important concepts in chemistry-2.doc

7/21/2019 important concepts in chemistry-2.doc

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/important-concepts-in-chemistry-2doc 1/71

1 | P a g e



2 | P a g e

OBJECTIVE

In this seminar, we will discuss a few aspects including ‘the needs of a question and finding the key words

for answering this question’. You will also e gi!en a simple way of memori"ing certain topics. #e hopethat you will make use all the knowledge otained in this seminar towards achie!ing e$cellence in

chemistry consequently in your academic achie!ements that will make your family and school proud of

you.

EXAM FORMAT FOR SPM CHEMISTRY PAPERS

PAPER PAPER 1

[ 4541/1]

PAPER 2

[ 4541/2]

PAPER 3

[4541/3A]

Item

Obe!t"#e $%e&t"'(

Soalan objektif

%ultiple choice&

aneka pilihan

'

%ultiple comination&aneka pelengkap

S%be!t"#e $%e&t"'(

Item subjektif

Se!t"'( A

(tructured questions

Soalan berstruktur Se!t"'( B

)imited response questions

Soalan respon terhad Se!t"'( C

*pen response questions

Soalan respon terbuka

E)*e+"me(t/ Amali

S%be!t"#e $%e&t"'(

Item subjektif:

(tructured

Berstruktur

,%mbe+ '-

$%e&t"'(&

+ -answer all

/Jawab semua

Se!t"'( A

/ questions&6 soalan

-answer all& Jawab semuaSe!t"'( B

2 question&2 soalan

- choose one& pilih

satuSe!t"'( C

2 question&2 soalan

- choose one& pilih satu

(tructured questions

Item berstruktur:

(ection 0.0nalisis kuantitatif

1 & 2 question

1 / 2 soalan

-0nswer all& jawab semua)

(ection .

0nalisis kualitatif

1 question-compulsory&wai

T't. m.+0& +

1 3

042

41

.& t'

+e&*'(&e

%arked on *%5 formTanda pada borang !"

#ritten in the space pro!ided in

the question paper #itulis pada ruang dalam kertas

soalan

#ritten in the space pro!ided

in the question paper #itulis pada ruang dalam

kertas soalan

%+.t"'( '-

t"me1 hour 1+ minutes

2 hours 3 minutes 1 am

6+ minit

C'(&t+%!t

7nowledge& $engetahuan:

2 questions& soalan8nderstanding& %e&ahaman4

1+ questions& soalan

0pplication& 'plikasi:

1+ question&Soalan

7nowledge& $engetahuan4 169

8nderstanding& %e&ahaman42190pplication& 'plikasi4 2:9

0nalysing& 'nalisis: 219

(ynthesising&Sintesis4 1+9

(ciences process skill&

%emahiran proses sains

e#e '-

"--"!%t

)4 2+ questions& soalan

%4 1+ questions& soalan

;4 1 questions& soalan

)4+9

%439

;429



3 | P a g e

SCIE,CES PROCESS S6I I, PAPER 3/ KEMAHIRAN PROSES SAINS DALAM KERTAS 3

*perational operation & #e&inasi se(ara operasi:

<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

<<<<<<


<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<



6 | P a g e

*perational operation &

#e&inasi se(ara operasi:

<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<


<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

<<<<<<<<<<<<


<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<



+ | P a g e


<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

<<<<<<<


<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

<<<<<<<<<<<<<

<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

<<<<<<<<<<<<<

<<<<<<<


<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

<<<<<<<<<



/ | P a g e



<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

<<<<<<<<<



<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<



= | P a g e

<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

<<<<<<<<<<<....

<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<



> | P a g e

IMPORTA,T CO,CEPTS/ KONSEPKONSEP PENTIN!

STR7CT7RE OF ATOMS/STR76T7R ATOM

?etermine p, e, ' n @ isotopes & menentukan pe * n + isotop

-2 elements in Periodic Aale )/,2- unsur pertama dalam jadual Berkala)

B;,;e.)i,e,,C,Da,*,E,De,Da,%g,0l,(i,P,(,Cl,0r,7,CaF

;istory of the de!elopment of atomic model&Sejarah perkembangan model atomChanges in the state of matter -%elting and oiling point of naphthalene

& perubahan keadaan jirim ,takat lebur dan takat didih na&talena

E).m*e 1/ C'(t'8 19

?iagram elow shows the symols of the atoms of element G and Y. Ahe letter used are not the actualsymols of the elements.

"ajah dibawah menunjukkan s.mbol atom bagi unsur dan 0 uru& .ang digunakan bukan merupakan

unsur sebenar bagi unsur

E).m*e 2/ C'(t'8 29

Aale 1 shows the numer of protons and neutrons for four different atoms. Jadual 1 menunjukkan nombor proton dan neutron bagi empat atom .ang berbe3a

Aale 1 Jadual 1

At'm

,%mbe+ '- *+'t'(&

"ilan#an P$oton

,%mbe+ '- (e%t+'(&

"ilan#an neut$on

# 3 6

G / 12

Y / 13

H 1: 2

Do of electron4 <<<<<<<<<<

Bilangan elektron

lectron arrangement 4 <<<<<<<<<<

%on&igurasi elektron

Jroup4 <<<<<<<<<<

%umpulan

Isotopes 4 <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

Isotop

%eaning of Isotopes 4 <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<.

!aksud Isotop



: | P a g e

CHEMICA FORM7AE A, E:7ATIO,S /%ORM&LA DAN PERSAMAAN KIMIA

%ole concepts &konsep mol

-in!ol!e heating of caronate salts4 PC*3 ,CuC*3 ,HnC*3, %gC*3

,melibatkan pemanasan garam karbonat: $b45 4u45 n45 !g45 )B colour of residue @ Chemical test for C*2 F

7warna baki pemanasan + ujian kimia untuk 42 8

E).m*e 1/ C'(t'8 19

#hen 126g of copper-II caronate is 8e.te, b.!0 !''%+ of the residue and !''%+e&& ;.& produced.

'pabila 129g kuprum,II) karbonat dipanaskan baki pemanasan berwarna hitam dan gas tanpa warna

terhasil BJi!en that the relati!e atomic mass of Cu,/6K*,1/KC,124 Lolume of 1 mol of gas M 26 dm3 at room

conditionF

7#iberikan jisim atom relati& bagi 4u6916412: Isipadu 1 mol gas ; 29 dm 5 pada keadaan bilik8

Chemical equation 4 <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<. $ersamaan kimia

lack colour of residue 4 <<<<<<<<<< Baki pemanasan berwarna hitam

Colourless gas 4 <<<<<<<<<<<

<as tanpa warna

Chemical test for colourless gas 4

=jian kimia bagi gas tanpa warna

1%ethod4 >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

%aedah

2*ser!ation4 >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

$emerhatian5Conclusion4 >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

%esimpulan

http://var/www/apps/conversion/Downloads/Telegram%20Desktop/HEATING%20OF%20CARBONATE.ppt


http://var/www/apps/conversion/Downloads/Telegram%20Desktop/CHEMICAL%20TEST%20FOR%20CO2.pptx








1 | P a g e

PERIOIC TABE OF EEME,TS < CHEMICA BO,S

'AD&AL "ERKALA &NS&R ( IKATAN KIMIA

Jroup 1, 2 , 1= and 1> @ transition elements & %umpulan 121? dan 1@

B-Ee, Cu and %n @ Period 3 elements @ co!alent ond -CCl6 , C*2 F7,Ae4u dan !n) + unsur dalam kala 5 + ikatan koalen ,44l 9 42 8

E).m*e 1 / !'(t'8 19

?iagram elow shows part of the Periodic Aale of the lements. N,5,A,G and Y do not represent the actual

symol of the elements.

"ajah dibawah menunjukkan sebahagian daripada Jadual Berkala =nsurC"T dan 0 tidak mewakili

simbol sebenar bagi unsur

0mphoteric sustance -bahan am&oterik 4 <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

E).m*e 29

Eeme(t&

&nsu$

Ee!t+'( .++.(;eme(t

Susunan elekt$on

# 2.6

G 2.>.2

Y 2.>.=

Jroups-kumpulan) 4 A <<<<<<.K Y <<<<<<<.. K 5 <<...........................

0tomic si"e for A,G and Y - sai3 atom untuk T dan 0 44ascending order - se(ara menaik 4 <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<..

4 ?escending order - se(ara menurun 4 <<<<<<<<<<<<<<

Compound- sebatian 4 # @ Y <<<<<<<<<<<<< 4 G @ Y 4 <<<<<<<<<<<<<<.

Jroup -kumpulan 4 <<<<<.

Period -kala 4 <<<<<<<..







11 | P a g e

EECTROCHEMISTRY / ELEKTROKIMIA

lectrolytic cell&Loltaic cell & Sel elektrolisis/ sel oltan

E).m*e 1 ) *onto+ ,:

Ions present in DaCl solution

Ion .ang hadir dalam larutan Da4l : <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<.

Ion discharged ,ion .ang din.ah(askan4 Cathode-katod <<<<<K 0node -anod 4 <<<<

;alf equation ,setengah persamaan4Cathode-katod <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

0node -anod 4 <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

E).m*e 2 /C'(t'8 29

Aale / shows the description and oser!ation for two e$periments, I and II.

Oadual / menunukkan penerangan dan pemerhatian agi dua eksperimen, I dan II.

Ions present in Da2(*6 solution

Ion .ang hadir dalam larutan Da2S9 : <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<.

Ion discharged ,ion .ang din.ah(askan4 Cathode-katod <<<<<K 0node -anod 4 <<<<

;alf equation ,setengah persamaan4Cathode-katod <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

0node -anod 4 <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

Caron electrode G

Elektrod karbon Caron electrode Y

Elektrod karbon 0

1. mol dm 3 of (odium chloride solution

Farutan natrium klorida 1- mol dm G5

Chlorine gas<as klorin

;ydrogen gas<as hidrogen

C(- SE

Cations 0nion %ation 'nio

>>> >>

>>> >>

>>> >>>>> >>

>>> >>

>>> >>

>>> >>

>>>

>>>

>>>

>>>

>>>

>>>

>>>

>>>



12 | P a g e

ACIS A, BASES / ASID DAN "ES

(trong&weak acid, strong&weak alkali Calculation ased on chemical equation

Aitration

'sid kuat/ asid lemah alkali kuat/alkali lemah $engiraan berdasarkan persamaan kimia pentitratan

%eaning of -maksud agi4

(trong acid -asid kuat 4 <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<..

#eak acid -asid lemah 4 <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

(trong alkali -alkali kuat 4 <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<..

#eak alkali -alkali lemah 4 <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

,e%t+.C'(!e(t+.t"'( '- H< "(!+e.&e& C'(!e(t+.t"'( '- OH= "(!+e.&e&

1 2 3 4 5 > ? @ 1 11 12 13 14

%ethod ,kaedah 4 <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<.

5eaction ,tindak balas 4 <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

5eagent used -bahan uji .ang digunakan4 <<<<<<<<<..

Eunction of reagent - &ungsi bahan uji4 <<<<<<<<<<<<<<..

*ser!ation - pemerhatian 4 <<<<<<<<<<<<<<..

*ser!ation at the end point

- $emerhatian pada tahad akhir 4

<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

<<<<<<<<<

<<<<<<<<<



13 | P a g e

SATS

Preparing caronates salts & pen.ediaan garam karbonat

(oluility & keterlarutan

Cation and anion test & ujian kation dan anion:Cations&kation4 Hn2@ , Cu2@ , P2@

0nions / anion 4 (*62 ,D*3

, C*32=

E).m*e 1 / C'(t'8 19

".;+.m 3

Raja+ 3

?iagram 3 shows a series of process done y a student to identify a compound O. "ajah 5 menunjukkan satu siri tindak balas .ang dilakukan oleh pelajar bagi mengenal pasti sebatian J

Identify sustances& %enalpasti bahan:

Compound O&Sebatian J 4 <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<.

*$ide %&ksida ! 4 <<<<<<<<<<<<..

Jas ) 4 <<<<<<<<<<.

Colourless O (olution& Farutan tanpa warna J 4 <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<..

Cations present in reaction I& %ation hadir dalam tindak balas I 4<<<<<<<<<<..

Cations present in reaction II& %ation hadir dalam tindak balas II 4<<<<<<<<<<..

Compound OSebatian J

*$ide % & ksida ! Brown when hot, yellow when cooledF

7$erang masa panas kuning semasa

sejuk8

;eat

$anaskan

@ dilute nitric acid+ asid nitrik (air

Colourless O

solution

FarutanTanpa warna J

#hite

precipitate 5

mendakan putih "

5eaction II

Tindak balas II + Da2S9 ,aH)

#hite precipitate Ndissol!ed in e$cess sodium hydro$ide solution

!endakan putih C Farut dalam larutan natrium hidroksida berlebihan

5eaction ITindak balas I

+ Da ,aH)

< Jas )BColourlessF

<as F

7tanpa



16 | P a g e

$ample 2& Contoh 24

?iagram / shows the reaction scheme of lead-II caronate.

"ajah 6 menunjukkan skema tindak balas bagi plumbum, II karbonat

?iagram /

"ajah /

)ead-II caronate reacts with nitric acid to produce salt G, gas Y and water. Jas Y turns limewater chalky.

$lumbum,II) karbonat bertindak balas dengan asid nitrik untuk menghasilkan garam G,

gas Y dan air <as Y menukarkan air kapur menjadi keruh

Identify sustances& %enalpasti bahan:

Dame of reaction #&nama bagi tindak balas 4 <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<..

G 4 <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<.

H4 <<<<<<<<<<<<..

Jas Y 4 <<<<<<<<<<.

(alt G&<aram 4 <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<..

Colour of sustance H&arna bahan 4 <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<.



1+ | P a g e

RATE OF REACTIO, / 6AAR TI,A6 BAAS

Eactors temp, concentration ,catalyst and si"e & Aaktor suhu kepekatan mangkin dan sai3

E).m*e 1/C'(t'8 19

0 group of pupils carried out three e$periments to in!estigate the factors affecting the rate of a reaction.

Aale = shows information aout the reactants and the temperature used in each e$periment.

(ketch graph& Fakar gra&:

Eactor affect& &aktor .ang

mempengaruhi:

$perimen I and II4

<<<<<<<<<<<<

$periment II and III

<<<<<<<<<<<<.

Collision theory& teori perlanggaran:

$perimen I and II4

1. <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<..

2. <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

3. <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

6. <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

$periment II and III4

1. <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<..

2. <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

3. <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

6. <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

Q Concept& %onsep:

P R 0$is& $aksi S= &!.e/skala

A point&titik ) R smooth&li(in



1/ | P a g e

Eactor affect& &aktor .ang mempengaruhi:

$perimen I and II4

<<<<<<<<<<<<

$periment II and III

<<<<<<<<<<<<.

Collision theory& teori perlanggaran:

$perimen I and II4

1. <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<..

2. <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

3. <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

6. <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

$periment II and III4

1. <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<..

2. <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

3. <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<6. <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<



1= | P a g e

CARBO, COMPO7,S

(aturated -alkane @ unsaturated hydrocaron -alkene &hidrokarbon tepu ,alkana) + tak tepu ,alkena)

Isomers & Isomer -nM26

Process4 ?ehydration, ;ydration, 0dditions and sterification $roses: $endehidratan penhidratan tambahan dan pengesteran

E).m*e 1 / C'(t'8 19

Dame of process

Dama bagi proses

<<<<<<<<<<<<

Dame of process

Dama bagi proses

<<<<<<<<<<<<

;omologous series for compound E&siri homolog agi seatian E 4 <<<<<<<<<<<

Jeneral formula for compound E&Eormula am agi seatian E 4 <<<<<<<<<<<

Dame of compound E & Dama bagi sebatian A : >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

Stru(tural &ormula &or compound E&Eormula am agi seatian E 4

;omologous series for compound J&(iri homolog agi seatian J 4 <<<<<<<<<<<

Jeneral formula for compound J&Eormula am agi seatian J 4 <<<<<<<<<<< Dame of compound J & Dama bagi sebatian < : >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

Stru(tural &ormula &or compound E&Eormula am agi seatian E 4

http://var/www/apps/conversion/Downloads/Telegram%20Desktop/saturated%20and%20unsaturated%20hydrocarbon.ppt

http://var/www/apps/conversion/Downloads/Telegram%20Desktop/unsaturated.pptx

http://var/www/apps/conversion/Downloads/Telegram%20Desktop/saturated%20and%20unsaturated%20hydrocarbon.ppt

http://var/www/apps/conversion/Downloads/Telegram%20Desktop/unsaturated.pptx



1> | P a g e

$ample 2&Contoh 24

?iagram 6 shows the con!ersion of an organic compound from one homologous series to another.

"ajah 6 mennnjukkan penukaran sebatian organik daripada satu siri homolog kepada

.ang lain

?iagram 6

"ajah 9

Dame of& Dama bagi4

0lkene N& 'lkena C 4 <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

Compound #&Sebatian 4<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<..

Compound G&Sebatian 4<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

ster 04 <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<.



1: | P a g e

E).m*e 3 / C'(t'8 39

?iagram : shows the structural formulae of hydrocarons 0, , C, ? and .

"ajah menunjukkan &ormula strukturbagi hidrokarbon 0, , C, ? dan .

?iagram :

Raja+ -

ased on ?iagram :, identify which hydrocarons are isomers and state the names of the isomers.

Berdasarkan "ajah kenal pasti hidrokarbon .ang merupakan isomer dan n.atakan nama bagi

isomerGisomer itu

0nswer& Jawapan:



2 | P a g e

OXIATIO, A, RE7CTIO, / PE,O6SIAA, A, PE,7R7,A,

8tue4 Ee(*6 &7I @ acidified 7 2Cr 2*= & 7%n*6 & romine water & Chlorine water

5usting -water droplet ' $periment

TiubG=: AeS9 / %I + % 24r 2? / %!n9 / air bromine / air klorin $engaratan , titisan air * ekpsperimen)

E).m*e 1 / C'(t'8 19

Ionic equation at negati!e terminal& $ersamaan ion pada terminal negati&:

<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

Ionic equation at positi!e terminal& $ersamaan ion pada terminal positi&:

<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

*$idising agent& 'gen pengoksidaan:

<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

5educing agent& 'gen penurunan:

<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

Eunction of ;2(*6& Aungsi 2S9:

<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<.



21 | P a g e

E).m*e 29

?iagram : shows an apparatus setup to in!estigate the effect of two different

metals, G and Y on the rusting of iron, Ee.5aah : menunukkan susunan radas untuk mengkai kesan dua logam, G dan

Y yang erlainan ke atas pengaratan esi, Ee.

Dame for metal G& Dama bagi logam :

<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

*ser!ation in test tue 0&Pemerhatian dalam taung ui 04

<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<..

Dame for metal Y& Dama bagi logam 0:<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

*ser!ation in test tue &Pemerhatian dalam taung ui 4

<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<..

Aest tue 0Tabung uji ' Aest tue Tabung uji B

Eunction of potassium he$acyanoferrate-III& Aungsi bagi kalium heksasiano&erate,III)

<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<..



22 | P a g e

E).m*e 3 / C'(t'8 39

THERMO CHEMISTRY / TERMOKIMIA

;eat of neutrali"ation and ;eat of comustion & haba peneutralan dan haba pembakaran

Ahe thermochemical equation for the neutralisation reaction etween nitric acid and

sodium hydro$ide solution is gi!en elow.Persamaan termokimia agi tindak alas peneutralan antara asid nitrik dengan

larutan natrium hidroksida dierikan di awah.

?raw the energy le!el diagram&lukis gambar rajah aras tenaga:



23 | P a g e

CHEMICAS FOR CO,S7MERS / "AHAN KIMIA &NT&K PEN!!&NA

Eood additi!es @ soap -cleansing action& saponification& alloy

Bahan tambah makanan + sabun ,tindak balas pen(u(ian) / saponi&ikasi / alloi

E).m*e 1 / C'(t'8 19

Awo cleaning agents, O and 7, are used to wash clothes in sea water and

ri!er water. Aale 1 shows the result otained. #ua bahan pen(u(i J dan % digunakan untuk men(u(i pakaian menggunakan

air laut dan air sungai Jadual 1 menunjukkan kepntusan .ang diperoleh

Cleaning agent (ea water (ea water Bahan pen(u(i 'ir laut "ier water

O Eorms scum ?oes not form scum

!embentuk kekat Tidak membentuk kekat

7 ?oes not form scum ?oes not form scumTidak membentuk kekat Tidak membentuk kekat

Aale 1

Jadual 1

Dame for cleaning agent O

Damakan bahan pen(u(i J 4 <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

Dame for cleaning agent 7

Damakan bahan pen(u(i 74 <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<



26 | P a g e

$ample 2 & Contoh 24

?iagram =.3 shows the apparatus used to in!estigate how to remo!e an oily stain

from a cloth and the oser!ations made from that in!estigation.5aah =.3 menunukkan radas yang digunakan untuk mengkai agaimana

memersihkan kesan minyak daripada sehelai kain dan pemerhatian yang

diperoleh daripada kaian itu.

Dame for cleaning agent 0

Damakan bahan pen(u(i ' 4 <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

Dame for cleaning agent Damakan bahan pen(u(i 4 <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<



2+ | P a g e

$ample 3& Contoh 34

?iagram 1 shows the arrangement of atoms in two types of copper alloy.5aah 1 menunukkan susunan atom dalam dua enis aloi agi kuprum.

Pure metal in alloy G& Fogam tulen dalam aloi 4 <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<..

%ain impurity in alloy G&logam bendasing utama dalam logam 4 <<<<<<<<<<<.

Pure metal in ro"e& Fogam tulen dalam gangsa4 <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<..

%ain impurity in ron"e&logam bendasing utama dalam gangsa4 <<<<<<<<<<<.

Pure metal in Pewter& Fogam tulen dalam pewter 4 <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<..

%ain impurity in pewter&logam bendasing utama dalam pewter 4 <<<<<<<<<<<.

Pure metal in duralumin& Fogam tulen dalam duralumin4 <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<..

%ain impurity in duralumin&logam bendasing utama dalam duralumin4 <<<<<<<<<<<.



2/ | P a g e

MISTA6ES A,SERS COMMO,Y MAE BY THE CA,IATES

1. ;eating of caronates salts, the gas released turned lime water chalky. Dame the gas releasedS

$emanasan garam karbonat gas .ang terbebas akan mengeruhkan air kapur

42 gas B1 markF

Correct answer4 <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

2. #hat are the two ions in sea water that cause the information of scumS 'pakah dua ion dalam air laut .ang men.ebabkan pembentukan kekatK

4al(ium ions 4a+ and !agnesium ions !g+ B2 marksF

Correct answer4 <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<.

3. (tate the name of catalyst used in manufacture of sulphuric acid.

D.atakan nama bagi mangkin .ang digunakan dalam industri asid sul&urik

Lanadium oMide B1 markF

Correct answer4<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<..

6. Chlorine reacts with sodium to form a compound.

(tate the type of chemical ond in this compound %lorin bertindakbalas dengan natrium untuk menghasilkan satu sebatian

D.atakan jenis ikatan .ang terbentuk dalam sebatian tersebut

Ioni( (ompound B1 markF

Correct answer4 <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<..

+.

?iagram ao!e shows part of the periodic Aale of lements. N,5,A,G and Y do not

represent the actual symol of the elements. "ajah di atas menunjukkan sebahagian daripada Jadual Berkala =nsur C"T dan 0tidak mewakili unsur sebenar bagi unsur

-i 0rrange all the elements according to the increases in si"e of the atoms

Susun kesemua unsur mengikut penambahan sai3 atom

A,G,Y,N,5 B1 markF

Correct answer4 <<<<<<<<<<<<<<



2= | P a g e

-ii $plain why element 5 can e$ists a monoatomic gas.

Jelaskan mengapa unsur " boleh ujud sebagai gas monoatom

ItNs alread. a(hieed o(tet ele(tron arrangement Do need to donating

a((epting or sharing o& ele(trons

Correct answer4<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<..

<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<..

B2

marksF

/. ?iagram elow shows a sodium chloride compound, DaCl, that is produced y the formation of an

ionic ond etween a sodium ion, Da@, and a chloride ion, Cl.

"ajah dibawah menunjukkan sebatian natrium klorida Da4l .ang dihasilkan melalui pembentukan sebatian ion diantara ion natrium Da + dan ion klorida 4l G

;ow are a sodium ion and a chloride ion formed from their respecti!e atomsS

Bagaimanakah ion natrium dan ion klorida terbentuk daripada atom masingGmasingK

(odium ion 4 sodium donates ele(tron

Ion natrium

Chloride ion 4 (hlorine re(eied ele(tron B2 marksF

Ion klorida

Correct answer4

(odium ion4 <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

Chloride ion4 <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<..



2> | P a g e

=.

?iagram ao!e shows the arrangement of electron for sodium atom.

Erom the diagram, the nucleus contains "ajah di atas menunjukkan susunan elektron bagi atom natrium

#aripada rajah tersebut nukleus mengandungi

Eleen proton number and twele neutron number B 1 markF

Correct answer4 <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<.

>.

Ahe oser!ation for the electrolyte in cell G and cell Y is the same.

(tate the oser!ation and e$plain your answer. $emerhatian bagi elektrolit didalam sel dan sel 0 adalah sama

D.atakan pemerhatian dan jelaskan jawapan anda

The (olour o& (opper,II) sulphate will de(reases The (on(entration o& 4opper,II) ions inthe solution de(reases

4orre(t answer: >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>



2: | P a g e

MOE CO,CEPT/6O,SEP MO

0nswer 1&(oalan 1

(tep 1&)angkah 14

M

(tep2&langkah 24

5atio of mole&Disah mol

M



3 | P a g e

0nswer 2&(oalan 2

(tep 1&)angkah 14

M

(tep2&langkah 24


M



31 | P a g e

0nswer 3&(oalan 3

(tep 1&)angkah 14

M

(tep2&langkah 24


M



32 | P a g e

0nswer 6&(oalan 6

(tep 1&)angkah 14

M

(tep2&langkah 24


M



33 | P a g e

PRACTISES OR6 PROBEM FOR THE MOE

7SI, CO,VERSIO, FACTOR

E).m*e 19

Calculate the numer of moles of an atom which is found in 2>g of iron.7 "elatie atomi( mass : Ae O6 8

0nswer4 .+ mol

S'%t"'( 9

E).m*e 2 9

;ow much is the mass in gram of .+ mol caron dio$ide, C*2 S

7 "elatie atomi( mass : 4 12 16 8

0nswer4 22g

S'%t"'( 9

E).m*e 3 9

Calculate the numer of atoms found in 2>g of iron.

7 "elatie atomi( mass : AeO6 D ' ; 6-2 M 1-25 mol G1 8

0nswer4 3.1 $ 123 atoms

S'%t"'( 9

E).m*e 4 9

%ole,Ee M -2> g Ee -1mole Ee -+/ g Ee

M .+ mole Ee

%ass, C*2 M -.+ mole,C*2 -66 g C*2 -1 mole C*2

M 22. g C*2

Do of atoms Ee M -2>. g Ee-1. mole Ee

-+/. g Ee

M 3.1 $ 1 23 atoms Ee

-/.2 $ 1 23 atom

-1. mole Ee



36 | P a g e

Calculate the mass in gram for 1.+ $ 126 chlorine molecules.

- molar mass chlorine molecules,Cl24 =1.g K D0 M /.2 $ 123

0nswer4 1=/.:1 g Cl2

S'%t"'( 9

%ass Cl2 M -1.+ $ 1 26 molecules-1. mole Cl2

-/.2 $ 1 23 molecules

-=1. g Cl2

-1. mole Cl2

M 1=/.:1 g Cl2



3+ | P a g e

ACTIVITY 49

1. Eind the numer of moles in each question 4

-a 1 g sodium hydro$ide,Da*;

Bmolar mass Da*; M F

- 2 g copper-II sulphate,Cu(*6

Bmolar mass Cu(*6 M F

-c 1.66 g potassium sulphate,7 2(*6

Bmolar mass 7 2(*6 M F

-d 6.=+ g magnesium chloride,%gCl

-e 2.:= g "inc hydro$ide,Hn-*;2

-f 1.6>6 g sodium caronate,Da2C*3

-g 2.=/: g aluminum nitrate,0l-D*33

-h 32 g iron-III sulphate,Ee2-(*63

3+ . Important (on(epts in 4 h e m i s t r .



3/ | P a g e

-i +.22 g magnesium hydro$ide,%g-*;2

- 1./++ g lead-II nitrate,P-D*32

2. Eind the mass of 4

-a .+ mol sodium o$ide

- 1.2 mol tin-II chloride

-c .2+ mol copper-II caronate

-d .3 mol calcium chloride

-e .12+ mol iron-II sulphate

-f .36 mol potassium sulphate

-g .2 mol arium sulphate

3/ . Important (on(epts in 4 h e m i s t r .



3= | P a g e

-h .3 mol sil!er nitrate

-i .12 mol magnesium nitrate

- .+ mol calcium sulphate

Ans/e$:

1 ( a) -2O mol ,b) --12O mol ,() --6 mol ,d) --O mol ,e) --5 mol ,&) --19 mol ,g) --15 mol ,h) --@ mol ,i) -- mol

,j)---O mol

2 ,a) 51-g ,b) 22@-g ,() 51- g ,d) 555- g ,e) 1- g ,&) O16 g ,g) 966- g ,h) O1-g ,i) 1??6 g ,j)6@- g

ACTICITY 5 9

1. Eind the numer of atoms in 4

-a 6 g o$ygen atom 7a1O M 1-25 8

- 1.: g "inc 7a1@ M 1-22 8

-c 3 g magnesium 7a:?O M 1-22 8

,d) 2 g hydrogen atom 7a:12 M 1-29 8

,e) 1.> g iron 7a:1-@ M 1-25 8

3= . Important (on(epts in 4 h e m i s t r .



3> | P a g e

,&) .2 mol sulfur 7a:12 M 1-25 8

,g) .12> mol nitrogen atom 7a:?6@ M 1-22 8

2. Eind the numer of atom in 4

-a 6 g o$ygen 7a:5 M 1-25 8

,b) +./ g magnesium o$ide 7a:16@ M 1-25 8

,() 6.: g sulphuric acid 7a:21 M 1-25 8

,d) 1.> g magnesium sulphate 7a:O9 M 1-22 8

,e) 1.:/ g copper-II hydro$ide 7a:6 M 1-22 8

,&) 2.//2+ g aluminum nitrate 7a:?O M 1-22 8

3. Eind the numer of ion in 4

-a 6.: g dilute sulphuric acid 7a: M 1-22 8

,b) 1.> g aqueous magnesium sulphate 7a:1@ M 1-22 8

3> . Important (on(epts in 4 h e m i s t r .



3: | P a g e

,() 6.= g aquase copper-II nitrate 7a:9O M 1-22 8

,d) 1= g aqueous "inc chloride 7a:22O M 1-25 8

,e) 1= g aqueous sil!er nitrate 7a:12 M 1-25 8

,&) 616 g aqueous potassium caronate 7a:O9 M 1-29 8

6. Eind the mass of 4

-a 3 $ 123 o$ygen atom 7a:@ g8

,b) =.2 $ 123

"inc atom 7a:?@ g8

,() =.+ $ 122 sulfur atom Ba46 gF

,d) 1.> $ 121 lead atom 7a:-621g8

,e) 2.6 $ 122 magnesium atom 7a:-6 g8

3: . Important (on(epts in 4 h e m i s t r .



6 | P a g e

,&) 3 hydrogen atom 7aO M 1-G29 g8

,g) 12 helium atom 7a:12 M 1-G22 g8

ACTIVITY >9 MOE I, CHEMICA E:7ATIO, I

1 3.1 g of copper-II caronate is heated to produced copper-II o$ide and caron dio$ide

gas.

7 relatie atomi( mass &or 4u6941216 !olar Lolume is 229 dm5 at ST$8

CuC*3 Cu* @ C*2

Erom the reaction, calculate4

-a the mass of copper -II o$ide produced.

- the !olume of caron dio$ide gas produced at s.t.p

2 CaC*3 Ca* @ C*2

In this reaction, 3 cm3 gas caron dio$ide are produced when calcium caronate isheated.

7 relatie atomi( mass &or 4u6941216 !olar Lolume is 229 dm5 at ST$8

Calculate4

6 . Important (on(epts in 4 h e m i s t r .



61 | P a g e

-a the mass of calcium caronate used.

- mass of calcium o$ide produced.

5 2Da @ 2;2* 2Da*; @ ;2

#hen .23 g of sodium is added to water, the metal will react !igorously at the surface of the

water.

7"elatie atomi( mass &or Da25116!olar olume is 29 dm5 at room temperature8

Calculate4

-a the mass sodium hydro$ide produced.

- !olume of hydrogen gasses yang eing produced at temperature room.




62 | P a g e

9 2%g @ *2 2%g*

0 strip of magnesium has a weight of 1.2 g are eing urn in o$ygen to producedmagnesium o$ide.

7"elatie atomi( mass !g29168

Calculate4

-a the mass magnesium o$ide eing produced.

- the mass of o$ygen that needed for this reaction.

O C3;> @ +*2 3C*2 @ 6;2*

Propane gas was urned in o$ygen follow as equation ao!e. If 3.3/ dm 3 of caron dio$idegas are produced in this reaction at s.t.p.

7 relatie atomi( mass &or 412161 !olar Lolume is 229 dm5 at ST$8

Calculate4

-a the mass of propane urned

- !olume of o$ygen gas that reacted




63 | P a g e

6 20l @ 3Cu* 0l2*3 @ 3Cu

1.3+g of aluminium powder and copper -II o$ide was heated strongly in laoratory to

produced aluminium o$ide and copper.

7 relatie atomi( mass &or 'l2?164u698

-a the mass of copper -II o$ide reacted

- the mass of aluminium o$ide produced.

-c the mass of copper produced.

'nswer

1 ,a) 2 g ,b) -O6 dm5 2,a) 12O g ,b) -? g 5 ,a) -9g ,b) -12 dm5

9 ,a) 2 g ,b) -@ g O,a) 22 g ,b) O6 dm5 6,a) 6 g ,b) 2OO g ,() 9@ g




66 | P a g e

ACTIVITY > 9MOE I, CHEMICA E:7ATIO, II

1. 67 @ *2 27 2*

11.= g of potassium was urnt in ample o$ygen to produce potassium o$ide.

Calculate47"elatie atomi( mass: % 5 16 !olar Lolume is 29 dm5 at room temperature8

-a %ass of potassium o$ide eing produced

- Lolume of o$ygen reacts at room temperature

2. 2Ee @ 3Cl2 2EeCl3

33./ g of iron react with chlorine gas to produced iron -III chloride at room temperature.

Calculate47"elatie atomi( mass: Ae O6 4l 5OO !olar Lolume is 29 dm5 at room temperature8

-a %ass of iron -III chloride produced

- Lolume of chlorine gas reacts




6+ | P a g e

3. 2%g @ *2 2%g*

3.>6 g of magnesium was urnt in o$ygen gas to produced magnesium o$ide in a laoratory.Calculate4

B "elatie atomi( mass: !g 29 16 !olar Lolume is 29 dm5 at room temperature8

-a %ass of magnesium o$ide produced.

- Lolume of o$ygen reacts with magnesium at room temperature.

6. 27D*3 27D*2 @ *2

+.+ g of potassium nitrate was heated strongly to produce potassium nitrite and o$ygen gas

at standard temperature.

Calculate47"elatie atomi( mass: % 5 D 19 16 !olar Lolume is 229 dm5 at standard temperature8

-a %ass of potassium nitrite produced

- Lolume of o$ygen produced

6+ . Important (on(epts in 4 h e m i s t r .



6/ | P a g e

+. 2P-D*32 2P* @ 6D*2 @ *2

=.2>2 g of lead nitrate was heated strongly to produce products as ao!e at s.t.p. Calculate4

7"elatie atomi( mass: $b 2-? D 19 16 !olar Lolume is 229 dm5 at standard

temperature and pressure8

-a %ass of lead -II o$ide

- Lolume of nitrogen dio$ide released

-c Lolume of o$ygen produced in the e$periment.

/. 20l @ /;Cl 20lCl3 @ 3;2

3.26 g of aluminum powder are added to hydrochloric acid in a conical flask. Ahe reaction

released a hydrogen gas and produced a aluminum chloride solution.7"elatie atomi( mass: 'l 2? 4l 5OO 1 !olar Lolume is 29 dm5 at room temperature8

Calculate4

-a %ass of hydrochloric acid reacts with aluminum

- %ass of aluminum chloride produced

-c Lolume of hydrogen gas released at room temperature

6/ . Important (on(epts in 4 h e m i s t r .



6= | P a g e

=. 3%g @ Ee2*3 3%g* @ 2Ee

3 g of magnesium powder was added to iron -III o$ide and heated !ery strongly. Ahe

reaction produced a white fume of magnesium o$ide and a rown metal of iron.

7"elatie atomi( mass: !g 29 16 Ae O68

Calculate4

-a %ass of iron -III o$ide reacts with magnesium.

- %ass of the white fume released in the reaction

-c %ass of iron produced

6= . Important (on(epts in 4 h e m i s t r .



6> | P a g e

'nswer

1 ,a) 191 g ,b) 1@ dm5 2,a) ?O g ,b) 216 dm5 5,a) 69 g ,b) 12 dm5

9 ,a) 92O g ,b) -O6 dm5 O ,a) 9-6 g ,b) -@O6 dm5 ,() -2969 dm5

6 ,a) 1519 g ,b) 16-2 g ,() 952 dm5 ?,a) 66? g ,b) O g ,() 96? dm5

ACTIVITY ? 9 OBJECTIVE :7ESTIO,S

1 Ahe equation elow represents the reaction to e$tract aluminium from aluminium o$ide.

2A2O3 4A < 3O2

#hat is the mass of aluminium that can e e$tracted from 12 g of aluminium o$ideS

7"elatie atomi( mass: 16 'l2?8

0 13.+ g

2=. gC +6. g? 1>. g

2 XCO3 XO < CO2

Ahe equation ao!e shows the action of heat on the caronate salt of metal G.

;ow many moles of GC*3 are needed to produced 6. g of o$ide GS

7"elatie atomi( mass: 4 12 16 698

0 .3

.+

C .>

? .:

3 (ulphuric acid used as an electrolyte in a car attery has a concentration of .+ mol dm3.;ow many moles of sulphuric acid is there in 1 cm3S

0 .2+

.+C .1

? .+

6> . Important (on(epts in 4 h e m i s t r .



6: | P a g e

4 ?iagram 1 shows the setup of apparatus for the titration of potassium hydro$ide solution

with sulphuric acid.

?iagram 1

#hat is the total !olume of the mi$ture in the conical flask at the end point of the titration in?iagram 1 S

0 1 cm3

2 cm3

C 3 cm3

? 6 cm3

5 (tainless steel used to make surgical scalpels contains =1.+9 ferum, 1>.9 chromium, >.9

nickel, and 2.+9 other elements.If the mass of a surgical scalpel is /. g, what is the mass of ferrum in itS

0 6.> g

1.> gC 62.: g

? =1.+ g

6: . Important (on(epts in 4 h e m i s t r .

2 cm3 of potassium hydro$ide

solution .1 mol dm3 and

phenolphthalein as an indicator

(ulphuric acid .1

mol dm3



+ | P a g e

> ?iagram 2 shows an energy le!el diagram.

nergy

O -s @A2@-aq

O 2@-aq@ A -s

?iagram 2

ased on ?iagram 2, what is the increase in temperature of the solution if e$cess O powder is

added to + cm3 of A salt solution .2 mol dm 3S

7Spe(i&i( heat (apa(it. o& solution: 9- J g G1 -4 G1 8

0 6.6 C +.+ C

C >.> C? 11. C

? #hich of the following quantities of sustance contain / $ 122 moleculesS 7"elatie atomi( mass: 1 4 12 16 'ogadroNs 4onstant: 6 1-25 mol G1 8

I 1.> g water II 1. g hydrogen gas

III 3.2 g o$ygen gas

IL 6.6 g caron dio$ide

0 I and II only

III and IL only

C I, III, and IL only? I, II, III, and IL

> Ahe equation elow represents the decomposition of hydrogen pero$ide solution.

2;2*2-aq 2;2*-l @ *2-g

#hich of the following are produced when 1 mole of hydrogen pero$ide is decomposed

completelyS

71 mole o& gas o((upies 29 dm5 at room (ondition

'ogadroNs 4onstant: 6- 1-25 mol G1 8

+ . Important (on(epts in 4 h e m i s t r .

∆H=-220kJmol -1



+1 | P a g e

I 2 moles of water

II 12$ dm3 of o$ygen gas

III 3 $ 123 of o$ygen moleculesIL 1.2 $ 126 of water molecules

0 I and III only

I and IL onlyC II and III only

? II and IL only

:. #hat is the numer of molecules in 1 mole of ammonia, D;3S

8se the information that the 0!ogadro constant M /. $ 123 mol1

0 1.+ G 123 molecules /. G 123 moleculesC 1.2 G 126 molecules? 2.6 G 126 molecules

1. 0 compound with formula G2C*3 has a relati!e formula mass of 13>.#hat is the relati!e atomic mass of GS

8se the information that the relati!e atomic mass of C M 12 and * M 1/.

3:E /:J =>; 11

11. Ahe equation shows the reaction etween sulphuric acid and sodium hydro$ideS

H2SO4 < 2,.OH ,.2SO4 < 2H2O

#hat is the !olume of 1. mol dm3 sodium hydro$ide solution which can neutrali"e 2+.

cm3 of 1. mol 3 sulphuric acidS

I 12.+ cm3

O 2+. cm3

7 +. cm3

) =+. cm3

+1 . Important (on(epts in 4 h e m i s t r .



+2 | P a g e

12. 3.2 g of cooper-II o$ide powder is reacted with e$cess dilute nitric acid.

#hat is the mass of cooper-II nitrate formed in the reactionS

8se the information that the relati!e atomic mass of D M 16, * M 1/ and Cu M /6.

a. 3.=/ g . 6.:/ gc. +.6 gd. =.+2 g

13. Ahe reaction etween hydrochloric acid and "inc produces hydrogen gas. Ahe reaction iscomplete in + seconds and the ma$imum !olume of gas produced is 2+ cm3.

#hat is the a!erage rate of the reactionSa. .+ cm3 s1

. 1. cm3 s1

c. 2. cm3 s1

d. 6. cm3 s1

16. Yogurt is prepared y adding 2. cm3 of lime uice into 2. cm3 of fresh milk. It isfound that the temperature of the yogurt increase y 2.C.

#hat is the total amount of heat releasedS

8se the information that the specific heat capacity of yogurt M G O g1 C1.0ssume that 1 cm3 of solution is equal to 1 gram of solution.

a. 6G O . 22G Oc. 6G O

d. 66G O

1+. Ahe following equation shows the comustion of heptane, C=;1/, in e$cess o$ygen.

C=;1/ -l @ 112 -g =C*2 -g @ >;2* -l, T ; M + +12 kO mol1

Ahe comustion of heptane in e$cess o$ygen release 1 3=> kO of energy.#hat is the mass of heptane usedS

8se the information that the relati!e atomic mass of ; M 1 and C M 12.

a. 2+.g . 3/.gc. ==.gd. >>.g




+3 | P a g e

1/. Ahe picture shows a waste disposal site. Ahe acti!ity of microorganisms in the waste

produces methane gas.

#hat is the mass of methane gas producedS

Ji!en that the relati!e atomic mass of ;M1, CM12, and 1 mol of gas occupies 26dm3 at room

temperature and pressure.

0 12g

1/gC 21g

? 2=g

1=. + g of element G reacted with > g of elements Y to form a compound with the formula

GY2.#hat is the relati!e atomic mass of element GS

Ji!en that the relati!e atomic mass of YM>.

0 2+

6

C +? 1

1>. In e$periment 1 cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid solution is mi$ed with 1cm3 sodium

hydro$ide solution in a polystyrene cup. Ahe concentrations of the two solutions are thesame.

?uring the mi$ing the temperature of the mi$ture increased y =C. #hat is the heat releasedin the e$perimentS

Ji!en that the specific heat capacity of the solution 6.2O g 1 C1.

0. 16= O. 2:6 O

C. 661 O

?. +>> O

1:.

Ahe chemical formula for potassium he$acyanoferrate-III is 7 3Ee-CD/.#hat is its relati!e formula massSB5elati!e atomic mass of C M12, DM16, 7M3: and Ee M +/F

0 121 1::

C 2+1

? 32:




+6 | P a g e

2. 0 diase acid, ;2O has the concentration of .+ mol dm3

)etter O is not the actual symol of the element. #hat is the !olume of potassium hydro$ide,7*;, 1. mol dm3 that can neutrali"e 2+.cm3 of the ;2O acid solutionS

0 /.2+ cm3

12.+ cm3

C 2+. cm3

? +. cm3

21. Ahe following information shows the comustion of an e$periment to determine the heat

change for the comustion of propanol, C3;=*;.Lolume of water in the copper container M 3 cm3

Initial temperature of water in the copper container M 2=.+ C

;ighest temperature of water in the copper container M />.+C

#hat is the heat released y the comustion of propanol, C3;=*;SB(pecific heat capacity of water M 6.2O g1 CK water density M 1 g cm3F

0 36./+ kO

+1.// kO

C >/.31 kO? 12.:/ kO

22. ?iagram 2 shows three types of sustances.

#hich of the following is true aout the sustance in ?iagram 2S

I. Ahe numer of particles in gas H is 3$/U2$123

II. 0ll the sustances ha!e only /U2$123

particlesIII. Ahe numer of particles in liquid G is less than in gas H.IL. Ahe numer of particles in solid Y is two times greater than in liquid G.

0 I and II only

III and IL only

C I, II and IL only

? I, III and IL only.




++ | P a g e

23. #hich of the following gases contains U6 mol of atoms at room temperature and

pressureSB1 mol of gas occupies the !olume of 26 dm3 at room temperature and pressureF

0 6U > dm3 ;e

6U > dm3 ;2

C 6U > dm3 (*3

? 6U > dm3 C*2

26. Ahe following equation shows the decomposition reaction of copper-II caronate when

heated at room temperature and pressure.

CuC*3Cu* @ C*2

#hich of the following is ('t true when 1 mol of copper -II caronate is decomposedSB5elati!e atomic mass4 CM12, *M1/, CuM/6 and 1 mol of gas occupies the !olume of 26

dm3 at room temperature and pressure.F

0 1 mol of copper-II o$ide is formed

1 molecule of caron dio$ide gas is gi!en off

C > g copper-II o$ide is formed? 26 dm3 of caron dio$ide gas is gi!en off

2+. ?iagram 13 shows the neutrali"ation reaction etween a strong acid and a strong alkali.

?iagram 13

#hat is the !olume of the alkali needed to produced 1U6/2+ g of saltSB5elati!e atomic mass4 DaM23, ClM3+U+, ;M1, *M1/F

0 U+ cm3

U2+ cm3

C +U cm3

? 2+U cm3

++ . Important (on(epts in 4 h e m i s t r .



+/ | P a g e

2/. In an e$periment, 2U6 g of magnesium powder is added to 1 cm3 of 2U mol dm3

copper-II sulphate solution.Ahe temperature of the mi$ture increases y 1U C.

#hat is the heat of reaction in the e$perimentS

BSpe(i&i( heat (apa(it. o& a solution ; 9P2 J g G1-4 G1 "elatie atomi( mass o& !g ; 298

0 U62 kO mol1

U6> kO mol1

C 6U2 kO mol1

? 6U> kO mol1

+/ . Important (on(epts in 4 h e m i s t r .



+= | P a g e

THE MOE

TABE OF COMMO, A,IO,S

S"m*e

A("'(& F'+m%. O)'.("'(& F'+m%.

A("'(&

-+'m

O+;.("!

A!"&

F'+m%. Ot8e+ A("'(& F'+m%.

;ydride ; 0rsenate 0s*63 0cetate C;3C** Cyanide CD

*$ide *2 Phosphate P*63 Eormate ;C** 0mide D;2

Eluoride E 0rsenite 0s*33 Cyanate *CD

(ulfide (2 ;ydrogen

Phosphate;P*6

2 Pero$ide *22

Chloride Cl ?ihydrogen

Phosphate;2P*6

Ahiocyanate (CD

Ditride D3 (ulfate (*62 *$alate C2*6

2

romide r Ditrate D*3 ;ydro$ide *;

Iodide I ;ydrogen

(ulfate;(*6

Permanganate %n*6

Ditrite D*2

Ahiosulfate (2*32

(ulfite (*32

Perchlorate Cl*6

Iodate I*3

Chlorate Cl*3

romate r*3

Chlorite Cl*2

;ypochlorite *Cl

;yporomite *r

Caronate C*32

Chromate Cr*62

;ydrogenCaronate or

icaronate

;C*3

?ichromate Cr 2*=2

Q : indi(ating the presen(e o& oM.gen in a (hemi(al (ompound or ion

+= . Important (on(epts in 4 h e m i s t r .



+> | P a g e

TABE OF COMMO, CATIO,S

,.me '- !.t"'( F'+m%. ,.me '- !.t"'( F'+m%.,.me '-

!.t"'(F'+m%.

,.me '-

!.t"'(F'+m%.

ammonium D;6@ lithium )i@ aluminium 0l3@ lead-IL P6@

caesium Cs@ potassium 7 @ iron -III Ee3@ tin -IL (n6@

copper -I Cu@

sil!er 0g@

chromium -III Cr 3@

hydrogen ;@ sodium Da@

arium a2@ magnesium %g2@

calcium Ca2@ manganese -II %n2@

chromium -II Cr 2@ mercury -I ;g22@

copper -II Cu2@ mercury -II ;g2@

iron -II Ee2@ nickel-II Di2@

lead -II P2@ tin -II (n2@

"inc Hn2@

+> . Important (on(epts in 4 h e m i s t r .



+: | P a g e

ACTIVITY 1 9

RITE THE FORM7A OF THE COMPO7, A, CAC7ATI, REATIVE MOEC7AR

MASS

,' ,.me '- C'm*'%(F'+m%. '-

C'm*'%(

Re.t"#e M'e!%e M.&&/

Re.t"#e F'+m%. M.&&A(&De+

1 Copper-II chloride CuCl2

1Cu@2ClM 1-/6@ 2-3+.+ M 13+ 13+

2 Potassium chloride %4l 1% + 14l

;1,5)+1,5OO);?9O =6.+

3 (odium sulphate Da2S9

2Da+1S+9

;2,25)+1,52)+9,16);192 162

6 %agnesium sulphate !gS9

1!g +1S+9

;1,29)+1,52)+9,16);12- 12

+ Hink caronate n45

1n +14+5

;1,6O)+1,12)+5,16);12O 12+

/ Potassium nitrate %D5

1%+1D+5

;1,5)+1,19)+5,16);1-1 11

= Iron-II o$ide Ae1Ae+1

;1,O6)+1,16);?2 =2

> Calcium nitrate 4a,D5 )2

14a+2D+6

;1,9-)+2,19)+6,16);169 1/6

: arium sulphate BaS9

1Ba+1S+9;1,15?)+1,52)+9,16);255 233

1 Ain-II chloride Sn4l 21Sn+24l ;1,11)+2,5OO);1- 1:

11 )ead-II o$ide $b1$b+1

;1,2-?)+1,16);225 223

12 0luminium chloride 'l4l 51'l+54l

;1,2?)+5,5OO);155O 133.+

13 0mmonium nitrate D 9 D5

2D+9+5

;2,19)+9,1)+5,16);@- >

16 (odium nitrate DaD5

1Da+1D+5

;1,25)+1,19)+5,16);@O >+

1+ (il!er o$ide 'g 22'g+1

;2,1-@)+1,16);252 232

1/ Iron-III chloride Ae4l 51Ae+54l

;1,O6)+5,5OO);162O 1/2.+

1= (odium romide DaBr 1Da+1Br ;1,25)+1,@-);1-5 13

1> (odium o$ide Da22Da+1;2,25)+1,16);62 /2

1: )ead-II sulphate $bS9

1$b+1S+9

;1,2-?)+1,52)+9,16);5-5 33

2 )ithium o$ide Fi22Fi+1

;2,?)+1,16);5- 3

21 %agnesium nitrate !g,D5 )2

1!g+2D+6

;1,29)+2,19)+6,16);19@ 16>

22 Potassium iodide %I 1%+1I

;1,5)+1,12?);166 1//

23 Potassium sulphate % 2S9

2%+1S+9

;2,5)+1,52)+9,16);1?9 1=6

,' ,.me '- C'm*'%(F'+m%. '-

C'm*'%(

Re.t"#e M'e!%e M.&&/

Re.t"#e F'+m%. M.&&A(&De+

+: . Important (on(epts in 4 h e m i s t r .



/ | P a g e

26 %agnesium o$ide !g1!g+1

;1,29)+1,16);9- 6

2+ Iron-II caronate Ae45

1Ae+14+5

;1,O6)+1,12)+5,16);116 11/

2/ Caron dio$ide 42

14+2;1,12)+2,16);99 66

2= Copper-II caronate 4u45

14u+14+5;1,69)+1,12)+5,16);129 126

2> (odium iodide DaI 1Da+1I

;1,25)+1,12?);1O- 1+

2: 0mmonium nitrate D 9 D5

2D+9+5

;2,19)+9,1)+5,16);@- >

3 Copper-II hydro$ide 4u,)2

14u+2+2

;1,69)+2,16)+2,1);@ :>

31 Calcium caronate 4a45

14a+14+5

;1,9-)+1,12)+5,16);1-- 1

32 0mmonium sulphate ,D 9 )2S9

2D+@+1S+9

;2,19)+@,1)+1,52)+9,16);152 132

33 (odium caronate Da245

2Da+14+5

;2,25)+1,12)+5,16);1-6 1/

36 (il!er sulphate 'g 2S9

2'g+1S+9;2,1-@)+2,52)+9,16);599 366

3+ 0luminium o$ide 'l 25

2'l+5;2,2?)+5,16);1-2 12

3/ 0luminium sulphate 'l 2,S9 )5

2'l+5S+12

;2,2?)+5,52)+12,16);592 362

3= Iron-III o$ide Ae25

2Ae+5

;2,O6)+5,16);16- 1/

3> Iron-III sulphate Ae2,S9 )5

2Ae+5S+12

;2,O6)+5,52)+12,16);9-- 6

3: Potassium caronate % 245

2%+14+5

;2,5)+1,12)+5,16);15@ 13>

6 0cetic acid 4 54 24+9+2

;2,12)+9,1)+2,16);6- /

61 (ulphuric acid 2S9

2+1S+9

;2,1)+1,52)+9,16);@ :>

62 ;ydrochloric acid 4l 1+14l

;1,1)+1,5OO);56O 3/.+

63 Ditric acid D5

1+1D+5;1,1)+1,19)+5,16);65 /3

66 %agnesium hydro$ide !g,)2

1!g+2+2

;1,29)+2,16)+2,1);O@ +>

6+ Copper-II nitrate 4u,D5 )2

14u+2D+6

;1,69)+2,19)+6,16);1@@ 1>>

6/ %agnesium etanoat -C;3C**2%g94+6+9+1!g

;9,12)+6,1)+9,16)+1,29);192 162

6=%agnesium sulphate

hydrate%g(*6.=;2*

1!g+1S+11+19

;1,29)+1,52)+11,16)+19,1);296 26/

6>

Copper-II sulphate

hydrate Cu(*6.+;2*

14u+1S++1-

;1,69)+1,52)+,16)+1-,1);2O- 2+

6: utanoic acid C3;=C**;94+@+2

;9,12)+@,1)+2,16);@@ >>

+Potassiummanganese-LII

7%n*6

1%+1!n+9;1,5)+1,OO)+9,16);1O@ 1+>

CHEMICA E:7ATIO,S

C8em"!. e$%.t"'(& descrie chemical reactions which occur qualitati!ely and quantitati!ely.

/ . Important (on(epts in 4 h e m i s t r .



/1 | P a g e

:%."t.t"#e means4-a Aypes of reactants

- Aypes of products

-c Ahe physical states of reactants and products

CaC*3 -s < 2;Cl -aq CaCl2 -aq @ ;2* -l @ C*2 -g

Smb'& Me.(&CaC* 3 Calcium Caronate

;Cl ;ydrochloric acid

CaCl2 Calcium chloride

C*2 caron dio$ide

V Produces

-s (olid state

-aq 0queous state

-l )iquid

-g Jaseous state

T ;eat

W Jas released

X (olid precipitate

:%.(t"t.t"#e means4

-a Dumer of moles of reactants -CaC*3 and ;Cl and products -CaCl2 and C*2

Ahe (%mbe+ of moles of reactants and products are written in front of the chemical formulae.

C.CO3 & < 2HC .$ C.C2 .$ < H2O < CO2 ;

?escrie the chemical formula4

1 mole of calcium caronate ,CaC*3 reacts with 2 mole of hydrochloric acid, ;Cl to produce 1 mole of calciumchloride, CaCl2 , 1 mole of water, ;2* and 1 mole of caron dio$ide, C*2.

ACTIVITY 29

/1 . Important (on(epts in 4 h e m i s t r .



/2 | P a g e

I,STR7CTIO,S 9

ach of the equation elow is followed y a statement descriing the equation.

Eill in the lanks to indicate the numer of moles of each chemical.

1. 2Da -s @ Cl2-g 2 DaCl-s

2 moles of sodium metal -solid reacts with 1 mole of chlorine gas

to produce 2 sodium chloride solid.

2. C2;+r -l @ 2 D;3 -g C2;+ D;2 -l @ D;6r -g

1 mole of ethylromide reacts with 2 moles of ammonia gas

to produce 1 mole of ethylamine and 1 mole of ammonium romide.

3. 2 -g @ 3E2 -g 2E3-g

2 moles of oron gas reacts with 5 moles of fluorine gas

to produce 2 moles of oron trifluorida.

6. 2;2( -g @ 3*2 -g 2(*2 -g @ 2;2* -l

2 moles of hydrogen sulphide reacts with 5 moles of o$ygen gasto produce 2 moles of sulphur dio$ide gas and 2 moles of water.

+. 3D*2 -g @ ;2*-l 2;D*3 -l @ D*-g

5 moles of nitrogen dio$ide gas reacts with 1 mole of water

to produce 2 moles of nitric acid and 1 mole nitrous o$ide gas

ACTIVITY 39

I,STR7CTIO,4




/3 | P a g e

Eill in the lanks with the numer of moles after reading the sentence descriing the chemical equation.

1. 2 moles of sodium metal reacts with 1 mole of chlorine gas to produce 2

moles of sodium chloride solid.

2 Da - s @ Cl2 - g 2 DaCl -s

2. 6 moles of sodium romide reacts with 2 moles of sulphuric acid to produce

2 moles of hydrogen romide gas,2 moles of sodium sulphate liquid, 1 mole

of romine gas and 1 mole of sulphur dio$ide gas.

9 Dar - s @ 2 ;2(*6 -l 2 ;r - g @ 2 Da2(*6- l @ r 2-g @ (*2- g

3. 1 mole of phosphorus powder reacts with + moles of oygen gas to produce 2 moles of phosphorus pento$ide powder.

P6 - s @ O *2 - g 2P2 *+ -s

6. 2 moles of ammonia aqueous reacts with 1 mole of sulphuric acid aqueous

to produce 1 mole of ammonium sulphate aqueous.

2 D;3 -aq @ ;2(*6 -aq -D;62(*6 -aq

RITE A BAA,CE CHEMICA E:7ATIO,S




/6 | P a g e

+"te . b..(!e !8em"!. e$%.t"'(& are to ensure the numer of atoms -numer of moles of a chemical on the

left side is the same as the chemical on the right side.

$ample4 Hinc reacts with o$ygen to form "inc o$ide.

Left si0e Ri#+t si0e

Hn-s @ *2 -g Hn* -s

1 "inc atom 2 o$ygen atoms G 1 "inc atom, 1 o$ygen atom

T+e e1uation is not balan*e02

Ahere are t/o ');e( .t'm& on the left side ut only one ');e( .t'm on the right side.

Ao alance the equation we can write the numer 2 on the right side in front of Hinc o$ide molecule on the rightside.


Hn-s @ *2 -g 2 Hn*-s

1 "inc atom 2 o$ygen atoms G 2 "inc atoms, 2 o$ygen atoms

T+e e1uation is still not balan*e02

Ahere is one "(! .t'm on the left side ut tD' "(! .t'm& on the left side.

Ao complete alancing the equation we must write the numer 2 on the left side in front of the Hinc atom.


2Hn-s @ *2 -g 2 Hn* -s

2 "inc atoms 2 o$ygen atoms 2 "inc atom, 2 o$ygen atoms

T+e e1uation is balan*e02

ACTIVITIY 4




/+ | P a g e

alance the chemical equations elow.

e-t &"e R";8t &"e

-a %g @ Cl2 %gCl2

- Da2C*3 @ 2;Cl 2DaCl @ ;2* @ C*2

-c 2;2 @ *2 2;2*

-d CuC*3 Cu* @ C*2

-e D;3 @ ;Cl D;6Cl

-f 27I @ P-D*32 PI2 @ 27D*3

-g 2%g @ *2 %g*2

-h Hn @ 2;Cl HnCl2 @ ;2

-i CaC*3 @ 2;D*3 Ca-D*32 @;2* @ C*2

- CaC*3 Ca* @ C*2

/+ . Important (on(epts in 4 h e m i s t r .

%g M 1

Cl M 2%g M 1

Cl M 2

Da M 2

C M 1

* M 3; M 2

Cl M 2

Da M 2

C M 1

* M 3; M 2

Cl M 2

; M 6

* M 2

; M 6

* M 2

Cu M 1C M 1

* M 3

Cu M 1

C M 1

* M 3

D M 1

; M 6Cl M 1

D M 1

; M 6Cl M 1

7 M 2

I M 2P M 1

D M 2

* M /

7 M 2I M 2

P M 1

D M2

* M /

%g M 2

* M 2

%g M 2

* M 2

Hn M 1

; M 2

Cl M 2

Hn M 1

; M 2

Cl M 2

Ca M 1C M 1

* M :

; M 2

D M 2

Ca M 1C M 1

* M :

; M 2

D M 2

Ca M 1

C M 1

* M 3

Ca M 1C M 1

* M 3



// | P a g e

ACTIVITY 59

#rite formulae of reactants and products for a alance chemical equation4

? CuC*3 4u @ C*2

@ 2Da @ 2;2* 2 Da @ 2

2 !g @ *2 2%g*

1- C3;> @ +2 3C*2 @ 6;2*

11 20l @ 3Cu* 'l 25 @ 3Cu

/. CaC*3 @ 2 4l CaCl2 @ 2 @ 42

ACTIVITY >9

#riting a alanced chemical equation4

1. Copper-II caronate Copper-II o$ide @ Caron dio$ide

4u45 4u + 42

2. %agnesium @ *$ygen %agnesium o$ide

2!g + 2 2!g

3. Potassium @ *$ygen Potassium o$ide

2% + 2 2% 2

6. 0luminum @ *$ygen 0luminum o$ide

9'l + 52 2'l 25

+. Hinc @ *$ygen Hinc o$ide

2n + 2 2n

/. )ead-II caronate )ead-II o$ide @ Caron dio$ide

$b45 $b + 42

=. %agnesium @ Chlorine %agnesium chloride

!g + 4l 2 !g4l 2

>. Potassium @ Chlorine Potassium chloride

2% + 4l 2 2%4l

// . Important (on(epts in 4 h e m i s t r .



/= | P a g e

:. Iron @ Chlorine Iron-III chloride

2Ae + 54l 2 2Ae4l 5

1. Hinc @ Chlorine Hinc chloride

n + 4l 2 n4l 2

11. %agnesium @ Copper-II o$ide %agnesium o$ide @ Copper

!g + 4u !g + 4u

12. (odium @ Copper-II o$ide (odium o$ide @ Copper

2Da + 4u Da2 + 4u

13. Hinc @ )ead-II o$ide Hinc o$ide @ )ead

n + $b n + $b

16. Calcium @ )ead-II o$ide Calcium o$ide @ )ead

4a + $b 4a + $b

1+. Iron @ )ead-II o$ide Iron-II o$ide @ )ead

Ae + $b Ae + $b

1/. 0luminum @ Ain-II chloride 0luminum chloride @ Ain

2'l + 5Sn4l 2 2'l4l 5 + 5Sn

/= . Important (on(epts in 4 h e m i s t r .



/> | P a g e

IO,IC E:7ATIO,S

0n ionic equation is a chemical equation in which electrolytes are written as dissociated ions. Ionic equations are

used for single and doule displacement reactions that occur in aqueous solutions. Eor e$ample in the following precipitation reaction4

CaCl2-aq @ 20gD*3-aq Ca-D*32-aq @ 20gCl-s

the full ionic equation would e4

Ca2@ @ 2Cl @ 20g@ @ 2D*3 Ca2@ @ 2D*3

@ 20gCl-s

and the net ioni( equation would e4

2Cl-aq @ 20g@

-aq 20gCl -s

or, in redu(ed alanced form,

0g@ @ Cl 0gCl -s

In this aqueous reaction the Ca

2@

and the D*3

ions remain in solution and are not part of the reaction. Ahey aretermed &*e!t.t'+ "'(& and do not participate directly in the reaction, as they e$ist with the same o$idation state on

oth the reactant and product side of the chemical equation.

In a neutrali"ation or acid& ase reaction, the net ionic equation will usually e4

;@ @ *; ;2*

Ahere are a few acid&ase reactions that produce a precipitate in addition to the water molecule shown ao!e. 0ne$ample would e the reaction of arium hydro$ide with phosphoric acid ecause the insolule salt arium

phosphate is produced in addition to water.

?oule displacement reactions that feature a caronate reacting with an acid ha!e the net ionic equation4

2 ;@ @ C*32 ;2* @ C*2

If e!ery ion is a Zspectator ionZ, then there was no reaction, and the net ionic equation is null.

SPECTATOR IO,

0 &*e!t.t'+ "'( is an ion that e$ists as a reactant and a product in a chemical equation. (pectator ions can e

oser!ed in the reaction of aqueous solutions of sodium chloride and copper -II sulfate4

2Da@-aq @ 2Cl

-aq @ Cu2@-aq @ (*6

2-aq V 2Da@

-aq @ (*62

-aq @ CuCl2 -s

Ahe Da@ and (*62 ions are spectator ions since they remain unchanged on oth sides of the equation. Ahey simply

ZwatchZ the other ions react, hence the name. Ahey are present in total ionic equations to alance the charges of the

ions. In reaction stoichiometry, spectator ions are remo!ed from a complete ionic equation to form a net ionicequation. Eor the ao!e e$ample this yields4

(o4 2Da@-aq @ 2Cl

-aq @ Cu2@-aq @ (*6

2-aq V 2Da@

-aq @ (*62

-aq @ CuCl2 -s

-#here $ M (pectator ion

M 2Cl-aq @ Cu2@

-aq V CuCl2

E).m*e 19

/> . Important (on(epts in 4 h e m i s t r .

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolyte

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_displacement_reaction

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_displacement_reaction



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqueous



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solution

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectator_ion


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidation_state


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutralization_(chemistry)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_(chemistry)



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barium_hydroxide


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphoric_acid


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonate




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactant


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_(chemistry)


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_equation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqueous_solution


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_chloride


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_(II)_sulfate





http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoichiometry



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolyte


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_displacement_reaction



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solution



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutralization_(chemistry)









http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_equation









/: | P a g e

#rite the alanced net ionic equation for the reaction of aqueous sodium hydro$ide and aqueous hydrochloric acid Ste ,9 #rite the alanced 4E!I4'F EC='TID

Da*; -aq @ ;Cl -aq ;2* -l @ DaCl -aq

Ste* 24 #rite the TT'F IDI4 EC='TID

Da@ @ *; @ ;@ @ Cl ;2*-l @ Da@ @ Cl R

Ste* 39 #rite the DET IDI4 EC='TID In this e$ample, Da@ and Cl are spectator ions. Ahey do not undergo change in the reaction. Aherefore, they

are remo!ed.

*; @ ;@ ;2*-l

E).m*e 29

Ahe reaction of calcium caronate with hydrochloric acid to form calcium chloride, water, and caron dio$ide4

Chemical quation4 CaC*3-s @ 2;Cl-aq CaCl2-aq @ ;2*-l @ C*2-g

Aotal Ionic quation4 CaC*3-s @ 2;@-aq @ 2Cl

-aq Ca2@-aq @ 2Cl

-aq @ ;2*-l @ C*2-g

Det Ionic quation4 CaC*3-s @ 2;@-aq Ca2@

-aq @ ;2*-l @ C*2-g

E).m*e3:

#rite the ionic equation for the word equation

(odium -s @ hydrochloric acid -aq sodium chloride -aq @ hydrogen -g

Solution:

Ste* 19 #rite the chemical equation and alance it.

2Da -s @ 2;Cl -aq 2DaCl -aq @ ;2 -g

Ste* 29 (plit the ions. -*nly compounds that are aqueous are split into ions.

2Da -s @ 2;@-aq @ 2Cl

-aq 2Da@-aq @ 2Cl

-aq @ ;2 -g

Ste* 39 Cancel out spectator ions. -(pectator ions are ions that remain the same in their original states

efore and after a chemical reaction.

2Da -s @ 2;@-aq @ 2Cl

-aq 2Da@-aq @ 2Cl

-aq @ ;2-g

Ste* 49 #rite a alanced ionic equation

2Da -s @ 2;@-aq V 2Da@

-aq @ ;2 -g

/: . Important (on(epts in 4 h e m i s t r .



= | P a g e

E).m*e 44 (il!er nitrate and 5uidium chloride

*!erall quation4

0gD*3 -aH @ 5Cl-aH 0gCl- s @ 5D*3 -aH

Aotal Ionic quation4

0g@ -aH @ D*3 -aH @ 5@-aH @ Cl-aH 0gCl- s @ 5@-aH @ D*3 -aH

Det Ionic quation40g@ -aH @ Cl-aH 0gCl- s

E).m*e 5 4 mercury -II nitrate and hydrochloric acid

*!erall quation4;g-D*32 -aH @ 2;Cl -aH ;gCl2 - s @ 2;D*3 -aH


;g2@-aH @ 2 D*3 -aH @ 2 ;@

-aH @ 2 Cl -aH ;gCl2 - s @ 2 ;@ -aH @ 2 D*3-aH

Det Ionic quation4

;g 2@-aH @ 2 Cl -aH ;gCl2 - s

E).m*e >9 calcium chloride and sodium caronate

*!erall quation4

CaCl2 -aH @ Da2C*3 -aH 2 DaCl-aH @ CaC*3 - s


Ca2@-aH@ 2 Cl -aH @ 2 Da@ -aH@ C*3

2 -aH 2 Da@-aH @ 2 Cl

-aH @ CaC*3 - s

Det Ionic quation4

Ca2@-aH @ C*3

2 -aH CaC*3 - s

E).m*e ?4 magnesium nitrate and calcium chloride

*!erall quation4

%g-D*32 -aH @ CaCl2 -aH Ca-D*32 -aH @ %gCl2 -aH


%g2@ -aH @ 2 D*3 -aH @ Ca2@ -aH @ 2 Cl -aH Ca 2@

-aH @ 2 D*3 -aH @ %g2@

-aH @ 2 Cl -aH

Det Ionic quation4

Do 5eaction E).m*e @4 potassium sulfate and arium chloride

*!erall quation4

7 2(*6 -aH @ aCl2 -aH a(*6 - s @ 2 7Cl -aH

Aotal Ionic quation42 7 @ -aH@ (*6

2 -aH @ a 2@ -aH @ 2 Cl -aH a(*6 - s @ 2 7 @-aH@ 2 Cl -aH

= . Important (on(epts in 4 h e m i s t r .



=1 | P a g e

Det Ionic quation4a 2@ -aH @ (*6

2 -aH a(*6 - s

Prolem 14

#rite a alanced net ionic equation for the reaction of solid sodium hydro$ide with nitric acid.

'nswer:

Da ,s) + D5 ,aH) 2 ,l) + DaD5 ,aH)

Da ,s) + + + D5 G 2 ,l) + Da+ + D5 G

Da ,s) + + 2 ,l) + Da+

Prolem 24#rite a alanced net ionic equation for the reaction of aqueous sil!er nitrate with aqueous sodium chloride

'nswer:

Da4l ,aH) + 'gD5 ,aH) 'g4l ,s) + DaD5 ,aH)

Da+ + 4l G + 'g + + D5 G 'g4l ,s) + Da+ + D5

G

'g + + 4l G 'g4l ,s)

Prolem 34#rite a alanced net ionic equation for the reaction of solid arium =1sulphate with sodium caronate.

'nswer:

BaS9 ,s) + Da245 ,aH) Ba45 ,s) + Da2S9 ,aH)

BaS9 ,s) + 2Da+ + 45

2G Ba45 ,s) + 2Da + + S9

2G

BaS9 ,s) + 452G Ba45 ,s) + S9

2G

Documents

important concepts in chemistry-2.doc