Improving PA Management - WWF Rapid Assessment

8/6/2019 Improving PA Management - WWF Rapid Assessment

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Improving ProtectedArea ManagementWWF's Rapid Assessment and Prioritisation Methodology

Forests for LifeProtect, Manage, Restore


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Acronyms:IUCN World Conservation Union

NGO Non-Governmental OrganisationNTFP Non-Timber Forest ProductPA Protected AreaTNC The Nature ConservancyWCPA World Commission on Protected AreasWWF World Wide Fund for Nature

This summary document was written for WWF by JamisonErvin of Hardscrabble Associates, September 2001.

WWF, in collaboration with its partners and affiliates hasdeveloped the Rapid Assessment and PrioritisationMethodology. This methodology has been extensively peerreviewed, field tested in several countries and is currentlybeing utilised in China, Russia and South Africa.

For more information about the Rapid Assessment and

Prioritisation Methodology, please visit:www.panda.org/forests4life/parkassessment


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Contents

Introduction 1

Process and description of the methodology 2

Relation to other assessment methodologies 3

Analysis 1: Protected area management 4

planning, inputs and practices

Analysis 2: Pressures and threats 5

Analysis 3: Biological and socio-economic priorities 6

Analysis 4: Trends and outlook 6

Lessons from utilisation and field-testing 7

Conclusions 8

Questionnaire 10


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Int roduction

There are more than 44,000 protected areas worldwide (Phillips, 2000)

covering over 10% of the earth s forests (WCMC, 2001). These protected

areas fulfil an array of ecological and social functions. Yet many of theseareas are under threat.

A WWF/World Bank survey of ten countries in 1999 found that only 1% of

forest protected areas are considered secure, and a quarter are suffering serious

degradation (Stolton & Dudley, 1999). Similarly, a study of 93 protected areas

throughout the tropics found that at least 20% had experienced some degree

of land clearing (Bruner et al, 2001). In China s Wolong Nature Reserve a

study found the loss, degradation and fragmentation of giant panda habitatactually accelerated after the creation of the reserve, in some instances even

faster than surrounding areas (Liu et al, 2001).

Clearly protected areas worldwide face an uncertain future. These studies

underscore the urgent need to assess and monitor protected areas in order to

ensure that they fulfil the objectives for which they were established.

The World Wide Fund for Nature s Forests for Life Programme has developed

the Rapid Assessment and Prioritisation Methodology to promote improved

management of protected areas. This methodology is a powerful tool that

can assist protected area managers and policy makers in gauging the

effectiveness of their protected area systems. By providing data about the

threats, security, status and management practices of each area, the Rapid

Assessment and Prioritisation Methodology can provide a snapshot of the

overall effectiveness of an entire protected area system. It can also perform

several other functions: it can highlight the strengths and weaknesses of a

protected area system; identify weak and ineffective policies; uncover the

scope and severity of a variety of threats; gauge the degree of degradation;

and help to determine priorities according to the importance, vulnerability

and urgency of each protected area.

Improving Protected Area Management 1


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A set of guidelines and recommendations have been developed for implementing the RapidAssessment and Prioritisation Methodology. The first of these is that the objectives of implementing the methodology should be clear from the outset; the use and distribution of information, the participants, available resources, timeframe and follow-up steps should allbe determined in advance. Secondly, the methodology is best suited to certain conditions,including a climate of trust and cooperation between park managers and administrators; anda system of protected areas with clear and similar objectives.

Finally, WWF strongly recommends that the methodology be implemented using one ormore participatory workshops with park managers, policy makers and stakeholders. Multipleperspectives can help ensure more accurate data, and can contribute to a deeper understandingof the conditions and threats of a protected area.

The methodology involves five steps. The first step is to identify the range of protectedareas to be included in the assessment. This step will depend on the objectives of theassessment. The KwaZulu Natal Wildlife Service of South Africa, for example, is assessingall protected areas within the province in order to gain a province-wide perspective. In the

forests of the Upper Yangtze River, WWF is focusing on protected areas sharing a commonobjective the protection of giant panda habitat. In Russia, The World Conservation Union(IUCN) and WWF are teaming up to assess all federal level protected areas nation-wide.

The second step is to assess existing data, including satellite images, needs assessments,annual reviews and scientific studies. Such data can be used to supplement and/or validatequestionnaire responses.

The third step is to administer the Questionnaire. In order to ensure consistent interpretationof questions and to foster discussion and analysis, WWF strongly recommends that thequestionnaire be administered as part of a participatory workshop, unless cultural normsdictate otherwise.

The fourth step is to analyse the data, both for each protected area as well as a comparativeanalysis across the system. Some analyses include the vulnerability, biological and socialurgency, and overall management effectiveness.

The final step is to identify next steps and prioritise actions based on the findings.

Numerous organisations have developed their own methodologies for assessing protectedarea effectiveness; Hockings (2000) reviewed 26 of these. These vary tremendously in theirbreadth, depth and focus. In general, however, they fall into two types adaptive managementassessments, and broad, comparative assessments. The former is a detailed, field-basedapproach that tracks improvements over time and provides managers with the in-depth analysesthey need to adapt their management practices. The latter is a broader approach that comparesmany protected areas, and provides policy makers with the ability to track system-wide trends,and to develop and prioritise appropriate policies and programmes.

In order to provide a consistent approach to assessing protected area management effectivenessworldwide, the World Commission on Protected Areas (WCPA) has developed an overallassessment framework (Hockings et al, 2000). WWF s Rapid Assessment and PrioritisationMethodology is one of several ongoing efforts to develop assessment tools that are consistentwith WCPA s framework.

The WCPA framework includes six main assessment elements: context, planning, inputs,

processes, outputs and outcomes. The Rapid Assessment and Prioritisation Methodologycontains all six assessment elements, as illustrated in Figure 1.

Relation to other assessment methodologies

Process and description of the methodology

2 Improving Protected Area Management


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Context

Biological, socialand economicimportance

Site conditions Threats PA policies Policy

environment

PA Designand Planning

Objectives PA site design PA system

design Legal status

Inputs

PA funding Staff Equipment

Transportation Facilities

ManagementProcesses

Information andcommunication

Data

management Management

planning Monitoring and

research Financial

management

ManagementOutputs

Enforcement Boundary

demarcation

Fulfilment ofwork plan

Education Restoration Prevention

Outcomes

Degree ofdegradation

Trends

over time

Figure 1: Assessment Elements in the Rapid Assessment and Prioritisation Methodology

WWF s Rapid Assessment and Prioritisation Methodology is designed to be a broad,comparative assessment of the effectiveness of a protected area system. It can answer questionssuch as: What are the threats facing a number of protected areas and how serious are these

threats? How do protected areas compare with one another in terms of infrastructure andmanagement capacity? What is the urgency for taking action in each protected area? What isthe overall level of integrity and degradation of each protected area? How well do national andlocal policies support the effective management of protected areas? It also provides data foreach protected area in a system, and can be used as a baseline for future monitoring and evaluation.

The Rapid Assessment and Prioritisation Methodology can complement more detailed, site-level assessments by serving as a trip-wire for identifying individual areas that may warrantfurther study. It can also help in identifying broad programme areas, such as training or lawenforcement that may require detailed, site-level data. Figure 2 shows how two assessmentmethodologies could be used in tandem.

Figure 2: The Nature Conservancys Measures of Success Methodology and WWFs

Rapid Assessment Methodology: Two Complementary Approaches to Assessing

Protected Areas

Both The Nature Conservancy (TNC) and WWF have developed methodologies for assessing protected areas. Both consider activities thathave had a harmful impact on biological resources. Both focus on strategies to mitigate future threats.

These two assessment systems can be used in tandem. A broad and rapid assessment can help identify vulnarable, degraded and high prioritysites; a site-level assessment can help identify specific steps to prevent and mitigate stress to the area, and measure progress over time.

WWFs Rapid Assessment

and PrioritisationMethodology

PA system-wide level Analysis focused on threats,

pressures and policyinterventions

TNCs Site ConservationPlanning/Measures of Success Methodology

Site-level Analysis focused on

impacts to biodiversity andtheir causes

Actions aimed at improvingbiodiversity health

Develops system-wide strategies Assesses current and future threats in relation

to management objectives Considers influences on protected areas Focuses on management effectiveness Focuses on policy-level intervention

Considers pressures (stresses) and sources of stress

Measures specific stress to ecosystems Focuses on biodiversity health Develops site-level abatement strategies

for sources of stress Emphasises restoration and management measures



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Some Analyses

Analysis 1: Protected Area Management Planning, Inputs and PracticesThis analysis covers three aspects of protected area management: planning, inputs and practices.Planning includes questions on protected area objectives, legal status and security, and PAsite design and planning. Inputs asks questions on communications and information systems,equipment, transportation and facilities. Practices include questions on management practices,research, and monitoring and evaluation. The resulting analysis, as depicted in these graphs,is a broad picture of the overall management effectiveness of a protected area.

Planning

0123456

Ave3a 3b 3c 3d 3e Ave2a 2b 2c 2d 2e Ave1a 1b 1c 1d 1e Ave

Practices

0123456


Inputs

0123456


Combining the data sets of many protected areas enables broad comparisons of managementeffectiveness and identifies trends and patterns across an entire protected area system. Thegraph below depicts the results of management effectiveness for ten separate protected areas.

Comparison

of inputs,

Practices and

Policies for 10

Protected

Areas

0

5

10

15

20

25

PA 1

30

35

40

PA 2 PA 3 PA 4 PA 5 PA 6 PA 7 PA 8 PA 9 PA 10

14

13

3

7

32

13

14

6

14

15

7

9

6

7 8

8

5

15

14

7

13

7

6

12

14

7

9

9

4

PracticesInputsPlanning



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Analysis 2: Pressures and ThreatsPressures are forces or events that have already had a detrimental impact on the integrity of theprotected area. Threats are potential pressures which are likely to occur or continue in the future.Pressures and threats, which may include legal and illegal activities, should be determined inrelation to the objectives of each protected area. The graphs below depict the degree of pressuresand threats for a single protected area, which can be expressed by a numerical index.

Analysing the degree of an array of threats and pressures from many protected areas enablesa general understanding of their severity and persistence system-wide. The two graphs belowdepict all threats and pressures for a number of protected areas. The percentage indicates theoccurrence of each pressure and threat across the entire system.

Degree of Pressure Degree of Threat

12-16

6-9

3-4

1-2

M a g n

i t u

d e

Shortterm

1

Mediumterm

2

Longterm

3

Perma-nent

4

8Poaching

4Tourism

Permanence

12-16

6-9

3-4

1-2

M a g n

i t u

d e

Shortterm

1

Mediumterm

2

Longterm

3

Perma-nent

4

8Tourism

6Poaching

Permanence

Pressures System-wide Threats System-wide

12-16

6-9

3-4

1-2

M a g n

i t u d e

Shortterm

1

Mediumterm

2

Longterm

3

Perma-nent

4

85%Poaching

22%Tourism

15%Agriculture

65%Grazing

4%Mining

Permanence

12-16

6-9

3-4

1-2

M a g n

i t u d e

Shortterm

1

Mediumterm

2

Longterm

3

Perma-nent

4

10%Mining

70%Poaching

Permanence

15%Agriculture

55%Grazing

60%Tourism



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Analysis 3: Biological and Socio-economic PrioritiesThis analysis looks at the biological and socio-economic urgency of each protected area, asdetermined by its degree of threat and its biological and socio-economic importance. Thegraphs below depict the biological and socio-economic urgency for a single protected area.

Biological Priority

5

O v e r a

l l D e g r e e o

f T h r e a

t

Biological Importance

1 0

1 5

2 0

2 5

3 0

3 5

4 0

4 5

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

5 0

PA 1

Socio-economic Priority

5

O v e r a

l l D e g r e e o

f T h r e a

t

Socio-economic Importance

1 0

1 5

2 0

2 5

3 0

3 5

4 0

4 5

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

5 0

PA 1

By comparing the data from multiple sites, policy makers can assess which areas might receivehighest priority. In the graphs below, areas 1, 2, 12 and 8 would likely have the highestbiological priority, while areas 1 and 2 would likely have the highest socio-economic priority.

Analysis 4: Trends and OutlookThreats and pressures occur in a historical context. By understanding trends over time, certainpatterns can emerge that may help in mitigating and preventing pressures across the protectedarea system. This analysis considers the changes in pressures over the last ten years, thecurrent level of pressures, and the outlook for threats over the next ten years. The figurebelow depicts the general trend in the past (the left arrow), as well as the expected outlook for the future (the right arrow) for a range of pressures and threats of a single protected area.

Biological Priority

5

O v e r a

l l D e g r e e o

f T h r e a

t

Biological Importance

1 0

1 5

2 0 2

5

3 0

3 5

4 0

4 5

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

5 0

PA 9

Socio-economic Priority

5

O v e r a

l l D e g r e e o

f T h r e a

t

Socio-economic Importance

1 0

1 5

2 0 2

5

3 0

3 5

4 0

4 5

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

5 0

PA 9

PA 7

PA 6

PA 3

PA 5

PA 4 PA 1 PA 8

PA 2

PA 12

PA 11

PA 10

PA 8PA 7

PA 10 PA 3

PA 6

PA 5

PA 4 PA 1

PA 2

Tourism NTFP s Poaching Overalloutlook



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Comparing the overall trends and outlook for multiple protected areas can help in identifyingwhich protected areas may be most vulnerable, as well as provide a system-wide analysisof various policy issues. The figure below depicts the overall outlook for eight protectedareas. The information could also be presented according to individual pressures and threatssystem-wide.

Lessons from utilisation and field-testing

South AfricaKwaZulu Natal Wildlife Service of South Africa is undertaking an assessment of 115 protectedareas in the province in order to prioritise future funding allocations.

The results from the assessment will help the organisation identify the most vulnerableprotected areas. They will also improve public awareness of the problems facing protectedareas, and bolster efforts to increase governmental spending on protected area management.

The assessment, which includes both forested and grassland savannah areas, has so farrevealed a number of threats across the region. Some of these include the spread of diseasesfrom domestic cattle, the unsustainable collection of non-timber forest products, and theinvasion of alien plant species.

ChinaWWF completed an assessment of 21 interconnected protected areas, located on the easternedge of the Tibetan Plateau. These areas, which range in size from 7,600 hectares to 200,000hectares, all provide habitat for the giant panda, the tarkin and the golden monkey.

The results of the assessment revealed some serious threats, including ineffective reservedesign and management, conflicts with local communities, and encroachment on critical pandahabitat. In addition, the assessment highlighted a systematic lack of policy support for conservation.Because cultural traditions prevent open criticism of protected area management in a workshopsetting, WWF staff are seeking ways to triangulate data, through a series of direct questionnaires,personal interviews and secondary information sources.

WWF plans to use the methodology more broadly to assess protected areas within theforests of the Upper Yangtze - one of WWF s Global 200 Ecoregions.

Protectedarea 1

Protectedarea 2

Protectedarea 3

Protectedarea 4

Protectedarea 5

Protectedarea 6

Protectedarea 7

Protectedarea 8



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RussiaWWF and IUCN's Temperate and Boreal Forest Programme are collaborating on a projectto implement the Rapid Assessment and Prioritisation Methodology across all federal-levelprotected areas throughout Russia. The assessment process will include a series of regionalworkshops and meetings with protected area officials and local stakeholders. The project isalso aimed at increasing civic capacity and involvement in protected area management.

Threats highlighted during preliminary workshops included recreation, hunting, miningand logging. One of the unintended benefits of the workshops has been improved communicationand understanding between the Ministry of Natural Resources, protected area managers,researchers and NGO representatives.

AlgeriaThere is a strong oral tradition within the country. Data gathering techniques were modifiedto allow individual, informal meetings. Results demonstrated a systemic gap in research,monitoring and conservation capacity. Traditional and indigenous practices contribute to theconservation of the protected area, but are under-recognised. The main threats to protectedareas include grazing and logging.

MexicoAn assessment of ten protected areas in Mexico highlighted the need to consider social andcultural issues more carefully, to broaden participation to stakeholders, and to provide clearinstructions for the methodology s use.

Cameroon and GabonMost threats in the areas assessed are beyond the control of protected area administrators.Effective management will require national and international intervention. Most large-scalethreats are the result of pressures caused by European and Asian logging companies. Theremoteness of the area, and the inadequate communication infrastructure, meant that far moretime was spent collecting information than planned.

Protected areas vary substantially from region to region and from country to country. Theirmanagement effectiveness, degree of degradation, vulnerability, and biological and socialurgency differ considerably. The analyses presented in this methodology can enable policymakers to sort through large amounts of complex, multi-variable information, and to answerkey questions such as:

Which protected areas are most at risk? Which protected areas should receive priority? Which protected areas have strong capacity, and which are weak? Which protected areas warrant more detailed, in-depth assessments? Which protected areas are the most strategic conservation investments? What are the overall strengths and weaknesses in the protected area system? What policy interventions might be needed?

The Rapid Assessment and Prioritisation Methodology is simply a tool for asking thesequestions in a systematic way. The follow-up steps that may develop as a result of implementing

this methodology are the most important outcome of the assessment exercise.

Conclusions



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References

Bruner, A., R. Gullison. R. Rice & G. da Fonseca. 2001. Effectiveness of parks in protectingtropical biodiversity. S cience . Vol. 291. Pp. 125-128.

Dudley, N. and S. Stolton, 2000. Assessing Management Effectiveness in Protected Areas ,WWF; IUCN and the World Bank, Gland and Washington DC

Hockings, M. 2000. Evaluating protected area management: A review of systems for assessingmanagement effectiveness of protected areas . The University of Queensland, School of Naturaland Rural Systems Management, Occasional Paper 7 (3).

Hockings, M., S. Stolton, and N. Dudley, 2000. Evaluating effectiveness: A framework for assessing management of protected areas . IUCN Cardiff University Best Practice Series,IUCN Cambridge and Gland.

Liu, J., M. Linderman, Z. Ouyang, L. An, J. Yang & H. Zhang. 2001. Ecological degradation

in protected areas: The case of Wolong Nature Reserve for giant pandas. Science . Vol 292,pp. 98-101.

Phillips, A., 2000. Caring for the assets The effectiveness of protected areas management.In Rana and Edelman (eds.), pp 189 -205

Rana, D and E. Edelman, (eds.) 2000. The Design and Management of Forest Protected Areas , Papers presented at the Beyond the Trees Conference.

World Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC) , http://www.unep-wcmc.org



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NOTES

a) The PA provides economic opportunities for individualswithin or near the PA.

b) The PA demonstrates opportunities for sustainabledevelopment, consistent with the PA objectives.

c) The PA has a high level of subsistence and/or traditionaluse by local communities.

d) The PA has religious or spiritual significance.

e) The PA has unusual features of aesthetic importance (e.g.hot springs, scenic vistas, geoheritage areas).

f) The PA contains species of high social or economic value(e.g. medicinal value, food prototypes).

g) The PA has high value for education and or scientific research.h) The PA has high recreation value.i) The functions of the ecosystems within the protected area

contribute significant social or economic benefits (e.g.water recharge area).

j) The local community or economy is highly dependent,either directly or indirectly, upon the resources in the

protected area.

5. SOCIAL IMPORTANCEy m/y m/n n u0 0 0

0 0 00

a. Over the past 10 years,this activity has:

Increased sharplyIncreased slightlyRemained constantDecreased slightly

Decreased sharply

6. PRESSURESPressure:

NOTES

The impact of this pressure over the past 10 years has been:b. Range c. Impact d. Permanence

Throughout (>50%) Severe impact Permanent (>500 years)Widespread (15-50%) High impact Long term (100-500 years)Scattered (5-15%) Moderate impact Medium term (10-100 years)Localized (


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a. Over the past 10 years,this activity has:

Increased sharplyIncreased slightly

Remained constantDecreased slightlyDecreased sharply

6. PRESSURESPressure:

NOTES

The impact of this pressure over the past 10 years has been:b. Range c. Impact d. Permanence

Throughout (>50%) Severe impact Permanent (>500 years)Widespread (15-50%) High impact Long term (100-500 years)

Scattered (5-15%) Moderate impact Medium term (10-100 years)Localized (500 years)Widespread (15-50%) High impact Long term (100-500 years)Scattered (5-15%) Moderate impact Medium term (10-100 years)

Localized (500 years)Widespread (15-50%) High impact Long term (100-500 years)Scattered (5-15%) Moderate impact Medium term (10-100 years)Localized (500 years)Widespread (15-50%) High impact Long term (100-500 years)

Scattered (5-15%) Moderate impact Medium term (10-100 years)Localized (500 years)Widespread (15-50%) High impact Long term (100-500 years)Scattered (5-15%) Moderate impact Medium term (10-100 years)Localized (


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NOTES

a) The area is difficult to monitor, either because of too fewstaff, large size of the area, or remoteness.

b) The protected area management is under pressure to undulyexploit the natural resources of the protected area (e.g. is

expected to generate sufficient revenue to pay expenses,or is under pressure by special interest groups).

c) Bribery and corruption is common throughout the region.d) The area is experiencing civil unrest.e) Cultural practices, beliefs and traditional uses conflict

with the objectives of the protected area.f) The resource value of the protected area is high (e.g. the

protected area has stands of high quality timber, richmineral resources, high potential for hydropowerdevelopment, grazing capacity).

g) The area is easily accessible (e.g. near major roads, airstrips

and/or waterways).h) There is a strong demand for and trade in, products from

the protected area (e.g. desirable timber species, endangeredplant and animal species).

i) The area surrounding the protected area is experiencingsharp economic and/or population pressures (e.g. landshortages, widespread poverty, food shortages, high growth).

j) Recruitment and retention of employees is difficult (e.g.large scale disease, emigration).

8. LOCAL CONTRIBUTING FACTORSy m/y m/n n u

NOTES

a) The area is susceptible to, and has a diminished capacityto prevent, natural catastrophes (e.g. flood, fire, insectoutbreaks) because of widescale over-exploitation of natural resources and/or suppression of natural processes.

b) The area is susceptible to climate induced changes, includinga) protected areas with ecosystems at the limits of thelatitudinal extent of their range; b) protected areas with highelevation forests; c) protected areas with low-altitude,shoreline mangrove forests; and/or d) protected areas thatare subject to storms of increasing frequency and intensity.

c) The area is susceptible to air pollution and acidification(e.g. prevailing wind patterns transport air pollution, and/orthe ecosystems within the protected area are sensitive tothe effects of acidification.)

d) The area is susceptible to invasive, exotic species.e) The integrity of the hydrology of the PA is dependent upon

adjacent and/or regional land use (i.e. the area is susceptibleto water pollution, desertification, and/or salinization of the water table)

9. REGIONAL AND LOCAL INFLUENCESy m/y m/n n u



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NOTES

a) The number of staffing is sufficient to effectively managethe area.

b) Staff members have adequate skills to conduct managementactivities.

c) There is clear internal organization (e.g. job descriptions).d) Staff support (e.g. training, supervision, monitoring) is

appropriate to the needs of the staff.e) Staff employment conditions (e.g. salaries, benefits,

working environment) are sufficient to retain staff.

10. STAFFy m/y m/n n u

NOTES

a) There is effective communication between all PA staff andadministration.

b) There are adequate means of communication betweenfield and office staff (.e.g. telephones, two-way radios,internet access, fax machines).

c) There are adequate systems for processing informationand data (e.g. computers, software, filing systems).

d) Data about the PA is available and relatively recent (e.g.satellite imagery, aerial photos, field study reports).

e) There is effective communication with local communitiesregarding all aspects of PA management.

11. COMMUNICATION AND INFORMATIONy m/y m/n n u

NOTES

a) Transportation means are adequate to enable effectivemonitoring and other critical management activities.

b) Equipment for field-level data collection is adequate (e.g.field glasses, back country gear, GPS monitors).

c) Staff facilities are adequate (e.g. staff offices, researchstations, field offices).

d) Maintenance and care of equipment is adequate to ensurelong-term use.

e) Visitor facilities (e.g. trails, signs, camping areas) areappropriate to the level of visitor use.

12. TRANSPORTATION AND FACILITIES

y m/y m/n n u

NOTES

a) There is a comprehensive, relatively recent writtenmanagement plan.

b) There is an up-to-date natural resources inventory, includingmaps of the area.

c) There is an analysis of, and strategy for addressing, PAthreats and pressures.

d) Specific goals and targets are identified for achieving

management objectives within a clear timeframe.e) Management planning continually incorporates and adapts

to new learning.

13. MANAGEMENT PLANNINGy m/y m/n n u


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NOTES

a) Management goals, targets and prescriptions are fulfilledwithin a reasonable timeframe.

b) There is an active restoration program, consistent with thedegree of pressures.

c) There is an active prevention program, consistent with thedegree of threats.

d) Education and outreach programs are consistent with thelevel of need in the area.

e) Financial management practices enable efficient andeffective management.

14. MANAGEMENT PRACTICESy m/y m/n n u

NOTES

a) The impact of legal and illegal uses of the PA are accuratelymonitored and recorded.

b) Research needs are clearly identified and prioritized.c) Staff performance and progress on targets are

periodically reviewed.d) The results of research and monitoring are routinely

incorporated into management planning.e) Research in the PA on key ecological and social issues

(e.g. species population trends, harvest of non-timber forestproducts) is consistent with the pressures and threats.

15. RESEARCH, MONITORING AND EVALUATIONy m/y m/n n u

The remaining three sets of questions pertain to system-wide analyses. These questions would not be included in the

questionnaire for each protected area, but would be discussed as part of the workshop.

NOTES

a) The PA system adequately represents the full diversity of ecosystems at a landscape level throughout the region.

b) The PA system adequately protects against the extinctionor extirpation of any species by protecting sites of rare,threatened and endangered species and their habitats.

c) The PA system consists primarily of exemplary andintact ecosystems.

d) Sites of high conservation value for key species areadequately protected.

e) The PA system allows for natural processes to occur at alandscape level throughout the country.

f) The PA system includes the protection of transition areasbetween ecosystems.

g) The PA system includes a diversity of successional andseral stages at the landscape level across the region.

h) Sites of high biodiversity are protected.i) Sites of high endemism are protected.

j) The layout and configuration of protected areas optimizes

the conservation of biodiversity.

16. PROTECTED AREA SYSTEMy m/y m/n n u



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NOTES18. PROTECTED AREA SYSTEM DESIGNy m/y m/n n u

0

a) Laws related to protected areas (e.g. land use planning,land tenure, forestry and agriculture) complement PAmanagement and do not conflict with PA objectives.

b) There is sufficient commitment and funding to effectivelymanage and administer protected areas.

c) Goals of environmental protection and sustainabledevelopment are systematically incorporated into all aspectsof policy development.

d) There is a high degree of communication between naturalresource-related departments, ministries, and agencies (e.g.parks, wildlife, tourism, recreation, forestry, agriculture).

e) There is effective enforcement of PA-related laws andordinances at local, regional and national levels.

f) National policies promote widespread environmentaleducation at all levels.

g) National policies support sustainable forestry managementpractices throughout the public and private forestry sectors.

h) National policies promote the full array of public andprivate mechanisms for enabling land conservation (e.g.private reserves, market-driven certification, logger training,tax incentives).

i) There is adequate environmental training and educationfor government employees at all levels across all sectors. j) National policies foster dialogue and participation with

civic and environmental NGOs.

NOTES

a) National PA policies clearly articulate a vision, goals andobjectives for the protected area system.

b) There is an adequate percentage of land cover underprotection, consistent with the degree of biodiversity within

the region and the resources of the country.c) There is a clear and demonstrated commitment to protecting

a fully viable and representative PA network at a landscapelevel throughout the region.

d) There is a comprehensive inventory of the biologicaldiversity throughout the region.

e) There is an assessment of the historical range of variabilityof various ecosystem types throughout the region.

f) There are clear restoration targets for underrepresentedand/or degraded ecosystems throughout the region,consistent with the degree of past degradation.

g) There is ongoing research on critical PA-related issues.h) The PA system is periodically reviewed for gaps and

weaknesses (e.g. biodiversity gap analyses).i) There is an effective training and capacity-building program

for PA managers and administrators. j) PA management, including management effectiveness, is

routinely evaluated.

17. PROTECTED AREA POLICIESy m/y m/n n u


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INTERNATIONALSECRETARIATAvenue du Mont-Blanc1196 Gland, SwitzerlandTel: +41 22 364 9111Fax: +41 22 364 5358President (Acting): Sara MorrisonDirector General: Claude Martin

AUSTRALIAGPO Box 528, SydneyNSW 2001Tel: +61 2 9281 5515Fax: +61 2 9281 1060President: Robert PurvesChief Executive: David Butcher

AUSTRIA

Postfach 1, 1162 ViennaTel: +43 1 488 17 0Fax: +43 1 488 17 29Chairperson: Helmut PechlanerChief Executive: G nther Lutschinger

BELGIUMBoulevard Emile Jacqmain 901000 BrusselsTel: +32 2 340 09 99Fax: +32 2 340 09 33President & Chairperson: Guido RavoetChief Executive: Xavier Ortegat

BHUTANWWF Bhutan Programme OfficePost Box 210, Chubachu, ThimphuTel: +975 2 323 528Fax: +975 2 323 518Representative: Kinzang Namgay

BOLIVIAPO Box 1633Santa CruzTel/Fax: +591 3 342 9714Representative: Roger Landivar

BRAZILSHIS EQ QL 6/8, ConjuntoE 2 andar, 71620-430 BrasiliaTel: +55 61 364 7400Fax: +55 61 364 7474President & Chairperson: Jos RobertoMarinhoChief Executive: Garo Batmanian

CAMEROONBastos BP 6776, Yaounde

Tel: +237 221 70 83

Fax: +237 221 42 40

Representative: Laurent Magloire Som

CANADA

245 Eglinton Ave East, Suite 410

Toronto, Ontario M4P 3J1

Tel: +1 416 489 8800

Fax: +1 416 489 3611Chairperson: Michael de Pencier

Chief Executive: Monte Hummel

CENTRAL AFRICA

BP 9144, Libreville

Gabon

Tel: +241 73 00 28

Fax: +241 73 80 56

Representative: Dr Frank Attere

CENTRAL AMERICA

Centro Agron mico Tropical de

Investigaci n y Ense anza

Turrialba, 7170 Catie, Costa Rica

Tel: +506 556 1383

Fax: +506 556 1421

Acting Representative: Steve Gretzinger

CHINA

Room 901, The Gateway

10 Yabao Road

Chaoyang District

Beijing 100020

Tel: +86 10 6595 9891

Fax: +8610 65915731Representative: Jim Harkness

COLOMBIA

Carrera 35 #4A-25

San Fernando, Cali, Valle

Tel: +57 2 558 2577

Fax: +57 2 558 2588

Representative: Mary Lou Higgins

DANUBE/CARPATHIAN

Postfach 1, 1162 Vienna

AustriaTel: +431 488 17 253

Fax: +431 488 17 276

Representative: Phil Weller

DENMARK

Ryesgade 3 F, 2200 Copenhagen N

Tel: +45 35 36 36 35

Fax: +45 35 24 78 68

Chairperson: Johan Schroeder

Chief Executive: Kim Carstensen

EASTERN AFRICA

PO Box 62440, Nairobi, Kenya

Tel: +254 2 577 355

Fax: +254 2 577 389

Representative: Samuel Kanyamibwa

EUROPEAN POLICY

36 Avenue de Tervuren B12

1040 Brussels, Belgium

Tel: +32 2 743 88 00

Fax: +32 2 743 88 19

Representative: Tony Long

FINLAND

Lintulahdenkatu 10

00500 Helsinki 50

Tel: +358 9 774 0100

Fax: +358 9 774 02139

President & Chairperson: Elisabeth

Rehn

Chief Executive: Timo Tanninen

FRANCE

188 Rue de la Roquette

75011 Paris

Tel: +33 1 55 25 8484

Fax: +33 1 55 25 8474

President: Daniel Richard

Chief Executive: Cedric du Monceau

GERMANY

Postfach 190 440

60326 Frankfurt/Main

Tel: +49 69 79 1440

Fax: +49 69 61 7221

Chairperson:

Carl-Albrecht von Treuenfels

Chief Executive: Georg Schwede

GREECE

26 Filellinon Street, 105 58 Athens

Tel: +30 1 331 4893Fax: +30 1 324 7578

President: Thymio Papayannis

Chief Executive: Demetres Karavellas

HONG KONG

GPO Box 12721

Hong Kong

Tel: +852 2526 1011

Fax: +852 2845 2734

Chairperson: Markus Shaw

Chief Executive: Winnie Sek

HUNGARY

Nmetv lgyi t 78/b

1124 Budapest

Tel: +36 1 214 5554

Fax: +36 1 212 9353Representative: L szl Haraszthy

INDIA

172-B Lodi Road

Max Mueller Marg

New Delhi 110 003

Tel: +91 11 469 1760

Fax: +91 11 462 6837

President: Jamshyd N. Godrej

Chief Executive: Meeta R. Vyas

INDOCHINA

International PO Box 151

Hanoi, Vietnam

Tel: + 84 4 733 8387

Fax: + 84 4 733 8388

Representative: Eric Coull

INDONESIA

PO Box 5020 JKTM 12700, Jakarta

Tel: +62 21 576 1070

Fax: +62 21 576 1080

Chairperson: Haroen Al Rasjid

Chief Executive: Agus Purnomo

ITALY

Via Po 25/c

00198 Rome

Tel: +39 06 844 9 71

Fax: +39 06 853 00 612

President: Fulco Pratesi

Chief Executive: Cesare Martinelli

JAPAN

Nihonseimei Akabanebashi Bldg.

3-1-14 Shiba, Minato-ku

Tokyo 105-0014Tel: +81 3 3769 1711

Fax: +81 3 3769 1717

Chairperson: Teruyuki Ohuchi

Chief Executive: Michio Hino

MACROECONOMICS FOR

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

1250 24th St NW

Washington, DC 20037-1175

Tel: +1 202 778 9752

Fax: +1 202 293 9211

Representative: David Reed

The WWF Network



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MADAGASCAR

BP 738, Antananarivo 101

Tel: +261 20 22 34885

Fax: +261 20 22 34888

Representative:

Jean-Paul Paddack

MALAYSIA49 Jalan SS23/15

47301 Petaling Jaya

Tel: +60 3 7803 3772

Fax: +60 3 7803 5157

Chairperson: Tengku Adlin

Chief Executive:

Dato Mikaail Kavanagh

MEDITERRANEAN

Via Po 25/c

00198 Rome, Italy

Tel: +39 06 844 97227Fax: + 39 06 841 3866

Representative: Paolo Lombardi

MEXICO

Ave Mexico No. 51

Col Hipodromo Condesa

06170 Mexico DF

Tel: +525 286 5631

Fax: +525 286 5637

Representative: Juan Bezaury

NEPAL

Post Box 7660, Kathmandu 2

Tel: +977 1 410942

Fax: +977 1 438458

Representative:

Chandra Prasad Gurung

NETHERLANDS

Postbus 7, 3700 AA Zeist

Tel: +31 30 6937 333

Fax: +31 30 6912 064

Chairperson: Hans Wijers

Chief Executive: Hans Voortman

NEW ZEALAND

PO Box 6237, Wellington

Tel: +64 4 4992930

Fax: +64 4 499 2954

Chairperson: Paul Bowe

Chief Executive: Jo Breese

NORWAY

Postboks 6784, St Olavs plass

0130 Oslo

Tel: +47 22 03 6500

Fax: +47 22 20 0666

Chairperson: Christian N. Sibbern

Chief Executive: Rasmus Hansson

PAKISTAN

PO Box 5180, Lahore 54600

Tel: +92 42 586 2360

Fax: +92 42 586 2358

President: Brig. Mukhtar Ahmed

Chief Executive:

Ali Hassan Habib

PERU

Casilla Postal 11-0205

Lima 11

Tel: +51 1261 5300

Fax: +51 1463 4459

Representative: Edgar Maravi

PHILIPPINES

No 69 Masikap Extension Cor,

Marunong Street

Diliman, 1101 Quezon City

Tel: +632 433 3220Fax: +632 426 3927

Chairperson:

Jaime Zobel de Ayala

Chief Executive: Jose MA Lorenzo Tan

RUSSIA

19 Nikoloyamaskaya Street.

bd.3, 109240 Moscow

Tel: +7 095 727 0939

Fax: +7 095 727 0938

Representative: Igor Chestin

SOUTH AFRICA

Private Bag X2, Die Boord

Stellenbosch 7613

Tel: +27 21 888 2800

Fax: +27 21 888 2888

Chairperson: Ton Vosloo

Chief Executive: Ian Macdonald

SOUTHERN AFRIC A

PO Box CY 1409, Causeway

Harare, Zimbabwe

Tel/Fax: +263 252533

Representative: Harrison O Kojwang

SOUTH PACIFIC

Private Mail Bag

GPO Suva, Fiji

Tel: +679 31 55 33

Fax: +679 31 54 10

Representative: Dermot O'Gorman

SPAIN

Gran Viade San Francisco 8

28005 Madrid

Tel: +34 91 354 0578

Fax: +34 91 365 6336

President: Prof Francisco D az Pineda

Chief Executive: Juan Carlos del Olmo

SWEDEN

Ulriksdals Slott, 170 81 Solna

Tel: +46 8 624 7400

Fax: +46 8 85 1329

Chairperson: Lennart Ahlgren

Chief Executive:

Prof Lars Kristoferson

SWITZERLAND

Postfach, 8010 Z rich

Tel: +41 1 297 2121

Fax: +41 1 297 2100

President: Brigitta Hellat

Chief Executive:

TANZANIA

PO Box 63117, Dar es Salaam

Tel: +255 22 27 00077

Fax: +255 22 27 75535

Acting Representative:Hermann Mwageni

THAILAND

PO Box 4, Klong Luang 12120

Tel: +66 2 524 6129

Fax: +66 2 524 6134

Representative: Robert Mather

TURKEY

PK 971, Sirkeci 34436, Istanbul

Tel: +90 212 528 2030

Fax: +90 212 528 2040

President: Okan Tapan

Chief Executive: Tansu Gurpinar

UNITED KINGDOM

Panda House, Weyside Park

Godalming, Surrey GU7 1XR

Tel: +44 1483 426444

Fax: +44 1483 426409

Chairperson: Sara Morrison

Chief Executive: Robert Napier

UNITED STATES

1250 24th St NWWashington, DC 20037-1175

Tel: +1 202 293 4800

Fax: +1 202 293 9211

Chairperson (Board): William K Reilly

Chief Executive: Kathryn S. Fuller

WESTERN AFRICA

08 BP 1776, Abidjan 08

Cte d'Ivoire

Tel: +225 22 44 8786

Fax: +225 22 44 8774

Representative: Souleymane Zeba

ARGENTINA

FUNDACION VIDA SILVESTRE

Defensa 251, 6 Piso

C1065 Buenos Aires

Tel: +54 11 4343 4086Fax: +54 11 4331 3631

President: H ctor Laurence

Chief Executive: Javier Corcuera

ECUADOR

FUNDACION NATURA

Casilla 17-01-253, Quito

Tel/Fax: +593 2 2 503 385

President: Rafael Teran

Chief Executive: Ricardo Moreno

NIGERIANIGERIAN CONSERVATION

FOUNDATION

PO Box 74638, Victoria Island, Lagos

Tel: +234 1 2642 498

Fax: +234 1 2642 497

Chairman: Brig Gen. M. Johnson

Chief Executive: Muhtari Aminu-Kano

VENEZUELA

FUDENA

Apartado Postal 70376

Caracas 1071-A

Tel: +58 212 238 2930

Fax: +58 212 239 6547

President: Enrique Sanchez

Chief Executive: Deborah Bigio

WWF Associates



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This report is printed on Context FSC paper manufacturedby Inveresk. Chain of Custody number SGS/COC/0621 andsupplied by Paperback. Context FSC is made from 75%de-inked fibre and 25% FSC endorsed pulp from well-managedforests independently certified in accordance with the rulesof the Forest Stewardship Council.FSC I.D. Code: FSC-UK-01483.FSC Trademark 1996.Forest Stewardship Council A.C.


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Forests for Life

WWF International

Avenue du Mont-Blanc1196 GlandSwitzerland

WWF's mission is to stop the degradation of the planet's natural

environment and to build a future in which humans live in

harmony with nature, by:

conserving the world's biological diversity

ensuring that the use of renewable resources is sustainable

promoting the reduction of pollution and wasteful consumption.

Documents

Improving PA Management - WWF Rapid Assessment