and men’s status and well-being; research on gender indicators for tracking progress towards the MDGs;

24

. publication o f a report on the links between gender equality and the MDGs;~’ establishing a website that provides access to resources on gender equality and the M D G s ; ~ ~ and organizing a large intemational workshop on Gender Equality and the Millennium Development Goals, held at the Bank’s headquarters in November 2003.

Partnerships Serving Many Different Purposes: the Case o f South Asia

62. Bank partnerships to advance gender mainstreaming in South Asia during FY03 served to support analytical work, influence policy dialogue, and build institutions and capacity for gender mainstreaming work in the region, as well as for integrating the gender dimension into PRSP processes (described in Box 7). Analytical work:

In India, a three-year joint study conducted by the UN Inter-Agency Working Group on Gender (IAWG), o f which the Bank i s a member, i s looking at female work participation in the informal sector. The IAWG also conducted a countrywide consultation about the gender aspects o f the Tenth Five Year Plan. In Bangladesh, gender initiatives with government and c iv i l society have included assessing gender outcomes in microfinance programs.

The Ministry o f Women’s and Children’s Affairs (MoWCA) in Bangladesh and the “Women for Women” network organized a dialogue o n women’s human rights and published a report, funded by the Bank’s Small Grant Program. The Bank supported regional pol icy dialogues in South Asia o n Trafficking and Women’s Human Rights, to identify strategies for combating trafficking o f women and children.

In Afghanistan, the Bank collaborated with other donors and UN Gender Advisors to assist the State Minister for Women’s Affairs in working to implement CEDAW, and to improve the capacity o f the Ministry o f Women’s Affairs’ Gender Advisory Group to assess and report on progress o n mainstreaming women’s issues into national plans. In Pakistan, WBI held a two-day information sharing session in Islamabad on gender- responsive budgeting with Pakistani NGOs and government representatives to identify their specific capacity enhancement needs.

.

. Policy dialogue on gender mainstreaming:

. Institution and capacity building: .

a

Conclusion

63. In FY03, the Bank engaged in a variety o f partnerships at the global, regional and corporate level to enhance attention to gender and development issues. The Bank plans to continue or strengthen such partnerships in the coming year.

25 World Bank. 2003. Gender Eqainlity and the Millenil ium Development Goals. PRMGE: http:llwww. worldbank.orglgender1gendenndg.pdf. 26 hid.

25

111. OPPORTUNITIES TO BROADEN THE IMPACT OF GENDER MAINSTREAMING WORK

64. This chapter discusses progress made in addressing the challenges to gender mainstreaming that were noted in the annual monitoring report for FY02, then identifies priority areas for implementation o f the gender mainstreaming strategy in FY04 and beyond.

CHALLENGES IDENTIFIED IN THE FIRST ANNUAL MONITORING REPORT

65. The f i rst annual monitoring report for FY02 identified seven key challenges for strategy implementation. This section discusses how these challenges were addressed during FY03. As the data reviewed in the second chapter indicate, substantial progress has been made on many fronts. Many challenges remain, including a number o f “second generation” challenges that have arisen as progress on the init ial challenges has been made.

Nurturing the Ability of Regional and Country Teams to Complete Country-Level Gender Diagnostics and Integrate their Findings into Policy Dialogue and Core ESW

66. As the data in Chapter I1 indicate, the pace o f production o f CGAs during FY03 increased markedly compared to previous years, and there were init ial signs o f their impact on pol icy dialogue (CASs and PRSPs) and core ESW, as shown in B o x 2.

67. The challenge o f preparing the CGAs affects each region differently. In FY03, all regions allocated more resources to CGAs than in FY02 or found creative ways o f overcoming resource constraints (see the regional monitoring reports in Annex 1). Most regions took advantage o f opportunities either to conduct country gender analysis as part o f core diagnostic ESW, particularly PAS, or to partner with member countries and other donors (Box 1 , above). For example, the strategy o f combining Poverty and Gender Assessments into a single ES W product i s being widely used in E C A and Africa.

68. A continuing challenge for FY04 and beyond wil l be to increase the impact o f CGAs o n Bank and countries’ policies and programs through stronger dissemination and follow- up, as discussed in the second hal f o f this chapter.

Making Greater Use of Partnerships

69. In FY03, there was greater collaboration for gender mainstreaming with member country governments, c i v i l society organizations and other donors. Partnerships were responsible for conducting gender analysis, building capacity and making country policies and programs more gender responsive. At the global level, an important collaboration was the series o f activities designed to promote gender equality as a key aspect o f achieving the Millennium Development Goals.

26

Increasing Attention to Gender Issues in Core Diagnostic ESW

70. In FY03, core diagnostic ESW, especially PAS, paid more attention to gender issues than in FY02. A review o f PAs identified good practices and lessons leamed that were then integrated into soon-to-be-issued guidelines for engendering PAS. A review o f the first generation o f PSIAs identified opportunities for improving their coverage o f gender issues; guidelines are being prepared for engendering PSIAs and other core ESW, starting with DPRs.

Increasing Attention to Gender Issues in Lending Operations in Key Sectors beyond the Human Development Sectors

71. This i s a continuing challenge and i s discussed in the second ha l f o f this chapter. In FY03, efforts were made to promote attention to gender issues in operations across a broad array o f sectors. The regional monitoring reports present many instances o f support for gender mainstreaming in sectors such as water and sanitation, transport, energy, law, and rural development (Annex 1). Support for gender mainstreaming in operations was also provided by the Thematic Groups on Gender and Law, Gender and Rural Development and Gender and Transport, and through funding provided by the Norwegian-Dutch GENFUND, which i s designed to leverage greater attention to gender issues in Bank products. Capacity building designed to increase staff awareness o f the relevance o f gender issues and knowledge about how to address them was also conducted.

Creating an Enabling Environment for Engendering Development through Increased Emphasis on Intensive Capacity Building of Staff and Clients

72. FY03 saw considerable progress in improving capacity building for both staff and clients. Further work i s planned, as described later in this chapter.

Moving from Measuring Progress Largely in Terms of Outputs to Measurement of Outcomes

73. Development o f a continuous, unified Bank-wide gender M&E system, to measure and assess progress against agreed annual targets, i s a complex and resource-intensive process. Progress was made in FY03 in setting up different components o f the system. Benchmarks and guidelines were developed and rat ing systems for tracking and assessing the quality o f gender mainstreaming in analytical work (including core diagnostic ES W), CASs, JSAs and lending were revised to increase their validity and comparability (see Annex 2). These new tools were piloted in baseline reviews o f PAs and other core ESW, and the H IV /A IDS portfolio, and wil l be finalized by the close o f FY04. Analysis o f the gender question in the CPIA i s being undertaken in F Y 0 4 to strengthen its relevance and the rigor with which country ratings are made. In FY03, training o n integrating gender into program and project M&E was provided to Bank staff, counterparts and c iv i l society in 13 countries in two regions ( S A R and MNA), as well as to staff attending PREM, ESSD, and HD Weeks and country gender coordinators in two regions.

27

74. Two key challenges remain for gender monitoring and evaluation in FY04 and beyond. The f i rst challenge i s to consolidate and institutionalize monitoring o f gender mainstreaming from the country to the corporate levels. The second i s to increase attention to the gender dimension in sectoral, country and regional evaluations conducted by OED, Q A G and other Bank units. These challenges wil l be addressed within the new structure for monitoring and reporting on progress in implementing the gender mainstreaming strategy provided by the SSIU.

Evaluating the plan to complete (or adopt) CGAs for all member countries in which the Bank has an active lending program within 3-5 years

75. Monitoring o f C G A production determined that the pace o f completion increased as experience with preparing CGAs was gained. Based on completion status and regional plans in FY03, a large majority o f countries in which the Bank has an active program i s expected to complete a C G A by the end o f June 2005. Bank regional staff currently have no plans to complete CGAs for about 14 percent o f countries by the target date, and i t may be more difficult to complete reports for those countries because o f limited in- country capacity or lack o f potential partnerships. Work to produce CGAs in those countries wil l probably have started by then, however, either by the Bank or by other agencies.

CONTINUING CHALLENGES IN IMPLEMENTING THE STRATEGY

76. Chapter I1 o f this report identified several priori ty areas for strengthening the Bank’s attention to gender issues so as to increase the impact o f our work. The priori ty areas are: . . .

Increasing the impact o f CGAs through stronger dissemination and follow-up; Strengthening gender analysis in PSIAs, DPRs and PERs;

Complementing gender analysis with corresponding actions and monitoring in Bank ESW and lending;

Increasing attention to gender issues in key non-HD sectors; and Engendering client and staff capacity building in areas such as economic policy, private sector development, rural development, social protection, and infias truc ture.

. 77. The following sections discuss these priority areas, identify actions to be taken, and detail good practice examples for each priority.

Increasing the Impact of Country Gender Assessments

78. Although progress has been made in the production o f CGAs, their dissemination and use in dialogue and Bank operations can be improved. K e y FY04 actions to enhance the use o f CGAs include: (a) active dissemination o f the C G A review to Bank staff in the regions, to build awareness o f the issue; (b) dissemination o f good practice examples to the same audience, to provide ideas for effective follow-up to completed CGAs; and (c) targeted assistance for dissemination and follow-up in selected countries with recently

28

completed CGAs. Efforts to enhance the impact o f the CGAS will focus particularly on the six priority countries where a CGA has been completed (see paragraph 7 above). Country directors in these countries are receptive to gender-related work, and there i s an opportunity to use the findings to influence the CAS process or to raise attention to gender issues in planned consultations with government.

79. Many CASs approved in FY03 provide examples o f the effective use o f a CGA to inform the Bank’s program. Box 14 highlights two cases from East Asia.

Box 14. Country Gender Assessments and World Bank Interventions in China and Vietnam

The Situation Analysis and Policy Recommendations to promote the Advancement o f Women and Gender Equali ty in Vietnam; The National Strategy for the Advancement o f Women in Vietnam by the Year 2010; The Second Nat ional Plan o f Act ion for the Advancement o f Women 2001-2005 (POA2); and The Comprehensive Poverty Reduction and Growth Strategy (CPRGS - the PRSP).

The V ie tnam CGA comprises four documents, a l l o f which were produced by the country:

The Wor ld Bank actively supported the processes that produced these documents, and expl ici t ly used them - as the CGA - to i n fo rm the C A S for 2003-2006. Resulting Bank interventions set out in the CAS include expanding a p i l o t project to change land-use rights certificates to show names o f b o t h husband and wife; training provincial authorities to mainstream gender in the CPRGS at local levels; setting up a fund to mainstream gender in the Bank’s operational program; and expl ici t ly addressing gender issues in PRSCs f r o m FY03-05.

In China, the CGA resulted in specific recommendations for areas o f possible Bank intervention, both to address specific gender issues and to mainstream gender-related activities in to the project pipeline. These included:

Research and analysis activities, including technical assistance in generating sex-disaggregated data, to support the development o f social policy, social programming and legislation; Pol icy oriented research in areas such as regulatory frameworks for the enforcement o f equal rights protection when relevant t o economic development; instruments to support the growth o f not-for- prof i t social services delivery; gender-sensitive modalities to improve social services delivery; and promotion o f women’s participation in public l i fe and in economic activity; Supporting c i v i l society, especially the budding women’s NGOs movement and a network o f scholars specializing in gender issues; and Identifying the scope for developing projects or project components targeting barriers to gender equality, and for mainstreaming gender analysis and activities in n e w and existing B a n k projects, supported by capacity building on gender issues for Bank staff and partners in China.

Strengthening Gender Analysis in Core Diagnostic ESW

80. In FY04, the Bank wil l produce guidance for engendering core diagnostic ESW, including PAS, DPRs and PSIAs. This guidance wil l be disseminated widely, particularly within the PREM Network.

Complementing Gender Analysis with Corresponding Actions and Monitoring

8 1. A number o f Bank products, including PAS, PSIAs, DPRs, PERs, CASs, and lending, can be strengthened by complementing gender analysis with corresponding actions or policy recommendations and with gender-sensitive monitoring. In FY04 and beyond, good practice examples wil l be disseminated via the series on “Promising Approaches to

29

Gender Mainstreaming.” Guidance for core ESW wil l also emphasize the need to consider gender issues in po l icy recommendations, monitoring, and consultations as we l l as in diagnosis. The Vietnam Poverty Reduction Support Credit (PRSC) described in B o x 15 provides an example o f using gender analysis to in fo rm Bank operations.

Box 15. Gender Sensitive Downsizing in Vietnam’s Poverty Reduction Support Credit Recent research in Vietnam demonstrated that a comprehensive economic re fo rm program was likely to affect men and women differently. Documented differences included: * although women’s prospects for obtaining salaried jobs fol lowing displacement f r o m state owned

enterprises worsened as a result o f the reforms, they were l ike ly to improve in the near future; reforms were associated with a sharp decline in the gender gap in earnings, both in and outside the state sector; overstaffing was greatest in sectors in which most employees were men, such as construction, mining and transportation; i t was much less prevalent in sectors in which women dominated the workforce, such as footwear, textiles and garments; training and assistance programs in place to help redundant workers revealed no gender bias; severance packages based on a multiple o f earnings were more favorable to men, whereas lump-sum packages favored women.

. 1

1

Mainstreaming Gender in Key Sectors

82. As noted in Chapter 11, gender mainstreaming in Bank products tends to be concentrated in education and health. A l though un i fo rm attention to gender issues across sectors i s no t desirable, and attention to health and education i s important in the context o f the MDGs, empirical evidence suggests that gender issues are important for development in many other sectors, including rura l development, private sector development, social protection, water and sanitation, and transport. The Guatemala Poverty Assessment (Box 16) highlights the importance o f focusing on gender in infrastructure. An area o f focus during FY04 will be enhancing attention to gender issues in sector strategies in these k e y sectors, and updating or producing guidance and tools for operational staff. W o r k o n updating the guidance o n gender and agriculture has already begun.

30

Box 16. Gender Distinctions in Infrastructure Priorities in the Poverty Assessment for Guatemala

The Guatemala PA analyzed data on transport and utilities, and linked it to gender-specific concerns such as maternal health. I t also integrated qualitative and quantitative research methods, and compared findings to yield more comprehensive information. Data from the Living Standards Measurement Survey (Encuesta Nacional de Condiciones de Vida, ENCOVI 2000) from the Guatemala FY03 PA shows that travel times to health services are significantly longer for those without motorable roads access.

Access to Health Service: Travel Time with and without Access to Motorable Roads, ENCOVI 2000

All Urban Rural Non-Poor All Poor Ext. Poor

These fmdings are consistent with the Qualitative Study o f Poverty and Exclusion (QPES) undertaken for this PA. In the qualitative study, two villages noted that inadequate roads constrain their access to health services, particularly when the rains make their single dirt access roads impassable. When discussing vulnerability, the villagers o f one village specifically identified “giving birth” as a risk because women in labor have difficulties in accessing health services due to inadequate road access, particularly in the rainy season. Data from ENCOVI 2000 show that an extremely high share o f women from disadvantaged groups give birth at home (45.6 percent o f the poorest quintile). Childbirth i s a particularly grave risk for poor women because they lack the sanitary conditions needed for safe delivery at home.

Data on basic utility service coverage also revealed that half o f all households in the poorest quintile lack piped water (or potable water, even for those with connections) and over a quarter lack any type o f sanitation. Taken together, lack o f access to piped water and electr ic i ty i s a particular concern to women’s health. Interestingly, ENCOVI data also show that gender i s a demand-side barrier to take-up o f utility services because male-headed households are less likely to connect to the services.

Sozirce: Guatemala FY03 Poverty Assessment, reviewed in Sum, J. (2003). Treatment ofGender Isszies: FY02-03 Core Diagnostic ESW Retrospective Review.

Engendering Client and Staff Capacity Building

83, Enhancing the level of gender mainstreaming in key sectors other than health and education will require engendering client and staff capacity building in those sectors. As reported in Chapter 11, progress has already been made in developing evidence and training materials. Box 17 describes the Gender and L a w Program in Africa.

31

Box 17. The Gender and Law Program in Africa

The Afr ica Region has had an active Gender and L a w program since 199 1. In i t ia l work involved the preparation o f three issues papers addressing the linkages between gender, law, and development in Sub-Saharan A f r i ca f r o m conceptual, historical, and operational perspectives. A second, operational, phase was launched in 1996 to provide institutional strengthening and capacity-building support t o government and collaborating c i v i l society NGOs involved in the advancement o f the legal and societal status o f women. Stakeholders in the countries themselves have shaped the program, w i th the B a n k facil i tating activities identif ied as priorities by the country stakeholders.

The program is active in Western Afr ica (through init ial support to Benin and Togo and continuing support to Burk ina Faso, Mali , Mauritania and Niger); Central Afr ica (Burundi and Rwanda); and Eastern A f r i ca (Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda). Under the leadership o f the Legal Department, the program i s also active in Cape Verde, Ghana, and Nigeria. Cumulatively, the program has mobil ized around US$6 m i l l i o n in grant funds (mostly IDF Grants, JSDF Seed Funds, and GENF’IIND) for work in 14 Afr ican countries.

Priori ty areas o f institutional strengthening and capacity-building support for government and c i v i l society include: (a) promoting gender-responsive legal reform, by supporting the participatory process for gender-responsive legal drafting; (b) supporting legal educatiodliteracy for bo th literate and illiterate women and men; and (c) improving access by the poor to legal and judicial services (with focus o n poor women). M o r e recently, pr ior i ty substantive areas o f analytical work include: (a) gender and legal dimensions o f H I V I A I D S ; (b) gender and l a w in post-conflict situations; and (c) gender and l a w in Islam.

84. WBI’s capacity building plans for FY04 call for adopting a more country-focused approach. This wil l involve alignment o f WBI programs with client priorities through closer collaboration with country teams. Countries will be selected from W B I ’ s l i s t o f focus/priority countries, based on demand from the client. Progress in sectoral areas has already been made in developing evidence and training materials o n agriculture and rural development, water and sanitation, land issues, and rural transport. The next steps will be to disseminate these materials and integrate them into staff and client training programs. Other gender-related learning and capacity building efforts planned for FY04 are outlined i n B o x 18.

32

Box 18: Gender Capacity Building and Learning in FY03 and FY04 Many learning and capacity building initiatives started in FY03 will continue in FY04, including:

Country gender coordinators: Country gender coordinators are on the frontl ine o f implementing the gender strategy, yet they often lack a background in gender issues and rarely get opportunities to network with their peers in their region. In FY04, training and networking for country gender coordinators wil l continue. Based on highly successful pilots in E A P in FY02 and E C A and AFR in FY03, further learning events for country gender coordinators in AFR, EAP and E C A are planned for FY04, and are under discussion for S A R and LCR.

Economic policy: In v iew o f the importance o f gender equality for economic growth and poverty reduction, ensuring that the Bank’s country economists are informed about the latest empirical evidence is a priori ty for the Bank. The BNPP-funded gender and economic pol icy initiative, which commissioned new gender-focused research in areas such as trade and pension reform, i s nearing completion. In FY04, a series o f seminars wil l be held in Washington and in the regions to disseminate the findings from this work.

Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E): The abil ity to monitor and evaluate gender mainstreaming efforts i s important for supporting the strategic integration o f gender issues in to operations. In FY03, two successful distance learning workshops o n gender in M&E were held in S A R and MNA. Workshops are planned in three other regions in FY04.

Network-wide learning and Bank core courses: Because gender issues cut across sectors, gender mainstreaming training also targets other networks and core Bank learning. Fo r example, nine gender-related learning activities were organized as part o f the last two learning weeks for PREM network staff, and two gender-related events were organized as part o f ESSD’s learning week in FY03. Gender issues were also integrated in to a session o n trade as part of the FY03 PREM South Asia Hub Training. This strategy wil l continue during FY04.

CONCLUSION

85. The current challenges to implementing the gender mainstreaming strategy are in most cases a refinement o f the challenges identif ied in the f i rs t annual moni tor ing report. Because progress has been made in most areas o f strategy implementation, the challenges currently faced are “second generation” issues, fo r example, mak ing better use o f the CGAs wh ich are being completed in substantial numbers, spreading gender mainstreaming in projects to relevant sectors beyond education and health, and, in most Bank products and processes, enhancing attention to the gender aspects o f pub l i c action, moni tor ing and consultations after per forming a gender-sensitive diagnosis. The Bank believes that satisfactory progress i s be ing made in implementing the gender mainstreaming strategy and believes that plans for FY04 and beyond to meet the continuing challenges are adequate to ensure continued progress.

33

Annex 1

FY03 Regional Monitoring Reports on Gender Mainstreaming

1. Sub-Saharan Africa Region 2. East Asia and the Pacific Region 3. Eastern Europe and Central Asia Region 4. Latin America and the Caribbean Region 5. Middle East and North Africa Region 6. South Asia Region

34

1. Sub-Saharan Africa Region

35

Implementing the Bank’s Gender Mainstreaming Strategy in the Africa Region Africa Region FY03 Report

October 2003 I. Introduction

This b r ie f report summarizes h o w the Afr ica Region continued to implement the “strategic mainstreaming” approach articulated in the Bank-wide gender mainstreaming strategy paper.‘ The attached matr ix summarizes the principal gender mainstreaming actions undertaken by the Region in FY03.

The Region allocated $350,000 f rom Regional program budgets (BB) to support the work o f the Gender Team in AFTPM, and further cross-support funds were mobi l ized f rom the World Bank Institute (WBI) in support o f gender training activities, and f rom various Trust Funds to provide direct operational support. In FY03, the Afr ica Region mobil ized more than $2.2 m i l l i o n in new Trust Funds, including IDF Grants and JSDF seed fhds, to support the gender work program. These are summarized in Table 1 below.

See: “Integrating Gender into the World Bank’s Work: A Strategy for Action,” The World Bank, January 2002. The strategy was discussed by the Bank’s Board on September 18, 2001. An Operational Memorandum, providing interim clarification o f the Bank’s gender policy was issued on December 11, 2001. The Bank’s gender policy, OP.4.20, and an accompanying BP4.20, were issued in March 2003.

1

36

m

E B k

2 0 0

d-

3 3

2 In N

0 0

E- m d-

3- 2 3 4

4 4 z -

11. Regional Gender Mainstreaming Priorities

The Region completed the Africa Regional Gender Strategy (ARGS) in FY03. The A R G S was discussed and validated by the Regional Leadership Team (RLT) in February 2003. The A R G S focuses o n the implementation o f the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), by addressing their cross-cutting and multi-sectoral gender dimensions expl ici t ly. The core o f the A R G S i s to respond to the institutional strengthening and capacity-building needs o f Governments, c i v i l society, and communities involved in the process o f gender mainstreaming by leveraging technical and financial resources to address gender issues in AFR countries, as they seek to implement the M D G s . The core o f the strategy involves supporting in-country agents, and Country Teams, in implementing the program o f Strategic Country Gender Assessments (SCGAs), as called for in the Bank-wide mainstreaming strategy.

The A R G S identif ies four core entry points in country w o r k o n wh ich to focus in the FY04-06 period, w h i c h wil l in turn inform the conduct o f SCGAs and the priorit ization o f the Region’s gender work program. These entry points are:

gender and HIV/AIDS - to support the effective integration o f the gender dynamics o f H I V / A I D S in to Bank- supported MAP operations and other AIDS-related work; gender and poverty - to support the effective integration o f gender analysis into the Region’s pover ty work and i t s support to country-led PRSP implementation and revisions; gender and economics - to address gender as an economic issue in SSA, with implications for growth and poverty reduction, wh i l e strengthening attention to gender in public finance management and budgets in the context o f PRSP implementation; and gender and law - to continue and expand the implementation o f the ongoing grant- funded Gender and L a w (G&L) program in the Region, aimed at building in-country capacity to undertake gender-responsive law reform, to expand legal l i teracy and education, and to improve access o f the poor to legal and jud ic ia l services.

The ARGS i s reflected in other Regional strategy work. The Region’s Social Development strategy (Strengthening the Civil Society-State-Market Nexus from a Social Development Perspective - A Strategy for Action, Social Development Team, ESSD, Afl-ica Region, June 2003) adopts an explicit gender-analytical and gender-inclusive approach, focusing notably, o n the gender dynamics o f H N / A I D S , o n gender-based exclusion, and o n gender dimensions o f conflict, a l l o f which are o f particular significance in the Af r i ca Region. This i s in turn reflected in synergy with the Region’s Community-Driven Development (CDD) agenda, in wh ich CDD programs are increasingly and more systematically addressing approaches to gender inclusion in their operating manuals, and in the community-oriented components o f H I V / A I D S (MAP) operations, aimed at strengthening their attention to gender issues.

Region-wide gender work focused o n the development and regular updating o f the Africa Country Gender Database (ACGD), where the data sets now reflect updates as o f April 2003. This work has in turn contributed to preparation o f country-focused gender issues

38

briefs, notably for Ghana, Kenya, and Uganda, which have helped to in form CT retreats and CAS preparation. The A C G D also provides important baseline data for the gender profiles contained in SCGAs. The Region has a gender website, which i s periodically updated, and work has begun o n a country contact database and distribution l i s t to support the identification and deployment o f Regional and country gender expertise in a t imely manner in key sectors. The Gender Team also prepared ratings for al l SSA countries for the 2003 CPIA exercise, using data and indicators for each o f the components o f the “gender” question (Q11). These ratings form part o f a more systematic approach to the CPIA exercise in the Region, and have helped to provide a foundation for country comparability in responses to this question within the Region.

111. Strategic Country Gender Assessments (SCGAs) & Country Dialogue

In FY03, the Region launched or continued work on 12 SCGAs, o f which two (Kenya & Burkina Faso) were completed. Even as work-in-progress, these assessments have contributed to the formulation o f Country Assistance Strategies (CAS) in some countries, and have helped to inform the dialogue in other ways. For example, the Burkina Faso CAS identifies several areas in the work program in which gender issues can be addressed, including in the area o f legal and judicial reform, and indicates that the PRSP revision process provides a critical opportunity to address the gender dimensions o f poverty in more depth. The Benin CAS drew on the SCGA and on country efforts to engender the PRSP process to indicate key gender-related challenges to development. Gender issues have begun to be addressed in the PRSC process, as part o f strengthening the poverty focus o f expenditures and budget management. The Niger CAS, even in the absence o f a SCGA, includes as a “base case” trigger the “adequate targeting o f actions to promote gender equity in sector strategies and expenditure programs emanating from the PRSP,” and proposes analytical work on women’s legal status in Niger, in conjunction with an ongoing IDF grant program, which i s being carried out in FY04. In most cases, however, i t i s s t i l l too early to assess the likely effect or impact o f the SCGAs on the country program or the dialogue. This i s an area that wil l be tracked during FY04.

Issues emerging strongly from SCGAs are: (i) the importance o f the economic roles o f men and women in SSA, and the economic costs o f gender inequality; (ii) the significance o f non-market work, as revealed in time allocation data, and the associated “time poverty” of women; (iii) the prevalence and detrimental impact of gender-based violence, an issue o f particular importance in the context o f the HNiAIDS pandemic; (iv) the persistence o f socio-cultural obstacles to women’s (economic) empowerment, especially with respect to legal rights and protections; and (v) the persistence o f gender- based disparities in human development in SSA.

IV. Regional Operations Program

Information systems at the Country or Regional level do not adequately capture or reflect the nature or full extent o f gender-responsive work undertaken in the Region. This i s an area requiring improvement in FY04 and beyond. What follows i s a selective illustration

39

o f some examples o f gender-aware work undertaken in the Afr ica Region in FY03, as part o f the wider mainstreaming effort.

A. Lending Operations

HIV/AIDS (MAP) Operations: The Region has focused particular attention in FY03 on addressing the “gender dynamics” o f HIVIAIDS in i t s response to the pandemic. Attention to gender has been substantial in both the Kenya and Sierra Leone MAP Operations, in which inter alia gender awareness training at a l l levels responsible for program implementation has been supported. The national AIDS coordinating bodies now give much more prominence to the gender dynamics o f AIDS in these countries. This process i s being further supported through the Bank-Netherlands Partnership Program (BNPP) in FY04, which wil l extend the gender-responsive M A P Operations to Cameroon, Malawi, and Zambia.

CDD Operations. These operations have continued to pay attention to gender issues in their operational manuals, which have supported in-country efforts to ensure that the priorities and programs articulated in C D D operations accurately reflect both men’s and women’s priorities as and where they differ. The 3‘d Malawi Social Act ion Fund Project (MASAF 3) has, for example, endeavored to respond to earlier external criticism that the program was not gender-responsive by building in explicitly inclusive consultative mechanisms at the community level, and ensuring that a minimum number o f sub- projects target women’s needs in the community.

B. Advisory and Analytical WorWEconomic and Sector Work

The Kenya Country Economic Memorandum included a discussion o f linkages between gender inequality and economic growth, and advocated reform o f succession laws as applied to women as a key element o f promoting stronger pro-poor growth. Gender analysis i s increasingly informing poverty assessments: in the Rwanda PA, the analysis suggests that the gap in schooling between children who are, or are not, orphans i s much larger for girls than for boys, especially when the orphans l ive in female-headed households. The Region commissioned a study on gender issues in the trade arena, as a contribution to the wider Regional effort to support trade expansion in SSA. The Region launched analytical work on gender dimensions o f poverty, and o n gender and growth issues, in the context o f the revision o f Uganda’s Poverty Eradication Act ion Plan (PEN), now underway.

C. Implementing the Region’s Gender and Law Program

The Region continued to implement the Gender and Law program in Sub-Saharan Africa. The strategy for FY03 aimed to: (i) build on the key achievements o f the Program in Western Africa (through continued support to ongoing activities in Burkina Faso, Mali , Mauritania and Niger) and Central Africa (Rwanda); (ii) expand our current involvement in the Great Lakes Region (Burundi); and (iii) contribute to the revitalization o f the

40

Enstevn Afvicn G&L Program (Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda).’ Priority areas o f institutional strengthening and capacity-building support for both Government and civ i l society include: (a) promoting gender-responsive legal refoim, by supporting the participatory process for gender-responsive legal drafting; (b) supporting legal 1iteracyIeducation for both literate and il l i terate women and men; and (c) improving access by the poor to legal and judicial services (with focus on poor women).

Priority substantive areas o f analytical work include: (a) Gender and Legal Dimensions o f HIVIAIDS; (b) Gender and Law in post-conflict situations; and (c) Gender and Law in Islam. Partnership with P R E M and LEGAF will continue, and the team wil l forge stronger ties with the team working on gender issues in Islamic environments. Extemal partnerships (notably with UNIFEM, UNFPA, UNICEF, U N E C N A C G D , and the Intemational Development Law Organization-IDLO) have continued, and wil l be expanded through the planned Third Africa Regional Conference o n “Women’s access to legal and judicial services in post-conflict situations,” which wil l be organized in Rwanda in FY04 with technical and financial support from the AFR Gender team.

V. Training and Capacity-Building

The Region has pursued gender-focused training, outreach, and capacity-building activities throughout FY03. Key actions have included: (i) support to country-focused workshops in Kenya and Sierra Leone as part o f MAP launch and implementation; (ii) contributing to the WBI-led AIDS Leadership Training Program, and multi-country training on A I D S and PRSPs in collaboration with UNFPA; (iii) continued support to the “Gender, Health, and Poverty” training program o f WBI, and to the Core Course on Population and Reproductive Health; (iv) integrating gender issues into the Region’s flagship “Quality o f Operations” workshops organized by AFTQK; (v) supporting the Bank-wide “gender and law” conference; (vi) addressing gender and growth issues in AFNPREM-managed training on pro-poor growth for staff economists; and (vii) contributing to a USAID-sponsored panel discussion on “gender and globalization” at the 2003 Global Development Network Conference in Cairo.

The team has also contributed to training programs of other partners (notably UNDP and The Netherlands), o n Engendering PRSPs, for various countries in SSA, and o n Gender budgeting for the East Afr ica Gender Budget Network, the latter in connection with launching the BNPP support for GRB. A training program on “Gender and Economics” was initiated in FY03, with curriculum development by University o f Manchester (UK), which was to be held in Nairobi in M a y 2003, but the training i t se l f has been deferred to FY04, following the terrorist alerts which affected Kenya at that time.

Gender and Energy: The team contributed to the Afr ica Region’s Biomass Conference in February 2003, highlighting the importance o f domestic energy issues for poverty reduction in Africa. This has been followed up through mobilization o f a gender-focused IDF grant supporting altemative energy provisioning in Ethiopia.

~~ ~~

The Gender and Law Program i s also active in Ghana, Nigeria and Cape Verde under the leadership o f LEGAF.

41

VI. Strengthening Partnerships

The Region has continued to develop i t s partnerships with extemal Regional and country- based agencies. Some examples include:

t Collaboration with UNECNAf r i ca Center for Gender and Development (ACGD), with focus on strengthening the analytical foundations for addressing gender and growth issues in Africa. The Region benefited from the presence o f a UNECA- seconded economist during the f i r s t hal f o f FY03, which enabled work on the “gender intensity o f production” to be undertaken for SSA countries. This work was reviewed by the Afr ica Region Chief Economist, and presented in a working paper at a UNECA-sponsored workshop on “Pro-Poor Growth,” held in Kampala, Uganda, in June 2003.

t Collaboration with key donor partners in the implementation o f Strategic Country Gender Assessments (SCGAs), notably: UNDP (Malawi); C I D A (Guinea); U N E C A (Ethiopia).

+ Strengthening partnerships around Gender and L a w program (WILDAF/WLSA and IDLO) to tackle the nexus o f issues linking gender, AIDS, sexuality, violence, and law.

+ Collaboration with partners in supporting Regional and in-country efforts to engender PRSPs: UNDP - SADC Workshop on Engendering PRSPs in Pretoria, March 2003; C I D A - Workshop on Gender and PRSPs in Ottawa, April 2003; Netherlands - Burkina Faso Workshop on Gender and PRSPs, July 2003.

+ Collaboration wi th USAID and the Global Development Network (GDN) to address issues o f gender and globalization in a panel session at the 4th Annual GDN conference on the subject o f “Globalization and Equity” (Cairo, January 2003).

42

r

? E I

E

t

I

I

I

>

b i 7

i

v) v)

e,

Q1 c s U

\ > > >

I- d

a Y

5

.9 I

_.

>

I

-r

E 3

2. East Asia and the Pacific Region

46

EAP GENDER MAINSTREAMING

Country China

Vietnam Cambodia

Mongol ia

Laos

Philippines

Indonesia East Timor Papua New Guinea Pacific Islands

Summary Status and Ne.xt Steps

CGA status Final CGA due Country Gender review n o w printed, country team wants to FY’03 continue the work to produce a C G A C G A complete pending formal submission FY’03 Final draft n o w includes inputs form ADB, UNIFEM and UNDP FY’03 and will be published after elections in August ‘03 First draft complete and prepared in line with PRSP and C A S FY ‘04 preparation First draft complete and prepared in l ine with PRSP and C A S FY ‘04 preparation Portfolio review to be completed in FY’03 as f i rs t step in CGA FY’04 preparation In i t ia l work started FY ‘05 To be determined (FY ’04) To be determined (FY ’05) T o be determined

The key elements o f the Gender Mainstreaming Strategy for the Bank that we continue to use to organize the work around are:

0

0

0

0 Monitor ing o f implementation.

Preparation o f Country Gender Assessments; Policy dialogue on gender between the Bank and borrowing country partners and stakeholders; Iniplementation o f priority pol icy and operational interventions; and

Thailand

Malaysia,

Country Gender Assessnzeizts

Profile was completed before CAS but n o CGA will be prepared as i t is not consistent with the nature o f the program N o C G A currently planned

Comment: The background work done prior to C G A i s critical and important as a process in itself. I t allows dialogue between donors and with the government and c i v i l society. I t has been especially useful in the context o f PRSP preparation allowing for improved inputs and participation o f those concerned about gender issues in it.

All of the CGA work i s being carried out under specially allocated budgets in the W A S .

Policy and Sector Work

In relation to policy and sector work, the priority work i s the CAS and PRSPs, although input i s also being provided to a range of other sector work.

47

Country Assistance Strategy (CAS)

Recent CAS for Philippines and Thailand have benefited f rom improved gender inputs, and have detailed specific actions. The latest C A S for China has an Annex o n gender. Preparation o f inputs to the Cambodia, Mongolia, and Lao P D R CAS i s underway through the C G A process. In future, the CGAs are scheduled with the CAS in mind so that provision o f input to them will be systematic.

Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSP)

Fol lowing the workshop o n Gender Mainstreaming in PRSP held in Hanoi in March 2002, all countries have teams and action plans to help. In the case o f Mongolia, Laos and Cambodia the follow-up has been excellent. A national workshop on gender in PRSP was held in Cambodia in October, and one i s to be held in Lao PDR in December. There are also requests f rom Mongol ia to do the same. Funding for these follow-on workshops has come f rom several sources and they have become the focus for a range o f stakeholders. coordinators working in these countries have been providing consistent support to government in the PRSP preparations.

Country Gender

CGCs are in place in bo th Indonesia and East T imor and wil l continue to work with the governments in those countries as the work o n PRSP preparation increases.

In Vietnam additional Trust Fund has been obtained for capacity building to mainstream gender into the PRSP implementation and monitoring.

Follow-up work i s starting in Cambodia with a $300,000 IDF grant for gender planning, budgeting, and monitoring.

Public Expenditure Review (PER)

Several efforts to provide gender input into PERs in the past have not been very successful. Therefore, the Gender Anchor was asked to help provide the inputs for the Cambodia PER. this year on the expectation that this would help provide us with a replicable methodology to use in the future. Fol lowing her visit there, the Gender Economist who did the work held high level meetings, that were very well attended, with senior government officials in both Cambodia and Thailand to discuss how gender could or should be considered and analyzed in public expenditure preparations or reviews. One o f the sessions at the up-coming workshop o n the PER to be held in Cambodia wil l be on gender issues in public expenditure.

Comment: Policy and sector work has been prioritized this year in allocating supporting funds f rom the regional gender mainstreaming budget. The budget has provided matching funds to gender in PRSP workshops in the countries, and for the gender in PER input in Cambodia.

Operations

Project Preparation and Implementation

Country Gender Coordinators are involved in the preparation and supervision o f projects throughout the region and the general level of awareness has improved. The capacity o f the CGCs both in breadth across sectors, as wel l as depth o f inputs, continues to increase. The range o f projects that they have provided specific inputs on so far th i s fiscal year includes local governance, agriculture, and transport projects.

48

In FY’O2 the l i s t o f pr ior i ty projects helped to focus the support and get systematic provision o f inputs to TTLs in relevant projects. However, in the first quarter o f FY’03 this activity was put on hold due to staff changes and n o w needs to be reactivated - but centered in the region rather than at HQ. The fol lowing are a few o f the activities worthy o f specific mention:

Songliao Plain Agriciiltiire Developitieiit Project Gender Stzidy undertaken by TTL Pawan Patil, and CGC Wang Chaogang, working with a consultant. The study reviewed the different ways in which the project had involved women and men and the different impacts i t had had on them. The team have gone on to develop a gender tool lut for agriculture projects in China that i s being translated

Active Participation of Wonien in KDP: a Guide for Facilitators: has been produced by the KDP team (Scott Guggenheim, Enurlaela Hassanah) in Indonesia worlung with the CGC (Chitrawati Buchori) and supported by CLDA input. The guide i s a compilation o f real l i fe experiences and thoughts gathered from village and sub-district facilitators in the course o f a series o f workshops with them. I t has been printed in Indonesian and i s being translated into English for use more generally in the region.

A fund was established in Vietnam to improve gender mainstreaming in Bank-funded projects. So far the fund has been used to support gender in the Coitiinzinity Based Riiral Infrastructure Project, Agriciiltiire DiversiJicatioii Project, Coastal Wetlands Developinelit and Protection Project, Forest Protection and Rural Developitient Project, and Urban Upgrading Project

0 The Land Titling 11 Project in Lao PDR includes a strategy for Community Education and services that integrates an approach to gender mainstreaming throughout the project. Consultants have started preparation o f the activities.

Specific Gender related activities

The country gender coordinators retreat held in March 2002 identified that there needed to be a balance between the inputs to on-going projects and activities designed to address specific issues. As the demand for the f i rs t has increased there have been fewer activities that address specific issues. Currently there i s work o n Strengthening the Government’s Capacity to Support Migrant Wonien Workers in Indonesia, and also projects to support widows in both Indonesia and East Timor. Also in Indonesia there i s on- going work to review the impacts of decentralization on woitien.

Several proposals have been submitted and decisions are awaited including one for a Gender and Coiijlict Project in Mindanao.

In Vietnam a special project has just been completed to pi lot a system o f changing the Land Teniire CertiJicates to ho ld both the husband and the wife’s name.

This Fiscal Year, some o f the regional gender mainstreaming budget was used to prepare a br ie f position paper on trafficking in woitzeiz and children. This i s a growing problem within the region, and the Bank’s role in addressing i t i s not clear. The paper presents some options and recommendations but concludes that the demand i s for the Bank to be more proactive in loolung at labor migration strategies and impacts, and that formalizing migration and social protection policies would have a positive impact o n reducing trafficking.

The potential conflict between the Bank’s Indigenous People pol icy and the gender and development pol icy i s a potential issue for us. This year AAA work will be carried out in Lao PDR to develop a concept for a study on gender and ethnic niinorities to be carried out in FY’04.

49

Budgets mid Staffing

Staffing changes this fiscal year include the following: 0

0

0

0

0

Relocation o f Regional Gender Coordinator to Bangkok country office in September Elizabeth King (co-author o f Engendering Development) joined the region at HQ in September and i s now the region’s representative on the GAD Board. Country Gender Coordinator nominated in the Philippines Country Off ice CGC in Indonesia given fixed term appointment, and CGC for Thailand and Laos converted to open ended contract. Almost al l CGC are n o w staff rather than consultants, and their role i s consolidating. N e w national CGC recruited in Cambodia and Mongolia, both o f whom have been on mentoring visits to work with the more established gender coordinators.

The recent changes at HQ during the first quarter resulted in a slow down o f some activities especially monitoring and regular review o f the pipeline. Hence the annual report on Gender Mainstreaming was not prepared as requested.

Current budget on gender related activities in the region i s over $200,000 dedicated Bank budget, and with additional trust fund money. In addition, more and more project activities are covered by project budgets. Al though the exact figures have not been calculated we anticipate that there continues to be a small increase in the overall Bank budget used for gender-related activities.

All o f the C G A work i s being carried out with specially allocated budgets in the country WPAs. Almost al l o f the operation work i s being funded by project budgets or with trust funds. The major source o f funding gap i s in the pol icy work (CAS, PRSP, PER). The regional gender budget i s being used to f i l l this gap and has covered PRSP workshops, input o f a gender economist.

Challenges arid Next Steps

Much o f the gender work has n o w been decentralized and i s being done out o f the country offices. With the regional gender coordinator in Bangkok we hope to provide better support to these offices as they need it. Progress with preparation o f CGAs i s good, and also in mainstreaming in pol i ty work and operations. There was some backsliding in project review, and monitoring.

The ma in challenges now are the following:

e We need to foresee the changes that wil l need to be made in the way we mainstream gender as the PRSCs take on significance in the region. W e would l ike to request assistance f rom the GAD anchor to provide advice o n integrating gender into the PRSC and PSIA.

0 We also need to get back to where we were with upstream project reviews, and monitoring.

a We have identified quality o f analytical work as a weakness for several years n o w and hope with increased s lu l l s in this area in the region we wil l be able to finally improve this and initiate some high quality research activities either in Thailand or Indonesia.

50

3. Europe and Central Asia Region

51

Final-year Review o f ECA Gender Work Report to the Gender and Development Board

August, 2003

Pierella Paci M a r i a Bina Palmisano

Sheila Shahriari

Introduction

1. According to the Gender Board guidelines, progress i s measured against the annual work plan produced by the region. For the FY03 the Eastern Europe and Central Asia (ECA) region had developed and ambition plan covering five main areas. These areas and individual targets within these headings are summarized in B o x 1.

M a i n areas o f focus of the FY03 ECA plan for gender mainstreaming

Five main areas of activity were highlighted in the FY03 plan: (i) knowledge generation; (ii) knowledge sharing and learning; (iii) monitoring and evaluation; (iv) networking, coordination and dissemination; and (v) lending.

1. Knowledge Generation was to represent the main area o f activity including: 0 The completion and undertaking o f a nuinber o f Gender Country Analyses (GCAs);

Mainstreaining gender into a l l Poverty Assessments(PAs) in the region; 0 Iiicreasing the gender sensitivity o f the Living Standard Measurement Surveys (LSMSs)

conducted in the region; 0 Conduct a number o f Regional and Sub-regional Studies either gender specific or with a

strong gender focus. 2. Knowledge Sharing and Learning. The objective was to develop a number o f activities on

this front: 0

0 Country Gender Briefs; 0

0

0

0

0

Update o f Gender in Transition statistical database;

Training for Gender Focal Points; Distance Learning Course on Gender and Governance

Inventory o f E C A tasks with gender component; and . Database o n E C A activities o f relevance for gender mainstreaming.

Dissemination o f Gender in Transition; Setting up o f an active network o f Gender Focal Points; Creation o f a Web-page on Gender in ECA.

Increase the gender sensitivity o f the CASs prepared during the year and Explore the possibility o f having gender specific lending operations in the region.

3. Monitoring and evaluation covered two main activities:

4. Networking, coordination and dissemination was to concentrate on:

5. Lending. The objective here was to 0

0

2. This report reflects a successful year in which the objectives set out in the plan have been for the most met. Overall, gender mainstreaming in the E C A Region has progressed at an increasing pace since the launch o f the gender strategy in FY02 and this long process has moved particularly

52

over the last year w i th the publication o f the Gender in Transition report and the appointment o f a regional gender coordinator.

3. Previously, gender issues in the region have received limited attention f rom the Wor ld Bank, which - in the f i rst years o f the transition process - had focused i ts intervention on developing the macroeconomic institutions seen as vital for surviving the transition and reviving the economy. The lack o f W o r l d Bank attention to gender issues in E C A countries was also the result o f the commonly held bel ief that decades o f equalitarian socialist ideology had resulted in a relatively gender neutral society and gender issues have not been considered to be as acute as they are in other parts o f the world. However, the Gender in Transition report, amongst others, has clearly shown that the transition in E C A has impacted men and women differently and that this has resulted in growing gender differentials. The GFPs and the Regional Gender Coordinator have gone a long way towards raising the Country Teams awareness o f these issues.

T h e scope and structure o f the repor t

4. This report presents a review o f nineteen Analytical Works (ESWs); seven completed Policy Core Works (CASs), five Gender Assessments (CGAs)3 and five capacity building activities carried out or completed during FY03. B o t h the ESWs and the CASs have been rated using 4- point scales4. (See Annex A through E for a detailed l i s t o f products reviewed and their ratings).

5. The choice o f projects and analytical works incorporated in this report is, as underlined in the OPiBP 4.20, Gender and Development, selective and strategic. The priority areas for monitoring at the beginning o f FY03 by the Regional Gender Coordinator were in the area o f poverty and labor market. During the same period, a series o f Thematic Papers and Regional Studies were completed and have been included in this review, as well. They include:

two in-depth sub-regional studies on H N / A I D S (one o n Southern Eastern Europe and one o n Central Asia; a Study on the Roma in an Expanding Europe; a Study o n Achieving the Human Development Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in ECA; a Study o n Tracking Non-Income Dimensions o f Poverty; and the study Gender in Transition, which, though terminated in FY02, has been disseminated in FY03.

0

0

0

0

0

6. The completed CASs evaluated were for the following countries: Azerbaijan Republic, Bosnia and Herzegovina, KOSOVO, Kyrgyz Republic, Poland, Serbia and Montenegro, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. Five CGAs were reviewed in this monitoring effort - Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Russian Federation, Turkey and Ukraine - and two more were mentioned but not reviewed as they are at the moment either in local language - Poland - or in the process o f being

Six CGAs were completed in FY03, the Poland CGA, however, has not yet been translated into English. The rating system to be used was suggested by PRMGE (although i t i s s t i l l being enhanced): for the ESWs, the four-

point scale used i s 1 “Highly Satisfactory” and 4 i s “Unsatisfactory”; for the CASs, TSSs and CASPs the scale utilized i s [Unsatisfactory=No mention of gender issues; or mention of gender, but no discussion o f why gender issues are not relevant to the CAS, TSS, CASP; Marginally Satisfactory=Analysis o f gender issues, but no action proposed; Satisfactory=Analysis of gender issues and subsequent action (with 1-5 o f the 10 good practices identified); Very satisfactory - Good practice= Analysis o f gender issues and subsequent action in several sectors, or Good practice, six or more o f the good practices identified]. T h e rating system for CGAs has yet to be developed.

53

finalized - Macedonia -. Eight Poverty Assessments and two Living Standards Assessments were also included in this report (see Annex x).

7. Finally, six training, knowledge sharing and learning activities were identified as important and as such necessary to be incorporated in this review: (1) the Training for Gender Focal Points held in Warsaw, in March 2002, (2) the July 2003 Conference held in Moscow on Priorities o f the Gender Strategy o f the Russian Federation, (3) the CIS-7 Human Development Workshop held in Baku, in June 2003, (4) the Third Forum on Poverty Reduction Strategies for CIS-7 Countries, held in Kazakhstan in December 200; and (5) the dissemination event for the Gender in Transition report, held in Washington in November 2002; and (6) the Women’s Fo rum at the Wor ld Bank-Soros Foundation Conference “Roma in an expanding Europe” he ld in Budapest on June 29th 2003. The report i s structured along the areas o f development as they were presented in the FY02 plans and summarized in B o x 1.

Knowledge Generation

8. Fol lowing the position highlighted in the F Y 0 2 report on gender mainstreaming for the region and agreed with the Gender Board, the E C A region has followed a double-faced approach to producing country-specific gender analysis. This involves selecting a relatively small number o f countries where stand-along CGAs were to be carried out while in others the CGAs were to be linked to the PAS, the LSAs or any other more relevant ongoing activity. The rationale for selecting one country in either o f the groups was a reflection o f many factors including; (i) the extent o f the existing gender inequalities in the country - as they emerged f rom the Gender in Transition report -; (ii) the extent o f the Wor ld Bank activity in the country; (iii) the existence o f gender specific reports by other organizations or o f an extensive literature o n gender; etc. In addition i t was felt that a self-standing report o n Turkey was required as this country was not included in Gender and Transition.

9. In addition to the CGAs and PAS, this session o f the report assesses thematic papers, regional studies and a number o f other relevant ESWs.

Poverty Stiidies

10. Eight Poverty Assessments and two Living Standards Assessments are included in this review (see Annex x). In most o f these cases, previous data collection for the measurement o f poverty and inequality in transition countries has been sporadic and it i s d i f f icul t to provide comparisons over time. In some circumstances, i t has been necessary, in order to overcome this difficulty, to introduce the Bank’s data collection system, LSMS. In Albania, for example, the LSMS 2002 represented the f irst attempt to fill in the current knowledge gap by collecting a l l the necessary information ex novo. Other sources o f data have been the Family Budget Surveys, as in Bulgaria and Uzbekistan. For many countries lack o f data and other material in the past had been a major barrier to a comprehensive integration o f gender issues into core ESWs.

1 1. Overall the Poverty Assessments included in this review have been rated more than satisfactory. Poverty profiles addressed gender throughout a l l the reports. Gender differences were analyzed and addressed in the analysis o f household demographics and consumption, in education enrollment rates (girls: boys ratios), in labor force participation and unemployment rates. Almost every report addressed reproductive health issues and i t s link to poverty, chi ld mortality, the link between mother’s education and fertility risks. The reports also underline the importance o f access to affordable health care and nutrition, Some development areas, such as transport, water sanitation, and energy (PREMGE, 2003) were, however, touched upon only

54

briefly or altogether l e f t out o f the reports. This reflects the lack o f data on these areas but also the fact that in this region the link between these areas and poverty reduction are less strong than in other regions.

12. There are also some examples o f highly satisfactory Poverty Assessments, as i s the case o f the Bosnia, Romania, Serbia and Uzbekistan’s. These cases have been highly rated because they provide excellent diagnostics o f gender and poverty in these countries and gender issues are well integrated and addressed in the pol icy implications and recommendations. These reports highlight the importance o f gender, particularly increasing female labor force participation, in order to achieve poverty reduction.

13. Final ly - in preparation o f a detailed CGAs o f Tajikistan - considerable effort was put using the LSMS currently in the field to collect information on a number o f important indicators o f gender equality for which quantitative information i s rarely available. For example a module o n time allocation was included and an effort was made to capture reproductive health issues and indicators o f women’s empowerment.

Theinatic Papers and Regional Stirdies

14. The study “Gender in Transition” provides a comprehensive gender profi le in the region during the transition supported by thorough statistical analyses. The study meets i t s objective o f highlighting and analyzing the major areas o f gender concerns in the Region, and identifying the countries where more in-depth gender analysis i s needed. I t provides comprehensive analysis on whether transition has increased gender inequalities across the sectors o f labor market, economic opportunities, education, and health. The report highlights the difficulties in depicting a clear picture o f gender in the region due to the disparate effects that the transition has had on men, women, and gender relations across the countries. I t outlines three recommendations for gender- responsive pol icy making in the region: (1) strengthening capacity to monitor and evaluate gender differentials; (2) addressing existing inequalities in access to economic opportunities; and (3) mainstreaming gender in strategies for economic development and poverty reduction.

15. A number o f few Regional Studies are also included in this review. The report “Roma in an Expanding Europe” sheds new light upon the roots o f poverty among Roma’s communities. The study describes several Roma communities throughout Eastem Europe and one Roma settlement in Spain, the largest in Westem Europe’. This study highlights the diversity within the Roma settlements. The report presents a fairly extensive description o f the gender dimension throughout and almost al l the data are presented disaggregated by gender. However, gender i s not completely integrated and addressed in the policy implications and recommendations. A similar assessment i s made for the Tracking Non-income Dimensions o f Poverty in ECA report. T h i s report draws heavily upon quantitative analysis and several charts and tables included in the study present gender disaggregated diagnostics. However, n o policy recommendations regarding gender are presented in this report.

16. “Achieving the Human Development MDGs in E C A ” may be considered a monitoring and evaluation tool for the Region as a whole on the achievement o f the MDGs. Gender i s not specifically included in the analysis but it i s analyzed as being part o f the overall MDGs’ achievement assessment in ECA. This report assesses (1) the implications o f the Human Development (HD) MDGs for the ECA Region; (2) the relevancy o f particular goals, targets and indicators for ECA; (3) what it i s known about each country’s progress towards the achievements o f the HD goals; (4) what needs to be done to improve the capacity to set baseline data and

Other large settlements o f Roma are found also in France, Italy and Greece, to mention some.

55

monitor and evaluate progress effectively; and (5) h o w E C A might better align its operational w o r k to achieve these goals.

17. The overall assessment of ESWs i s positive (for a more detailed assessment, refer to Annex x). However gender mainstreaming i s a process in ECA’s ESW, and as such, it i s too early to derive a definite picture of i t s impact on Bank’s pol icy or on Core Policy W o r k as CASs or PRSPs.

Couiztiy Gender Analyses.

18. During FY03 a number of GCAs were undertaken in the region either as free-standing reports or as parts o f a PA or a LSA. Although only a small number o f them has been finalized so far the others are very close to completion or are in the process o f being translated f rom the original language.

19. The only two free-standing CGAs completed so far in the region are Ukraine and Turkey. The Russian CGA, which wil l also take the form o f a free-standing piece, i s currently in the process o f being discussed and cleared by the WB, having been just translated f rom Russian, Similarly, the Macedonian C G A wil l be an independent piece that i s about to be finalized. On the other hand, the CGAs for Bosnia, Bulgaria and Poland were conceived as parts o f their respective Country Poverty Assessments However, in both Bulgaria and Poland the material prepared for the P A S i s in the process o f being expanded to become free-standing reports. B o t h these reports are in the process o f being finalized in the local language. Detailed reviews o f the CGAs that are at a more advanced stage o f development are presented in the Appendices.

20. The process that has led to these CGAs has been very different. The GCAs for Turkey and Macedonia were requested and financed by the respective Country Units as inputs into the CAS. However, while the Macedonia report was a WB activity predominantly run f rom Washington, the report on Turkey was prepared entirely by a group o f very distinguished local academic with a great deal o f local ownership and various degrees o f participation. The report o n Russia and Bulgaria were suggested and managed by the local Gender Focal Points with imputes f rom local academics and the Regional Gender coordinator. This has led to a large degree o f local ownership and participation. In particular, in the case o f Russia the timing o f the report i s particularly favorable as the Government o f the Russian Federation has recently released for discussion the draft o f a very comprehensive strategy for action in the area o f gender inequalities and it i s in the process o f developing a more detailed action plan for implementation o f the strategy for which it has requested the WB help. The Plenipotentiary for Equal Rights o f M e n and Women prepared the report for Poland with help f rom local academics. The report i s l ikely to provide the backbone to any future strategy papers that the government would wish to produce.

2 1. Generally, the purpose o f the E C A Country Gender Assessments has been to set the stage for further Bank’s work in the countries. In particular, the focus has been on assessing the gender dimensions and differentials o f inequality and poverty. T h e overarching goal o f the Bulgaria CGA, for example, was to analyze the gender aspects o f poverty and inequality in the family and labor market and to contribute to the preparation o f a Gender Agenda for Action. The other studies set the stage for further in-depth gender work in their countries and for mainstreaming gender in the Wor ld Bank’s work in poverty reduction.

22. The methodology used was extensive in i t s scope. Mostly, the free-standing GCAs are based o n secondary, and often not very recent, data, highlighting the need for an enhanced data collection system. However, when the CGA was part o f a PAS more extensive use was made o f pre-existing large scale household surveys. Some CGAs, such as the Bulgaria, the Turkey and the Bosnia assessments incorporated results f rom focus groups and interviews as well. T h i s qualitative effort contributed to enhance the quality o f the coverage o f such assessments.

56

23. All the reports cover education, health, socio-demographic characteristics, labor markets data, as well as some rural and urban development. All the reports analyze the gender dimension o f poverty and the different impact - consequences o f the transitional status o n men and women, for example, alcoholism and smoking for men and domestic violence. The issues o f Internally Displaced People and migration are wel l analyzed and included in these studies, such as in the case o f Ukraine. The issues o f domestic violence and trafficking are raised in almost al l the reports. A more specific and detailed study o n people trafficking will be finalized in the following months.

24. The findings o f the CGAs are intended to: (1) influence the selection o f pr ior i ty areas (with a gender dimension) on which the Bank’s work wil l focus in the country; (2) determine the Bank’s comparative advantage in relation to other development partners; (3) in form the PRSPs, the CASs, the ESWs and the lending operations (PREMGE, 2003).

25. The CGAs analyzed in this review provide a good description o f the key gender issues in each sector identified; though, the recommendations for the systematic use o f opportunities, capabilities, security and empowerment framework are yet to be comprehensive. As mentioned above, it i s s t i l l too early to measure the impact o f gender mainstreaming in ECA CGAs. However, some indications o f integration or their use can already be identified: for example the Turkey and Macedonia C G A will be reflected in the CAS (PREMGE, 2003) and the Ukraine CAS (FYO1-03) explicit ly called for a study to identify policies for integrating gender issues more effectively in Bank assistance projects. The Government o f the Russian Federation has explicitly ask for the W B ’ s comments on i t s strategy for gender equality and participated extensively to a workshop organized by the WB and the Soros foundation to present the comments.

Knowledge Sharing and Learning

26. According to the FY03 plan, the most recent data have been entered in the statistical appendix to Gender in Transition. Additional information derived from available surveys across the region has also been included and the updated statistical database has been made widely accessible via the E C A gender web-page (see below).

27. Init ially efforts have been diverted away f rom the preparation o f the Country Gender Briefs and their production has begun rather slowly. However, a number o f them are now available and have been circulated to the relevant Country Team.

28. In terms o f leaming activities, the most important event was f irst regional workshop for Gender Focal Points o f the n o n CIS7 countries, which took place in March 18-20 in Warsaw. In addition to a basic introduction to the Wor ld Bank gender strategy and the process o f monitoring i t s implementation, the leaming event focused o n a l imited number o f issues selected by the Gender Focal Points o n the basis o f a Leaming Needs Questionnaire. These issues were primarily o f an economic nature: i.e., gender inequalities in the labor market, gender implications o f social protection reforms, gender budget, etc. The event was wel l attended and very successful. Unfortunately the planned separate learning event for the Gender Focal Points o f the CIS7 countries o n integrate gender in the PRSP process had to be postponed to FY04 and it i s currently under planning.

29. In addition the Third Forum on Poverty Reduction Strategies for CIS-7 Countries, - held in Kazakhstan in December 2002 - and the CIS-7 Human Development Workshop - he ld in Baku, in June 2003 -bo th included a separate session on the role o f gender considerations in the poverty reduction process. In conjunction with Conversation o n Women in Transition - held in Washington in November 2002 -these event provided an excellent forum for dissemination o f Gender in Transition.

57

30. Finally the Women’s Forum at the Wor ld Bank-Soros Foundation Conference “Roma in an expanding Europe” - he ld in Budapest on June 29‘” 2003 - was an extremely successful event with high participation f rom c iv i l societies, Roma women groups and the govemments o f the European countries with a large Roma population . 3 1. W e were pleased to have been granted the funding for the Distance Learning Course on Gender and Governance : However the BNNP funds were realized to late for the events to be delivered in FY03 and the dates have n o w been arranged for FY04.

Monitor ing and evaluation.

32. In the interest o f improving the internal monitoring o f gender mainstreaming in the region an inventory o f E C A tasks with gender component has been carried out. The tasks have been classified by country and by sector and short write-up has been prepared for each task.

33. In addition, a database on E C A activities o f relevance for gender mainstreaming as been prepared in Lotus Notes. The database draws upon a similar monitoring system used for safeguards and benefits f rom common updates. It includes a l l CAS and PRSP milestones - as reported in S A P - in addition to lending operation and ESW work with a specific gender flavor.

34. Finally a regional plan for FY04 i s in the process o f being finalized with direct inputs from the GFPs that for the most will take overall responsibility for gender mainstreaming activities in the region.

Networking, coordination and dissemination.

35. Activities in this area has followed very closely the in i t ia l plan for FY02. The two main priorities for the in this area were (i) the setting up o f an active network o f Gender Focal Points and (ii) an extensive dissemination o f the Gender in Transition report.

36. Creating an active network o f Gender Focal Points i s a slow process that i s l ikely to take time. However the training event held in Warsaw in March has proven to be an important step in the right direction. Unfortunately the planned learning event o n gender and the PRSP fro the GFPs from the CIS-7 countries has to be postponed to October 2003. but it i s currently been planed. In addition funds have been obtained for a forum of al l GFPs o f the region to be held probably in Washington in November 2003. We hope these two events wil l further develop the l inks established by the Warsaw event.

37. Additional efforts have been made to create a network o f staff working o n gender issues on the ground by developing TORS for the GFPs, discussing individual work programs in the gender area as necessary and giving each Gender Focal Point a small budget for coordination of gender activities on the ground and within the Country Team.

38. In addition a consultative group on gender in E C A has been set-up and has met at regular intervals through the year. Amongst other things this group has (i) revised and cleared the intemal mid-term review and the FY03 six month plan o f activities; (ii) provided informal support and helped with dissemination; (iii) commented on the draft CGAs.

39. The main dissemination activity o f FY03 referred to the report Gender in Transition. The off ic ia l press release o f the report took place in the Fall. The report has been circulated widely over the last twelve months. I t has also been discussed in a wide range o f events ranging from the international conference o f Women In Development to the CIS7 PRSP forum in Almaty. The conclusions, the recommendations o f the report and the way forward were also discussed in a very well attended meeting held in Washington in late November. As the result o f such a active dissemination campaign Gender in Transition appears to be widely know in the region and very

58

w e l l received. Additional dissemination activities are planned for the Turkey CGA (Sept 2003) and the Russian and Bulgarian C G A (in the fall).

40. Finally an of f ic ia l E C A gender web-page became operational on International Women’s Day (March st”) and has been updates at regular intervals. This gives extemal users access to (i) the updated statistical database Gender in Transition (ii) the available GCAs and related studies; (iii) highlights f rom Gender in Transition; (iv) the l i s t o f Gender Focal Points; (v) gender country profiles for individual countries, etc.

CASs and Lending.

41. Again in FY03, as in the previous fiscal year, the proportion o f Country Assistance Strategies (CASs) that have mainstreamed gender in their analysis i s fairly low. Overall CASs include gender at a descriptive level, but actions and policies are rarely gender oriented and gender focused.

42. Some CASs have been reviewed by the Gender Board at different stages before being assessed by the Region. Overall, the CASs did not fo l low entirely the recommendations suggested by the Board but a number o f steps in the right directions have been taken. Mos t o f the CASs reviewed for this report, would benefit greatly f rom an appropriate mainstreaming o f gender issues in their analysis, as in the case o f Azerbaijan, where more attention to the role o f gender differences in access to credit and in potential for SME development was suggested at the upstream review stage. Gender analysis could be mainstreamed into these products by including gender disaggregated data collection effort and the results fed into the overall findings and recommendations.

43. In some cases, the disconnection between the core pol icy work (CASs) and the gender related actions i s quite evident, as i s the case o f Bosnia. The Bosnia CAS, for example, does not report progresses o f the Labor Market Study and Balkan Enterprise Facility. In the case o f the CAS draft o f Georgia, instead, two sections f rom the already adopted Economic Growth and Poverty Reduction Program (EGPRP) are included. In other circumstances, as i s the case o f Poland, the C A S document provides limited gender analysis and identifies labor market gender inequalities and gender wage differentials as the key gender issues in the country. However, though gender wage disparities are again identified as the CAS development priority, n o gender action i s proposed.

44. The CAS for Tajikistan confirms the assessment o f the Tajilustan’s PRSP according to which the number o f indicators where women are disadvantaged i s sharply increasing. T h i s has raised the concern that failure to address growing gender inequality will act as an impediment to a successful poverty reduction plan. The Country Assistance Strategy for the Republic o f Tajikistan has been highly rated for i t s gender mainstreaming effort. I t i s important to mention that this CAS contains numerous references to the study Gender in Transition.

45. In the FY03 more focus will be put into mainstreaming gender into the forthcoming CASs more effectively. Some effort will also be put into having at least one gender specific lending activity such as a LIL.

59

4. Latin America and the Caribbean Region

60

Annual Report on Gender Mainstreaming in the Latin America and the Caribbean Region during FY03

June 2003

Executive Summary This report presents findings on the progress made by the Latin America and the Caribbean Region (LCR) in gender mainstreaming during Fiscal Year 03. The report describes how gender has been integrated in the areas o f pol icy dialogue, lending operations, and Economic and Sector Work (ESW), In addition, i t reports o n gender capacity building, staffing strategy, and strategic partnerships to promote gender in the region.

Findings

Policv Dialogue. L C R has used different strategies to promote pol icy dialogue on gender. First, with the exception o f Peru and Venezuela, a l l L C R CASs approved in FY03 have received inputs on gender. Second, the two sets o f Policy Notes produced during this FY in the region have included a gender section with recommendations. Third, Country Gender Assessments (CGA) have been increasingly used as a mechanism for pol icy dialogue. Andfinally, the role Social Development and C i v i l Society Specialists in country offices, spurred informal gender dialogue at the country level. In the process o f mainstreaming gender into CASs, two lessons have been drawn: (a) the availability o f country level gender analysis helped the process o f providing accurate gender inputs; and (b) nonetheless the progresses, a more systematic way o f providing inputs to CASs i s needed.

Lending Operations. Efforts by the Gender Unit to mainstreaming gender into the Bank portfolio in L C R have been consolidated during FY03. The results o f the region mainstreaming gender in sectors other than those traditionally gender prone such have been noteworthy.

Economic and Sector Work. This year several CGAs have been finalized and disseminated, showing important impacts on operations and pol icy dialogue instruments. In addition to CGAs, gender has been mainstreamed in ESW in the areas o f education, youth development, labor market, and inequality. However, there i s considerable room for improving gender analysis in Poverty Assessments (PE) and Public Expenditure Reviews (PER).

Capacity Building and Tools. L C R has continued implementing an array o f programs and activities aimed to expand capacity building about gender issues and disparities in the Bank and i t s clients. Gender Technical Facilities6 continued operating during FY03 to provide on-site continuous assistance to Bank projects in Central America and Argentina. Best practices in gender mainstreaming in selected sectors o f the Bank operations have

Gender Technical facilities are a model o f gender operational support technical assistance pi loted by the LCR region. A group o f local consultants, supervised by LCR’s Gender Unit, supports project implementation through on the ground continuous gender technical assistance.

61

been documented to enhance the capacity o f Bank Task Managers. A gender disaggregated data base has also been made available on l ine during this year.

Staffing. The Gender Unit has recently undergone a restructuring: a new gender coordinator has been appointed and a network o f gender focal points in PREM Public Sector, HD, ESSD, and FIPSI sectors was established. O n the negative side, a large part o f the gender work program o f the region continues to rely on the work o f consultants, rather than Bank staff.

Partnerships. Several partnerships to support the gender work program o f the region have been established or continued during FY03. The work on Youth Development in the Caribbean has built o n ample consultation and collaboration with bilateral and multilateral donors. The partnership with FA0 and RUTA have been especially successful to mainstream gender in rural development in the region. Partnerships with NGOs and women organizations across the region have been pursued as a way o f maximizing the impacts o f Country Gender Assessments.

I. Introduction This report presents findings on the progress made by the Lat in America and the Caribbean Region in gender mainstreaming during Fiscal Year 03. Fol lowing the guidelines for monitoring progress on gender mainstreaming issued by the Gender Anchor, the report describes progress on gender mainstreaming in the areas o f pol icy dialogue, lending operations, and ESW. In addition, i t reports on gender capacity building activities, staffing strategy and strategic alliances to advance the gender agenda in the region. To the extent that i t i s possible, different sections report on lessons learned in the process o f mainstreaming gender in the region.

Different sources o f information are used for the different sections that follow. The Policy Dialogue section i s based on the information available in L C R Gender Unit and on consultations with the Social Development and C iv i l Society Specialist in country offices. The section o n Lending i s based on a review o f PADS, informal consultations with Task Managers (TM), and information from the Gender Technical Facilities in Central America, Argentina and Ecuador (the latter closed in FY02). As the main producer o f gender related ESW i s the Gender Unit, the section on research and ESW reports mainly, although not exclusively, on the Unit’s analytical activity.

Gender mainstreaming in this report comprises: (a) gender chapters or comprehensive gender analysis integrated in a report in the case o f ESW; (b) a consistent effort to generate gender information to inform projects during project preparation; and/or gender components during project implementation; (c) systematic gender actions during project implementation; and/or (d) availability o f a gender M&E system; in the case o f lending operations.

Different factors have informed the gender mainstreaming strategy o f the LCR region during FY03. The strategy in the case o f Policy Dialogue has given pr ior i ty to the integration o f gender in CASs by providing gender input to as many as possible. In the case o f lending operations, the intervention by the Gender Unit has fol lowed the demand

62

from TMs. Fol lowing an initial dialogue with project managers, this has been also the case when providing gender technical assistance to projects. In the area o f ESW: (a) important knowledge gaps have guided the effort to produce country level gender ESW; and (b) potential impact o f mainstreaming gender into a particular sector, to achieve results in reducing poverty through different mechanisms, has guided the selection o f sector specific ES W (for example youth development; inequality; and labor market).

11. Policy Dialogue CASs from Ecuador, Nicaragua, Honduras, Peru, Venezuela and Colombia were approved during FY03. With the exception o f Peru and Venezuela, al l L C R CASs have received gender input. Wi th the exception o f Peru and Venezuela, CGA were completed or in progress for al l the FY03 countries preparing CASs. They facilitated the process o f prioritizing gender issues, justifying their importance to the CAS team. Similarly, the operational experience o f the Gender Technical Facilities in Central America and Ecuador, working closely with Bank projects, helped to make effective recommendations for the lending program o f Ecuador, Nicaragua and Honduras CASs.

Sets o f Policy Notes are prepared to brief new governments when there i s an Administration change or when the client requires support to update the analysis o f socioeconomic situation o f a given country. Although not systematically integrated into the Brazil’s, gender disparities have been tackled in the Colombia and Argentina Policy Notes and i s also part of preparation o f the Venezuela’s. In the case o f Colombia and Argentina, Gender Assessments have been the basis for the analysis, whereas in the case o f Venezuela, input wil l come from information available on the Gender Unit’s database.

A more systematic mechanism to provide input to CASs could be put in place in LCR. The Gender Unit’s ability to provide adequate input to CASs was hampered by: (a) the short notice with which input had usually to be provided; (b) in exceptional occasions, the lack o f knowledge about the preparation o f the CAS altogether. A more systematic approach that anticipated CASs preparation, as wel l as worked with the C A S team during the whole process, are recommended to increase the impact o f the gender input provided to the CASs.

Box 1. I n f o r m a l po l icy dialogue: the ro le o f the Civil Society country focal po ints

In addition to the of f ic ia l pol icy dialogue articulated through the C A S process country offices in L C R have been increasingly engaged in gender po l icy dialogue with Government and CSOs. In Braz i l for example, the c i v i l society specialist i s working together with indigenous peoples organizations and organizations o f A f r o descendents o n issues o f education and health, per request f r o m the Government. In Argentina, motivated by the publication of a WB report o n Reproductive Health, a meeting with representatives f r o m the Bank, CSO and Universities was held to discuss results and po l i cy implications for the country. As part o f the increasing mobil izat ion o f c i v i l society groups, important legislation changes have been achieved in ths field. In Venezuela, the Social Development and C iv i l Society Specialist has been one o f the leaders o f the dialogue o n gender issues in the country, participating in several inter- ministerial meetings to discuss h o w gender issues cut across sectoral policies. On April 1 I”, 2003, the Bank and the Women’s Bank (government institution) co-organized a one-day workshop to identify gender priorities in Venezuela and the role o f the Bank in pursuing them. The event gathered representatives f r o m different Ministries, the donor community, Universities, NGOs and women’s organizations. The working sessions o f the workshop were organized around the four pil lars o f the Venezuelan CAS: health and education; rural and urban poverty; environment; and jud ic ia l reform. The participants raised gender issues in each sector, proposing a comprehensive l i s t o f measures to address each o f them.

63

Box 2. Examples o f gender mainstreaming in lending operations in LCR

At request f r o m the projects, LCR Gender Unit has elaborated Terms o f Reference to ensure that gender analysis was integrated into the Social Assessments o f the Panama Rura l Poverty Project; Honduras Land Regularization and Administration Project, and R i o Early Childhood Development Project, among others.

The regional You th Development Loan for the Caribbean i s being conceived with a gender focus since the beginning after a Bank ESW underscored the importance o f addressing youth problems f r o m a gender perspective.

The Honduras Regional Development in the Copan Valley project includes specific attention to gender in an Income Generation Component, including training, techrucal assistance, and capacity bui lding for employment or small enterprise development linked to naturaVcultura1 tourism. This component also includes Fondo Prosperidad, which i s designed to provide opportunities for community groups, particularly indigenous female’s, to access resources for economically viable enterprises l inked to tourism development.

The Labor and Social Sector Adjustment Loan for Colombia wil l address the obstacles o f hard employable groups in the country, among which women are over represented. Changing incentives to promote women integration in the labor force i s an essential part o f th i s Loan.

Some o f the gender actions in the Rio Early Childhood Development project include: (a) peri-natal interventions to reduce infant, c h l d , and maternal mortal i ty through an increase in the average number o f pre-natal visits f r o m about 4 to 7 and an intensive program o f breast feeding; (b) care for teenage mothers through special shelter programs; (c) ch i ld care centers for h a l f o f the 0-3 years o f age children o f Rio’s l o w income families and universal care for the 4-6 years o l d children -- freeing mothers to participate in the labor force; and (d) promotion o f a positive inclusion curr iculum (gender, race, and disability).

The Braz i l Sustainable Communities Amapa project includes a component o f targeted community sub-projects that will promote economic opportunities for poor women. Rura l communities where women are responsible for the household wil l receive special attention, and women’s associations in poor rural communities have been identif ied as special stakeholders.

111. Lending Operations

Efforts to mainstream gender into the Bank portfolio in L C R seems to have consolidated in FY03. Several projects in preparation as well as new projects under implementation have integrated gender in different ways and to different extents. In addition, in Central America, the Gender Technical Facilities (see section on capacity building ) continue in operation to guarantee that gender continues to be present during al l l i f e o f selected projects.

Results o f gender mainstreaming gender in sectors other than those traditionally gender prone are noteworthy. The area o f Judicial Reform and Modernization o f the State stands out as one o f the most active. Out o f the 10 projects approved or in the pipeline for FY04 in the area o f Judicial Reform and Modemization o f the State, five have integrated gender in i t s design and four more in the identification stage intend to do so when project preparation starts. The Transport sector effort to mainstream gender i s also noteworthy with three o f six projects (approved or in the pipeline for FY04) addressing gender

64

issues. In addition, two new projects integrated gender in the area o f Infrastructure; two new in the sector o f Financial Services; five in the ESSD network, and eight in the HD network.

Several Trust Funds (TF)supported the gender mainstreaming work in lending operations under implementation during FY03. Some examples o f work supported by TFs are: . In the Chile Municipal Development Project, mainstreaming a gender approach by

considering different needs and incentives proper to males and females in relation to the provision o f public services.

In the El Salvador Land Administration Project, integrating a gender focus in the Promotion Campaigns o f the land registration program; and carrying out an impact assessment o f land ownership, land use, access to credit and investment for men and women. . In the Honduras Profuturo Project, pilot experiences o f income generation for women to test their sustainability;

In the Venezuela Rural Poverty Project, assessing the gender impact o f the loan, providing the right adjustments.

IV. Economic and Sector Work, Analytical Work and Research

Several new CGAs have been finalized during FY03. Prior to FY03, CGAs or comprehensive gender analysis pieces had been produced for the following countries: Ecuador, the Caribbean, and Argentina. During FY03, CGAs for Colombia, Brazil, Paraguay and Central America have been finalized’. In addition to this, a book analyzing how gender cut across different economic processes in Mexico was published and widely disseminated in Mexico.

Gender has been integrated in analytical work the areas o f education in Northeast Brazil; youth development in the Caribbean; and labor markets and minimum wage in a regional study. I t i s particularly noteworthy the effort to mainstream gender into the region flagship study o n inequality (the regional equivalent o f the WDR) which includes a chapter on gender, race and ethnicity. Other ESW include a Regional Gender Review, summarizing the gender trends in L C R in different socioeconomic sectors; and a Gender Review o f the Peru portfolio. Finally, the Gender Unit o f L C R has collaborated in mainstreaming gender in Bank wide ESW such as the Chi ld and Youth Strategy.

There has been some progresses in mainstreaming gender in Poverty Assessments in LCR. Poverty Assessments for Guatemala and Colombia were produced during FY03. Both included gender disaggregated data analysis in the areas o f labor market participation; and also education and health in the case o f Guatemala. The Colombia PA also addressed gender specific aspects o f poverty such as violence as it analyzed the determinants o f domestic violence and the impacts o f sociopolitical violence on men. W h i l e the treatment o f gender issues in the Colombia PA i s noteworthy, gender i s not

CGAs are the result o f several years’ work as many o f these tasks were started in FY previous to FY03.

65

7

fully mainstreamed throughout the report. Guatemala report, on the other hand, fully mainstreams gender in the document as i t consistently reports on particular gender issues in different sectors and socioeconomic processes, considering poor women and girls as target groups for social policies.

Fol lowing the example o f the Guatemala PA, a coordinated effort to ensure comprehensive analysis on the gender dimensions o f poverty in other PAS should be pursued. In addition, there i s potential mainstream gender into PERs, as no attempt has been made. (Resources f i om the Gender Mainstreaming Fund to pi lot such exercise during FY04 in the Saint Vincent and the Grenadines PER have been secured during FY03.)

V. Aligning Resources with Strategy Elements

15. During FY03, L C R has continued implementing programs and actions aimed at building the capacity o f the Bank and i t s clients to work about gender. Some o f the activities developed included: (a) the implementation o f Gender Technical Facilities in Central America; (b) the implementation o f the same facility in Argentina; (c) the elaboration o f Gender Mainstreaming Best Practices in selected sectors; (d) the implementation o f a gender disaggregated data base for the region; (e) the setting up o f a network o f sectoral gender focal points; and (0 the organization o f a sub-regional workshops aimed at building the capacity o f key stakeholder to mainstream gender in specific thematic areas. Gender Technical Facilities continued to operate during FY03 to provide on- site assistance to Bank projects in Central America and Argentina. Funded by two PHRDs, such facilities supported projects via a group o f local consultants supervised by L C R Gender Unit. Argentina's GTF closed in March 03 and Central America GTF in June 03. New fbnds to continue operating the latter for two more years have been secured from a BNPP Trust Fund. The results and lessons f i o m the Central American experience have been documented in a paper'.

16. Capacity building through workshops i s an important element o f Gender Technical Facilities. The Central America GTF organizes workshops bringing together project staff from the region together with gender experts. During FY03 one workshop took place in November 2002 in Nicaragua and another in M a y 2003 in Washington DC. The Washington D C workshop contributed to engaging Bank Task Managers in the dialogue with project staff and gender experts and served to plan fbture gender actions by each o f the projects that receive TA.

17. operations have been carried out to enhance the capacity o f Bank Task Managers to address gender in their projects. Supported by a BNPP trust fund, best practices were analyzed in Agricultural Extension; Urban Infrastructure Upgrading; Judicial Reform; and Transport. The objective o f th is study has been to: (a) disseminate among TM o f the benefits o f addressing gender in projects in certain development sectors; and (b) show specific examples o f how to integrate gender in projects. Although the primary audience

Best Practices in Gender Mainstreaming in selected sectors o f the Bank

* Tornqvist, A., Peeters, P., and Meza, R., forthcoming, Gender Mainstreaming Strategy in L a t i n America, Lessons f rom the Gender Technical Facilities. Washington DC: W o r l d Bank.

66

has been Bank’s TMs, some o f them such as the C A M E B A Urban Infrastructure Upgrading case study, have been translated into Spanish and widely disseminated in the client countries among pol icy makers and gender experts. At request from the Urban Development Thematic Group, the C A M E B A case study has been featured in this T G web page. In addition, under a different (PHRD) trust fund, the experience o f the Venezuela Agricultural Extension Project, .mainstreaming gender in agricultural extension services i s currently being documented.

18. The ESMAP Central America Gender and Sustainable Energy Program i s contributing to enhancing the capacity o f Central American practitioners and NGOs to address gender issues in energy projects and policies. Activities have consisted o f a series o f workshops exploring the l i n k s between gender and energy and three pi lot projects in the same field in the region. The project has strengthened the capacity o f a network o f energy organizations in, Central America to address gender issues in their operations and is helping to integrate gender issues in energy policies incrementally

19. The Gender Disaggregated Data Base was set up and wil l facilitate gender regional and country leve l analysis to different gender stakeholders in Lat in America and the Caribbean. The database provides gender disaggregated information on socioeconomic indicators by country. One o f the advantages o f the database i s that cross country comparison are possible as variables are built using a consistent methodology across countries. By making i t available online to the wide public, key gender actors in the region wil l benefit f rom readily available, high quality information to advocate change and inform policy.

20. Overall, the two main components o f the gender capacity building strategy in LCR: Gender Technical Facilities and elaboration o f best practices seem to have worked well. In the case o f the GTFs, project teams value positively timely assistance on the ground to develop their gender activities. New mechanisms to ensure the sustainability o f the results achieved by the GTFs fol lowing the closing o f the T F that support them are already being explored. In the case o f the best practices, although a great effort to document the experience i s already underway, the impact has not been that noticeable due to a lack o f emphasis on dissemination. A strategy to better communicate the results should be devised in order to maximize their impact.

67

Box 3. Iniplenienting Technical Facilities to JIainstream Gender in LCR: Premises. Results and Lessons

Premise. GTFs were born out o f the realization, after several years o f experiencing with different approaches t o mainstreaming gender in Wor ld Bank operations, that the key to obtain good results in mainstreaming gender was to ensure that gender did not disappear during project execution. Hence, the focus o f GTFs i s on project execution exclusively as opposed to other programs that address gender issues during project preparation.

Results. Bank funded projects in L C R have achieved important results as a consequence o f their gender focus supported by GTFs. Some o f the results include:

Higher retention o f pregnant girls in schools in El Salvador by training school staff and promoting changes in outdated school regulations. El imination o f gender stereotypes in the education curr iculum in Guatemala, Panama and Honduras Reduced maternal and infant mortality by including men in maternal care education in Nicaragua Reduced domestic violence by providing services to vict ims and aggressors in Panama Increased women’s access to land by better land registration information dissemination campaigns in El Salvador and by helping women to obtain ID cards in Guatemala Higher legal, medical, and psychological assistance to women victims o f domestic violence in Ecuador Gender sensitive extension services that target m e n and women agriculture needs in Honduras by training extension agents Higher agricultural productivity by involving women in research projects in Ecuador Higher participation o f women in roads rehabilitation projects in Nicaragua Better informed rural development policies by providing sex disaggregated data in the agricultural census in Ecuador

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

Lessons. After three years implementing GTFs, some o f the lessons learned are as fol low: 1 After a in i t ia l approaching to TMs, a demand driven strategy, providing assistance upon

request f r o m projects proved effective Training in gender to project staff members was more effective and sustainable that allocating gender experts to each project A gender approach focused on men and women and their different contributions to projects worked better than a women only focus Bank executed GTFs tend to be more results-oriented than Government executed GTFs, as often weak government institutions use resources for pol i t ical purposes different to the objectives o f the grant. Serious thought needs to be given to mechanisms that guarantee the GTFs actions sustainability fol lowing the closing o f the trust finds that support them.

1

1

1

jource: Tomqvist, A., Peeters, P., and Meza, R., forthcoming, Gender Mainstreaming Strategy in Latin America, Lessons from he Gender Technical Facilities. Washington DC: World Bank.

VI. Staffing 21. The Gender Unit has recently undergone a restructuring. During the FY03, L C R appointed a new regional gender coordinator. Although the Gender Unit continues to be mapped to LACPREM, the regional gender coordinator seats in the ESSD sector o f LCR. During the f i rst six months o f the new gender coordinator this has worked well and has strengthened the Gender Unit’s l i n k s with the ESSD family, in particular in the area o f Social Development and Rural Poverty. In addition, a network o f gender focal points has been set up to link up with operations in PREM Public Sector, HD, ESSD, and FPSI sectors. Particularly in FIPSE (Transport and Urban); in PREM (Public Sector - Judicial

68

Reform); and ESSD (Access to Land and Social Development) results give room to optimism with regard to the new institutional arrangement. Focal points usually allocate two weeks o f their time per fiscal year to gender work. In the field, Social Development and C i v i l Society Specialists continue to be important instruments for gender mainstreaming given their broad comprehension o f the Bank’s work and portfol io in each o f the Bank’s borrower country, coupled with their capacity to grasp and make fast use o f available opportunities.

22. continues to rely on the work o f consultants rather than Bank staff, depending sometimes o f priorities that have not been regionally defined. The Unit counts on 2.25 bank staff members: a full time Labor Economist; a Regional Coordinator with 25 percent of her t i m e to the coordination; and the unit’s ACS. In addition, the unit includes approximately 4 full time intemational consultants; and 5 part time local consultants.

On the negative side, a large part o f the gender work program o f the region,

VII. Partnerships 23. mentioning the partnerships with bilateral donors in the Caribbean; with women’s organizations in several countries in the region for different purposes; and with FA0 in the Andean Region to address rural development issues; and with RUTA to implement Progenial, the Technical Facility in Central America.

Several partnerships have been established or continued during FY03, worth

24. consultation and collaboration with bilateral and multilateral donors. Among others, the Gender Unit i s consulting with the IDB, UNDP and UNICEF.

The work on Youth Development in the Caribbean has built on ample

25. Partnerships with NGOs and women organizations across the region have been pursued as a way o f maximizing the impact o f Country Gender Assessments. This has been the case in Brazi l for the Brazi l Country Gender Review (published by the Bank with CEPIA, a local NGO).

26. the field o f rural development in the region. Collaboration between FA0 and the Gender Unit o f the L C R region in rural development started in FY02 with the jo int task o f providing gender technical assistance to the Rural Roads o f Peru Project. During FY03, the WB has requested assistance from the FAO, to produce a Rapid Rural Gender Assessment o f the Andean Region.

The partnership with FA0 has been especially successful to mainstream gender in

69

Appendix : Gender in the LCR porlfolio

Table 1: Projects Approved in Fiscal Year 2003 that Address Gender

Project

Argentina Jefes de Hogar Program

Bolivia Social Safety Net Structural Adjustment Credit

Brazil Bahia Health System Reform

Brazil Sustainable Communities - AmapP

Ecuador First Programmatic Human Development Reform Guatemala Western Altiplano Natural Resources Management

Honduras Regional Development in the Coph Valley

Mexico Municipal Development in Rural Areas

iMexico Savings and Credit Sector Strengthening

Peru National Rural Water Supply

St. Kitts/Nevis HIV/AIDS Prevention and Control Project

How gender i s addressed Although this social safety net program targets poor households, one o f the eligibil i ty criteria i s that the participant i s a pregnant women. Thus, the program indirectly benefits women, who comprise 60 percent o f participants. Women are specifically targeted in a variety o f social safety ne t programs, including support for the empowerment o f indigenous women and their right to culturally sensitive health care, and a public employment program in which fifty percent o f beneficiaries will be women. Fol lowing recommendations f rom two gender studies in Brazil, the project will look at general health issues in a gender way, which includes increasing women’s access to health care and improving their health, and involving men in family and reproductive health programs. The project includes a component o f targeted community sub-projects that will promote economic opportunities for poor women. Rural communities where women are responsible for the household will receive special attention, and women’s associations in poor rural communities have been identified as special stakeholders. The project recognizes women as an especially vulnerable group, making them beneficiaries o f protected government programs, increasing public investment in health, and expanding basic coverage to achieve the Millennium Development Goal o f reduced maternal mortality. The project fosters women as equal agents o f change, innovation, and implementation. Women are considered direct beneficiaries, given that female-headed households will be particularly targeted and a minimum o f ~-

30 percent o f grant financing i s designated for women. One o f the main social development objectives i s to promote gender equality in employment, income-generation, and leadership, and women are considered direct beneficiaries o f the project. In particular, i t estimates that 30 percent o f beneficiaries o f the training and capacity-building programs and 30 percent o f the beneficiaries o f the income-generating activities will be women. The project includes women as part o f the target population, who will benefit small-scale social and productive infrastructure subproject investments using a community-driven development approach. The project targets, among others, low-income women and indigenous groups in marginal communities. The Social Development Mode l intends to promote the active participation o f women and indigenous people to maximize benefits, including workmg with women’s organizations to improve their savings and credit mechanisms. The project will contribute to the reduction o f poverty through cost savings and improved quality o f l i f e and health, targeting women and their children in particular. This project takes a gendered approach in that i t recognizes that gender inequities diminish the power o f women to negotiate safe sexual practices, undermining prevention and care efforts, and that poverty, which increases vulnerability to HIV/AIDS, particularly affects female-headed households, which comprise one-third o f households in St. Kitts/Nevis.

70

5, Middle East and North Africa Region

71

MNA FY03-04 GENDER RETROSPECTIVE AND PROGRESS REPORT

N A Progress from 1970-2000 I

Background: Although progress on gender indicators and gender equality in MNA has been recorded over the past few decades (notably the fastest improvements o n female education than any other region), the gender gap remains a challenge for the region. In this respect, MNA poses a paradox: unlike in other regions o f the world, significant progress in reducing gender gaps in education has not carried through into MNA’s labor market. In fact women’s participation in the labor force remains much lower than would be expected given the levels o f female education, fertility, and per capita income in the region. W h i l e gender inequality contributes to poverty, slows economic growth, and reduces human well-being, poverty also exacerbates gender disparities.

In l ine with the MNA Regional Strategy, which identifies Gender as one o f five strategic priority areas (along with water, education, public sector management, and private sector development), the Bank’s MNA Region has incorporated gender analysis and gender informed development interventions at al l levels: 1) Research & Strategy; 2) Policy Advice; and 3) Capacity Building.

MNA FY03 GENDER WORK SUMMARY:

In FY03, MNA’s gender work scaled-up on several levels: 0 The MNA Regional Report “Women in the Public Sphere” (which i s one o f four

regional reports to be launched at the Annual Meetings in Dubai) has brought together new gender research on the region and provides innovative and ground-breaking gender analysis from an economic development and opportunity perspective. Country Gender Diagnostic conducted for Algeria, Djibouti, Egypt, and Yemen has already informed the Bank’s respective country programs, projects, and research. Some o f this diagnostic wi l l also be issued as stand-alone reports in FY04. Gender Capacity Building and Training Activities in FY03 targeted both Bank Staff and clients, who were able to benefit from general and sector specific training activities in workshops, major conferences, and seminars - both face-to-face and through GDLN.

0

0

72

Gender Fundraising Efforts in FY03 successfully doubled available gender resources for capacity building that directly benefit the region. To this end, MNA was awarded two Institutional Development Grants (IDFs for Egypt and Iran) focusing on gender; 2) an expansion o f the Regional Gender and Development Network (DGF) to now include two hubs in Tunis and Tehran; and 3) other tnist funds such as the BNF’P for Gender Capacity Building.

The MNA Regional Strategy identifies Gender as one offiw strategic priority areas that are meant to Serve as focus for

in the region.

RESEARCH AND POLICY ADVICE IN FY03:

At the pol icy level, serious efforts were made in FY03 to address gender issues in content and process in Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs), Country Assistance Strategies (CASs), and Country Reports on Achieving Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).

To this end, the Bank successfully engaged the Government o f Djibouti in the Bank’s gender agenda at a critical juncture in the Djibouti PRSP process to help mainstream gender not only in the PRSP (currently being finalized), but also in the upcoming FY04 Dj ibout i Country Assistance Strategy (CAS) Update. In this context, gender was also considered in the Djibouti PRSP Joint Staff Assessment. The preparation o f the Algeria Gender and Poverty Note (currently being finalized) not only helped inform the Algeria CAS on pertinent gender issues in terms o f both content and process, but also informed the gender section o f the Report on Algeria and the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). A similar gender chapter providing pol icy advice to the Govemment o f M o r o c c o was prepared in the context o f the Morocco MDG Report. Based on the Bank’s gender analysis o f the budget initiative that was conducted in the context o f the Morocco PER, Morocco’s Ministry o f Finance and Privatization has recently endorsed the gender approach in Morocco’s budgetary reform process that i s likely to advance the institutionalization o f gender in public policy.

Gender issues also figured prominently in the Working Paper “Yemen and the Millennium Development Goals.’’ As a follow-up to FY02 Yemen’s PRSP at the implementation stage, the Bank promoted the visibility o f gender issues in Yemen and inside the Bank and helped ensure that the Bank played the role o f a catalystiinterlocutor between the different stakeholder groups. In th i s context, gender issues featured prominently in the FY03 Yemen CAS.

FY03: MNA CASs, PRSPs, and MDG papers 1, Country CAS , I , PRSP I MDGs

Jordan

Yemen J(FY02)

Moreover, in preparation o f a Yemen Gender Note, an extensive participatory consultation process led to a National Yemen Gender Strategy and Act ion Plan endorsed by the Prime Minister for Cabinet approval. The Egypt Country Gender Assessment (CGAs) was finalized in FY03 and i t s pol icy recommendations have been well-received by the Govemment. The FY03 Jordan CAS calls for engendering the FY04 Jordan Poverty Assessment that will also be accompanied by a FY04 Jordan Gender Assessment.

In order to further inform the policy dialogue at the regional level, concrete measures were taken to “get the gender diagnosis right”. Regional gender research was conducted and updated to feed into the MNA Regional Gender Report “Women in the Public Sphere” that focuses on women’s

73

economic and political participation in MNA and in a ground-breaking manner aims at estimating the cost o f gender discrimination. Innovative gender work also included a MNA Gender Youth and Employment Study, which informed (among others) the regional report on employment and development. The Bank’s May 2003 economic report “Twenty-seven months - Intifada, closures, and Palestinian economic crisis : an assessment” analysis and reports on gender specific circumstances surrounding educational and health attainment as well as economic conditions.

In an effort to obtain additional gender information for future gender research, FY03 Investment Climate Surveys were successfully engendered and included gender specific questions for further analysis.

I TRAINING AND HUMAN CAPACITY BUILDING IN FY03: Gender Work in MNA rests

on Three Pillars:

1) Research& Strategy 2) Policy Advice 3) Capacity Building

In order to assist Bank staff and counterparts in strategically mainstreaming gender into policy, operations and analytical work, the MNA took a three-pronged approached to providing gender training and clinics targeting 1) Bank staff; 2) clients; and 3) Bank

staff, clients, and partners. As a continuation o f the MNA Gender Dialogue Series, sectoral gender dialogues targeted at MNA staff took place on Gender, Trade & Foreign Direct Investment; Gender, Legal Systems & Enforcement; as well as on Gender Employment, Private Sector Development and Privatization. The dialogue series not only offered MNA staff an opportunity to enhance their knowledge on engendering pertinent emerging reforms, but also offered best-practice examples for application in the Bank’s work. In addition, a three-day seminar on Gender Mainstreaming and Analysis in Development Plans and Projects was held in FY03, which enabled staff to broaden and deepen their understanding o f more general gender concepts in the context o f MNA.

In partnership with WBI and PRMGE, a Distance Learning (DL) Act iv i ty o n Gender Monitoring and Evaluation was piloted which brought together 104 participants representing client countries, partner organizations, and the Wor ld Bank. The six-session DL course was offered through the World Bank offices and the Global Development Learning Network (GDLN) in Egypt, Gaza, Jordan, Lebanon, West Bank and Yemen, and generated demand for more in-depth training on monitoring and evaluation at a project and country level. Face-to-Face, 40 partners from 8 client countries were able to benefit f rom a Monitoring and Evaluating Progress Towards Achieving Millennium Development Goals at a three-day regional workshop in Beirut that was organized in cooperation with the Bank’s Gender and Development Anchor, the World Bank Institute, and the Bank’s Operations Evaluation Department (OED).

In addition to gender workshops and dialogues, MNA continued to raise gender awareness among Bank staff through several brown-bag seminars. In this context, high-profile FY03 brown-bag events included “Views o f Iraqi Women: Role o f Women in Post-War Iraq” as well as “Women, Traditions, and Sustainable Development in MNA”, the latter of which was organized with the Women’s Learning Partnership.

The MNA Consultative Council on Gender (CCG, an extemal group o f regional c iv i l society representatives and experts on gender issues) continued to contribute to building gender capacity among MNA staff. At the March 2003 Annual CCG Meeting in Washington, the CCG not only provided its feedback to the MNA’s region’s overall gender work, but engaged the three regional

74

reports teams to engender the MNA regional reports on 1) Trade; 2) Employment and Development; and 3) Governance - a l l o f which wil l launched o n the occasion o f the Wor ld Bank/IMF Annua l Meetings in Dubai. In addition, the CCG actively participated in outl ining the messages o f the Regional MNA Gender and Development Report “Women in the Public Sphere” (see section on gender research above). Moreover, the C C G had a chance to meet with the MNA Advisory Group o n Gender which i s comprised o f MNA staf f with different sectoral expertise and which has continued to help gender-mainstream MNA’s departmental workplans and\or projects throughout the year.

Addressing gender at many fronts

Intemally within the World Bank & in Partnership with our Counterparts At the Regional-, Country-, and Local Level

In addition, a gender lens has systematically been integrated in key regional conferences, wh ich included The Knowledge for Development Meeting in Marseilles, France (September 2002). As a result o f these gender-mainstreaming efforts in Marseilles, the World Bank Institute (MI) has been requested to include gender among the indicators used fo r knowledge-economy benchmarking. The Mediterranean Development Forum (MDF 4) in Amman, Jordan (October 2002) aimed at having a gender-balanced participation resulting in 37% female participants and included a special session on Gender and Citizenship in the Arab Region.

Several Bank-supported init iatives were aimed at building more capacity for gender analysis and gender informed development interventions. The Bank’s Development Grant Faci l i ty (DGF)-supported regional Gender and Development Network o f individuals and organizations (both governmental and non-governmental) continues to reach out to po l icy-

OTHER INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY BUILDING ACTIVITIES AND LENDING IN FY03:

In Tunisia, an Institutional Development Grant (IDF)-implemented by the Min is t ry o f Women and Fami ly Af fa i rs (CREDIF)-promotes the Integration o f Gender in Tunisia’s Regional Development Planning and strengthens the institution’s research capacities at the local and regional levels. In FY03, an IDF was also approved for Iran that w o u l d promote the Integration of Gender Mon i to r ing and Evaluation Indicators in Iran’s Four th F i ve Year Development Plan. Another IDF, promotes Capacity Building o f the National Counci l fo r Women in Egypt. A second IDF in Egypt entitled “Capacity Building o f Mon i to r ing and Evaluation” for wh ich the Ministry o f Finance i s the implementing agency, promotes-among others-workshops on performance-based budgeting and gender mainstreaming in the national p lan and budgeting.

In Jordan, a Japanese Social Development Fund (JSDF)-supported project has been init iated to provide “Legal Services for Poor Women in Jordan“ and to build institutional capacity to prov ide such services in the long-run. Another JSDF in Yemen “Promoting Gender Equity” has been aiming at mit igating barriers to women’s development and participation as w e l l as at promoting a c i v i l society-based movement against gender-based violence. At the same time, rural Yemeni

75

women have benefited from Literacy through Poetry, a project supported by the Bank’s Culture and Poverty Leaming and Research Group. This project has not only attracted continuing support from Yemen’s Social Fund for Development, but i t s innovative literacy curriculum has received intemational attention. The Small Grants Program in Yemen has provided funding for examining the Gender Implications o f Local Law Amendments. As a result, proposed changes to “engender“ the examined laws were passed by Parliament in January 2003.

Lebanon Cultural Heritage Morocco Adult Literacy Morocco Asset Management Reform Morocco Rainfed Agriculture Tunisia NW Mountainous and Forestry Areas Development

GENDER AND LENDING IN FY03:

J J

J

J J

Mainstreaming Gender in MNA lending operations continued to prove difficult in sectors dealing primarily with finance and emergency preventiodrehabilitation. At the same time, inroads have been made in the infrastructure and water sector, while the human development sectors continued to have a strong gender component. The following gives a flair o f FY03 initiated lending operations that “successfully” integrated gender at the planning stage:

Development West BanWGaza 2”d Emergency

The Algeria Second Rural Employment Project aims to create an enabling environment conducive to participatory, inclusive and gender-balanced development. Training activities and institutional capacity building activities under this project plan to address gender specific issues and wil l target both female and male staff.

J

The Djibouti HIV/AIDS, Malaria and Tuberculosis Control Project which emphasizes gender as a key issue, especially targets widows, women, persons in uniform, and transporters to mitigate the economic and social impact o f HIV/AIDS.

- .

Municipalities Yemen Port Cities Yemen Sana’a Basin Yemen Urban Water Supply and

Egypt’s Second Matruh Resource Management Project promotes the role o f rural women in development through literacy programs and the enhancement o f women-led small and micro-enterprises to increase women’s access to economic opportunities in the livestock, indigenous resources (e.g. medicinal/herbal plants), marketing and processing sub-sectors. The project also aims at ensuring that women take part in the overall participatory planning process o f the project and draws on positive gender-lessons learned from the First Matruh Project.

J J

J

- .

Municipalities Yemen Port Cities Yemen Sana’a Basin Yemen Urban Water Supply and

J J

J ._ .

The Morocco Rainfed Agriculture Development Project includes communal investment plans that - having conducted gender analysis as part o f a comprehensive social assessment - are to

76

reflect the inclusion o f female-headed households and other vulnerable groups o f women as high priority areas for intervention.

Tunisia’s Northwest Mountainous and Forestry Areas Development Project has a strong community development component and includes substantial gender analysis o f passed efforts o f gender mainstreaming. Thus, i t s project approach emphasizes need for integration o f women in to a l l project activities.

Benefits o f the West BanWGaza Second Emergency Services Support Project will accrue to a large segment o f the Palestinian population, including school students and families who re ly on free medical services and education financed by PA institutions. Children suffering from malnutr i t ion and women o f ch i ld bearing age wil l also benefit, as the grant will finance food and micronutrient supplements that wil l be distributed through public clinics.

In December 2002, the Bank completed a beneficiary assessment report o f West Bank and Gaza “The Second Community Development Project” according to wh ich nearly 40% o f a l l schools rehabilitated under C D P I1 were girls and co-educational schools. Furthermore, the economic infrastructure - mainly roads benefited women through greater access to health centers, improved hygiene conditions for their children and opportunities to participate in social activities through travel. Women and girls also benefited through training programs - in particular programs on health and environment, motherhood and ch i ld care. The training faci l i ty for women constructed in Gaza also provided training programs in sewing and curtain design through the Ministry o f Social Affairs.

The Yemen Port Cities Development Program’s social development outcomes are, among others, (1) improved economic opportunities for l o w skil led workers, including women; and 2) improving women’s ro le in decision-making. The project takes many systemic measures to ensure women’s participation at a l l levels o f the C i t y Development Strategy (which even includes a signed decree by the Governor o f Aden to expl ici t ly includes a representative o f the Women’s National Committee in the CDS team).

The Yemen Sana’a Basin Project calls fo r gender-specific targeted in format ion campaigns.

I t i s anticipated that the Yemen Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Program will have an impact on reducing poverty, and particularly for women and children. Service provisions are to address the issues o f gender preferences and under the project the GOY i s to ensure that gender balanced training opportunities will be opened to bo th women and men o f the sector.

FY03 MNA STRATEGY WHEEL:

The FY03 MNA Strategy Wheel developed at the end o f F Y 0 2 prov ided the basis for the FY03 gender work as outl ined above. In retrospect, the MNA Gender Team was able to achieve i t s set objectives. Moreover, additional achievements such as the IDF for Egypt, a BNPP for Regional Gender Capacity Building, and a D j i bou t i Gender No te were recorded.

77

PREPARATORY WORK FOR FY04:

2003 World BanWIMF Annual Meetings: The September 2003 Annual World Bank/IMF Meetings in Dubai will include a gender seminar on the findings o f the MNA Regional Gender and Development Report. Furthermore, a gender workshop on “Engendering the Public Space” i s being planned in partnership with the Dubai Municipality. As part o f the Dubai Meetings, a virtual seminar entitled “Young Women & Information, Communication, and Technology (ICT)” wil l address the constrains and opportunities o f I C T in improving the lives o f young women around the world, but with focus on the MNA region.

Gender Conferences and Workshops: In follow-up to the launching o f the MNA Regional Gender and Development Report, four Regional Conferences are being planned in Bahrain, Egypt, Iran, and Morocco. This would include a dissemination and follow-up conference o f the findings o f the Egypt Country Gender Assessment in Cairo. Other thematic gender workshop/conferences would include “Gender and the Private Sector”, “Gender and Pension Reform”, “Gender and the Knowledge Economy”, and “Gender and the Informal Sector.” In partnership with the Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development a jo in t seminar entitled “Arab Women and Economic Development” i s scheduled to take place in the fall. Gender Training Initiatives on Leadership and Gender Mainstreaming wil l especially target potential Iraqi partners to enable them to play a vital role in engendering future pol icy work in Iraq.

78

Furthermore, gender issues wil l be mainstreamed in the preparation o f both The Second Knowledge for Development Conference for the MENA Region (Marseilles, March 2004) and the Fifth Mediterranean Development Forum (MDFS).

The Bank wil l also provide technical assistance towards organizing a gender roundtable that wil l take place in the context o f the Djibouti PRSP and Djibouti Gender Note as part o f the Paris Consultative Group Meeting in September. The Annual Conference o f the Arab Network for Gender And Development (@NGED) that i s being sponsored by the Bank’s DGF will take place in October 2003.

CGAs, CASs and Economic Sector Work (ESW):

In FY04, Country Gender Assessments are being initiated in Iran and Jordan. Efforts have already been initiated to gender mainstream FY04 Country Assistance Strategies (CAS) for Dj ibout i (Update), Iran, Lebanon, Morocco (Update), Tunisia.

Concrete plans and efforts have already been made to help engender the MNA Regional Pension Report, the MNA Regional Social Development Strategy and the MNA Regional Children and Youth Strategy, which are to be finalized in FY04. A MNA Regional HIV/AIDS Strategy i s also going to be finalized in FY04 and the consideration o f gender issues has already been identified in the draft concept note. The FY03 Djibouti Gender Note i s l ikely to contribute to engendering both the FY04 Dj ibout i PER and the Djibouti Water Sector Note. The Algeria Gender and Poverty Note i s expected to inform the Algeria Poverty Update. The Iran Education Sector Strategy wil l benefit f rom the preparations o f the Iran Country Gender Assessment. The Jordan Country Gender Assessment wi l l be produced in close cooperation with the Jordan Poverty Assessment Team and i t i s expected that the Jordan CGA wil l also inform the Jordan Water Sector Update. A Gender specialist has been part o f the Morocco Poverty Update Team from the outset.

FY04 PROJECT ACTIVITIES (LENDING and GRANT) ACTIVITIES:

Efforts have already been made to integrate specific gender concerns in the Egypt Policy Based Loan and the Yemen Social Fund Project. Other projects in which gender are likely to figure prominently are the Morocco Rural Access, the Gaza I1 Water and Sanitation, the Iran Water Supply and Jordan Amman Development projects, which are also in a position to benefit f rom recent analytical gender work.

The recent competitive round o f the GENFUND has awarded resources to “Developing a Framework for Improving Women’s Economic Opportunities and Voice in the Context o f Yemen’s Port Cities Development Project” and to “Morocco’s Gender Gap in Schooling: A Qualitative Analysis o f the Institutional, Socio-cultural and Economic Factors Underlying Regional Differences”, both projects which wil l be implemented in FY04.

79

6. South Asia Region

80

SOUTH ASIA GENDER MAINSTREAMING FY03 PROGRESS REPORT

Summarv

In FY03, the South Asia Region made significant strides in i ts work on gender and development. There was substantial progress made in integrating a gender dimension into po l icy papers (Country Assistance Strategies, Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers), including Gender Analysis o f the I-PRSP in Bangladesh, inputs to the Nepal PRSP and CAS, and engendering the I-PRSP in Pakistan. In line with the Bank’s Gender Strategy (September 2001) which calls for the preparation o f a Country Gender Assessment (CGA) in each country, South Asia Region has completed three issues papers for Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Nepal. Considerable steps forward have been made in both Afghanistan and Bangladesh to establish gender advisory groups to provide leadership to the CGA and associated sector analyses, as well as engendering the I-PRSP (Bangladesh).

In Pakistan, in addition to a comprehensive Poverty Assessment, which focused in part on the gender aspects o f poverty, an awareness session on gender-responsive budgeting was held with NGOs and government officials in collaboration with WBI. Other analytical work in the Region includes a three-year jo in t study with the Inter-Agency Working Group (IAWG) to look at female work participation in the informal sector (India), a study on Measuring and Learning about Empowerment and Social Inclusion (Nepal) and a study o n gender mainstreaming in Poverty Alleviation (Pakistan). In India, a preliminary assessment in preparation for the gender screening o f the Tenth Five Year Plan has already revealed greater attention to issues o f women and children across sectors.

In lending operations, attention to gender issues has increased, particularly in projects such as the Rural Women’s Development and Empowerment Project (RWDEP) in India, which links women in the informal sector w i th development opportunities such as service delivery, access to credit, and improved livelihoods. With support from the Wor ld Bank, many gender initiatives with governments and c iv i l society were under taken, such as assessing gender outcomes in microfinance programs (Bangladesh), sensitizing the police personnel in Delhi (India), Opportunity for Women in Renewable Energy Technology (Bangladesh), and a JSDF grant for Empowering Rural Women in Punjab (Pakistan).

Policy dialogue on gender mainstreaming was facilitated across the Region, including support to CEDAW Training and Strategy Development and giving women voice in policy and strategy development (Afghanistan), Gender Equity Strategy and Maternal Health Strategy (Bangladesh), and inputs into Adjustment Credit (Nepal). Regional po l icy dialogues o n Trafficking and Women’s Human Rights were held to identify strategies to combat trafficking o f women and children.

Gender Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) was a focus in most o f the S A R countries. A Distance Learning (DL) workshop was held in Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka, which gave participants (ranging from Bank staff and govemment officials to NGOs and research organizations) a framework for conducting M&E and stressed the importance o f good M&E in project design and implementation. Fol lowing the DL workshop, a study on gender mainstreaming in M&E was conducted in the Nor th West Frontier Province (NWFP)

81

o f Pakistan, to understand whether a bank-supported project produced intended benefits for men and women, variations in impacts, and how beneficial impacts can be increased.

Country-Level Gender Analytical Work and ESW

AFGHAiiISTAN

The CGA Concept Note was discussed by the Afghanistan Management Team in April 2003. Work i s currently underway and the first phase (a CGA document and completion o f a series o f workshops) i s expected to be completed in FY04. The Afghanistan Country Gender Assessment i s intended to offer an enabling context within which to support government and key partners to identify and address gender inequality in areas considered vital to national development and poverty reduction. I t hopes in a practical and non-challenging way to facilitate understanding o f gender relations’ analysis, to build confidence in identifying and applying gender-responsive strategies, and to provide encouragement to further exploration o f solutions that go beyond received wisdom to contribute to development effectiveness. The work takes as i t s starting point the sad health and mortality statistics in Afghanistan, and asks how a more balanced approach to gender could start to improve the situation.

0 Gender Assessment of National Development Programs. Development o f tools and capacity building for Ministry o f Women’s Affairs’ Gender Advisory Group to assessheport on progress on mainstreaming women into national plans.

BANGLADESH

Gender analysis o f I-PRSP and development o f road map for participatory preparation o f the full PRSP (to be completed in FY05). The draft report was completed in June 2003, and i s being reviewed by a jo in t government-civil society committee (“Gender Platform”). The report i s expected to be finalized in September 2003 and will be shared with Government PRSP task forces and donors. The “Gender Platform” group i s developing an action plan based on the suggestions o f the report, which will be implemented simultaneously with the development o f the full PRSP.

Programmatic approach in Ministry of Women and Children’s Affairs (MoWCA). Through the Local Consultative Group on Women‘s Advancement and Gender Equality (LCG-WAGE), the Bank played an important role in supporting the Ministry o f Women’s and Children’s Affairs (MoWCA) in carrying out an institutional and organizational assessment o f MoWCA.

Assessing gender outcomes in microfinance program. Palli Karma Shahayak Foundation together with the Bangladesh Institute o f Development Studies (BIDS) published a report on gender outcomes o f ongoing microfinance program, financed by the World Bank.

INDIA

Country Gender Assessment. Work on the C G A in India has been delayed in order to

82

coordinate the work with new poverty analysis that i s planned for FY04 and FY05. As i s not surprising, other institutions are doing a lo t o f work on gender in India, and it i s important for the Bank to offer innovative analysis that complements the work o f others and lays a solid foundation to better address poverty concerns by taking gender disparities into account. The Concept Note i s expected to be discussed by the India Management Team in December 2003, and the CGA i s scheduled for release at the end o f cY2004.

Rural Water Supply and Sanitation. Development o f a methodology for assessing gender impacts o f Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project i s underway. A more detailed assessment o f an ongoing project (Kerala project) will be undertaken.

Toolkit on Gender in Resettlement and Rehabilitation. A report was completed in FY03 and has been peer reviewed. The report will be finalized in FY04.

Female work participation in the informal sector. A joint initiative has been taken up wi th the Inter-Agency Working Group (IAWG) to undertake this study over a three year period to gain a better understanding on this issue. The first draft o f the Interim Report titled Women’s Economic Activitv: Perception and Realitv i s being reviewed within the Region and will be finalized once comments have been received and addressed.

Gender Screening of the Tenth Five Year Plan. The Tenth Five Year Plan for India has been announced and a preliminary assessment has revealed greater attention to issues o f women and children across sectors. A gender screening o f the Tenth Plan document has been commissioned. The analysis wil l establish the extent to which the Tenth Plan approach wil l create an environment for gender equality and the specific measures outlined in major sectors. The analysis will cover national policies - in financial and non-financial terms - responsibilities o f states in operationalizing the Plan, evaluation o f gender gaps, possible measures for gender-sensitive Plan implementation, etc. The exercise i s to be taken up jo in t ly with the IAWG.

NEPAL

0 Nepal Country Gender Assessment. The draft concept paper for this work was completed at the end o f FY03. Reflecting an understanding o f gender as one o f three salient social categories that determine access to assets, capabilities and voice, the Nepal Gender and Social Exclusion Assessment (GSEA) will examine caste and ethnicity, as well as gender. I t wil l analyze how these three inter-locking socio-cultural institutions or “rules o f the game” have shaped and been shaped by Nepal’s history and its existing economic and polit ical institutions; how gender, caste and ethnic identity influence poverty outcomes; how these identities have begun to change - especially since the advent o f democracy; and the way the state, market and c i v i l society institutions have responded formally and informally to support o r block these changes. Based on this analysis the report will recommend key strategies and actions that various government, c i v i l society and donor agencies (including the Bank and co-sponsor, DFID) can take to promote positive change towards a more inclusive and equitable society. Analytical work and consultations have already begun informally in connection with the PRSP and the CAS preparation.

83

Measuring and Learning about Empowerment and Social Inclusion (MESI) study. With support from the SDV and the bulk o f funding from NTFESSD and the GENFUND trust funds, t h i s multi-year study i s developing and testing ways to track changes in levels o f empowemient and social inclusion (for women and members o f l o w caste groups) achieved through project interventions - specifically the Nepal Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project (RWSS 11). The study i s collaborating with the Multi-Regional study for Measuring Empowerment (ME) to develop a unified analytical framework from which context and project specific indicators and instruments can be developed for monitoring empowerment and social inclusion.

PAKISTAN

0 CGA Concept Note. A lengthy and detailed concept note was discussed by the Pakistan Country Management Team in June 2003. The objective o f the Gender Assessment i s to develop a solid analytical basis for identifying possible pol icy options to address gender differences. An analytical model i s being developed which i s based on households and the economic, social, cultural, legal and polit ical environment that they face, since factors both inside and outside the household influence gender inequities. By placing the household and decision-making within the household at the heart o f the analytical model, the Gender Assessment aims to “unpack” the process o f household decision-making for the pol icy maker.

0 Study on Gender mainstreaming in M&E and lessons learned. Case Study o f the Nor th West Frontier Community Infrastructure Project to determine lessons leamed that can provide insights in to effectively integrating gender into future community infrastructure projects planned for other provinces in Pakistan, as we l l as projects in other sectors adopting a community driven development (CDD) approach. Specific emphasis was placed on ascertaining whether the project produced intended benefits for men and women, what factors accounted for variation in impacts, and how beneficial gender impacts can be increased. A final report was completed in June 2003. Key findings from this report are expected to be disseminated at a workshop in FY04, and wil l also be available on the S A R Gender web site.

0 Pakistan Poverty Assessment. Povertv in Pakistan: Vulnerabilities, Social Gam. and Rural Dvnamics - October 28, 2003. This report, which has evolved in cooperation wi th the PRSP initiatives undertaken in Pakistan, shows how gender gaps and social resistance to services (such as girls education) can be linked to poverty. Historically, Pakistan has had some o f the lowest female enrollment rates in the world, resulting in wide educational gender gaps. This i s disturbing since numerous studies have shown that female education has an important role in development. The impact o f female education i s transmitted in the context o f the variety o f social and economic roles that women typically play; lower infant mortality, improved chi ld nutrit ion and better schooling for her children, through her role as a mother; higher wages and increasing farm yields as a producer; and increases in the number o f teachers in the region -thus decreasing the cost o f education - through her role as an educator o f h t u r e generations. The observed differences in the availability o f primary schools for girls and boys part ly explain wide gender gaps in schooling outcomes. As gender disparities remain substantial in a l l social indicators, targeted programs are considered essential to reduce these gaps e.g. through

84

subsidies for girls educations, and through programs like Women’s Health Project. However, the gender o f a child, which i s typically important in several economic variables - does not seem to lead to statistically significant differences in nutritional status. The poverty assessment i s based on a Rural Household Survey (PRHS) and a detailed Qualitative Survey, and in-depth fieldwork in six villages. The fieldwork was designed to understand constraints to collective action to mitigate poverty, by examining the social dynamics and groupings in communities and how they impede or improve access to institutions, services, and markets.

Comparative Study on Gender Mainstreaming in Poverty Alleviation - Micro Credit Enterprise Development & Community Physical Infrastructure projects leading to Women’s Equity, Economic Stability and Empowennent in Pakistan. The main objective o f the study i s to assess how women can be effectively integrated into development initiatives that emphasize community involvement and participation, in a context where there are l ike ly to be several types o f constraints on female mobil i ty and decision making. The study i s expected to yield specific insights on how women, particularly those who are the most disadvantaged, can be effectively included in Community Based Development initiatives, and the specific types o f interventions that are most useful in particular regional contexts. I t will also produce a set o f monitorable indicators for evaluating success o f gender mainstreaming initiatives and thus assist the Bank-supported Pakistan Poverty Alleviation Fund (PPAF) in the capacity building o f i t s partner organizations. The study will specifically examine the cultural and religious construction o f femininity and masculinity in the communities being studied, and evaluate the distance/ disconnect between idealized constructions o f gender and local practices in the context o f the material/economic conditions wi th in each community. I t wil l evaluate the main constraints that inhibit participation by women and the factors that induce changes in behavior or perceptions. The strategy will be to examine factors that impact on the quantity and quality o f female participation and collective action capacity including perceptions o f women’s role, literacy levels, polit ical activity, caste/ethnic identity and economic inequality. The project i s expected to be completed by February 2004.

Lending Operations

INDIA

0 Rural Women’s Development and Empowerment Project (RWDEP) - supervision & project extension. RDWEP (Swa-Shakti Project) The project focuses on self-help groups (SHGs) as a means o f social action and empowerment, to show that gender involves men as we l l as women. One o f the main strategies o f poverty reduction in this project i s to strengthen and build capacity o f these SHGs to improve training opportunities, financial management, income generation and marketing, communication and conflict resolution.

Component I : Institutional Capacitv Building for Women ’s Development

Group mobilization and capacity building for core functions o f Self Help Groups - 17,587 SHGs have been formed, compared with an original p lan figure o f 7,400 groups. There are more than 240,000 beneficiaries in 56 districts.Cluster and Federation Formation - 426 clusters have been formed, and w o r k i s progressing

85

on federation formation in some states. A rating exercise o f SHG matur i ty has been undertaken in some states, to assess preparedness for phase-out, and to tailor support mechanisms during the remainder o f the project. This work i s increasingly being linked with local level government, through collaboration with the Panchayati Raj Institutions.

Preparation o f action plans for sustainability - All participating states have discussed plans for longer term sustainability in terms o f (I) the nature and ro le o f SHGs after project withdrawal, including cluster and federation formation; (ii) district and b lock level coordination o f services and access to benefits; (iii) state level support mechanisms. These issues were discussed at a national workshop in January 2003, and more concrete, state level fo l low up action plans are under preparation.

KGO support to SHGs and federations - 23 1 NGOs are working in 7,274 villages, in partnership with the Government. Their role i s to organize the groups, assist members in savings and economic activities, liaise with government agencies and relevant development schemes, and monitor and document progress.

Strengthening of state level Women’s Development Corporations (WDCs) and further sensitization of line departments and financial institutions. - The need for clear commitment o f participating states to continued institutional support to women’s empowerment, and to mainstreaming lessons learned through the project, has led to plans for restructuring and professionalizing the WDCs.

Component 2: Establishment of Support Mechanisms-for Women-Mananed Income Generation Activities

Mobilization o f investment funds for income generation - Members have saved more than 2 mi l l ion dollars, and accessed a similar amount in bank loans. A gross of more than 3 mi l l ion dollars have been uti l ized in inter-loaning. Loans taken are becoming more productive, with various income generating schemes engaged in by members.

Business management and technical support services to SHG members - There are efforts underway to promote qualitative change in livelihood opportunities, moving beyond micro-credit and micro-enterprise. This entails people mov ing towards higher levels o f investment, reaching out to new markets, and accessing new technologies.

Component 3: Establishment of Mechanisms to Access Social Programs and Leverane Funds for Community Asset Creation

Literacy and health programs, and access to other services - The project has contributed to significant increases in literacy. Group members are able to access health services and other opportunities. Targeted support to particularly vulnerable groups has had positive results. Leveraging funds for community asset creation - Group members have organized to create community assets such as drinking water facilities, sanitation facilities, community halls, repairs o f wells, etc. In many states, the groups successfully used the project support and organization to leverage access to other schemes operated by various

86

government agencies, accessing funds far in excess o f what the project has provided as inputs.

Component 4: Establishment of Effective Proiect Management Systems

Project Management. - Over the l i fe o f the project, a posit ive transition has taken place f rom a situation where the project was dependent o n strong central coordination, to one where participating states are n o w able to operate more independently. Monitoring and evaluation. - Moni tor ing and evaluation in the project i s o f a high standard. Over the l i fet ime o f the project, the focus has shifted f rom measuring process and inputs, to measuring outcomes. An independent evaluation i s scheduled fo r late 2003.

Policv Dialogue and Country Assistance

AFGHANISTAN

0 Establishing a Gender Advisory Group. Members currently being identified from government and respected c iv i l society bodies to provide leadership to the C G A and associated sector analyses.

0 Support to CEDAW Training and Strategy Development. Collaborating with donor/UN Gender Advisers and State Minister for Women to develop M o W A staff understanding o f and init iating strategy for implementation o f CEDAW.

Support to women’s voice in policy and strategy development. Together with WBI and by means o f video technology, linking women in-country with international networks to build confidence and competence in voicing and resolving women’s gender issues in economic development, health care and rural l i fe.

BANGLADESH

Gender Platform for engendering PRSP. The Wor ld Bank, together w i th the Ministry o f Women’s Affairs and other donors, facilitated the establishment o f a “Gender Platform” in March 2003, consisting o f Government representatives and members o f c iv i l society. The “Gender Platform” developed t e k s o f reference and an action plan, and organized i t s e l f to consult and negotiate with the inter-ministerial PRSP Task Force on incorporation o f gender analysis and concerns in the full PRSP.

National Workshops and Gender analysis of I-PRSP. Local and international consultants were commissioned by the “Gender Platform” to analyze the I-PRSP and develop a roadmap for engendering the full PRSP. Two national workshops were organized in M a y 2003 to discuss the I-PRSP and develop the roadmap. Input from the analysis and the workshop was incorporated in the Joint Staff Assessment o f the I-PRSP by the Bank and the Fund.

Policy Dialogue. A high level pol icy dialogue was organized by M o W C A and the L C G - with substantial Bank input - on mainstreaming gender into the government program.

87

In June 2003, a one-day workshop was organized to develop a programmatic approach and LogFrame for implementing the National Action Plan for the Advancement o f Women and a gender matrix o f the I-PRSP.

Gender Equity Strategy and Maternal Health Strategy. The Bank assisted the Ministry o f Health and Family Welfare to develop a Gender Equity Strategy and a Maternal Health Strategy. The Ministry o f Health and Family Welfare i s implementing the strategies and monitoring outcomes annually.

Trafficking of Women and Children. With support from the Bank, M o W C A and the Center for Women’s and Children’s Studies organized a regional and international dialogue to identify strategies to combat trafficking o f women and children. A report was published.

Women’s Human Rights. M o W C A and “Women for Women” organized a dialogue o n women’s human rights and published a report. The activity was funded by the Bank’s Small Grant Program.

INDJA

Gender sensitization of Delhi police personnel. Work has commenced to sensitize the police personnel in 13 8 police stations in the city. Major themes to be discussed include trafficking o f women and children, migrants, and violence against women. This i s a highly innovative initiative that has come about in part between the Delhi municipal police and local NGOs. The grant was given directly to the Coalition for Rural Empowerment (CORE), a local NGO responsible for the implementation o f the activity. Completion i s expected in Spring 2004. Report will track changes in behavior, and include results from a public survey on client satisfaction.

NEPAL

Inputs to Nepal’s PRSP. Through dialogue and the provision o f background analysis on gender, caste and ethnic disparities in income, human development indicators and polit ical participation, the Bank was instrumental in getting HMG/N to identify social inclusion as one o f the four pillars o f the PRSP. Recognizing that such “targeted” programs have done l i t t le to change the structural foundations o f exclusion and poverty, HMG/N actually reframed i t s ini t ial “targeted programs” pi l lar o f the PRSP to focus explicit ly on overcoming gender, caste and ethnic exclusion in mainstream policies and programs rather than depending primarily on targeted programs which in the past have taken a welfare approach and accounted for only a very small part o f the national budget.

Inputs on Social Inclusion in CAS. Responding to the PRSP pil lar on inclusion, the CAS now includes three outcomes specifically aimed at improving access to assets, services and voice for women and other excluded groups. Indicators for achievement o f these outcomes are: 1) reduced out o f school primary aged children (primarily girls, Dalits and disadvantaged Janajati groups) by 50%; 2) Increased public funds used by disadvantaged rural groups for services; 3) Affirmative action pol icy and implementation system for

88

improving the diversity o f the c iv i l service in place and functioning.

0 Inputs into Adjustment Credit and subsequent WB Policy Based Lending. In support o f the PRSP and more specifically o f achieving progress on CAS indicators (I), (2) and (3) listed above, the prior actions include: 1) the enactment o f an ordinance forming a Poverty Alleviation Fund and an independent Board in place (expected Sept. 2003 for the PSAC) and 2) ini t ial implementation o f scholarship package for girls and Dal i t children in secondary schools (expected Sept 2004 and for the PRSC1). In addition, specific benchmarks for progress on affirmative action to improve gender, caste and ethnic diversity in the c iv i l service i s included in the policy matrix.

PAKISTAN

Gender dialogue with the Government through the Interagency Gender and Development Group (INGAD). This i s part o f the Bank's dialogue wi th the government undertaken directly, as well as through the Interagency Donor Coordination Group.

Support to INGAD in engendering I-PRSP, political participation and poverty through participation in sub groups. This i s a regular on-going activity with special focus on polit ical participation, poverty reduction and strengthening o f institutional mechanisms.

Substantial involvement in gender mainstreaming in projects through participation in project preparation and supervision, such as Ghazi Barotha Hydropower Project, AJK Community Infrastructure and Services Project, and the NWFP Community Infrastructure Project.

Support in consultation on gender budgeting. In November 2002, WBI held a two- day information sharing session in Islamabad, Pakistan Dialogue was initiated on gender-responsive budgeting wi th Pakistani NGOs and government representatives, with a focus on the identification o f specific capacity enhancement needs and strategies to support Pakistani governments' and non-govemment agencies' knowledge development in this area (in the context o f the government devolution process that i s occurring).

S R I LANKA

0 Integrating Gender into the PRSP. In FY03, the Bank facilitated through the PRSC I and pol icy dialogue, the Government's strategy on gender, including: (i) increased emphasis on the protection o f women's rights in conformity wi th U.N. Convention on the Elimination o f All Forms o f Discrimination against Women (CEDAW); (ii) introduction o f an employment pol icy to promote equal training and employment opportunities for women; (iii) continued support for the entrepreneurship programs for women; (iv) greater support for victims o f gender-based violence; (v) specific rehabilitation programs targeting women affected by the conflict; and (vi) introduction o f gender sensitization programs for the public and private sectors.

89

Providing; Support for Strategy Implementation

BANGLADESH

0 Thematic gender supervision was initiated joint ly by the Social Development, the private sector development and finance teams in Bangladesh in micro-finance activities for monitoring the impact on women’s advancement and gender equality. As a result o f the supervision, terms o f reference for mainstreaming gender in micro-finance were developed. The Bangladesh Institute o f Development Studies (BIDS) completed the report that was disseminated in an international workshop in April 2003 and recommendations were adopted by international financial institutions.

0 Opportunity for Women in Renewable Energy Technology (RET) Phase I. Finalization and publication o f the report o f this action-oriented study and initiation o f Phase 11. This i s an example o f a project that i s striving to improve women’s status, productivity, and income by increasing their access to human development and basic utility services, technology and infrastructure. In addition to the RET report, a group o f students f rom Colombia University’s School o f International and Public Affairs (SIPA) have produced a draft report in collaboration with PRMGE and ESMAP entitled Integrating Gender into the Energy Sector: Towards a Synthesis of Tools and Best Practices - A Case Study in Bangladesh.

PAKISTAN

0 Empowering Rural Women in Punjab. The Japan Social Development Facil ity (JSDF) grant focuses on Empowering Rural Women in Punjab by providing literacy and l i f e sk i l l s to girls/women who were unable to attend school. T o date, 12,000 girldwomen have benefited f rom this grant; presently another 15,000 participants are undergoing training. At the end o f the training period participants took an exam and were provided with a certificate o f completion. The project i s implemented through the Department o f Social Welfare GoPunjab in collaboration with NGO/CBOs at the Tehsil level, who are responsible for social mobilization, appointment o f female teacher and supervisor, formation o f Vil lage Education Committees / Women’s Committee, and monitoring the attendance o f teachers and students. The District Government officers also monitor the project and coordinate with the NGOslCBOs. The project also liaises with micro credit banks to provide the trained womerdgirls with access to credit institutions.

REGIONAL

0 Distance Learning Workshop on Gender in Program and Project M&E. The Distance Learning (DL) workshop on Integrating Gender in Program and Project Monitoring and Evaluation (GPPME) was held in five sites in South and East Asia from October 7 to 9, 2002. The course:

1, Introduced participants to the basic concepts o f M&E, with emphasis on how to integrate gender dimensions into all stages o f program and project M&E design.

90

2. Presented participants with a comprehensive framework for conducting M&E, with the knowledge o f how key aspects are interrelated (e.g., linkages between gender indicators and data collection methods).

3 . Provided participants with M&E tools, techniques and resources for planning, organizing, and/or managing programs and projects. A design matrix-a tool for organizing and planning M&E activities-was adapted to participants’ own exercises.

4. Provided experiences on how gender dimensions have been integrated into M&E designs in order to improve the methodological quality o f projects.

5. Participants:

Sri Lanka - 3 9 participants, the majority representing the government; four senior officials, including the Director o f the Ministry o f Women’s Affairs, and several key representatives from donor organizations.

Bangladesh - 3 3 gender focal points o f the government were provided training using GDLN and facilitated by WBI and PRMGE.

India - 23 participants, including Bank staff, British Council, and resource people.

Pakistan - Thirty-five participants, including members o f research organizations, academic institutions, government, and NGOs.

*

0 Future collaboration on the CGA process/content with the Asian Development Bank. A dialogue has been initiated with ADB to deepen joint work on gender issues.

Staffing and Budgets

Five countries - Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan - have field-based gender focal points who spend a substantial amount of their time on this issue; a sixth country (Sri Lanka) wi l l have a gender focal point in FY04.

0 S A R FY03 budget: $103,200 received from center (Global Public Goods), $143,800 from country budgets; Country budgets include budgets for gender work, as well as project budgets used for gender. Out o f $247,000 budgeted, $189,300 was used for gender mainstreaming.

0 During FY02, the total amount o f GPG funds from the anchor were not disbursed, which resulted in $103,200 being given to S A R in FY03 for gender initiatives; these funds were used for gender mainstreaming in India, and CGA preparatory work in Nepal.

91

Annex 2

CGAs

CAS

PRSPsIJSAs

PAS

PERs

CEMs

Proposed Benchmarks for Measuring Gender Integration

CGA with recommendationslpriority areas for Bank intervention completed for every active Bank client country. All CASs should address gender issues, particularly in sectors or areas identified as priorities in the CGA, or explain why they are not relevant. All PRSPs should address gender issues in their diagnosis. All JSAs should review the gender coverage of the PRSP and propose ways to take into account gender issues where appropriate. All PAS should address the gender dimension in data and information, poverty analysis, policy recommendations, and M&E. PERs for countries where gender is identified as a priority in the CAS should address gender issues or explain why they are not relevant. CEMs for countries where gender is identified as a priority in the CAS should address gender issues or explain why they are not relevant.

Benchmarks are general and in some cases apply to a l l countries, e.g., fo r the CASs or CGAs. In other cases they are on ly relevant according to regional and country priorities.

ESWIAAA

Country-level Products & Processes

ESW/AAA in countries and sectors where gender has been identified as a priority in the CAS or in the sector strategy should address gender issues or explain why they are not relevant.

Benchmark*

QAG QSR (Quality of Supervision Review)

Supervision of projects in sectors where gender is identified as a priority in the CAS or in the initial project documents should address gender issues.

DPRs for countries where gender is identified as a priority in the CAS should address gender issues or explain why they are not relevant. DPRs

~~ ~

All lending operations, including social funds, in sectors where gender is identified as a priority in the CAS or in the initial project documents, should address gender issues from design to implementation and in monitoring and evaluation.

Lending

~~~ ~

All projects in sectors where gender is identified as a priority in the CAS for that country should address gender issues from design to implementation and in monitoring and evaluation.

QAG QEA (Quality at Entry Assessment)

All Bank operations and products in IDA countries and operations that receive IDA funding should address gender issues or explain why these issues are not relevant.

IDA & Blend countries

* For each product or category above, there are existing or forthcoming guidelines on how to address gender issues or conduct a gender-sensitive process, and rating systems for measuring gender integration. Thev will all be issued bv the close of FY04.

92