Importance of Collaborations between Europe and Japan on Energy:

An Example for Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Energy

Kazunari SASAKI, Dr. sc. techn. ETH

Kyushu University 1International Research Center for Hydrogen Energy (Director),

2Next-Generation Fuel Cell Research Center (NEXT-FC) (Director), 3International Inst. for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER),

4Faculty of Engineering, Motooka 744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan

(sasaki@mech.kyushu-u.ac.jp)

June 16, 2014

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Background: Innovation needed

(Prime Minister`s Presentation, 2008)

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Cool Earth Innovative Energy Technology Program (finalized by METI on 5th March, 2008)

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Energy policy change in Japan

<Before 3.11> �CO2 emission reduction �Nuclear power as the major power source �Green innovation as the major economical driving force

Fukushima nuclear disaster

<After 3.11> (from April 11, 2014) �Energy safety (3E+S) �Nuclear power still as a base power ●More renewable energy (>20% by 2030) �Hydrogen as an important secondary energy carrier

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Energy system WITHOUT combustion !�

Combustion�

Gasoline engine Otto cycle, 1876

Steam turbine Rankin cycle, 1854

Steam engine (Newcomen, 1712)

From “Thermodynamics” JSME

Electrochemical conversion A revolution since the Industrial Revolution�

Power generation�Mitsubishi Heavy Ind.�

Residential fuel cell�JX homepage

Fuel cell vehicle�Toyota homepage)

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Automobile Manufacturers Stick up for Electric Vehicles with Fuel Cell Letter of Understanding on electric vehicles with fuel cell development and market introduction signed Stuttgart, Germany, September 9, 2009 Today, Daimler AG announced that the leading vehicle manufacturers in fuel cell technology - Daimler AG, Ford Motor Company, General Motors Corporation/Opel, Honda Motor Co., Ltd., Hyundai Motor Company, Kia Motors Corporation, the alliance Renault SA and Nissan Motor Co., Ltd. and Toyota Motor Corporation - gave a joint statement to the development and market introduction of electric vehicles with fuel cells with a Letter of Understanding (LoU). These companies have built up remarkable know-how in fuel cell technology and thus, the signing marks a major step towards the serial production of such locally emission-free vehicles.The signing automobile manufacturers strongly anticipate that from 2015 onwards a quite significant number of electric vehicles with fuel cell could be commercialised. �http://www.daimler.com/dccom/0-5-658451-1-1235421-1-0-0-0-0-0-9293-7165-0-0-0-0-0-0-0.html

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Initiative “H2 Mobility” - Major Companies Sign Up To Hydrogen Infrastructure Built-up Plan in Germany

•  Leading industrial companies agree upon a built up plan for a nationwide infrastructure •  Significant expansion of hydrogen fuelling stations network by the end of 2011 •  Important milestone on the way to emission-free mobility •  Leading vehicle manufacturers pursue the development and commercialization of electric vehicles with fuel cell. Commercialization with several hundred thousand units anticipated from 2015 onwards Berlin, September 10, 2009

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FC vehicles to be commercialized

http://www.jari.or.jp/jhfc/data/seminor/fy2010/exhibition01.html�

Driving range (500km)�

Efficiency (60%)�

�

Cold start (from -30oC)�

�

Refueling time (3 min. for 5Kg H2)�

Durability (15 years)�

Price (several

mio. Yen)�

Status 2010�

Honda�

Nissan�

Toyota�

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Commercialization of Residential Fuel Cells (From May 2009)

A naming ceremony (June 25th)

“ENE FARM” - The unified logo for Residential Fuel Cells

The participants of NEDO “Residential FC Demonstration Project”

Over 50,000 units have been sold in Japan !�

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Efficiency of energy conversion systems�

(Neue Materialien, Bundesministerium fuer Bildung, Wissenschaf, Furschung und Technologie, 1994.)�

Ele

ctric

effi

cien

cy /

%�

Power output / MW�

Gas engine�

Diesel engine�

Gas turbine�

Steam turbine�

Combined cycle�

SOFC: Solid oxide fuel cells PAFC: Phosphoric acid fuel cells�

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SOFC commercialization started in Japan (JX Nippon Oil & Energy, from 17th Oct. 2011)�

Power output� 700 W�Electric efficiency�

45% (LHV)�

Thermal efficiency�

42% (LHV)�(JX homepage, http://www.noe.jx-group.co.jp/)�

Fuel Cell

Power Unit�

Hot Water Tank

�

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Hydrogen Energy based on Fuel Cell Technologies

• Durability • High performance • Low cost ��

Electrolyte Anode

Cathode

Coal gas

Digester gas Biogas Natural gas

PL gas Hydrogen Kerosene

Gasoline

Alcohols

Reforming, Purification & Direct reforming

Power plants

Stationary applications

Mobile applications

Transportations

Various possible fuels !

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Durability of SOFCs: (Intrinsic Chemical Degradation Mechanisms Revealed)�

[Related publications] K. Sasaki et al., J. Power Sources, 196 (22), 9130 (2011). Y. Kobayashi et al., J. Electrochem. Soc., 161 (3) F1-F12 (2014).

•  Intrinsic chemical degradation mechanisms have been clarified. •  We will expand such fundamental study to high-pressure SOFCs for efficient power generation (NEDO Project).

Chemical durability of SOFCs

(2) Solid state reaction � (3) Sintering �(1) Interdiffusion �

(6) Densification �(5) Precipitation �

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Results from NEDO Project

10nm

STEM image

Support: Carbon black

Non-carbon support

(doped SnO2 , doped TiO2 etc.)

Alternative carbon support

(CNT, CNF, meso-porous, graphene etc.)

Graphitized carbon support (Graphitized carbon black)� (Mesoporous

carbon) (Graphene) �

(SnO2)

Durability of PEFCs: (Alternative supports to conventional carbon black)

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Fuel Cell Laboratory in Kyushu Univ. ��

(2) Microscope Lab. (STEM, FIB, FESEM etc.)

(4) Fuel Cell “Factory”

(3) Durability Test Lab. (1) Electrochemical Lab.

Fuel cell test units (55 available)

(5) Next-Generation Fuel Cell Research Center (ca. 3400m2, building just constructed, through METI support)

I2CNER building�

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Atomic-resolution Scanning Transmission Electron Micorscopy (STEM)�

High-power X-ray CT for non-destructive analysis�

Low-Energy Ion Scattering (LEIS) for surface atomic analysis

Focused Ion Beam (FIB-EDX) for 3D elemental analysis�

SEM with WDX-EDX for large samples�

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Advanced Visualization of Fuel Cells�

Performance� Long-term durability� Cycle durability� Microstructural stability� Robustness�

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NEXT-FC: Facilities for visualizing fuel cells

NEXT-FC (Next-Generation Fuel Cell Research Center) (METI-support, Director: K. Sasaki) With advanced facilities, for applied research with industries (more than 15 companies open labs).

I2CNER (MEXT(JSPS)-support, Director: P. Sofronis) With truly-international teams, for fundamental studies and basic science.

Fuel Cell Research in Kyushu University: From fundamentals to the society

• English as common language! • Open for international collaborations!�

• Private company can open own lab! • Space for international collaborations with MIT, ETH, Imperial College etc.!�

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Fuel Cell Research Team�

J.A.Kilner (Imperial College

London) Electrolyte materials

T. Ishihara Electrolyte materials

K. Sasaki Electrode materials

N. Nakashima Carbon

nanotubes

H. L. Tuller (MIT)

Mixed conductor, Electroceramics

L.J. Gauckler (ETH-Zürich)

Ceramic processing

Tem

pera

ture

/oC

Electrolyte (Ionic conductor)

Electrode (Electronic/mixed conductor)

Cell (Electrolyte/Electrode)

80

800

M. Nishihara Polymer

electrolyte

S. Lyth Electrocatalysts

S. Bishop Chemomech.

effects

A. Hayashi Electrocatalysts T. Kitahara

PEFC GDL/MPL

K. Ito Thermal

Engineering

J.L.M. Rupp (ETH-MIT)

Micro-SOFCs

Y. Shiratori Bio-fuel SOFCs

S. Taniguchi SOFC

Durability T.Kunitake

(Kitakyushu) Nano-membrane

H. Matsumoto Protonic

conductor

T. Fujigaya Polymer

electrolyte H. Nakajima Impedance

spectroscopy

S. C. Singhal (Visiting Prof. Kyushu Univ.)

A. Gewirth Electrocatalysis

B. Yildiz�(MIT)

Surface science�

Y. Matsuzaki (Tokyo gas)

SOFC systems

J. Mizusaki (Visiting Prof. Kyushu Univ.)

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Industrial collaborations at NEXT-FC (Director: Sasaki)

Advanced fuel cell research facilities for academia-industry collaborations: “One stop support” from basic science to

applied research and demonstration (SOFC etc.).

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Ceramic companies Kyocera, TOTO NGK Insulators

NGK Spark Plug, Murata, Nikki Catalysts�

System campanies Mitsubishi-Hitachi Power Systems, Aisin, Nissan,

Denso, Miura, Sumitomo

Energy companies�JX Nippon Oil & Energy,

Tokyo gas Saibu gas

(Area: 3400m2, Starting fund: ca. 16 mio US$)�

NEXT-FC (From Jan. 1, 2012)

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Future perspectives: Fuel cells and H2 energy

2009 Residential PEFC 2011 Residential SOFC 2013-15 H2 station 2015 FC vehicle (PEFC)? 2016 FC bus (PEFC)? 2017 SOFC power plant? 2020 Adv. FC vehicle?�

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Graduate Courses on FC & Hydrogen Energy (no Japanese needed in Department of Hydrogen Energy Systems ! )

Entrepreneur

Business Manager

Consultant

Policymaker Engineer

■ Support for International Experiences

PhD course in Department of Hydrogen Energy Systems

■ International Internship ■ Competitive RA support

Master course in Department of Hydrogen Energy Systems ■ Hydrogen Engineering

Assoc. Prof.

Company Researcher

Venture Engineer Professor

■ International Recruitment

Hydrogen Energy Engineering (Thermodynamics, Strength of materials, Electrochemistry,

Materials science, Safety management)

Management Energy Policy

Hydrogen Energy Science ■ Advanced Hydrogen Energy Research ■ Lectures in English / International Internship ■ Management / Policy

■ International Review Process

Global Leaders

■ WPI Program (I2CNER) ■ PD in Collaborating Institutes

(Open for international students!)

• Monbukagakusho Scholarship (Japanese embassy recommendation) • Internal support (Research assistantship)�

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(1) Student exchanges (diploma study, 2nd subject in Ph.D thesis) (2) International standard / evaluation protocols (3) Industrial collaborations (EU!Japan) (4) Infrastructure (Hydrogen fuelling stations)

Collaboration opportunities