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Liquid flow and air flow Andrew Landers Cornell University New York State, USA [email protected] www.effectivespraying.com

Improving pesticide application via engineering methods · 2016-11-07 · International Pesticide Application Technology at Cornell University. Improving pesticide application . via

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Page 1: Improving pesticide application via engineering methods · 2016-11-07 · International Pesticide Application Technology at Cornell University. Improving pesticide application . via

Liquid flow and air flow

Andrew LandersCornell University

New York State USA

ajl31cornelleduwwweffectivesprayingcom

International Pesticide Application Technologyat Cornell University

Improving pesticide application via engineering methods

Comparative testing of novel sprayers

Developing methods to improve deposition and reduce drift

Extension demonstrations of novel sprayers

Droplets

One micron (microm) =11000 mm

Spray droplets are measured in microns and expressed as Volume Median Diameter (VMD)

Droplets

VMD or NMD

12 of spray volume = larger droplets

VMD

12 of spray volume = smaller droplets

Credit Tom Wolf

Laser Droplet Analyzer

Halving droplet size results in eight times the number of droplets

8 x 250 microns 64 x 125 Microns1 x 500 Micron

Droplets appear as streaks whose length is controlled by the shutter speed of the camera

Video cameraWith macro lens

Camera controlFrom computer

CAMERA OUTPUTTO COMPUTERAND VIDEORECORDER

Droplet generator(computer controlled)

Leaf surface

Light

DROPLET GENERATOR

Observing droplet trajectories

A large water droplet bouncing on a pea leaf

30mm

Diameter 650 micromVelocity 15ms

Pea leaf

Source Application Technology GroupNYSAES Geneva NY

A smaller water droplet bouncing on a pea leaf

Select the correct

nozzles

FineMediumCoarse

Fine (F)

for contact products

Medium (M) for

herbicides

Coarse (C) for pre-

emergent herbicides

Note 3rd column states spray quality

Flat fan nozzle selection

Nozzle catalogue ndash hollow cone

Nozzle selection - smartphone apps

Calibration

Calibration of airblast sprayers for vineyards

- Part 1 selecting and changing nozzles (metric version)

- Part 2 measuring liquid flow (metric version)

8 film clips on calibrating liquid flow and nozzle selection

Distance learning courses

(Cornell Univeristy)

Calibration

Electronic nozzle tip testers

Patternator

Right side

Left side

PatternatorMIBO Vertical

Landers AJ Balsari P Gil E (2012) Putting the spray onto the target ndash the development and demonstration of vertical patternators for fruit growers Paper No 121336783 ASABE

1Asymmetric

2 Overspray

0

1

2

3

4

5

020406080100

Volume ml

Hei

ght

m

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 20 40 60 80 100

Volume ml

Patternator

Chart1

5+6
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

5+6
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Chart2

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

5+6
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Improved setting for the canopyadjusting nozzle orientation

0

1

2

3

4

5

020406080100

Volume ml

Hei

ght

m

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 20 40 60 80 100

Volume ml

Chart1

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Chart2

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Patternator for growers to build

Patternator assembly instructions

Drift poles to determine nozzleplume direction

Air induction nozzles

Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

0

05

1

15

2

25

3

35

4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Rows from target

a

rea

cove

red

on d

rift c

ards

Hollow cone

Air Induction

Air induction nozzles

Chart2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards g
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards gf
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet3

Sheet3

BBCH 69
BBCH 79
Spray ground losses ( of applied)
Spray Ground Losses
144
1225
1185
995
11
9
112
10

Precision application to the target zone

o Botrytis sprays to the fruit zone

o Grapevine Berry Moth sprays to the fruit zone

o Insecticide for Japanese Beetle at the top of the canopy

Target-zone sprayer

2-diaphragm pumppressure regulator $900 Hydraulic motor $200Motor to pump connector $150

(Prices approx)

Target-zone sprayer

Low pressure two diaphragm pump - 12 volt electric $400 (approx)

Fitted to a Hazlitt 1852 CIMA sprayer

Dilution water and agrochemical

Induction bowls and closed chemical transfer

Reduce operator exposure and environmental contamination

Why care about the air

We change liquid flow rate with different size canopies includingo Vine Row Volumeo Leaf Wall Areao Dosavinao Unit Canopy Row

Why not change airflow to match the developing canopy

Airflow

Direction of the airThe speed of the air

The volume of air

The answer is blowing in the wind

bull Transports droplets from the sprayer to the targetbull Protects droplets against wind effectsbull Droplet production (pneumatic sprayers)bull Provides shaking of the leaves in the canopybull Provides good coverage on the target

bull Transports droplets through amp past the targetbull Excessive shaking of the canopy resulting in

removing droplets already present on the target

Air direction

Deflectors and towers fitted to airblast sprayers to change air direction

Adjust airflow direction ndash park the plume

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Park the plume

Air speed ndash grapes are the target

Good coverage

Poor coverage

Wind tunnel observations

The classic horseshoe vortex

Ludwig Prandtl1875 -1953

Adjusting the air volume intake

ISAFUIT project Europe (2002-07)

Cornell Doughnut

(2002)

Early season ndashAir flow reduced

Mid season ndashAir flow adjusted

Full canopy ndashAir flow fully open

Adjustable Cornell louvre system

Table 2 FMC tower sprayer Drift reduction and deposition increase in Vvinifera cvVignole vineyard

Pole3 T1Pole 2 T1

Pole1 T1Pole3 T2

Pole2 T2Pole1 T2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8Top Pipe cleaner position on pole Bottom

Dye concentration

(mL dye L pipe cleaner)

Adjusted air volume

Airflow maximum

T1= Louvres AdjustedT2= Louvres Open

Drift measurements in Vitis sp GR 7 vineyard 2010

Conclusions

Select the correct nozzle to provide the right size droplets

Calibrate the nozzles and spray plume

Reduce the airflow to match the canopy

Season

Early

Mid

Late

Louvre

position

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Drift

reduction ()

0

71

0

37

0

18

Deposition increase ()

0

82

0

55

14

0
Albuz ATR Albuz ATR
Teejet XR Teejet XR
TurboDrop TurboDrop
Teejet AI Teejet AI
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
1 09 36
2 08 05
3 05 01
4 02 0
5 01
6 01
7 0
Albuz ATR 144 1225
Teejet XR 1185 995
TurboDrop 11 9
Teejet AI 112 10
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 1+2 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle best setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 32 43 32 37 35 14 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 34 25 25 36 40 37 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 431
Volume Left oz 108 145 108 125 118 047 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 115 085 085 122 135 125 085 034 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 1457211
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 1+2 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle best setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 32 43 32 37 35 14 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 34 25 25 36 40 37 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 431
Volume Left oz 108 145 108 125 118 047 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 115 085 085 122 135 125 085 034 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 1457211
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 11 11
104 00 12 12
97 00 21 21
91 00 32 32
84 08 46 38
78 29 46 17
72 35 58 23
65 56 70 14
59 50 79 29
53 56 64 08
47 46 41 05
40 50 30 20
34 38 18 20
27 41 20 21
21 21 24 03
Sum of absolute differences = 272 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 728 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
054096
043953
040572
06762
091287
142002
175812
155526
128478
10143
10143
071001
047334
027048
023667
0
0
0
0
0
047334
091287
084525
111573
10143
125097
111573
125097
077763
064239
016905
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
16
13
12
20
27
42
52
46
38
30
30
21
14
8
7
0
0
0
0
0
14
27
25
33
30
37
33
37
23
19
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 m
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 5+6 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle Farmer setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 14 27 25 33 30 37 33 37 23 19 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 16 13 12 20 27 42 52 46 38 30 30 21 14 8 7 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 659
Volume Left oz 047 091 085 112 101 125 112 125 078 064 017 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 054 044 041 068 091 142 176 156 128 101 101 071 047 027 024 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 2228079
16
13
12
20
27
42
52
46
38
30
30
21
14
8
7
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 11 11
104 00 12 12
97 00 21 21
91 00 32 32
84 08 46 38
78 29 46 17
72 35 58 23
65 56 70 14
59 50 79 29
53 56 64 08
47 46 41 05
40 50 30 20
34 38 18 20
27 41 20 21
21 21 24 03
Sum of absolute differences = 272 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 728 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
054096
043953
040572
06762
091287
142002
175812
155526
128478
10143
10143
071001
047334
027048
023667
0
0
0
0
0
047334
091287
084525
111573
10143
125097
111573
125097
077763
064239
016905
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
16
13
12
20
27
42
52
46
38
30
30
21
14
8
7
0
0
0
0
0
14
27
25
33
30
37
33
37
23
19
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 m
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 5+6 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle Farmer setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 14 27 25 33 30 37 33 37 23 19 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 16 13 12 20 27 42 52 46 38 30 30 21 14 8 7 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 659
Volume Left oz 047 091 085 112 101 125 112 125 078 064 017 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 054 044 041 068 091 142 176 156 128 101 101 071 047 027 024 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 2228079
14
27
25
33
30
37
33
37
23
19
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Page 2: Improving pesticide application via engineering methods · 2016-11-07 · International Pesticide Application Technology at Cornell University. Improving pesticide application . via

International Pesticide Application Technologyat Cornell University

Improving pesticide application via engineering methods

Comparative testing of novel sprayers

Developing methods to improve deposition and reduce drift

Extension demonstrations of novel sprayers

Droplets

One micron (microm) =11000 mm

Spray droplets are measured in microns and expressed as Volume Median Diameter (VMD)

Droplets

VMD or NMD

12 of spray volume = larger droplets

VMD

12 of spray volume = smaller droplets

Credit Tom Wolf

Laser Droplet Analyzer

Halving droplet size results in eight times the number of droplets

8 x 250 microns 64 x 125 Microns1 x 500 Micron

Droplets appear as streaks whose length is controlled by the shutter speed of the camera

Video cameraWith macro lens

Camera controlFrom computer

CAMERA OUTPUTTO COMPUTERAND VIDEORECORDER

Droplet generator(computer controlled)

Leaf surface

Light

DROPLET GENERATOR

Observing droplet trajectories

A large water droplet bouncing on a pea leaf

30mm

Diameter 650 micromVelocity 15ms

Pea leaf

Source Application Technology GroupNYSAES Geneva NY

A smaller water droplet bouncing on a pea leaf

Select the correct

nozzles

FineMediumCoarse

Fine (F)

for contact products

Medium (M) for

herbicides

Coarse (C) for pre-

emergent herbicides

Note 3rd column states spray quality

Flat fan nozzle selection

Nozzle catalogue ndash hollow cone

Nozzle selection - smartphone apps

Calibration

Calibration of airblast sprayers for vineyards

- Part 1 selecting and changing nozzles (metric version)

- Part 2 measuring liquid flow (metric version)

8 film clips on calibrating liquid flow and nozzle selection

Distance learning courses

(Cornell Univeristy)

Calibration

Electronic nozzle tip testers

Patternator

Right side

Left side

PatternatorMIBO Vertical

Landers AJ Balsari P Gil E (2012) Putting the spray onto the target ndash the development and demonstration of vertical patternators for fruit growers Paper No 121336783 ASABE

1Asymmetric

2 Overspray

0

1

2

3

4

5

020406080100

Volume ml

Hei

ght

m

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 20 40 60 80 100

Volume ml

Patternator

Chart1

5+6
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

5+6
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Chart2

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

5+6
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Improved setting for the canopyadjusting nozzle orientation

0

1

2

3

4

5

020406080100

Volume ml

Hei

ght

m

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 20 40 60 80 100

Volume ml

Chart1

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Chart2

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Patternator for growers to build

Patternator assembly instructions

Drift poles to determine nozzleplume direction

Air induction nozzles

Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

0

05

1

15

2

25

3

35

4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Rows from target

a

rea

cove

red

on d

rift c

ards

Hollow cone

Air Induction

Air induction nozzles

Chart2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards g
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards gf
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet3

Sheet3

BBCH 69
BBCH 79
Spray ground losses ( of applied)
Spray Ground Losses
144
1225
1185
995
11
9
112
10

Precision application to the target zone

o Botrytis sprays to the fruit zone

o Grapevine Berry Moth sprays to the fruit zone

o Insecticide for Japanese Beetle at the top of the canopy

Target-zone sprayer

2-diaphragm pumppressure regulator $900 Hydraulic motor $200Motor to pump connector $150

(Prices approx)

Target-zone sprayer

Low pressure two diaphragm pump - 12 volt electric $400 (approx)

Fitted to a Hazlitt 1852 CIMA sprayer

Dilution water and agrochemical

Induction bowls and closed chemical transfer

Reduce operator exposure and environmental contamination

Why care about the air

We change liquid flow rate with different size canopies includingo Vine Row Volumeo Leaf Wall Areao Dosavinao Unit Canopy Row

Why not change airflow to match the developing canopy

Airflow

Direction of the airThe speed of the air

The volume of air

The answer is blowing in the wind

bull Transports droplets from the sprayer to the targetbull Protects droplets against wind effectsbull Droplet production (pneumatic sprayers)bull Provides shaking of the leaves in the canopybull Provides good coverage on the target

bull Transports droplets through amp past the targetbull Excessive shaking of the canopy resulting in

removing droplets already present on the target

Air direction

Deflectors and towers fitted to airblast sprayers to change air direction

Adjust airflow direction ndash park the plume

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Park the plume

Air speed ndash grapes are the target

Good coverage

Poor coverage

Wind tunnel observations

The classic horseshoe vortex

Ludwig Prandtl1875 -1953

Adjusting the air volume intake

ISAFUIT project Europe (2002-07)

Cornell Doughnut

(2002)

Early season ndashAir flow reduced

Mid season ndashAir flow adjusted

Full canopy ndashAir flow fully open

Adjustable Cornell louvre system

Table 2 FMC tower sprayer Drift reduction and deposition increase in Vvinifera cvVignole vineyard

Pole3 T1Pole 2 T1

Pole1 T1Pole3 T2

Pole2 T2Pole1 T2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8Top Pipe cleaner position on pole Bottom

Dye concentration

(mL dye L pipe cleaner)

Adjusted air volume

Airflow maximum

T1= Louvres AdjustedT2= Louvres Open

Drift measurements in Vitis sp GR 7 vineyard 2010

Conclusions

Select the correct nozzle to provide the right size droplets

Calibrate the nozzles and spray plume

Reduce the airflow to match the canopy

Season

Early

Mid

Late

Louvre

position

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Drift

reduction ()

0

71

0

37

0

18

Deposition increase ()

0

82

0

55

14

0
Albuz ATR Albuz ATR
Teejet XR Teejet XR
TurboDrop TurboDrop
Teejet AI Teejet AI
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
1 09 36
2 08 05
3 05 01
4 02 0
5 01
6 01
7 0
Albuz ATR 144 1225
Teejet XR 1185 995
TurboDrop 11 9
Teejet AI 112 10
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 1+2 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle best setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 32 43 32 37 35 14 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 34 25 25 36 40 37 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 431
Volume Left oz 108 145 108 125 118 047 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 115 085 085 122 135 125 085 034 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 1457211
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 1+2 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle best setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 32 43 32 37 35 14 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 34 25 25 36 40 37 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 431
Volume Left oz 108 145 108 125 118 047 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 115 085 085 122 135 125 085 034 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 1457211
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 11 11
104 00 12 12
97 00 21 21
91 00 32 32
84 08 46 38
78 29 46 17
72 35 58 23
65 56 70 14
59 50 79 29
53 56 64 08
47 46 41 05
40 50 30 20
34 38 18 20
27 41 20 21
21 21 24 03
Sum of absolute differences = 272 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 728 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
054096
043953
040572
06762
091287
142002
175812
155526
128478
10143
10143
071001
047334
027048
023667
0
0
0
0
0
047334
091287
084525
111573
10143
125097
111573
125097
077763
064239
016905
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
16
13
12
20
27
42
52
46
38
30
30
21
14
8
7
0
0
0
0
0
14
27
25
33
30
37
33
37
23
19
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 m
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 5+6 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle Farmer setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 14 27 25 33 30 37 33 37 23 19 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 16 13 12 20 27 42 52 46 38 30 30 21 14 8 7 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 659
Volume Left oz 047 091 085 112 101 125 112 125 078 064 017 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 054 044 041 068 091 142 176 156 128 101 101 071 047 027 024 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 2228079
16
13
12
20
27
42
52
46
38
30
30
21
14
8
7
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 11 11
104 00 12 12
97 00 21 21
91 00 32 32
84 08 46 38
78 29 46 17
72 35 58 23
65 56 70 14
59 50 79 29
53 56 64 08
47 46 41 05
40 50 30 20
34 38 18 20
27 41 20 21
21 21 24 03
Sum of absolute differences = 272 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 728 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
054096
043953
040572
06762
091287
142002
175812
155526
128478
10143
10143
071001
047334
027048
023667
0
0
0
0
0
047334
091287
084525
111573
10143
125097
111573
125097
077763
064239
016905
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
16
13
12
20
27
42
52
46
38
30
30
21
14
8
7
0
0
0
0
0
14
27
25
33
30
37
33
37
23
19
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 m
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 5+6 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle Farmer setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 14 27 25 33 30 37 33 37 23 19 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 16 13 12 20 27 42 52 46 38 30 30 21 14 8 7 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 659
Volume Left oz 047 091 085 112 101 125 112 125 078 064 017 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 054 044 041 068 091 142 176 156 128 101 101 071 047 027 024 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 2228079
14
27
25
33
30
37
33
37
23
19
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Page 3: Improving pesticide application via engineering methods · 2016-11-07 · International Pesticide Application Technology at Cornell University. Improving pesticide application . via

Droplets

One micron (microm) =11000 mm

Spray droplets are measured in microns and expressed as Volume Median Diameter (VMD)

Droplets

VMD or NMD

12 of spray volume = larger droplets

VMD

12 of spray volume = smaller droplets

Credit Tom Wolf

Laser Droplet Analyzer

Halving droplet size results in eight times the number of droplets

8 x 250 microns 64 x 125 Microns1 x 500 Micron

Droplets appear as streaks whose length is controlled by the shutter speed of the camera

Video cameraWith macro lens

Camera controlFrom computer

CAMERA OUTPUTTO COMPUTERAND VIDEORECORDER

Droplet generator(computer controlled)

Leaf surface

Light

DROPLET GENERATOR

Observing droplet trajectories

A large water droplet bouncing on a pea leaf

30mm

Diameter 650 micromVelocity 15ms

Pea leaf

Source Application Technology GroupNYSAES Geneva NY

A smaller water droplet bouncing on a pea leaf

Select the correct

nozzles

FineMediumCoarse

Fine (F)

for contact products

Medium (M) for

herbicides

Coarse (C) for pre-

emergent herbicides

Note 3rd column states spray quality

Flat fan nozzle selection

Nozzle catalogue ndash hollow cone

Nozzle selection - smartphone apps

Calibration

Calibration of airblast sprayers for vineyards

- Part 1 selecting and changing nozzles (metric version)

- Part 2 measuring liquid flow (metric version)

8 film clips on calibrating liquid flow and nozzle selection

Distance learning courses

(Cornell Univeristy)

Calibration

Electronic nozzle tip testers

Patternator

Right side

Left side

PatternatorMIBO Vertical

Landers AJ Balsari P Gil E (2012) Putting the spray onto the target ndash the development and demonstration of vertical patternators for fruit growers Paper No 121336783 ASABE

1Asymmetric

2 Overspray

0

1

2

3

4

5

020406080100

Volume ml

Hei

ght

m

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 20 40 60 80 100

Volume ml

Patternator

Chart1

5+6
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

5+6
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Chart2

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

5+6
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Improved setting for the canopyadjusting nozzle orientation

0

1

2

3

4

5

020406080100

Volume ml

Hei

ght

m

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 20 40 60 80 100

Volume ml

Chart1

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Chart2

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Patternator for growers to build

Patternator assembly instructions

Drift poles to determine nozzleplume direction

Air induction nozzles

Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

0

05

1

15

2

25

3

35

4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Rows from target

a

rea

cove

red

on d

rift c

ards

Hollow cone

Air Induction

Air induction nozzles

Chart2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards g
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards gf
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet3

Sheet3

BBCH 69
BBCH 79
Spray ground losses ( of applied)
Spray Ground Losses
144
1225
1185
995
11
9
112
10

Precision application to the target zone

o Botrytis sprays to the fruit zone

o Grapevine Berry Moth sprays to the fruit zone

o Insecticide for Japanese Beetle at the top of the canopy

Target-zone sprayer

2-diaphragm pumppressure regulator $900 Hydraulic motor $200Motor to pump connector $150

(Prices approx)

Target-zone sprayer

Low pressure two diaphragm pump - 12 volt electric $400 (approx)

Fitted to a Hazlitt 1852 CIMA sprayer

Dilution water and agrochemical

Induction bowls and closed chemical transfer

Reduce operator exposure and environmental contamination

Why care about the air

We change liquid flow rate with different size canopies includingo Vine Row Volumeo Leaf Wall Areao Dosavinao Unit Canopy Row

Why not change airflow to match the developing canopy

Airflow

Direction of the airThe speed of the air

The volume of air

The answer is blowing in the wind

bull Transports droplets from the sprayer to the targetbull Protects droplets against wind effectsbull Droplet production (pneumatic sprayers)bull Provides shaking of the leaves in the canopybull Provides good coverage on the target

bull Transports droplets through amp past the targetbull Excessive shaking of the canopy resulting in

removing droplets already present on the target

Air direction

Deflectors and towers fitted to airblast sprayers to change air direction

Adjust airflow direction ndash park the plume

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Park the plume

Air speed ndash grapes are the target

Good coverage

Poor coverage

Wind tunnel observations

The classic horseshoe vortex

Ludwig Prandtl1875 -1953

Adjusting the air volume intake

ISAFUIT project Europe (2002-07)

Cornell Doughnut

(2002)

Early season ndashAir flow reduced

Mid season ndashAir flow adjusted

Full canopy ndashAir flow fully open

Adjustable Cornell louvre system

Table 2 FMC tower sprayer Drift reduction and deposition increase in Vvinifera cvVignole vineyard

Pole3 T1Pole 2 T1

Pole1 T1Pole3 T2

Pole2 T2Pole1 T2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8Top Pipe cleaner position on pole Bottom

Dye concentration

(mL dye L pipe cleaner)

Adjusted air volume

Airflow maximum

T1= Louvres AdjustedT2= Louvres Open

Drift measurements in Vitis sp GR 7 vineyard 2010

Conclusions

Select the correct nozzle to provide the right size droplets

Calibrate the nozzles and spray plume

Reduce the airflow to match the canopy

Season

Early

Mid

Late

Louvre

position

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Drift

reduction ()

0

71

0

37

0

18

Deposition increase ()

0

82

0

55

14

0
Albuz ATR Albuz ATR
Teejet XR Teejet XR
TurboDrop TurboDrop
Teejet AI Teejet AI
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
1 09 36
2 08 05
3 05 01
4 02 0
5 01
6 01
7 0
Albuz ATR 144 1225
Teejet XR 1185 995
TurboDrop 11 9
Teejet AI 112 10
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 1+2 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle best setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 32 43 32 37 35 14 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 34 25 25 36 40 37 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 431
Volume Left oz 108 145 108 125 118 047 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 115 085 085 122 135 125 085 034 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 1457211
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 1+2 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle best setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 32 43 32 37 35 14 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 34 25 25 36 40 37 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 431
Volume Left oz 108 145 108 125 118 047 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 115 085 085 122 135 125 085 034 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 1457211
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 11 11
104 00 12 12
97 00 21 21
91 00 32 32
84 08 46 38
78 29 46 17
72 35 58 23
65 56 70 14
59 50 79 29
53 56 64 08
47 46 41 05
40 50 30 20
34 38 18 20
27 41 20 21
21 21 24 03
Sum of absolute differences = 272 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 728 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
054096
043953
040572
06762
091287
142002
175812
155526
128478
10143
10143
071001
047334
027048
023667
0
0
0
0
0
047334
091287
084525
111573
10143
125097
111573
125097
077763
064239
016905
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
16
13
12
20
27
42
52
46
38
30
30
21
14
8
7
0
0
0
0
0
14
27
25
33
30
37
33
37
23
19
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 m
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 5+6 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle Farmer setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 14 27 25 33 30 37 33 37 23 19 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 16 13 12 20 27 42 52 46 38 30 30 21 14 8 7 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 659
Volume Left oz 047 091 085 112 101 125 112 125 078 064 017 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 054 044 041 068 091 142 176 156 128 101 101 071 047 027 024 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 2228079
16
13
12
20
27
42
52
46
38
30
30
21
14
8
7
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 11 11
104 00 12 12
97 00 21 21
91 00 32 32
84 08 46 38
78 29 46 17
72 35 58 23
65 56 70 14
59 50 79 29
53 56 64 08
47 46 41 05
40 50 30 20
34 38 18 20
27 41 20 21
21 21 24 03
Sum of absolute differences = 272 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 728 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
054096
043953
040572
06762
091287
142002
175812
155526
128478
10143
10143
071001
047334
027048
023667
0
0
0
0
0
047334
091287
084525
111573
10143
125097
111573
125097
077763
064239
016905
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
16
13
12
20
27
42
52
46
38
30
30
21
14
8
7
0
0
0
0
0
14
27
25
33
30
37
33
37
23
19
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 m
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 5+6 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle Farmer setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 14 27 25 33 30 37 33 37 23 19 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 16 13 12 20 27 42 52 46 38 30 30 21 14 8 7 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 659
Volume Left oz 047 091 085 112 101 125 112 125 078 064 017 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 054 044 041 068 091 142 176 156 128 101 101 071 047 027 024 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 2228079
14
27
25
33
30
37
33
37
23
19
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Page 4: Improving pesticide application via engineering methods · 2016-11-07 · International Pesticide Application Technology at Cornell University. Improving pesticide application . via

One micron (microm) =11000 mm

Spray droplets are measured in microns and expressed as Volume Median Diameter (VMD)

Droplets

VMD or NMD

12 of spray volume = larger droplets

VMD

12 of spray volume = smaller droplets

Credit Tom Wolf

Laser Droplet Analyzer

Halving droplet size results in eight times the number of droplets

8 x 250 microns 64 x 125 Microns1 x 500 Micron

Droplets appear as streaks whose length is controlled by the shutter speed of the camera

Video cameraWith macro lens

Camera controlFrom computer

CAMERA OUTPUTTO COMPUTERAND VIDEORECORDER

Droplet generator(computer controlled)

Leaf surface

Light

DROPLET GENERATOR

Observing droplet trajectories

A large water droplet bouncing on a pea leaf

30mm

Diameter 650 micromVelocity 15ms

Pea leaf

Source Application Technology GroupNYSAES Geneva NY

A smaller water droplet bouncing on a pea leaf

Select the correct

nozzles

FineMediumCoarse

Fine (F)

for contact products

Medium (M) for

herbicides

Coarse (C) for pre-

emergent herbicides

Note 3rd column states spray quality

Flat fan nozzle selection

Nozzle catalogue ndash hollow cone

Nozzle selection - smartphone apps

Calibration

Calibration of airblast sprayers for vineyards

- Part 1 selecting and changing nozzles (metric version)

- Part 2 measuring liquid flow (metric version)

8 film clips on calibrating liquid flow and nozzle selection

Distance learning courses

(Cornell Univeristy)

Calibration

Electronic nozzle tip testers

Patternator

Right side

Left side

PatternatorMIBO Vertical

Landers AJ Balsari P Gil E (2012) Putting the spray onto the target ndash the development and demonstration of vertical patternators for fruit growers Paper No 121336783 ASABE

1Asymmetric

2 Overspray

0

1

2

3

4

5

020406080100

Volume ml

Hei

ght

m

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 20 40 60 80 100

Volume ml

Patternator

Chart1

5+6
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

5+6
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Chart2

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

5+6
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Improved setting for the canopyadjusting nozzle orientation

0

1

2

3

4

5

020406080100

Volume ml

Hei

ght

m

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 20 40 60 80 100

Volume ml

Chart1

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Chart2

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Patternator for growers to build

Patternator assembly instructions

Drift poles to determine nozzleplume direction

Air induction nozzles

Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

0

05

1

15

2

25

3

35

4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Rows from target

a

rea

cove

red

on d

rift c

ards

Hollow cone

Air Induction

Air induction nozzles

Chart2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards g
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards gf
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet3

Sheet3

BBCH 69
BBCH 79
Spray ground losses ( of applied)
Spray Ground Losses
144
1225
1185
995
11
9
112
10

Precision application to the target zone

o Botrytis sprays to the fruit zone

o Grapevine Berry Moth sprays to the fruit zone

o Insecticide for Japanese Beetle at the top of the canopy

Target-zone sprayer

2-diaphragm pumppressure regulator $900 Hydraulic motor $200Motor to pump connector $150

(Prices approx)

Target-zone sprayer

Low pressure two diaphragm pump - 12 volt electric $400 (approx)

Fitted to a Hazlitt 1852 CIMA sprayer

Dilution water and agrochemical

Induction bowls and closed chemical transfer

Reduce operator exposure and environmental contamination

Why care about the air

We change liquid flow rate with different size canopies includingo Vine Row Volumeo Leaf Wall Areao Dosavinao Unit Canopy Row

Why not change airflow to match the developing canopy

Airflow

Direction of the airThe speed of the air

The volume of air

The answer is blowing in the wind

bull Transports droplets from the sprayer to the targetbull Protects droplets against wind effectsbull Droplet production (pneumatic sprayers)bull Provides shaking of the leaves in the canopybull Provides good coverage on the target

bull Transports droplets through amp past the targetbull Excessive shaking of the canopy resulting in

removing droplets already present on the target

Air direction

Deflectors and towers fitted to airblast sprayers to change air direction

Adjust airflow direction ndash park the plume

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Park the plume

Air speed ndash grapes are the target

Good coverage

Poor coverage

Wind tunnel observations

The classic horseshoe vortex

Ludwig Prandtl1875 -1953

Adjusting the air volume intake

ISAFUIT project Europe (2002-07)

Cornell Doughnut

(2002)

Early season ndashAir flow reduced

Mid season ndashAir flow adjusted

Full canopy ndashAir flow fully open

Adjustable Cornell louvre system

Table 2 FMC tower sprayer Drift reduction and deposition increase in Vvinifera cvVignole vineyard

Pole3 T1Pole 2 T1

Pole1 T1Pole3 T2

Pole2 T2Pole1 T2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8Top Pipe cleaner position on pole Bottom

Dye concentration

(mL dye L pipe cleaner)

Adjusted air volume

Airflow maximum

T1= Louvres AdjustedT2= Louvres Open

Drift measurements in Vitis sp GR 7 vineyard 2010

Conclusions

Select the correct nozzle to provide the right size droplets

Calibrate the nozzles and spray plume

Reduce the airflow to match the canopy

Season

Early

Mid

Late

Louvre

position

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Drift

reduction ()

0

71

0

37

0

18

Deposition increase ()

0

82

0

55

14

0
Albuz ATR Albuz ATR
Teejet XR Teejet XR
TurboDrop TurboDrop
Teejet AI Teejet AI
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
1 09 36
2 08 05
3 05 01
4 02 0
5 01
6 01
7 0
Albuz ATR 144 1225
Teejet XR 1185 995
TurboDrop 11 9
Teejet AI 112 10
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 1+2 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle best setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 32 43 32 37 35 14 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 34 25 25 36 40 37 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 431
Volume Left oz 108 145 108 125 118 047 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 115 085 085 122 135 125 085 034 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 1457211
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 1+2 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle best setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 32 43 32 37 35 14 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 34 25 25 36 40 37 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 431
Volume Left oz 108 145 108 125 118 047 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 115 085 085 122 135 125 085 034 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 1457211
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 11 11
104 00 12 12
97 00 21 21
91 00 32 32
84 08 46 38
78 29 46 17
72 35 58 23
65 56 70 14
59 50 79 29
53 56 64 08
47 46 41 05
40 50 30 20
34 38 18 20
27 41 20 21
21 21 24 03
Sum of absolute differences = 272 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 728 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
054096
043953
040572
06762
091287
142002
175812
155526
128478
10143
10143
071001
047334
027048
023667
0
0
0
0
0
047334
091287
084525
111573
10143
125097
111573
125097
077763
064239
016905
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
16
13
12
20
27
42
52
46
38
30
30
21
14
8
7
0
0
0
0
0
14
27
25
33
30
37
33
37
23
19
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 m
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 5+6 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle Farmer setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 14 27 25 33 30 37 33 37 23 19 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 16 13 12 20 27 42 52 46 38 30 30 21 14 8 7 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 659
Volume Left oz 047 091 085 112 101 125 112 125 078 064 017 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 054 044 041 068 091 142 176 156 128 101 101 071 047 027 024 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 2228079
16
13
12
20
27
42
52
46
38
30
30
21
14
8
7
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 11 11
104 00 12 12
97 00 21 21
91 00 32 32
84 08 46 38
78 29 46 17
72 35 58 23
65 56 70 14
59 50 79 29
53 56 64 08
47 46 41 05
40 50 30 20
34 38 18 20
27 41 20 21
21 21 24 03
Sum of absolute differences = 272 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 728 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
054096
043953
040572
06762
091287
142002
175812
155526
128478
10143
10143
071001
047334
027048
023667
0
0
0
0
0
047334
091287
084525
111573
10143
125097
111573
125097
077763
064239
016905
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
16
13
12
20
27
42
52
46
38
30
30
21
14
8
7
0
0
0
0
0
14
27
25
33
30
37
33
37
23
19
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 m
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 5+6 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle Farmer setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 14 27 25 33 30 37 33 37 23 19 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 16 13 12 20 27 42 52 46 38 30 30 21 14 8 7 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 659
Volume Left oz 047 091 085 112 101 125 112 125 078 064 017 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 054 044 041 068 091 142 176 156 128 101 101 071 047 027 024 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 2228079
14
27
25
33
30
37
33
37
23
19
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Page 5: Improving pesticide application via engineering methods · 2016-11-07 · International Pesticide Application Technology at Cornell University. Improving pesticide application . via

VMD or NMD

12 of spray volume = larger droplets

VMD

12 of spray volume = smaller droplets

Credit Tom Wolf

Laser Droplet Analyzer

Halving droplet size results in eight times the number of droplets

8 x 250 microns 64 x 125 Microns1 x 500 Micron

Droplets appear as streaks whose length is controlled by the shutter speed of the camera

Video cameraWith macro lens

Camera controlFrom computer

CAMERA OUTPUTTO COMPUTERAND VIDEORECORDER

Droplet generator(computer controlled)

Leaf surface

Light

DROPLET GENERATOR

Observing droplet trajectories

A large water droplet bouncing on a pea leaf

30mm

Diameter 650 micromVelocity 15ms

Pea leaf

Source Application Technology GroupNYSAES Geneva NY

A smaller water droplet bouncing on a pea leaf

Select the correct

nozzles

FineMediumCoarse

Fine (F)

for contact products

Medium (M) for

herbicides

Coarse (C) for pre-

emergent herbicides

Note 3rd column states spray quality

Flat fan nozzle selection

Nozzle catalogue ndash hollow cone

Nozzle selection - smartphone apps

Calibration

Calibration of airblast sprayers for vineyards

- Part 1 selecting and changing nozzles (metric version)

- Part 2 measuring liquid flow (metric version)

8 film clips on calibrating liquid flow and nozzle selection

Distance learning courses

(Cornell Univeristy)

Calibration

Electronic nozzle tip testers

Patternator

Right side

Left side

PatternatorMIBO Vertical

Landers AJ Balsari P Gil E (2012) Putting the spray onto the target ndash the development and demonstration of vertical patternators for fruit growers Paper No 121336783 ASABE

1Asymmetric

2 Overspray

0

1

2

3

4

5

020406080100

Volume ml

Hei

ght

m

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 20 40 60 80 100

Volume ml

Patternator

Chart1

5+6
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

5+6
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Chart2

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

5+6
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Improved setting for the canopyadjusting nozzle orientation

0

1

2

3

4

5

020406080100

Volume ml

Hei

ght

m

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 20 40 60 80 100

Volume ml

Chart1

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Chart2

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Patternator for growers to build

Patternator assembly instructions

Drift poles to determine nozzleplume direction

Air induction nozzles

Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

0

05

1

15

2

25

3

35

4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Rows from target

a

rea

cove

red

on d

rift c

ards

Hollow cone

Air Induction

Air induction nozzles

Chart2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards g
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards gf
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet3

Sheet3

BBCH 69
BBCH 79
Spray ground losses ( of applied)
Spray Ground Losses
144
1225
1185
995
11
9
112
10

Precision application to the target zone

o Botrytis sprays to the fruit zone

o Grapevine Berry Moth sprays to the fruit zone

o Insecticide for Japanese Beetle at the top of the canopy

Target-zone sprayer

2-diaphragm pumppressure regulator $900 Hydraulic motor $200Motor to pump connector $150

(Prices approx)

Target-zone sprayer

Low pressure two diaphragm pump - 12 volt electric $400 (approx)

Fitted to a Hazlitt 1852 CIMA sprayer

Dilution water and agrochemical

Induction bowls and closed chemical transfer

Reduce operator exposure and environmental contamination

Why care about the air

We change liquid flow rate with different size canopies includingo Vine Row Volumeo Leaf Wall Areao Dosavinao Unit Canopy Row

Why not change airflow to match the developing canopy

Airflow

Direction of the airThe speed of the air

The volume of air

The answer is blowing in the wind

bull Transports droplets from the sprayer to the targetbull Protects droplets against wind effectsbull Droplet production (pneumatic sprayers)bull Provides shaking of the leaves in the canopybull Provides good coverage on the target

bull Transports droplets through amp past the targetbull Excessive shaking of the canopy resulting in

removing droplets already present on the target

Air direction

Deflectors and towers fitted to airblast sprayers to change air direction

Adjust airflow direction ndash park the plume

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Park the plume

Air speed ndash grapes are the target

Good coverage

Poor coverage

Wind tunnel observations

The classic horseshoe vortex

Ludwig Prandtl1875 -1953

Adjusting the air volume intake

ISAFUIT project Europe (2002-07)

Cornell Doughnut

(2002)

Early season ndashAir flow reduced

Mid season ndashAir flow adjusted

Full canopy ndashAir flow fully open

Adjustable Cornell louvre system

Table 2 FMC tower sprayer Drift reduction and deposition increase in Vvinifera cvVignole vineyard

Pole3 T1Pole 2 T1

Pole1 T1Pole3 T2

Pole2 T2Pole1 T2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8Top Pipe cleaner position on pole Bottom

Dye concentration

(mL dye L pipe cleaner)

Adjusted air volume

Airflow maximum

T1= Louvres AdjustedT2= Louvres Open

Drift measurements in Vitis sp GR 7 vineyard 2010

Conclusions

Select the correct nozzle to provide the right size droplets

Calibrate the nozzles and spray plume

Reduce the airflow to match the canopy

Season

Early

Mid

Late

Louvre

position

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Drift

reduction ()

0

71

0

37

0

18

Deposition increase ()

0

82

0

55

14

0
Albuz ATR Albuz ATR
Teejet XR Teejet XR
TurboDrop TurboDrop
Teejet AI Teejet AI
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
1 09 36
2 08 05
3 05 01
4 02 0
5 01
6 01
7 0
Albuz ATR 144 1225
Teejet XR 1185 995
TurboDrop 11 9
Teejet AI 112 10
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 1+2 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle best setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 32 43 32 37 35 14 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 34 25 25 36 40 37 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 431
Volume Left oz 108 145 108 125 118 047 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 115 085 085 122 135 125 085 034 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 1457211
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 1+2 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle best setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 32 43 32 37 35 14 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 34 25 25 36 40 37 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 431
Volume Left oz 108 145 108 125 118 047 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 115 085 085 122 135 125 085 034 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 1457211
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 11 11
104 00 12 12
97 00 21 21
91 00 32 32
84 08 46 38
78 29 46 17
72 35 58 23
65 56 70 14
59 50 79 29
53 56 64 08
47 46 41 05
40 50 30 20
34 38 18 20
27 41 20 21
21 21 24 03
Sum of absolute differences = 272 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 728 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
054096
043953
040572
06762
091287
142002
175812
155526
128478
10143
10143
071001
047334
027048
023667
0
0
0
0
0
047334
091287
084525
111573
10143
125097
111573
125097
077763
064239
016905
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
16
13
12
20
27
42
52
46
38
30
30
21
14
8
7
0
0
0
0
0
14
27
25
33
30
37
33
37
23
19
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 m
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 5+6 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle Farmer setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 14 27 25 33 30 37 33 37 23 19 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 16 13 12 20 27 42 52 46 38 30 30 21 14 8 7 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 659
Volume Left oz 047 091 085 112 101 125 112 125 078 064 017 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 054 044 041 068 091 142 176 156 128 101 101 071 047 027 024 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 2228079
16
13
12
20
27
42
52
46
38
30
30
21
14
8
7
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 11 11
104 00 12 12
97 00 21 21
91 00 32 32
84 08 46 38
78 29 46 17
72 35 58 23
65 56 70 14
59 50 79 29
53 56 64 08
47 46 41 05
40 50 30 20
34 38 18 20
27 41 20 21
21 21 24 03
Sum of absolute differences = 272 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 728 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
054096
043953
040572
06762
091287
142002
175812
155526
128478
10143
10143
071001
047334
027048
023667
0
0
0
0
0
047334
091287
084525
111573
10143
125097
111573
125097
077763
064239
016905
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
16
13
12
20
27
42
52
46
38
30
30
21
14
8
7
0
0
0
0
0
14
27
25
33
30
37
33
37
23
19
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 m
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 5+6 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle Farmer setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 14 27 25 33 30 37 33 37 23 19 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 16 13 12 20 27 42 52 46 38 30 30 21 14 8 7 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 659
Volume Left oz 047 091 085 112 101 125 112 125 078 064 017 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 054 044 041 068 091 142 176 156 128 101 101 071 047 027 024 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 2228079
14
27
25
33
30
37
33
37
23
19
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Page 6: Improving pesticide application via engineering methods · 2016-11-07 · International Pesticide Application Technology at Cornell University. Improving pesticide application . via

12 of spray volume = larger droplets

VMD

12 of spray volume = smaller droplets

Credit Tom Wolf

Laser Droplet Analyzer

Halving droplet size results in eight times the number of droplets

8 x 250 microns 64 x 125 Microns1 x 500 Micron

Droplets appear as streaks whose length is controlled by the shutter speed of the camera

Video cameraWith macro lens

Camera controlFrom computer

CAMERA OUTPUTTO COMPUTERAND VIDEORECORDER

Droplet generator(computer controlled)

Leaf surface

Light

DROPLET GENERATOR

Observing droplet trajectories

A large water droplet bouncing on a pea leaf

30mm

Diameter 650 micromVelocity 15ms

Pea leaf

Source Application Technology GroupNYSAES Geneva NY

A smaller water droplet bouncing on a pea leaf

Select the correct

nozzles

FineMediumCoarse

Fine (F)

for contact products

Medium (M) for

herbicides

Coarse (C) for pre-

emergent herbicides

Note 3rd column states spray quality

Flat fan nozzle selection

Nozzle catalogue ndash hollow cone

Nozzle selection - smartphone apps

Calibration

Calibration of airblast sprayers for vineyards

- Part 1 selecting and changing nozzles (metric version)

- Part 2 measuring liquid flow (metric version)

8 film clips on calibrating liquid flow and nozzle selection

Distance learning courses

(Cornell Univeristy)

Calibration

Electronic nozzle tip testers

Patternator

Right side

Left side

PatternatorMIBO Vertical

Landers AJ Balsari P Gil E (2012) Putting the spray onto the target ndash the development and demonstration of vertical patternators for fruit growers Paper No 121336783 ASABE

1Asymmetric

2 Overspray

0

1

2

3

4

5

020406080100

Volume ml

Hei

ght

m

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 20 40 60 80 100

Volume ml

Patternator

Chart1

5+6
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

5+6
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Chart2

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

5+6
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Improved setting for the canopyadjusting nozzle orientation

0

1

2

3

4

5

020406080100

Volume ml

Hei

ght

m

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 20 40 60 80 100

Volume ml

Chart1

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Chart2

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Patternator for growers to build

Patternator assembly instructions

Drift poles to determine nozzleplume direction

Air induction nozzles

Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

0

05

1

15

2

25

3

35

4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Rows from target

a

rea

cove

red

on d

rift c

ards

Hollow cone

Air Induction

Air induction nozzles

Chart2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards g
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards gf
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet3

Sheet3

BBCH 69
BBCH 79
Spray ground losses ( of applied)
Spray Ground Losses
144
1225
1185
995
11
9
112
10

Precision application to the target zone

o Botrytis sprays to the fruit zone

o Grapevine Berry Moth sprays to the fruit zone

o Insecticide for Japanese Beetle at the top of the canopy

Target-zone sprayer

2-diaphragm pumppressure regulator $900 Hydraulic motor $200Motor to pump connector $150

(Prices approx)

Target-zone sprayer

Low pressure two diaphragm pump - 12 volt electric $400 (approx)

Fitted to a Hazlitt 1852 CIMA sprayer

Dilution water and agrochemical

Induction bowls and closed chemical transfer

Reduce operator exposure and environmental contamination

Why care about the air

We change liquid flow rate with different size canopies includingo Vine Row Volumeo Leaf Wall Areao Dosavinao Unit Canopy Row

Why not change airflow to match the developing canopy

Airflow

Direction of the airThe speed of the air

The volume of air

The answer is blowing in the wind

bull Transports droplets from the sprayer to the targetbull Protects droplets against wind effectsbull Droplet production (pneumatic sprayers)bull Provides shaking of the leaves in the canopybull Provides good coverage on the target

bull Transports droplets through amp past the targetbull Excessive shaking of the canopy resulting in

removing droplets already present on the target

Air direction

Deflectors and towers fitted to airblast sprayers to change air direction

Adjust airflow direction ndash park the plume

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Park the plume

Air speed ndash grapes are the target

Good coverage

Poor coverage

Wind tunnel observations

The classic horseshoe vortex

Ludwig Prandtl1875 -1953

Adjusting the air volume intake

ISAFUIT project Europe (2002-07)

Cornell Doughnut

(2002)

Early season ndashAir flow reduced

Mid season ndashAir flow adjusted

Full canopy ndashAir flow fully open

Adjustable Cornell louvre system

Table 2 FMC tower sprayer Drift reduction and deposition increase in Vvinifera cvVignole vineyard

Pole3 T1Pole 2 T1

Pole1 T1Pole3 T2

Pole2 T2Pole1 T2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8Top Pipe cleaner position on pole Bottom

Dye concentration

(mL dye L pipe cleaner)

Adjusted air volume

Airflow maximum

T1= Louvres AdjustedT2= Louvres Open

Drift measurements in Vitis sp GR 7 vineyard 2010

Conclusions

Select the correct nozzle to provide the right size droplets

Calibrate the nozzles and spray plume

Reduce the airflow to match the canopy

Season

Early

Mid

Late

Louvre

position

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Drift

reduction ()

0

71

0

37

0

18

Deposition increase ()

0

82

0

55

14

0
Albuz ATR Albuz ATR
Teejet XR Teejet XR
TurboDrop TurboDrop
Teejet AI Teejet AI
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
1 09 36
2 08 05
3 05 01
4 02 0
5 01
6 01
7 0
Albuz ATR 144 1225
Teejet XR 1185 995
TurboDrop 11 9
Teejet AI 112 10
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 1+2 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle best setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 32 43 32 37 35 14 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 34 25 25 36 40 37 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 431
Volume Left oz 108 145 108 125 118 047 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 115 085 085 122 135 125 085 034 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 1457211
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 1+2 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle best setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 32 43 32 37 35 14 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 34 25 25 36 40 37 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 431
Volume Left oz 108 145 108 125 118 047 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 115 085 085 122 135 125 085 034 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 1457211
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 11 11
104 00 12 12
97 00 21 21
91 00 32 32
84 08 46 38
78 29 46 17
72 35 58 23
65 56 70 14
59 50 79 29
53 56 64 08
47 46 41 05
40 50 30 20
34 38 18 20
27 41 20 21
21 21 24 03
Sum of absolute differences = 272 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 728 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
054096
043953
040572
06762
091287
142002
175812
155526
128478
10143
10143
071001
047334
027048
023667
0
0
0
0
0
047334
091287
084525
111573
10143
125097
111573
125097
077763
064239
016905
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
16
13
12
20
27
42
52
46
38
30
30
21
14
8
7
0
0
0
0
0
14
27
25
33
30
37
33
37
23
19
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 m
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 5+6 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle Farmer setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 14 27 25 33 30 37 33 37 23 19 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 16 13 12 20 27 42 52 46 38 30 30 21 14 8 7 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 659
Volume Left oz 047 091 085 112 101 125 112 125 078 064 017 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 054 044 041 068 091 142 176 156 128 101 101 071 047 027 024 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 2228079
16
13
12
20
27
42
52
46
38
30
30
21
14
8
7
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 11 11
104 00 12 12
97 00 21 21
91 00 32 32
84 08 46 38
78 29 46 17
72 35 58 23
65 56 70 14
59 50 79 29
53 56 64 08
47 46 41 05
40 50 30 20
34 38 18 20
27 41 20 21
21 21 24 03
Sum of absolute differences = 272 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 728 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
054096
043953
040572
06762
091287
142002
175812
155526
128478
10143
10143
071001
047334
027048
023667
0
0
0
0
0
047334
091287
084525
111573
10143
125097
111573
125097
077763
064239
016905
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
16
13
12
20
27
42
52
46
38
30
30
21
14
8
7
0
0
0
0
0
14
27
25
33
30
37
33
37
23
19
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 m
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 5+6 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle Farmer setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 14 27 25 33 30 37 33 37 23 19 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 16 13 12 20 27 42 52 46 38 30 30 21 14 8 7 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 659
Volume Left oz 047 091 085 112 101 125 112 125 078 064 017 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 054 044 041 068 091 142 176 156 128 101 101 071 047 027 024 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 2228079
14
27
25
33
30
37
33
37
23
19
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Page 7: Improving pesticide application via engineering methods · 2016-11-07 · International Pesticide Application Technology at Cornell University. Improving pesticide application . via

Laser Droplet Analyzer

Halving droplet size results in eight times the number of droplets

8 x 250 microns 64 x 125 Microns1 x 500 Micron

Droplets appear as streaks whose length is controlled by the shutter speed of the camera

Video cameraWith macro lens

Camera controlFrom computer

CAMERA OUTPUTTO COMPUTERAND VIDEORECORDER

Droplet generator(computer controlled)

Leaf surface

Light

DROPLET GENERATOR

Observing droplet trajectories

A large water droplet bouncing on a pea leaf

30mm

Diameter 650 micromVelocity 15ms

Pea leaf

Source Application Technology GroupNYSAES Geneva NY

A smaller water droplet bouncing on a pea leaf

Select the correct

nozzles

FineMediumCoarse

Fine (F)

for contact products

Medium (M) for

herbicides

Coarse (C) for pre-

emergent herbicides

Note 3rd column states spray quality

Flat fan nozzle selection

Nozzle catalogue ndash hollow cone

Nozzle selection - smartphone apps

Calibration

Calibration of airblast sprayers for vineyards

- Part 1 selecting and changing nozzles (metric version)

- Part 2 measuring liquid flow (metric version)

8 film clips on calibrating liquid flow and nozzle selection

Distance learning courses

(Cornell Univeristy)

Calibration

Electronic nozzle tip testers

Patternator

Right side

Left side

PatternatorMIBO Vertical

Landers AJ Balsari P Gil E (2012) Putting the spray onto the target ndash the development and demonstration of vertical patternators for fruit growers Paper No 121336783 ASABE

1Asymmetric

2 Overspray

0

1

2

3

4

5

020406080100

Volume ml

Hei

ght

m

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 20 40 60 80 100

Volume ml

Patternator

Chart1

5+6
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

5+6
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Chart2

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

5+6
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Improved setting for the canopyadjusting nozzle orientation

0

1

2

3

4

5

020406080100

Volume ml

Hei

ght

m

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 20 40 60 80 100

Volume ml

Chart1

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Chart2

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Patternator for growers to build

Patternator assembly instructions

Drift poles to determine nozzleplume direction

Air induction nozzles

Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

0

05

1

15

2

25

3

35

4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Rows from target

a

rea

cove

red

on d

rift c

ards

Hollow cone

Air Induction

Air induction nozzles

Chart2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards g
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards gf
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet3

Sheet3

BBCH 69
BBCH 79
Spray ground losses ( of applied)
Spray Ground Losses
144
1225
1185
995
11
9
112
10

Precision application to the target zone

o Botrytis sprays to the fruit zone

o Grapevine Berry Moth sprays to the fruit zone

o Insecticide for Japanese Beetle at the top of the canopy

Target-zone sprayer

2-diaphragm pumppressure regulator $900 Hydraulic motor $200Motor to pump connector $150

(Prices approx)

Target-zone sprayer

Low pressure two diaphragm pump - 12 volt electric $400 (approx)

Fitted to a Hazlitt 1852 CIMA sprayer

Dilution water and agrochemical

Induction bowls and closed chemical transfer

Reduce operator exposure and environmental contamination

Why care about the air

We change liquid flow rate with different size canopies includingo Vine Row Volumeo Leaf Wall Areao Dosavinao Unit Canopy Row

Why not change airflow to match the developing canopy

Airflow

Direction of the airThe speed of the air

The volume of air

The answer is blowing in the wind

bull Transports droplets from the sprayer to the targetbull Protects droplets against wind effectsbull Droplet production (pneumatic sprayers)bull Provides shaking of the leaves in the canopybull Provides good coverage on the target

bull Transports droplets through amp past the targetbull Excessive shaking of the canopy resulting in

removing droplets already present on the target

Air direction

Deflectors and towers fitted to airblast sprayers to change air direction

Adjust airflow direction ndash park the plume

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Park the plume

Air speed ndash grapes are the target

Good coverage

Poor coverage

Wind tunnel observations

The classic horseshoe vortex

Ludwig Prandtl1875 -1953

Adjusting the air volume intake

ISAFUIT project Europe (2002-07)

Cornell Doughnut

(2002)

Early season ndashAir flow reduced

Mid season ndashAir flow adjusted

Full canopy ndashAir flow fully open

Adjustable Cornell louvre system

Table 2 FMC tower sprayer Drift reduction and deposition increase in Vvinifera cvVignole vineyard

Pole3 T1Pole 2 T1

Pole1 T1Pole3 T2

Pole2 T2Pole1 T2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8Top Pipe cleaner position on pole Bottom

Dye concentration

(mL dye L pipe cleaner)

Adjusted air volume

Airflow maximum

T1= Louvres AdjustedT2= Louvres Open

Drift measurements in Vitis sp GR 7 vineyard 2010

Conclusions

Select the correct nozzle to provide the right size droplets

Calibrate the nozzles and spray plume

Reduce the airflow to match the canopy

Season

Early

Mid

Late

Louvre

position

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Drift

reduction ()

0

71

0

37

0

18

Deposition increase ()

0

82

0

55

14

0
Albuz ATR Albuz ATR
Teejet XR Teejet XR
TurboDrop TurboDrop
Teejet AI Teejet AI
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
1 09 36
2 08 05
3 05 01
4 02 0
5 01
6 01
7 0
Albuz ATR 144 1225
Teejet XR 1185 995
TurboDrop 11 9
Teejet AI 112 10
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 1+2 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle best setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 32 43 32 37 35 14 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 34 25 25 36 40 37 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 431
Volume Left oz 108 145 108 125 118 047 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 115 085 085 122 135 125 085 034 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 1457211
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 1+2 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle best setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 32 43 32 37 35 14 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 34 25 25 36 40 37 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 431
Volume Left oz 108 145 108 125 118 047 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 115 085 085 122 135 125 085 034 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 1457211
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 11 11
104 00 12 12
97 00 21 21
91 00 32 32
84 08 46 38
78 29 46 17
72 35 58 23
65 56 70 14
59 50 79 29
53 56 64 08
47 46 41 05
40 50 30 20
34 38 18 20
27 41 20 21
21 21 24 03
Sum of absolute differences = 272 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 728 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
054096
043953
040572
06762
091287
142002
175812
155526
128478
10143
10143
071001
047334
027048
023667
0
0
0
0
0
047334
091287
084525
111573
10143
125097
111573
125097
077763
064239
016905
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
16
13
12
20
27
42
52
46
38
30
30
21
14
8
7
0
0
0
0
0
14
27
25
33
30
37
33
37
23
19
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 m
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 5+6 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle Farmer setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 14 27 25 33 30 37 33 37 23 19 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 16 13 12 20 27 42 52 46 38 30 30 21 14 8 7 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 659
Volume Left oz 047 091 085 112 101 125 112 125 078 064 017 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 054 044 041 068 091 142 176 156 128 101 101 071 047 027 024 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 2228079
16
13
12
20
27
42
52
46
38
30
30
21
14
8
7
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 11 11
104 00 12 12
97 00 21 21
91 00 32 32
84 08 46 38
78 29 46 17
72 35 58 23
65 56 70 14
59 50 79 29
53 56 64 08
47 46 41 05
40 50 30 20
34 38 18 20
27 41 20 21
21 21 24 03
Sum of absolute differences = 272 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 728 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
054096
043953
040572
06762
091287
142002
175812
155526
128478
10143
10143
071001
047334
027048
023667
0
0
0
0
0
047334
091287
084525
111573
10143
125097
111573
125097
077763
064239
016905
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
16
13
12
20
27
42
52
46
38
30
30
21
14
8
7
0
0
0
0
0
14
27
25
33
30
37
33
37
23
19
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 m
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 5+6 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle Farmer setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 14 27 25 33 30 37 33 37 23 19 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 16 13 12 20 27 42 52 46 38 30 30 21 14 8 7 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 659
Volume Left oz 047 091 085 112 101 125 112 125 078 064 017 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 054 044 041 068 091 142 176 156 128 101 101 071 047 027 024 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 2228079
14
27
25
33
30
37
33
37
23
19
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Page 8: Improving pesticide application via engineering methods · 2016-11-07 · International Pesticide Application Technology at Cornell University. Improving pesticide application . via

Halving droplet size results in eight times the number of droplets

8 x 250 microns 64 x 125 Microns1 x 500 Micron

Droplets appear as streaks whose length is controlled by the shutter speed of the camera

Video cameraWith macro lens

Camera controlFrom computer

CAMERA OUTPUTTO COMPUTERAND VIDEORECORDER

Droplet generator(computer controlled)

Leaf surface

Light

DROPLET GENERATOR

Observing droplet trajectories

A large water droplet bouncing on a pea leaf

30mm

Diameter 650 micromVelocity 15ms

Pea leaf

Source Application Technology GroupNYSAES Geneva NY

A smaller water droplet bouncing on a pea leaf

Select the correct

nozzles

FineMediumCoarse

Fine (F)

for contact products

Medium (M) for

herbicides

Coarse (C) for pre-

emergent herbicides

Note 3rd column states spray quality

Flat fan nozzle selection

Nozzle catalogue ndash hollow cone

Nozzle selection - smartphone apps

Calibration

Calibration of airblast sprayers for vineyards

- Part 1 selecting and changing nozzles (metric version)

- Part 2 measuring liquid flow (metric version)

8 film clips on calibrating liquid flow and nozzle selection

Distance learning courses

(Cornell Univeristy)

Calibration

Electronic nozzle tip testers

Patternator

Right side

Left side

PatternatorMIBO Vertical

Landers AJ Balsari P Gil E (2012) Putting the spray onto the target ndash the development and demonstration of vertical patternators for fruit growers Paper No 121336783 ASABE

1Asymmetric

2 Overspray

0

1

2

3

4

5

020406080100

Volume ml

Hei

ght

m

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 20 40 60 80 100

Volume ml

Patternator

Chart1

5+6
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

5+6
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Chart2

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

5+6
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Improved setting for the canopyadjusting nozzle orientation

0

1

2

3

4

5

020406080100

Volume ml

Hei

ght

m

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 20 40 60 80 100

Volume ml

Chart1

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Chart2

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Patternator for growers to build

Patternator assembly instructions

Drift poles to determine nozzleplume direction

Air induction nozzles

Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

0

05

1

15

2

25

3

35

4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Rows from target

a

rea

cove

red

on d

rift c

ards

Hollow cone

Air Induction

Air induction nozzles

Chart2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards g
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards gf
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet3

Sheet3

BBCH 69
BBCH 79
Spray ground losses ( of applied)
Spray Ground Losses
144
1225
1185
995
11
9
112
10

Precision application to the target zone

o Botrytis sprays to the fruit zone

o Grapevine Berry Moth sprays to the fruit zone

o Insecticide for Japanese Beetle at the top of the canopy

Target-zone sprayer

2-diaphragm pumppressure regulator $900 Hydraulic motor $200Motor to pump connector $150

(Prices approx)

Target-zone sprayer

Low pressure two diaphragm pump - 12 volt electric $400 (approx)

Fitted to a Hazlitt 1852 CIMA sprayer

Dilution water and agrochemical

Induction bowls and closed chemical transfer

Reduce operator exposure and environmental contamination

Why care about the air

We change liquid flow rate with different size canopies includingo Vine Row Volumeo Leaf Wall Areao Dosavinao Unit Canopy Row

Why not change airflow to match the developing canopy

Airflow

Direction of the airThe speed of the air

The volume of air

The answer is blowing in the wind

bull Transports droplets from the sprayer to the targetbull Protects droplets against wind effectsbull Droplet production (pneumatic sprayers)bull Provides shaking of the leaves in the canopybull Provides good coverage on the target

bull Transports droplets through amp past the targetbull Excessive shaking of the canopy resulting in

removing droplets already present on the target

Air direction

Deflectors and towers fitted to airblast sprayers to change air direction

Adjust airflow direction ndash park the plume

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Park the plume

Air speed ndash grapes are the target

Good coverage

Poor coverage

Wind tunnel observations

The classic horseshoe vortex

Ludwig Prandtl1875 -1953

Adjusting the air volume intake

ISAFUIT project Europe (2002-07)

Cornell Doughnut

(2002)

Early season ndashAir flow reduced

Mid season ndashAir flow adjusted

Full canopy ndashAir flow fully open

Adjustable Cornell louvre system

Table 2 FMC tower sprayer Drift reduction and deposition increase in Vvinifera cvVignole vineyard

Pole3 T1Pole 2 T1

Pole1 T1Pole3 T2

Pole2 T2Pole1 T2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8Top Pipe cleaner position on pole Bottom

Dye concentration

(mL dye L pipe cleaner)

Adjusted air volume

Airflow maximum

T1= Louvres AdjustedT2= Louvres Open

Drift measurements in Vitis sp GR 7 vineyard 2010

Conclusions

Select the correct nozzle to provide the right size droplets

Calibrate the nozzles and spray plume

Reduce the airflow to match the canopy

Season

Early

Mid

Late

Louvre

position

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Drift

reduction ()

0

71

0

37

0

18

Deposition increase ()

0

82

0

55

14

0
Albuz ATR Albuz ATR
Teejet XR Teejet XR
TurboDrop TurboDrop
Teejet AI Teejet AI
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
1 09 36
2 08 05
3 05 01
4 02 0
5 01
6 01
7 0
Albuz ATR 144 1225
Teejet XR 1185 995
TurboDrop 11 9
Teejet AI 112 10
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 1+2 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle best setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 32 43 32 37 35 14 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 34 25 25 36 40 37 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 431
Volume Left oz 108 145 108 125 118 047 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 115 085 085 122 135 125 085 034 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 1457211
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 1+2 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle best setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 32 43 32 37 35 14 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 34 25 25 36 40 37 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 431
Volume Left oz 108 145 108 125 118 047 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 115 085 085 122 135 125 085 034 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 1457211
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 11 11
104 00 12 12
97 00 21 21
91 00 32 32
84 08 46 38
78 29 46 17
72 35 58 23
65 56 70 14
59 50 79 29
53 56 64 08
47 46 41 05
40 50 30 20
34 38 18 20
27 41 20 21
21 21 24 03
Sum of absolute differences = 272 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 728 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
054096
043953
040572
06762
091287
142002
175812
155526
128478
10143
10143
071001
047334
027048
023667
0
0
0
0
0
047334
091287
084525
111573
10143
125097
111573
125097
077763
064239
016905
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
16
13
12
20
27
42
52
46
38
30
30
21
14
8
7
0
0
0
0
0
14
27
25
33
30
37
33
37
23
19
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 m
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 5+6 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle Farmer setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 14 27 25 33 30 37 33 37 23 19 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 16 13 12 20 27 42 52 46 38 30 30 21 14 8 7 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 659
Volume Left oz 047 091 085 112 101 125 112 125 078 064 017 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 054 044 041 068 091 142 176 156 128 101 101 071 047 027 024 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 2228079
16
13
12
20
27
42
52
46
38
30
30
21
14
8
7
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 11 11
104 00 12 12
97 00 21 21
91 00 32 32
84 08 46 38
78 29 46 17
72 35 58 23
65 56 70 14
59 50 79 29
53 56 64 08
47 46 41 05
40 50 30 20
34 38 18 20
27 41 20 21
21 21 24 03
Sum of absolute differences = 272 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 728 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
054096
043953
040572
06762
091287
142002
175812
155526
128478
10143
10143
071001
047334
027048
023667
0
0
0
0
0
047334
091287
084525
111573
10143
125097
111573
125097
077763
064239
016905
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
16
13
12
20
27
42
52
46
38
30
30
21
14
8
7
0
0
0
0
0
14
27
25
33
30
37
33
37
23
19
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 m
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 5+6 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle Farmer setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 14 27 25 33 30 37 33 37 23 19 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 16 13 12 20 27 42 52 46 38 30 30 21 14 8 7 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 659
Volume Left oz 047 091 085 112 101 125 112 125 078 064 017 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 054 044 041 068 091 142 176 156 128 101 101 071 047 027 024 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 2228079
14
27
25
33
30
37
33
37
23
19
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Page 9: Improving pesticide application via engineering methods · 2016-11-07 · International Pesticide Application Technology at Cornell University. Improving pesticide application . via

Droplets appear as streaks whose length is controlled by the shutter speed of the camera

Video cameraWith macro lens

Camera controlFrom computer

CAMERA OUTPUTTO COMPUTERAND VIDEORECORDER

Droplet generator(computer controlled)

Leaf surface

Light

DROPLET GENERATOR

Observing droplet trajectories

A large water droplet bouncing on a pea leaf

30mm

Diameter 650 micromVelocity 15ms

Pea leaf

Source Application Technology GroupNYSAES Geneva NY

A smaller water droplet bouncing on a pea leaf

Select the correct

nozzles

FineMediumCoarse

Fine (F)

for contact products

Medium (M) for

herbicides

Coarse (C) for pre-

emergent herbicides

Note 3rd column states spray quality

Flat fan nozzle selection

Nozzle catalogue ndash hollow cone

Nozzle selection - smartphone apps

Calibration

Calibration of airblast sprayers for vineyards

- Part 1 selecting and changing nozzles (metric version)

- Part 2 measuring liquid flow (metric version)

8 film clips on calibrating liquid flow and nozzle selection

Distance learning courses

(Cornell Univeristy)

Calibration

Electronic nozzle tip testers

Patternator

Right side

Left side

PatternatorMIBO Vertical

Landers AJ Balsari P Gil E (2012) Putting the spray onto the target ndash the development and demonstration of vertical patternators for fruit growers Paper No 121336783 ASABE

1Asymmetric

2 Overspray

0

1

2

3

4

5

020406080100

Volume ml

Hei

ght

m

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 20 40 60 80 100

Volume ml

Patternator

Chart1

5+6
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

5+6
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Chart2

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

5+6
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Improved setting for the canopyadjusting nozzle orientation

0

1

2

3

4

5

020406080100

Volume ml

Hei

ght

m

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 20 40 60 80 100

Volume ml

Chart1

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Chart2

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Patternator for growers to build

Patternator assembly instructions

Drift poles to determine nozzleplume direction

Air induction nozzles

Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

0

05

1

15

2

25

3

35

4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Rows from target

a

rea

cove

red

on d

rift c

ards

Hollow cone

Air Induction

Air induction nozzles

Chart2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards g
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards gf
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet3

Sheet3

BBCH 69
BBCH 79
Spray ground losses ( of applied)
Spray Ground Losses
144
1225
1185
995
11
9
112
10

Precision application to the target zone

o Botrytis sprays to the fruit zone

o Grapevine Berry Moth sprays to the fruit zone

o Insecticide for Japanese Beetle at the top of the canopy

Target-zone sprayer

2-diaphragm pumppressure regulator $900 Hydraulic motor $200Motor to pump connector $150

(Prices approx)

Target-zone sprayer

Low pressure two diaphragm pump - 12 volt electric $400 (approx)

Fitted to a Hazlitt 1852 CIMA sprayer

Dilution water and agrochemical

Induction bowls and closed chemical transfer

Reduce operator exposure and environmental contamination

Why care about the air

We change liquid flow rate with different size canopies includingo Vine Row Volumeo Leaf Wall Areao Dosavinao Unit Canopy Row

Why not change airflow to match the developing canopy

Airflow

Direction of the airThe speed of the air

The volume of air

The answer is blowing in the wind

bull Transports droplets from the sprayer to the targetbull Protects droplets against wind effectsbull Droplet production (pneumatic sprayers)bull Provides shaking of the leaves in the canopybull Provides good coverage on the target

bull Transports droplets through amp past the targetbull Excessive shaking of the canopy resulting in

removing droplets already present on the target

Air direction

Deflectors and towers fitted to airblast sprayers to change air direction

Adjust airflow direction ndash park the plume

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Park the plume

Air speed ndash grapes are the target

Good coverage

Poor coverage

Wind tunnel observations

The classic horseshoe vortex

Ludwig Prandtl1875 -1953

Adjusting the air volume intake

ISAFUIT project Europe (2002-07)

Cornell Doughnut

(2002)

Early season ndashAir flow reduced

Mid season ndashAir flow adjusted

Full canopy ndashAir flow fully open

Adjustable Cornell louvre system

Table 2 FMC tower sprayer Drift reduction and deposition increase in Vvinifera cvVignole vineyard

Pole3 T1Pole 2 T1

Pole1 T1Pole3 T2

Pole2 T2Pole1 T2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8Top Pipe cleaner position on pole Bottom

Dye concentration

(mL dye L pipe cleaner)

Adjusted air volume

Airflow maximum

T1= Louvres AdjustedT2= Louvres Open

Drift measurements in Vitis sp GR 7 vineyard 2010

Conclusions

Select the correct nozzle to provide the right size droplets

Calibrate the nozzles and spray plume

Reduce the airflow to match the canopy

Season

Early

Mid

Late

Louvre

position

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Drift

reduction ()

0

71

0

37

0

18

Deposition increase ()

0

82

0

55

14

0
Albuz ATR Albuz ATR
Teejet XR Teejet XR
TurboDrop TurboDrop
Teejet AI Teejet AI
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
1 09 36
2 08 05
3 05 01
4 02 0
5 01
6 01
7 0
Albuz ATR 144 1225
Teejet XR 1185 995
TurboDrop 11 9
Teejet AI 112 10
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 1+2 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle best setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 32 43 32 37 35 14 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 34 25 25 36 40 37 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 431
Volume Left oz 108 145 108 125 118 047 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 115 085 085 122 135 125 085 034 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 1457211
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 1+2 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle best setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 32 43 32 37 35 14 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 34 25 25 36 40 37 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 431
Volume Left oz 108 145 108 125 118 047 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 115 085 085 122 135 125 085 034 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 1457211
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 11 11
104 00 12 12
97 00 21 21
91 00 32 32
84 08 46 38
78 29 46 17
72 35 58 23
65 56 70 14
59 50 79 29
53 56 64 08
47 46 41 05
40 50 30 20
34 38 18 20
27 41 20 21
21 21 24 03
Sum of absolute differences = 272 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 728 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
054096
043953
040572
06762
091287
142002
175812
155526
128478
10143
10143
071001
047334
027048
023667
0
0
0
0
0
047334
091287
084525
111573
10143
125097
111573
125097
077763
064239
016905
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
16
13
12
20
27
42
52
46
38
30
30
21
14
8
7
0
0
0
0
0
14
27
25
33
30
37
33
37
23
19
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 m
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 5+6 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle Farmer setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 14 27 25 33 30 37 33 37 23 19 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 16 13 12 20 27 42 52 46 38 30 30 21 14 8 7 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 659
Volume Left oz 047 091 085 112 101 125 112 125 078 064 017 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 054 044 041 068 091 142 176 156 128 101 101 071 047 027 024 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 2228079
16
13
12
20
27
42
52
46
38
30
30
21
14
8
7
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 11 11
104 00 12 12
97 00 21 21
91 00 32 32
84 08 46 38
78 29 46 17
72 35 58 23
65 56 70 14
59 50 79 29
53 56 64 08
47 46 41 05
40 50 30 20
34 38 18 20
27 41 20 21
21 21 24 03
Sum of absolute differences = 272 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 728 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
054096
043953
040572
06762
091287
142002
175812
155526
128478
10143
10143
071001
047334
027048
023667
0
0
0
0
0
047334
091287
084525
111573
10143
125097
111573
125097
077763
064239
016905
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
16
13
12
20
27
42
52
46
38
30
30
21
14
8
7
0
0
0
0
0
14
27
25
33
30
37
33
37
23
19
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 m
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 5+6 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle Farmer setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 14 27 25 33 30 37 33 37 23 19 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 16 13 12 20 27 42 52 46 38 30 30 21 14 8 7 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 659
Volume Left oz 047 091 085 112 101 125 112 125 078 064 017 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 054 044 041 068 091 142 176 156 128 101 101 071 047 027 024 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 2228079
14
27
25
33
30
37
33
37
23
19
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Page 10: Improving pesticide application via engineering methods · 2016-11-07 · International Pesticide Application Technology at Cornell University. Improving pesticide application . via

A large water droplet bouncing on a pea leaf

30mm

Diameter 650 micromVelocity 15ms

Pea leaf

Source Application Technology GroupNYSAES Geneva NY

A smaller water droplet bouncing on a pea leaf

Select the correct

nozzles

FineMediumCoarse

Fine (F)

for contact products

Medium (M) for

herbicides

Coarse (C) for pre-

emergent herbicides

Note 3rd column states spray quality

Flat fan nozzle selection

Nozzle catalogue ndash hollow cone

Nozzle selection - smartphone apps

Calibration

Calibration of airblast sprayers for vineyards

- Part 1 selecting and changing nozzles (metric version)

- Part 2 measuring liquid flow (metric version)

8 film clips on calibrating liquid flow and nozzle selection

Distance learning courses

(Cornell Univeristy)

Calibration

Electronic nozzle tip testers

Patternator

Right side

Left side

PatternatorMIBO Vertical

Landers AJ Balsari P Gil E (2012) Putting the spray onto the target ndash the development and demonstration of vertical patternators for fruit growers Paper No 121336783 ASABE

1Asymmetric

2 Overspray

0

1

2

3

4

5

020406080100

Volume ml

Hei

ght

m

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 20 40 60 80 100

Volume ml

Patternator

Chart1

5+6
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

5+6
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Chart2

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

5+6
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Improved setting for the canopyadjusting nozzle orientation

0

1

2

3

4

5

020406080100

Volume ml

Hei

ght

m

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 20 40 60 80 100

Volume ml

Chart1

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Chart2

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Patternator for growers to build

Patternator assembly instructions

Drift poles to determine nozzleplume direction

Air induction nozzles

Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

0

05

1

15

2

25

3

35

4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Rows from target

a

rea

cove

red

on d

rift c

ards

Hollow cone

Air Induction

Air induction nozzles

Chart2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards g
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards gf
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet3

Sheet3

BBCH 69
BBCH 79
Spray ground losses ( of applied)
Spray Ground Losses
144
1225
1185
995
11
9
112
10

Precision application to the target zone

o Botrytis sprays to the fruit zone

o Grapevine Berry Moth sprays to the fruit zone

o Insecticide for Japanese Beetle at the top of the canopy

Target-zone sprayer

2-diaphragm pumppressure regulator $900 Hydraulic motor $200Motor to pump connector $150

(Prices approx)

Target-zone sprayer

Low pressure two diaphragm pump - 12 volt electric $400 (approx)

Fitted to a Hazlitt 1852 CIMA sprayer

Dilution water and agrochemical

Induction bowls and closed chemical transfer

Reduce operator exposure and environmental contamination

Why care about the air

We change liquid flow rate with different size canopies includingo Vine Row Volumeo Leaf Wall Areao Dosavinao Unit Canopy Row

Why not change airflow to match the developing canopy

Airflow

Direction of the airThe speed of the air

The volume of air

The answer is blowing in the wind

bull Transports droplets from the sprayer to the targetbull Protects droplets against wind effectsbull Droplet production (pneumatic sprayers)bull Provides shaking of the leaves in the canopybull Provides good coverage on the target

bull Transports droplets through amp past the targetbull Excessive shaking of the canopy resulting in

removing droplets already present on the target

Air direction

Deflectors and towers fitted to airblast sprayers to change air direction

Adjust airflow direction ndash park the plume

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Park the plume

Air speed ndash grapes are the target

Good coverage

Poor coverage

Wind tunnel observations

The classic horseshoe vortex

Ludwig Prandtl1875 -1953

Adjusting the air volume intake

ISAFUIT project Europe (2002-07)

Cornell Doughnut

(2002)

Early season ndashAir flow reduced

Mid season ndashAir flow adjusted

Full canopy ndashAir flow fully open

Adjustable Cornell louvre system

Table 2 FMC tower sprayer Drift reduction and deposition increase in Vvinifera cvVignole vineyard

Pole3 T1Pole 2 T1

Pole1 T1Pole3 T2

Pole2 T2Pole1 T2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8Top Pipe cleaner position on pole Bottom

Dye concentration

(mL dye L pipe cleaner)

Adjusted air volume

Airflow maximum

T1= Louvres AdjustedT2= Louvres Open

Drift measurements in Vitis sp GR 7 vineyard 2010

Conclusions

Select the correct nozzle to provide the right size droplets

Calibrate the nozzles and spray plume

Reduce the airflow to match the canopy

Season

Early

Mid

Late

Louvre

position

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Drift

reduction ()

0

71

0

37

0

18

Deposition increase ()

0

82

0

55

14

0
Albuz ATR Albuz ATR
Teejet XR Teejet XR
TurboDrop TurboDrop
Teejet AI Teejet AI
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
1 09 36
2 08 05
3 05 01
4 02 0
5 01
6 01
7 0
Albuz ATR 144 1225
Teejet XR 1185 995
TurboDrop 11 9
Teejet AI 112 10
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 1+2 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle best setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 32 43 32 37 35 14 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 34 25 25 36 40 37 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 431
Volume Left oz 108 145 108 125 118 047 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 115 085 085 122 135 125 085 034 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 1457211
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 1+2 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle best setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 32 43 32 37 35 14 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 34 25 25 36 40 37 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 431
Volume Left oz 108 145 108 125 118 047 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 115 085 085 122 135 125 085 034 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 1457211
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 11 11
104 00 12 12
97 00 21 21
91 00 32 32
84 08 46 38
78 29 46 17
72 35 58 23
65 56 70 14
59 50 79 29
53 56 64 08
47 46 41 05
40 50 30 20
34 38 18 20
27 41 20 21
21 21 24 03
Sum of absolute differences = 272 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 728 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
054096
043953
040572
06762
091287
142002
175812
155526
128478
10143
10143
071001
047334
027048
023667
0
0
0
0
0
047334
091287
084525
111573
10143
125097
111573
125097
077763
064239
016905
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
16
13
12
20
27
42
52
46
38
30
30
21
14
8
7
0
0
0
0
0
14
27
25
33
30
37
33
37
23
19
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 m
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 5+6 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle Farmer setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 14 27 25 33 30 37 33 37 23 19 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 16 13 12 20 27 42 52 46 38 30 30 21 14 8 7 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 659
Volume Left oz 047 091 085 112 101 125 112 125 078 064 017 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 054 044 041 068 091 142 176 156 128 101 101 071 047 027 024 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 2228079
16
13
12
20
27
42
52
46
38
30
30
21
14
8
7
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 11 11
104 00 12 12
97 00 21 21
91 00 32 32
84 08 46 38
78 29 46 17
72 35 58 23
65 56 70 14
59 50 79 29
53 56 64 08
47 46 41 05
40 50 30 20
34 38 18 20
27 41 20 21
21 21 24 03
Sum of absolute differences = 272 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 728 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
054096
043953
040572
06762
091287
142002
175812
155526
128478
10143
10143
071001
047334
027048
023667
0
0
0
0
0
047334
091287
084525
111573
10143
125097
111573
125097
077763
064239
016905
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
16
13
12
20
27
42
52
46
38
30
30
21
14
8
7
0
0
0
0
0
14
27
25
33
30
37
33
37
23
19
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 m
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 5+6 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle Farmer setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 14 27 25 33 30 37 33 37 23 19 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 16 13 12 20 27 42 52 46 38 30 30 21 14 8 7 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 659
Volume Left oz 047 091 085 112 101 125 112 125 078 064 017 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 054 044 041 068 091 142 176 156 128 101 101 071 047 027 024 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 2228079
14
27
25
33
30
37
33
37
23
19
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Page 11: Improving pesticide application via engineering methods · 2016-11-07 · International Pesticide Application Technology at Cornell University. Improving pesticide application . via

Source Application Technology GroupNYSAES Geneva NY

A smaller water droplet bouncing on a pea leaf

Select the correct

nozzles

FineMediumCoarse

Fine (F)

for contact products

Medium (M) for

herbicides

Coarse (C) for pre-

emergent herbicides

Note 3rd column states spray quality

Flat fan nozzle selection

Nozzle catalogue ndash hollow cone

Nozzle selection - smartphone apps

Calibration

Calibration of airblast sprayers for vineyards

- Part 1 selecting and changing nozzles (metric version)

- Part 2 measuring liquid flow (metric version)

8 film clips on calibrating liquid flow and nozzle selection

Distance learning courses

(Cornell Univeristy)

Calibration

Electronic nozzle tip testers

Patternator

Right side

Left side

PatternatorMIBO Vertical

Landers AJ Balsari P Gil E (2012) Putting the spray onto the target ndash the development and demonstration of vertical patternators for fruit growers Paper No 121336783 ASABE

1Asymmetric

2 Overspray

0

1

2

3

4

5

020406080100

Volume ml

Hei

ght

m

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 20 40 60 80 100

Volume ml

Patternator

Chart1

5+6
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

5+6
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Chart2

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

5+6
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Improved setting for the canopyadjusting nozzle orientation

0

1

2

3

4

5

020406080100

Volume ml

Hei

ght

m

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 20 40 60 80 100

Volume ml

Chart1

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Chart2

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Patternator for growers to build

Patternator assembly instructions

Drift poles to determine nozzleplume direction

Air induction nozzles

Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

0

05

1

15

2

25

3

35

4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Rows from target

a

rea

cove

red

on d

rift c

ards

Hollow cone

Air Induction

Air induction nozzles

Chart2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards g
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards gf
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet3

Sheet3

BBCH 69
BBCH 79
Spray ground losses ( of applied)
Spray Ground Losses
144
1225
1185
995
11
9
112
10

Precision application to the target zone

o Botrytis sprays to the fruit zone

o Grapevine Berry Moth sprays to the fruit zone

o Insecticide for Japanese Beetle at the top of the canopy

Target-zone sprayer

2-diaphragm pumppressure regulator $900 Hydraulic motor $200Motor to pump connector $150

(Prices approx)

Target-zone sprayer

Low pressure two diaphragm pump - 12 volt electric $400 (approx)

Fitted to a Hazlitt 1852 CIMA sprayer

Dilution water and agrochemical

Induction bowls and closed chemical transfer

Reduce operator exposure and environmental contamination

Why care about the air

We change liquid flow rate with different size canopies includingo Vine Row Volumeo Leaf Wall Areao Dosavinao Unit Canopy Row

Why not change airflow to match the developing canopy

Airflow

Direction of the airThe speed of the air

The volume of air

The answer is blowing in the wind

bull Transports droplets from the sprayer to the targetbull Protects droplets against wind effectsbull Droplet production (pneumatic sprayers)bull Provides shaking of the leaves in the canopybull Provides good coverage on the target

bull Transports droplets through amp past the targetbull Excessive shaking of the canopy resulting in

removing droplets already present on the target

Air direction

Deflectors and towers fitted to airblast sprayers to change air direction

Adjust airflow direction ndash park the plume

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Park the plume

Air speed ndash grapes are the target

Good coverage

Poor coverage

Wind tunnel observations

The classic horseshoe vortex

Ludwig Prandtl1875 -1953

Adjusting the air volume intake

ISAFUIT project Europe (2002-07)

Cornell Doughnut

(2002)

Early season ndashAir flow reduced

Mid season ndashAir flow adjusted

Full canopy ndashAir flow fully open

Adjustable Cornell louvre system

Table 2 FMC tower sprayer Drift reduction and deposition increase in Vvinifera cvVignole vineyard

Pole3 T1Pole 2 T1

Pole1 T1Pole3 T2

Pole2 T2Pole1 T2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8Top Pipe cleaner position on pole Bottom

Dye concentration

(mL dye L pipe cleaner)

Adjusted air volume

Airflow maximum

T1= Louvres AdjustedT2= Louvres Open

Drift measurements in Vitis sp GR 7 vineyard 2010

Conclusions

Select the correct nozzle to provide the right size droplets

Calibrate the nozzles and spray plume

Reduce the airflow to match the canopy

Season

Early

Mid

Late

Louvre

position

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Drift

reduction ()

0

71

0

37

0

18

Deposition increase ()

0

82

0

55

14

0
Albuz ATR Albuz ATR
Teejet XR Teejet XR
TurboDrop TurboDrop
Teejet AI Teejet AI
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
1 09 36
2 08 05
3 05 01
4 02 0
5 01
6 01
7 0
Albuz ATR 144 1225
Teejet XR 1185 995
TurboDrop 11 9
Teejet AI 112 10
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 1+2 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle best setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 32 43 32 37 35 14 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 34 25 25 36 40 37 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 431
Volume Left oz 108 145 108 125 118 047 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 115 085 085 122 135 125 085 034 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 1457211
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 1+2 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle best setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 32 43 32 37 35 14 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 34 25 25 36 40 37 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 431
Volume Left oz 108 145 108 125 118 047 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 115 085 085 122 135 125 085 034 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 1457211
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 11 11
104 00 12 12
97 00 21 21
91 00 32 32
84 08 46 38
78 29 46 17
72 35 58 23
65 56 70 14
59 50 79 29
53 56 64 08
47 46 41 05
40 50 30 20
34 38 18 20
27 41 20 21
21 21 24 03
Sum of absolute differences = 272 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 728 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
054096
043953
040572
06762
091287
142002
175812
155526
128478
10143
10143
071001
047334
027048
023667
0
0
0
0
0
047334
091287
084525
111573
10143
125097
111573
125097
077763
064239
016905
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
16
13
12
20
27
42
52
46
38
30
30
21
14
8
7
0
0
0
0
0
14
27
25
33
30
37
33
37
23
19
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 m
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 5+6 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle Farmer setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 14 27 25 33 30 37 33 37 23 19 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 16 13 12 20 27 42 52 46 38 30 30 21 14 8 7 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 659
Volume Left oz 047 091 085 112 101 125 112 125 078 064 017 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 054 044 041 068 091 142 176 156 128 101 101 071 047 027 024 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 2228079
16
13
12
20
27
42
52
46
38
30
30
21
14
8
7
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 11 11
104 00 12 12
97 00 21 21
91 00 32 32
84 08 46 38
78 29 46 17
72 35 58 23
65 56 70 14
59 50 79 29
53 56 64 08
47 46 41 05
40 50 30 20
34 38 18 20
27 41 20 21
21 21 24 03
Sum of absolute differences = 272 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 728 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
054096
043953
040572
06762
091287
142002
175812
155526
128478
10143
10143
071001
047334
027048
023667
0
0
0
0
0
047334
091287
084525
111573
10143
125097
111573
125097
077763
064239
016905
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
16
13
12
20
27
42
52
46
38
30
30
21
14
8
7
0
0
0
0
0
14
27
25
33
30
37
33
37
23
19
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 m
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 5+6 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle Farmer setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 14 27 25 33 30 37 33 37 23 19 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 16 13 12 20 27 42 52 46 38 30 30 21 14 8 7 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 659
Volume Left oz 047 091 085 112 101 125 112 125 078 064 017 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 054 044 041 068 091 142 176 156 128 101 101 071 047 027 024 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 2228079
14
27
25
33
30
37
33
37
23
19
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Page 12: Improving pesticide application via engineering methods · 2016-11-07 · International Pesticide Application Technology at Cornell University. Improving pesticide application . via

Select the correct

nozzles

FineMediumCoarse

Fine (F)

for contact products

Medium (M) for

herbicides

Coarse (C) for pre-

emergent herbicides

Note 3rd column states spray quality

Flat fan nozzle selection

Nozzle catalogue ndash hollow cone

Nozzle selection - smartphone apps

Calibration

Calibration of airblast sprayers for vineyards

- Part 1 selecting and changing nozzles (metric version)

- Part 2 measuring liquid flow (metric version)

8 film clips on calibrating liquid flow and nozzle selection

Distance learning courses

(Cornell Univeristy)

Calibration

Electronic nozzle tip testers

Patternator

Right side

Left side

PatternatorMIBO Vertical

Landers AJ Balsari P Gil E (2012) Putting the spray onto the target ndash the development and demonstration of vertical patternators for fruit growers Paper No 121336783 ASABE

1Asymmetric

2 Overspray

0

1

2

3

4

5

020406080100

Volume ml

Hei

ght

m

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 20 40 60 80 100

Volume ml

Patternator

Chart1

5+6
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

5+6
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Chart2

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

5+6
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Improved setting for the canopyadjusting nozzle orientation

0

1

2

3

4

5

020406080100

Volume ml

Hei

ght

m

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 20 40 60 80 100

Volume ml

Chart1

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Chart2

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Patternator for growers to build

Patternator assembly instructions

Drift poles to determine nozzleplume direction

Air induction nozzles

Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

0

05

1

15

2

25

3

35

4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Rows from target

a

rea

cove

red

on d

rift c

ards

Hollow cone

Air Induction

Air induction nozzles

Chart2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards g
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards gf
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet3

Sheet3

BBCH 69
BBCH 79
Spray ground losses ( of applied)
Spray Ground Losses
144
1225
1185
995
11
9
112
10

Precision application to the target zone

o Botrytis sprays to the fruit zone

o Grapevine Berry Moth sprays to the fruit zone

o Insecticide for Japanese Beetle at the top of the canopy

Target-zone sprayer

2-diaphragm pumppressure regulator $900 Hydraulic motor $200Motor to pump connector $150

(Prices approx)

Target-zone sprayer

Low pressure two diaphragm pump - 12 volt electric $400 (approx)

Fitted to a Hazlitt 1852 CIMA sprayer

Dilution water and agrochemical

Induction bowls and closed chemical transfer

Reduce operator exposure and environmental contamination

Why care about the air

We change liquid flow rate with different size canopies includingo Vine Row Volumeo Leaf Wall Areao Dosavinao Unit Canopy Row

Why not change airflow to match the developing canopy

Airflow

Direction of the airThe speed of the air

The volume of air

The answer is blowing in the wind

bull Transports droplets from the sprayer to the targetbull Protects droplets against wind effectsbull Droplet production (pneumatic sprayers)bull Provides shaking of the leaves in the canopybull Provides good coverage on the target

bull Transports droplets through amp past the targetbull Excessive shaking of the canopy resulting in

removing droplets already present on the target

Air direction

Deflectors and towers fitted to airblast sprayers to change air direction

Adjust airflow direction ndash park the plume

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Park the plume

Air speed ndash grapes are the target

Good coverage

Poor coverage

Wind tunnel observations

The classic horseshoe vortex

Ludwig Prandtl1875 -1953

Adjusting the air volume intake

ISAFUIT project Europe (2002-07)

Cornell Doughnut

(2002)

Early season ndashAir flow reduced

Mid season ndashAir flow adjusted

Full canopy ndashAir flow fully open

Adjustable Cornell louvre system

Table 2 FMC tower sprayer Drift reduction and deposition increase in Vvinifera cvVignole vineyard

Pole3 T1Pole 2 T1

Pole1 T1Pole3 T2

Pole2 T2Pole1 T2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8Top Pipe cleaner position on pole Bottom

Dye concentration

(mL dye L pipe cleaner)

Adjusted air volume

Airflow maximum

T1= Louvres AdjustedT2= Louvres Open

Drift measurements in Vitis sp GR 7 vineyard 2010

Conclusions

Select the correct nozzle to provide the right size droplets

Calibrate the nozzles and spray plume

Reduce the airflow to match the canopy

Season

Early

Mid

Late

Louvre

position

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Drift

reduction ()

0

71

0

37

0

18

Deposition increase ()

0

82

0

55

14

0
Albuz ATR Albuz ATR
Teejet XR Teejet XR
TurboDrop TurboDrop
Teejet AI Teejet AI
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
1 09 36
2 08 05
3 05 01
4 02 0
5 01
6 01
7 0
Albuz ATR 144 1225
Teejet XR 1185 995
TurboDrop 11 9
Teejet AI 112 10
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 1+2 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle best setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 32 43 32 37 35 14 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 34 25 25 36 40 37 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 431
Volume Left oz 108 145 108 125 118 047 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 115 085 085 122 135 125 085 034 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 1457211
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 1+2 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle best setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 32 43 32 37 35 14 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 34 25 25 36 40 37 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 431
Volume Left oz 108 145 108 125 118 047 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 115 085 085 122 135 125 085 034 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 1457211
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 11 11
104 00 12 12
97 00 21 21
91 00 32 32
84 08 46 38
78 29 46 17
72 35 58 23
65 56 70 14
59 50 79 29
53 56 64 08
47 46 41 05
40 50 30 20
34 38 18 20
27 41 20 21
21 21 24 03
Sum of absolute differences = 272 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 728 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
054096
043953
040572
06762
091287
142002
175812
155526
128478
10143
10143
071001
047334
027048
023667
0
0
0
0
0
047334
091287
084525
111573
10143
125097
111573
125097
077763
064239
016905
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
16
13
12
20
27
42
52
46
38
30
30
21
14
8
7
0
0
0
0
0
14
27
25
33
30
37
33
37
23
19
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 m
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 5+6 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle Farmer setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 14 27 25 33 30 37 33 37 23 19 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 16 13 12 20 27 42 52 46 38 30 30 21 14 8 7 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 659
Volume Left oz 047 091 085 112 101 125 112 125 078 064 017 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 054 044 041 068 091 142 176 156 128 101 101 071 047 027 024 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 2228079
16
13
12
20
27
42
52
46
38
30
30
21
14
8
7
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 11 11
104 00 12 12
97 00 21 21
91 00 32 32
84 08 46 38
78 29 46 17
72 35 58 23
65 56 70 14
59 50 79 29
53 56 64 08
47 46 41 05
40 50 30 20
34 38 18 20
27 41 20 21
21 21 24 03
Sum of absolute differences = 272 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 728 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
054096
043953
040572
06762
091287
142002
175812
155526
128478
10143
10143
071001
047334
027048
023667
0
0
0
0
0
047334
091287
084525
111573
10143
125097
111573
125097
077763
064239
016905
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
16
13
12
20
27
42
52
46
38
30
30
21
14
8
7
0
0
0
0
0
14
27
25
33
30
37
33
37
23
19
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 m
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 5+6 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle Farmer setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 14 27 25 33 30 37 33 37 23 19 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 16 13 12 20 27 42 52 46 38 30 30 21 14 8 7 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 659
Volume Left oz 047 091 085 112 101 125 112 125 078 064 017 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 054 044 041 068 091 142 176 156 128 101 101 071 047 027 024 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 2228079
14
27
25
33
30
37
33
37
23
19
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Page 13: Improving pesticide application via engineering methods · 2016-11-07 · International Pesticide Application Technology at Cornell University. Improving pesticide application . via

Nozzle catalogue ndash hollow cone

Nozzle selection - smartphone apps

Calibration

Calibration of airblast sprayers for vineyards

- Part 1 selecting and changing nozzles (metric version)

- Part 2 measuring liquid flow (metric version)

8 film clips on calibrating liquid flow and nozzle selection

Distance learning courses

(Cornell Univeristy)

Calibration

Electronic nozzle tip testers

Patternator

Right side

Left side

PatternatorMIBO Vertical

Landers AJ Balsari P Gil E (2012) Putting the spray onto the target ndash the development and demonstration of vertical patternators for fruit growers Paper No 121336783 ASABE

1Asymmetric

2 Overspray

0

1

2

3

4

5

020406080100

Volume ml

Hei

ght

m

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 20 40 60 80 100

Volume ml

Patternator

Chart1

5+6
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

5+6
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Chart2

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

5+6
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Improved setting for the canopyadjusting nozzle orientation

0

1

2

3

4

5

020406080100

Volume ml

Hei

ght

m

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 20 40 60 80 100

Volume ml

Chart1

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Chart2

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Patternator for growers to build

Patternator assembly instructions

Drift poles to determine nozzleplume direction

Air induction nozzles

Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

0

05

1

15

2

25

3

35

4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Rows from target

a

rea

cove

red

on d

rift c

ards

Hollow cone

Air Induction

Air induction nozzles

Chart2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards g
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards gf
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet3

Sheet3

BBCH 69
BBCH 79
Spray ground losses ( of applied)
Spray Ground Losses
144
1225
1185
995
11
9
112
10

Precision application to the target zone

o Botrytis sprays to the fruit zone

o Grapevine Berry Moth sprays to the fruit zone

o Insecticide for Japanese Beetle at the top of the canopy

Target-zone sprayer

2-diaphragm pumppressure regulator $900 Hydraulic motor $200Motor to pump connector $150

(Prices approx)

Target-zone sprayer

Low pressure two diaphragm pump - 12 volt electric $400 (approx)

Fitted to a Hazlitt 1852 CIMA sprayer

Dilution water and agrochemical

Induction bowls and closed chemical transfer

Reduce operator exposure and environmental contamination

Why care about the air

We change liquid flow rate with different size canopies includingo Vine Row Volumeo Leaf Wall Areao Dosavinao Unit Canopy Row

Why not change airflow to match the developing canopy

Airflow

Direction of the airThe speed of the air

The volume of air

The answer is blowing in the wind

bull Transports droplets from the sprayer to the targetbull Protects droplets against wind effectsbull Droplet production (pneumatic sprayers)bull Provides shaking of the leaves in the canopybull Provides good coverage on the target

bull Transports droplets through amp past the targetbull Excessive shaking of the canopy resulting in

removing droplets already present on the target

Air direction

Deflectors and towers fitted to airblast sprayers to change air direction

Adjust airflow direction ndash park the plume

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Park the plume

Air speed ndash grapes are the target

Good coverage

Poor coverage

Wind tunnel observations

The classic horseshoe vortex

Ludwig Prandtl1875 -1953

Adjusting the air volume intake

ISAFUIT project Europe (2002-07)

Cornell Doughnut

(2002)

Early season ndashAir flow reduced

Mid season ndashAir flow adjusted

Full canopy ndashAir flow fully open

Adjustable Cornell louvre system

Table 2 FMC tower sprayer Drift reduction and deposition increase in Vvinifera cvVignole vineyard

Pole3 T1Pole 2 T1

Pole1 T1Pole3 T2

Pole2 T2Pole1 T2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8Top Pipe cleaner position on pole Bottom

Dye concentration

(mL dye L pipe cleaner)

Adjusted air volume

Airflow maximum

T1= Louvres AdjustedT2= Louvres Open

Drift measurements in Vitis sp GR 7 vineyard 2010

Conclusions

Select the correct nozzle to provide the right size droplets

Calibrate the nozzles and spray plume

Reduce the airflow to match the canopy

Season

Early

Mid

Late

Louvre

position

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Drift

reduction ()

0

71

0

37

0

18

Deposition increase ()

0

82

0

55

14

0
Albuz ATR Albuz ATR
Teejet XR Teejet XR
TurboDrop TurboDrop
Teejet AI Teejet AI
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
1 09 36
2 08 05
3 05 01
4 02 0
5 01
6 01
7 0
Albuz ATR 144 1225
Teejet XR 1185 995
TurboDrop 11 9
Teejet AI 112 10
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 1+2 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle best setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 32 43 32 37 35 14 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 34 25 25 36 40 37 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 431
Volume Left oz 108 145 108 125 118 047 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 115 085 085 122 135 125 085 034 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 1457211
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 1+2 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle best setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 32 43 32 37 35 14 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 34 25 25 36 40 37 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 431
Volume Left oz 108 145 108 125 118 047 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 115 085 085 122 135 125 085 034 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 1457211
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 11 11
104 00 12 12
97 00 21 21
91 00 32 32
84 08 46 38
78 29 46 17
72 35 58 23
65 56 70 14
59 50 79 29
53 56 64 08
47 46 41 05
40 50 30 20
34 38 18 20
27 41 20 21
21 21 24 03
Sum of absolute differences = 272 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 728 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
054096
043953
040572
06762
091287
142002
175812
155526
128478
10143
10143
071001
047334
027048
023667
0
0
0
0
0
047334
091287
084525
111573
10143
125097
111573
125097
077763
064239
016905
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
16
13
12
20
27
42
52
46
38
30
30
21
14
8
7
0
0
0
0
0
14
27
25
33
30
37
33
37
23
19
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 m
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 5+6 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle Farmer setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 14 27 25 33 30 37 33 37 23 19 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 16 13 12 20 27 42 52 46 38 30 30 21 14 8 7 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 659
Volume Left oz 047 091 085 112 101 125 112 125 078 064 017 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 054 044 041 068 091 142 176 156 128 101 101 071 047 027 024 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 2228079
16
13
12
20
27
42
52
46
38
30
30
21
14
8
7
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 11 11
104 00 12 12
97 00 21 21
91 00 32 32
84 08 46 38
78 29 46 17
72 35 58 23
65 56 70 14
59 50 79 29
53 56 64 08
47 46 41 05
40 50 30 20
34 38 18 20
27 41 20 21
21 21 24 03
Sum of absolute differences = 272 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 728 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
054096
043953
040572
06762
091287
142002
175812
155526
128478
10143
10143
071001
047334
027048
023667
0
0
0
0
0
047334
091287
084525
111573
10143
125097
111573
125097
077763
064239
016905
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
16
13
12
20
27
42
52
46
38
30
30
21
14
8
7
0
0
0
0
0
14
27
25
33
30
37
33
37
23
19
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 m
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 5+6 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle Farmer setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 14 27 25 33 30 37 33 37 23 19 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 16 13 12 20 27 42 52 46 38 30 30 21 14 8 7 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 659
Volume Left oz 047 091 085 112 101 125 112 125 078 064 017 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 054 044 041 068 091 142 176 156 128 101 101 071 047 027 024 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 2228079
14
27
25
33
30
37
33
37
23
19
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Page 14: Improving pesticide application via engineering methods · 2016-11-07 · International Pesticide Application Technology at Cornell University. Improving pesticide application . via

Nozzle selection - smartphone apps

Calibration

Calibration of airblast sprayers for vineyards

- Part 1 selecting and changing nozzles (metric version)

- Part 2 measuring liquid flow (metric version)

8 film clips on calibrating liquid flow and nozzle selection

Distance learning courses

(Cornell Univeristy)

Calibration

Electronic nozzle tip testers

Patternator

Right side

Left side

PatternatorMIBO Vertical

Landers AJ Balsari P Gil E (2012) Putting the spray onto the target ndash the development and demonstration of vertical patternators for fruit growers Paper No 121336783 ASABE

1Asymmetric

2 Overspray

0

1

2

3

4

5

020406080100

Volume ml

Hei

ght

m

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 20 40 60 80 100

Volume ml

Patternator

Chart1

5+6
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

5+6
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Chart2

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

5+6
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Improved setting for the canopyadjusting nozzle orientation

0

1

2

3

4

5

020406080100

Volume ml

Hei

ght

m

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 20 40 60 80 100

Volume ml

Chart1

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Chart2

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Patternator for growers to build

Patternator assembly instructions

Drift poles to determine nozzleplume direction

Air induction nozzles

Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

0

05

1

15

2

25

3

35

4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Rows from target

a

rea

cove

red

on d

rift c

ards

Hollow cone

Air Induction

Air induction nozzles

Chart2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards g
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards gf
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet3

Sheet3

BBCH 69
BBCH 79
Spray ground losses ( of applied)
Spray Ground Losses
144
1225
1185
995
11
9
112
10

Precision application to the target zone

o Botrytis sprays to the fruit zone

o Grapevine Berry Moth sprays to the fruit zone

o Insecticide for Japanese Beetle at the top of the canopy

Target-zone sprayer

2-diaphragm pumppressure regulator $900 Hydraulic motor $200Motor to pump connector $150

(Prices approx)

Target-zone sprayer

Low pressure two diaphragm pump - 12 volt electric $400 (approx)

Fitted to a Hazlitt 1852 CIMA sprayer

Dilution water and agrochemical

Induction bowls and closed chemical transfer

Reduce operator exposure and environmental contamination

Why care about the air

We change liquid flow rate with different size canopies includingo Vine Row Volumeo Leaf Wall Areao Dosavinao Unit Canopy Row

Why not change airflow to match the developing canopy

Airflow

Direction of the airThe speed of the air

The volume of air

The answer is blowing in the wind

bull Transports droplets from the sprayer to the targetbull Protects droplets against wind effectsbull Droplet production (pneumatic sprayers)bull Provides shaking of the leaves in the canopybull Provides good coverage on the target

bull Transports droplets through amp past the targetbull Excessive shaking of the canopy resulting in

removing droplets already present on the target

Air direction

Deflectors and towers fitted to airblast sprayers to change air direction

Adjust airflow direction ndash park the plume

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Park the plume

Air speed ndash grapes are the target

Good coverage

Poor coverage

Wind tunnel observations

The classic horseshoe vortex

Ludwig Prandtl1875 -1953

Adjusting the air volume intake

ISAFUIT project Europe (2002-07)

Cornell Doughnut

(2002)

Early season ndashAir flow reduced

Mid season ndashAir flow adjusted

Full canopy ndashAir flow fully open

Adjustable Cornell louvre system

Table 2 FMC tower sprayer Drift reduction and deposition increase in Vvinifera cvVignole vineyard

Pole3 T1Pole 2 T1

Pole1 T1Pole3 T2

Pole2 T2Pole1 T2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8Top Pipe cleaner position on pole Bottom

Dye concentration

(mL dye L pipe cleaner)

Adjusted air volume

Airflow maximum

T1= Louvres AdjustedT2= Louvres Open

Drift measurements in Vitis sp GR 7 vineyard 2010

Conclusions

Select the correct nozzle to provide the right size droplets

Calibrate the nozzles and spray plume

Reduce the airflow to match the canopy

Season

Early

Mid

Late

Louvre

position

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Drift

reduction ()

0

71

0

37

0

18

Deposition increase ()

0

82

0

55

14

0
Albuz ATR Albuz ATR
Teejet XR Teejet XR
TurboDrop TurboDrop
Teejet AI Teejet AI
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
1 09 36
2 08 05
3 05 01
4 02 0
5 01
6 01
7 0
Albuz ATR 144 1225
Teejet XR 1185 995
TurboDrop 11 9
Teejet AI 112 10
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 1+2 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle best setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 32 43 32 37 35 14 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 34 25 25 36 40 37 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 431
Volume Left oz 108 145 108 125 118 047 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 115 085 085 122 135 125 085 034 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 1457211
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 1+2 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle best setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 32 43 32 37 35 14 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 34 25 25 36 40 37 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 431
Volume Left oz 108 145 108 125 118 047 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 115 085 085 122 135 125 085 034 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 1457211
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 11 11
104 00 12 12
97 00 21 21
91 00 32 32
84 08 46 38
78 29 46 17
72 35 58 23
65 56 70 14
59 50 79 29
53 56 64 08
47 46 41 05
40 50 30 20
34 38 18 20
27 41 20 21
21 21 24 03
Sum of absolute differences = 272 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 728 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
054096
043953
040572
06762
091287
142002
175812
155526
128478
10143
10143
071001
047334
027048
023667
0
0
0
0
0
047334
091287
084525
111573
10143
125097
111573
125097
077763
064239
016905
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
16
13
12
20
27
42
52
46
38
30
30
21
14
8
7
0
0
0
0
0
14
27
25
33
30
37
33
37
23
19
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 m
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 5+6 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle Farmer setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 14 27 25 33 30 37 33 37 23 19 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 16 13 12 20 27 42 52 46 38 30 30 21 14 8 7 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 659
Volume Left oz 047 091 085 112 101 125 112 125 078 064 017 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 054 044 041 068 091 142 176 156 128 101 101 071 047 027 024 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 2228079
16
13
12
20
27
42
52
46
38
30
30
21
14
8
7
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 11 11
104 00 12 12
97 00 21 21
91 00 32 32
84 08 46 38
78 29 46 17
72 35 58 23
65 56 70 14
59 50 79 29
53 56 64 08
47 46 41 05
40 50 30 20
34 38 18 20
27 41 20 21
21 21 24 03
Sum of absolute differences = 272 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 728 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
054096
043953
040572
06762
091287
142002
175812
155526
128478
10143
10143
071001
047334
027048
023667
0
0
0
0
0
047334
091287
084525
111573
10143
125097
111573
125097
077763
064239
016905
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
16
13
12
20
27
42
52
46
38
30
30
21
14
8
7
0
0
0
0
0
14
27
25
33
30
37
33
37
23
19
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 m
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 5+6 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle Farmer setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 14 27 25 33 30 37 33 37 23 19 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 16 13 12 20 27 42 52 46 38 30 30 21 14 8 7 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 659
Volume Left oz 047 091 085 112 101 125 112 125 078 064 017 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 054 044 041 068 091 142 176 156 128 101 101 071 047 027 024 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 2228079
14
27
25
33
30
37
33
37
23
19
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Page 15: Improving pesticide application via engineering methods · 2016-11-07 · International Pesticide Application Technology at Cornell University. Improving pesticide application . via

Calibration

Calibration of airblast sprayers for vineyards

- Part 1 selecting and changing nozzles (metric version)

- Part 2 measuring liquid flow (metric version)

8 film clips on calibrating liquid flow and nozzle selection

Distance learning courses

(Cornell Univeristy)

Calibration

Electronic nozzle tip testers

Patternator

Right side

Left side

PatternatorMIBO Vertical

Landers AJ Balsari P Gil E (2012) Putting the spray onto the target ndash the development and demonstration of vertical patternators for fruit growers Paper No 121336783 ASABE

1Asymmetric

2 Overspray

0

1

2

3

4

5

020406080100

Volume ml

Hei

ght

m

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 20 40 60 80 100

Volume ml

Patternator

Chart1

5+6
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

5+6
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Chart2

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

5+6
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Improved setting for the canopyadjusting nozzle orientation

0

1

2

3

4

5

020406080100

Volume ml

Hei

ght

m

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 20 40 60 80 100

Volume ml

Chart1

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Chart2

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Patternator for growers to build

Patternator assembly instructions

Drift poles to determine nozzleplume direction

Air induction nozzles

Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

0

05

1

15

2

25

3

35

4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Rows from target

a

rea

cove

red

on d

rift c

ards

Hollow cone

Air Induction

Air induction nozzles

Chart2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards g
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards gf
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet3

Sheet3

BBCH 69
BBCH 79
Spray ground losses ( of applied)
Spray Ground Losses
144
1225
1185
995
11
9
112
10

Precision application to the target zone

o Botrytis sprays to the fruit zone

o Grapevine Berry Moth sprays to the fruit zone

o Insecticide for Japanese Beetle at the top of the canopy

Target-zone sprayer

2-diaphragm pumppressure regulator $900 Hydraulic motor $200Motor to pump connector $150

(Prices approx)

Target-zone sprayer

Low pressure two diaphragm pump - 12 volt electric $400 (approx)

Fitted to a Hazlitt 1852 CIMA sprayer

Dilution water and agrochemical

Induction bowls and closed chemical transfer

Reduce operator exposure and environmental contamination

Why care about the air

We change liquid flow rate with different size canopies includingo Vine Row Volumeo Leaf Wall Areao Dosavinao Unit Canopy Row

Why not change airflow to match the developing canopy

Airflow

Direction of the airThe speed of the air

The volume of air

The answer is blowing in the wind

bull Transports droplets from the sprayer to the targetbull Protects droplets against wind effectsbull Droplet production (pneumatic sprayers)bull Provides shaking of the leaves in the canopybull Provides good coverage on the target

bull Transports droplets through amp past the targetbull Excessive shaking of the canopy resulting in

removing droplets already present on the target

Air direction

Deflectors and towers fitted to airblast sprayers to change air direction

Adjust airflow direction ndash park the plume

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Park the plume

Air speed ndash grapes are the target

Good coverage

Poor coverage

Wind tunnel observations

The classic horseshoe vortex

Ludwig Prandtl1875 -1953

Adjusting the air volume intake

ISAFUIT project Europe (2002-07)

Cornell Doughnut

(2002)

Early season ndashAir flow reduced

Mid season ndashAir flow adjusted

Full canopy ndashAir flow fully open

Adjustable Cornell louvre system

Table 2 FMC tower sprayer Drift reduction and deposition increase in Vvinifera cvVignole vineyard

Pole3 T1Pole 2 T1

Pole1 T1Pole3 T2

Pole2 T2Pole1 T2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8Top Pipe cleaner position on pole Bottom

Dye concentration

(mL dye L pipe cleaner)

Adjusted air volume

Airflow maximum

T1= Louvres AdjustedT2= Louvres Open

Drift measurements in Vitis sp GR 7 vineyard 2010

Conclusions

Select the correct nozzle to provide the right size droplets

Calibrate the nozzles and spray plume

Reduce the airflow to match the canopy

Season

Early

Mid

Late

Louvre

position

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Drift

reduction ()

0

71

0

37

0

18

Deposition increase ()

0

82

0

55

14

0
Albuz ATR Albuz ATR
Teejet XR Teejet XR
TurboDrop TurboDrop
Teejet AI Teejet AI
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
1 09 36
2 08 05
3 05 01
4 02 0
5 01
6 01
7 0
Albuz ATR 144 1225
Teejet XR 1185 995
TurboDrop 11 9
Teejet AI 112 10
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 1+2 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle best setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 32 43 32 37 35 14 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 34 25 25 36 40 37 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 431
Volume Left oz 108 145 108 125 118 047 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 115 085 085 122 135 125 085 034 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 1457211
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 1+2 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle best setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 32 43 32 37 35 14 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 34 25 25 36 40 37 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 431
Volume Left oz 108 145 108 125 118 047 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 115 085 085 122 135 125 085 034 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 1457211
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 11 11
104 00 12 12
97 00 21 21
91 00 32 32
84 08 46 38
78 29 46 17
72 35 58 23
65 56 70 14
59 50 79 29
53 56 64 08
47 46 41 05
40 50 30 20
34 38 18 20
27 41 20 21
21 21 24 03
Sum of absolute differences = 272 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 728 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
054096
043953
040572
06762
091287
142002
175812
155526
128478
10143
10143
071001
047334
027048
023667
0
0
0
0
0
047334
091287
084525
111573
10143
125097
111573
125097
077763
064239
016905
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
16
13
12
20
27
42
52
46
38
30
30
21
14
8
7
0
0
0
0
0
14
27
25
33
30
37
33
37
23
19
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 m
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 5+6 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle Farmer setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 14 27 25 33 30 37 33 37 23 19 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 16 13 12 20 27 42 52 46 38 30 30 21 14 8 7 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 659
Volume Left oz 047 091 085 112 101 125 112 125 078 064 017 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 054 044 041 068 091 142 176 156 128 101 101 071 047 027 024 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 2228079
16
13
12
20
27
42
52
46
38
30
30
21
14
8
7
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 11 11
104 00 12 12
97 00 21 21
91 00 32 32
84 08 46 38
78 29 46 17
72 35 58 23
65 56 70 14
59 50 79 29
53 56 64 08
47 46 41 05
40 50 30 20
34 38 18 20
27 41 20 21
21 21 24 03
Sum of absolute differences = 272 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 728 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
054096
043953
040572
06762
091287
142002
175812
155526
128478
10143
10143
071001
047334
027048
023667
0
0
0
0
0
047334
091287
084525
111573
10143
125097
111573
125097
077763
064239
016905
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
16
13
12
20
27
42
52
46
38
30
30
21
14
8
7
0
0
0
0
0
14
27
25
33
30
37
33
37
23
19
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 m
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 5+6 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle Farmer setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 14 27 25 33 30 37 33 37 23 19 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 16 13 12 20 27 42 52 46 38 30 30 21 14 8 7 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 659
Volume Left oz 047 091 085 112 101 125 112 125 078 064 017 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 054 044 041 068 091 142 176 156 128 101 101 071 047 027 024 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 2228079
14
27
25
33
30
37
33
37
23
19
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Page 16: Improving pesticide application via engineering methods · 2016-11-07 · International Pesticide Application Technology at Cornell University. Improving pesticide application . via

Calibration of airblast sprayers for vineyards

- Part 1 selecting and changing nozzles (metric version)

- Part 2 measuring liquid flow (metric version)

8 film clips on calibrating liquid flow and nozzle selection

Distance learning courses

(Cornell Univeristy)

Calibration

Electronic nozzle tip testers

Patternator

Right side

Left side

PatternatorMIBO Vertical

Landers AJ Balsari P Gil E (2012) Putting the spray onto the target ndash the development and demonstration of vertical patternators for fruit growers Paper No 121336783 ASABE

1Asymmetric

2 Overspray

0

1

2

3

4

5

020406080100

Volume ml

Hei

ght

m

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 20 40 60 80 100

Volume ml

Patternator

Chart1

5+6
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

5+6
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Chart2

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

5+6
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Improved setting for the canopyadjusting nozzle orientation

0

1

2

3

4

5

020406080100

Volume ml

Hei

ght

m

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 20 40 60 80 100

Volume ml

Chart1

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Chart2

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Patternator for growers to build

Patternator assembly instructions

Drift poles to determine nozzleplume direction

Air induction nozzles

Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

0

05

1

15

2

25

3

35

4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Rows from target

a

rea

cove

red

on d

rift c

ards

Hollow cone

Air Induction

Air induction nozzles

Chart2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards g
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards gf
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet3

Sheet3

BBCH 69
BBCH 79
Spray ground losses ( of applied)
Spray Ground Losses
144
1225
1185
995
11
9
112
10

Precision application to the target zone

o Botrytis sprays to the fruit zone

o Grapevine Berry Moth sprays to the fruit zone

o Insecticide for Japanese Beetle at the top of the canopy

Target-zone sprayer

2-diaphragm pumppressure regulator $900 Hydraulic motor $200Motor to pump connector $150

(Prices approx)

Target-zone sprayer

Low pressure two diaphragm pump - 12 volt electric $400 (approx)

Fitted to a Hazlitt 1852 CIMA sprayer

Dilution water and agrochemical

Induction bowls and closed chemical transfer

Reduce operator exposure and environmental contamination

Why care about the air

We change liquid flow rate with different size canopies includingo Vine Row Volumeo Leaf Wall Areao Dosavinao Unit Canopy Row

Why not change airflow to match the developing canopy

Airflow

Direction of the airThe speed of the air

The volume of air

The answer is blowing in the wind

bull Transports droplets from the sprayer to the targetbull Protects droplets against wind effectsbull Droplet production (pneumatic sprayers)bull Provides shaking of the leaves in the canopybull Provides good coverage on the target

bull Transports droplets through amp past the targetbull Excessive shaking of the canopy resulting in

removing droplets already present on the target

Air direction

Deflectors and towers fitted to airblast sprayers to change air direction

Adjust airflow direction ndash park the plume

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Park the plume

Air speed ndash grapes are the target

Good coverage

Poor coverage

Wind tunnel observations

The classic horseshoe vortex

Ludwig Prandtl1875 -1953

Adjusting the air volume intake

ISAFUIT project Europe (2002-07)

Cornell Doughnut

(2002)

Early season ndashAir flow reduced

Mid season ndashAir flow adjusted

Full canopy ndashAir flow fully open

Adjustable Cornell louvre system

Table 2 FMC tower sprayer Drift reduction and deposition increase in Vvinifera cvVignole vineyard

Pole3 T1Pole 2 T1

Pole1 T1Pole3 T2

Pole2 T2Pole1 T2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8Top Pipe cleaner position on pole Bottom

Dye concentration

(mL dye L pipe cleaner)

Adjusted air volume

Airflow maximum

T1= Louvres AdjustedT2= Louvres Open

Drift measurements in Vitis sp GR 7 vineyard 2010

Conclusions

Select the correct nozzle to provide the right size droplets

Calibrate the nozzles and spray plume

Reduce the airflow to match the canopy

Season

Early

Mid

Late

Louvre

position

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Drift

reduction ()

0

71

0

37

0

18

Deposition increase ()

0

82

0

55

14

0
Albuz ATR Albuz ATR
Teejet XR Teejet XR
TurboDrop TurboDrop
Teejet AI Teejet AI
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
1 09 36
2 08 05
3 05 01
4 02 0
5 01
6 01
7 0
Albuz ATR 144 1225
Teejet XR 1185 995
TurboDrop 11 9
Teejet AI 112 10
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 1+2 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle best setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 32 43 32 37 35 14 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 34 25 25 36 40 37 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 431
Volume Left oz 108 145 108 125 118 047 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 115 085 085 122 135 125 085 034 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 1457211
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 1+2 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle best setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 32 43 32 37 35 14 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 34 25 25 36 40 37 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 431
Volume Left oz 108 145 108 125 118 047 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 115 085 085 122 135 125 085 034 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 1457211
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 11 11
104 00 12 12
97 00 21 21
91 00 32 32
84 08 46 38
78 29 46 17
72 35 58 23
65 56 70 14
59 50 79 29
53 56 64 08
47 46 41 05
40 50 30 20
34 38 18 20
27 41 20 21
21 21 24 03
Sum of absolute differences = 272 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 728 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
054096
043953
040572
06762
091287
142002
175812
155526
128478
10143
10143
071001
047334
027048
023667
0
0
0
0
0
047334
091287
084525
111573
10143
125097
111573
125097
077763
064239
016905
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
16
13
12
20
27
42
52
46
38
30
30
21
14
8
7
0
0
0
0
0
14
27
25
33
30
37
33
37
23
19
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 m
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 5+6 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle Farmer setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 14 27 25 33 30 37 33 37 23 19 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 16 13 12 20 27 42 52 46 38 30 30 21 14 8 7 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 659
Volume Left oz 047 091 085 112 101 125 112 125 078 064 017 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 054 044 041 068 091 142 176 156 128 101 101 071 047 027 024 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 2228079
16
13
12
20
27
42
52
46
38
30
30
21
14
8
7
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 11 11
104 00 12 12
97 00 21 21
91 00 32 32
84 08 46 38
78 29 46 17
72 35 58 23
65 56 70 14
59 50 79 29
53 56 64 08
47 46 41 05
40 50 30 20
34 38 18 20
27 41 20 21
21 21 24 03
Sum of absolute differences = 272 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 728 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
054096
043953
040572
06762
091287
142002
175812
155526
128478
10143
10143
071001
047334
027048
023667
0
0
0
0
0
047334
091287
084525
111573
10143
125097
111573
125097
077763
064239
016905
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
16
13
12
20
27
42
52
46
38
30
30
21
14
8
7
0
0
0
0
0
14
27
25
33
30
37
33
37
23
19
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 m
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 5+6 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle Farmer setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 14 27 25 33 30 37 33 37 23 19 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 16 13 12 20 27 42 52 46 38 30 30 21 14 8 7 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 659
Volume Left oz 047 091 085 112 101 125 112 125 078 064 017 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 054 044 041 068 091 142 176 156 128 101 101 071 047 027 024 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 2228079
14
27
25
33
30
37
33
37
23
19
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Page 17: Improving pesticide application via engineering methods · 2016-11-07 · International Pesticide Application Technology at Cornell University. Improving pesticide application . via

Electronic nozzle tip testers

Patternator

Right side

Left side

PatternatorMIBO Vertical

Landers AJ Balsari P Gil E (2012) Putting the spray onto the target ndash the development and demonstration of vertical patternators for fruit growers Paper No 121336783 ASABE

1Asymmetric

2 Overspray

0

1

2

3

4

5

020406080100

Volume ml

Hei

ght

m

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 20 40 60 80 100

Volume ml

Patternator

Chart1

5+6
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

5+6
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Chart2

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

5+6
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Improved setting for the canopyadjusting nozzle orientation

0

1

2

3

4

5

020406080100

Volume ml

Hei

ght

m

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 20 40 60 80 100

Volume ml

Chart1

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Chart2

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Patternator for growers to build

Patternator assembly instructions

Drift poles to determine nozzleplume direction

Air induction nozzles

Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

0

05

1

15

2

25

3

35

4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Rows from target

a

rea

cove

red

on d

rift c

ards

Hollow cone

Air Induction

Air induction nozzles

Chart2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards g
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards gf
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet3

Sheet3

BBCH 69
BBCH 79
Spray ground losses ( of applied)
Spray Ground Losses
144
1225
1185
995
11
9
112
10

Precision application to the target zone

o Botrytis sprays to the fruit zone

o Grapevine Berry Moth sprays to the fruit zone

o Insecticide for Japanese Beetle at the top of the canopy

Target-zone sprayer

2-diaphragm pumppressure regulator $900 Hydraulic motor $200Motor to pump connector $150

(Prices approx)

Target-zone sprayer

Low pressure two diaphragm pump - 12 volt electric $400 (approx)

Fitted to a Hazlitt 1852 CIMA sprayer

Dilution water and agrochemical

Induction bowls and closed chemical transfer

Reduce operator exposure and environmental contamination

Why care about the air

We change liquid flow rate with different size canopies includingo Vine Row Volumeo Leaf Wall Areao Dosavinao Unit Canopy Row

Why not change airflow to match the developing canopy

Airflow

Direction of the airThe speed of the air

The volume of air

The answer is blowing in the wind

bull Transports droplets from the sprayer to the targetbull Protects droplets against wind effectsbull Droplet production (pneumatic sprayers)bull Provides shaking of the leaves in the canopybull Provides good coverage on the target

bull Transports droplets through amp past the targetbull Excessive shaking of the canopy resulting in

removing droplets already present on the target

Air direction

Deflectors and towers fitted to airblast sprayers to change air direction

Adjust airflow direction ndash park the plume

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Park the plume

Air speed ndash grapes are the target

Good coverage

Poor coverage

Wind tunnel observations

The classic horseshoe vortex

Ludwig Prandtl1875 -1953

Adjusting the air volume intake

ISAFUIT project Europe (2002-07)

Cornell Doughnut

(2002)

Early season ndashAir flow reduced

Mid season ndashAir flow adjusted

Full canopy ndashAir flow fully open

Adjustable Cornell louvre system

Table 2 FMC tower sprayer Drift reduction and deposition increase in Vvinifera cvVignole vineyard

Pole3 T1Pole 2 T1

Pole1 T1Pole3 T2

Pole2 T2Pole1 T2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8Top Pipe cleaner position on pole Bottom

Dye concentration

(mL dye L pipe cleaner)

Adjusted air volume

Airflow maximum

T1= Louvres AdjustedT2= Louvres Open

Drift measurements in Vitis sp GR 7 vineyard 2010

Conclusions

Select the correct nozzle to provide the right size droplets

Calibrate the nozzles and spray plume

Reduce the airflow to match the canopy

Season

Early

Mid

Late

Louvre

position

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Drift

reduction ()

0

71

0

37

0

18

Deposition increase ()

0

82

0

55

14

0
Albuz ATR Albuz ATR
Teejet XR Teejet XR
TurboDrop TurboDrop
Teejet AI Teejet AI
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
1 09 36
2 08 05
3 05 01
4 02 0
5 01
6 01
7 0
Albuz ATR 144 1225
Teejet XR 1185 995
TurboDrop 11 9
Teejet AI 112 10
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 1+2 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle best setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 32 43 32 37 35 14 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 34 25 25 36 40 37 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 431
Volume Left oz 108 145 108 125 118 047 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 115 085 085 122 135 125 085 034 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 1457211
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 1+2 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle best setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 32 43 32 37 35 14 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 34 25 25 36 40 37 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 431
Volume Left oz 108 145 108 125 118 047 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 115 085 085 122 135 125 085 034 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 1457211
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 11 11
104 00 12 12
97 00 21 21
91 00 32 32
84 08 46 38
78 29 46 17
72 35 58 23
65 56 70 14
59 50 79 29
53 56 64 08
47 46 41 05
40 50 30 20
34 38 18 20
27 41 20 21
21 21 24 03
Sum of absolute differences = 272 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 728 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
054096
043953
040572
06762
091287
142002
175812
155526
128478
10143
10143
071001
047334
027048
023667
0
0
0
0
0
047334
091287
084525
111573
10143
125097
111573
125097
077763
064239
016905
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
16
13
12
20
27
42
52
46
38
30
30
21
14
8
7
0
0
0
0
0
14
27
25
33
30
37
33
37
23
19
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 m
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 5+6 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle Farmer setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 14 27 25 33 30 37 33 37 23 19 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 16 13 12 20 27 42 52 46 38 30 30 21 14 8 7 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 659
Volume Left oz 047 091 085 112 101 125 112 125 078 064 017 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 054 044 041 068 091 142 176 156 128 101 101 071 047 027 024 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 2228079
16
13
12
20
27
42
52
46
38
30
30
21
14
8
7
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 11 11
104 00 12 12
97 00 21 21
91 00 32 32
84 08 46 38
78 29 46 17
72 35 58 23
65 56 70 14
59 50 79 29
53 56 64 08
47 46 41 05
40 50 30 20
34 38 18 20
27 41 20 21
21 21 24 03
Sum of absolute differences = 272 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 728 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
054096
043953
040572
06762
091287
142002
175812
155526
128478
10143
10143
071001
047334
027048
023667
0
0
0
0
0
047334
091287
084525
111573
10143
125097
111573
125097
077763
064239
016905
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
16
13
12
20
27
42
52
46
38
30
30
21
14
8
7
0
0
0
0
0
14
27
25
33
30
37
33
37
23
19
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 m
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 5+6 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle Farmer setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 14 27 25 33 30 37 33 37 23 19 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 16 13 12 20 27 42 52 46 38 30 30 21 14 8 7 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 659
Volume Left oz 047 091 085 112 101 125 112 125 078 064 017 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 054 044 041 068 091 142 176 156 128 101 101 071 047 027 024 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 2228079
14
27
25
33
30
37
33
37
23
19
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Page 18: Improving pesticide application via engineering methods · 2016-11-07 · International Pesticide Application Technology at Cornell University. Improving pesticide application . via

Patternator

Right side

Left side

PatternatorMIBO Vertical

Landers AJ Balsari P Gil E (2012) Putting the spray onto the target ndash the development and demonstration of vertical patternators for fruit growers Paper No 121336783 ASABE

1Asymmetric

2 Overspray

0

1

2

3

4

5

020406080100

Volume ml

Hei

ght

m

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 20 40 60 80 100

Volume ml

Patternator

Chart1

5+6
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

5+6
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Chart2

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

5+6
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Improved setting for the canopyadjusting nozzle orientation

0

1

2

3

4

5

020406080100

Volume ml

Hei

ght

m

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 20 40 60 80 100

Volume ml

Chart1

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Chart2

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Patternator for growers to build

Patternator assembly instructions

Drift poles to determine nozzleplume direction

Air induction nozzles

Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

0

05

1

15

2

25

3

35

4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Rows from target

a

rea

cove

red

on d

rift c

ards

Hollow cone

Air Induction

Air induction nozzles

Chart2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards g
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards gf
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet3

Sheet3

BBCH 69
BBCH 79
Spray ground losses ( of applied)
Spray Ground Losses
144
1225
1185
995
11
9
112
10

Precision application to the target zone

o Botrytis sprays to the fruit zone

o Grapevine Berry Moth sprays to the fruit zone

o Insecticide for Japanese Beetle at the top of the canopy

Target-zone sprayer

2-diaphragm pumppressure regulator $900 Hydraulic motor $200Motor to pump connector $150

(Prices approx)

Target-zone sprayer

Low pressure two diaphragm pump - 12 volt electric $400 (approx)

Fitted to a Hazlitt 1852 CIMA sprayer

Dilution water and agrochemical

Induction bowls and closed chemical transfer

Reduce operator exposure and environmental contamination

Why care about the air

We change liquid flow rate with different size canopies includingo Vine Row Volumeo Leaf Wall Areao Dosavinao Unit Canopy Row

Why not change airflow to match the developing canopy

Airflow

Direction of the airThe speed of the air

The volume of air

The answer is blowing in the wind

bull Transports droplets from the sprayer to the targetbull Protects droplets against wind effectsbull Droplet production (pneumatic sprayers)bull Provides shaking of the leaves in the canopybull Provides good coverage on the target

bull Transports droplets through amp past the targetbull Excessive shaking of the canopy resulting in

removing droplets already present on the target

Air direction

Deflectors and towers fitted to airblast sprayers to change air direction

Adjust airflow direction ndash park the plume

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Park the plume

Air speed ndash grapes are the target

Good coverage

Poor coverage

Wind tunnel observations

The classic horseshoe vortex

Ludwig Prandtl1875 -1953

Adjusting the air volume intake

ISAFUIT project Europe (2002-07)

Cornell Doughnut

(2002)

Early season ndashAir flow reduced

Mid season ndashAir flow adjusted

Full canopy ndashAir flow fully open

Adjustable Cornell louvre system

Table 2 FMC tower sprayer Drift reduction and deposition increase in Vvinifera cvVignole vineyard

Pole3 T1Pole 2 T1

Pole1 T1Pole3 T2

Pole2 T2Pole1 T2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8Top Pipe cleaner position on pole Bottom

Dye concentration

(mL dye L pipe cleaner)

Adjusted air volume

Airflow maximum

T1= Louvres AdjustedT2= Louvres Open

Drift measurements in Vitis sp GR 7 vineyard 2010

Conclusions

Select the correct nozzle to provide the right size droplets

Calibrate the nozzles and spray plume

Reduce the airflow to match the canopy

Season

Early

Mid

Late

Louvre

position

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Drift

reduction ()

0

71

0

37

0

18

Deposition increase ()

0

82

0

55

14

0
Albuz ATR Albuz ATR
Teejet XR Teejet XR
TurboDrop TurboDrop
Teejet AI Teejet AI
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
1 09 36
2 08 05
3 05 01
4 02 0
5 01
6 01
7 0
Albuz ATR 144 1225
Teejet XR 1185 995
TurboDrop 11 9
Teejet AI 112 10
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 1+2 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle best setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 32 43 32 37 35 14 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 34 25 25 36 40 37 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 431
Volume Left oz 108 145 108 125 118 047 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 115 085 085 122 135 125 085 034 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 1457211
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 1+2 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle best setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 32 43 32 37 35 14 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 34 25 25 36 40 37 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 431
Volume Left oz 108 145 108 125 118 047 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 115 085 085 122 135 125 085 034 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 1457211
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 11 11
104 00 12 12
97 00 21 21
91 00 32 32
84 08 46 38
78 29 46 17
72 35 58 23
65 56 70 14
59 50 79 29
53 56 64 08
47 46 41 05
40 50 30 20
34 38 18 20
27 41 20 21
21 21 24 03
Sum of absolute differences = 272 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 728 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
054096
043953
040572
06762
091287
142002
175812
155526
128478
10143
10143
071001
047334
027048
023667
0
0
0
0
0
047334
091287
084525
111573
10143
125097
111573
125097
077763
064239
016905
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
16
13
12
20
27
42
52
46
38
30
30
21
14
8
7
0
0
0
0
0
14
27
25
33
30
37
33
37
23
19
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 m
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 5+6 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle Farmer setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 14 27 25 33 30 37 33 37 23 19 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 16 13 12 20 27 42 52 46 38 30 30 21 14 8 7 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 659
Volume Left oz 047 091 085 112 101 125 112 125 078 064 017 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 054 044 041 068 091 142 176 156 128 101 101 071 047 027 024 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 2228079
16
13
12
20
27
42
52
46
38
30
30
21
14
8
7
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 11 11
104 00 12 12
97 00 21 21
91 00 32 32
84 08 46 38
78 29 46 17
72 35 58 23
65 56 70 14
59 50 79 29
53 56 64 08
47 46 41 05
40 50 30 20
34 38 18 20
27 41 20 21
21 21 24 03
Sum of absolute differences = 272 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 728 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
054096
043953
040572
06762
091287
142002
175812
155526
128478
10143
10143
071001
047334
027048
023667
0
0
0
0
0
047334
091287
084525
111573
10143
125097
111573
125097
077763
064239
016905
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
16
13
12
20
27
42
52
46
38
30
30
21
14
8
7
0
0
0
0
0
14
27
25
33
30
37
33
37
23
19
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 m
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 5+6 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle Farmer setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 14 27 25 33 30 37 33 37 23 19 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 16 13 12 20 27 42 52 46 38 30 30 21 14 8 7 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 659
Volume Left oz 047 091 085 112 101 125 112 125 078 064 017 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 054 044 041 068 091 142 176 156 128 101 101 071 047 027 024 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 2228079
14
27
25
33
30
37
33
37
23
19
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Page 19: Improving pesticide application via engineering methods · 2016-11-07 · International Pesticide Application Technology at Cornell University. Improving pesticide application . via

0

1

2

3

4

5

020406080100

Volume ml

Hei

ght

m

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 20 40 60 80 100

Volume ml

Patternator

Chart1

5+6
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

5+6
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Chart2

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

5+6
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Improved setting for the canopyadjusting nozzle orientation

0

1

2

3

4

5

020406080100

Volume ml

Hei

ght

m

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 20 40 60 80 100

Volume ml

Chart1

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Chart2

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Patternator for growers to build

Patternator assembly instructions

Drift poles to determine nozzleplume direction

Air induction nozzles

Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

0

05

1

15

2

25

3

35

4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Rows from target

a

rea

cove

red

on d

rift c

ards

Hollow cone

Air Induction

Air induction nozzles

Chart2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards g
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards gf
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet3

Sheet3

BBCH 69
BBCH 79
Spray ground losses ( of applied)
Spray Ground Losses
144
1225
1185
995
11
9
112
10

Precision application to the target zone

o Botrytis sprays to the fruit zone

o Grapevine Berry Moth sprays to the fruit zone

o Insecticide for Japanese Beetle at the top of the canopy

Target-zone sprayer

2-diaphragm pumppressure regulator $900 Hydraulic motor $200Motor to pump connector $150

(Prices approx)

Target-zone sprayer

Low pressure two diaphragm pump - 12 volt electric $400 (approx)

Fitted to a Hazlitt 1852 CIMA sprayer

Dilution water and agrochemical

Induction bowls and closed chemical transfer

Reduce operator exposure and environmental contamination

Why care about the air

We change liquid flow rate with different size canopies includingo Vine Row Volumeo Leaf Wall Areao Dosavinao Unit Canopy Row

Why not change airflow to match the developing canopy

Airflow

Direction of the airThe speed of the air

The volume of air

The answer is blowing in the wind

bull Transports droplets from the sprayer to the targetbull Protects droplets against wind effectsbull Droplet production (pneumatic sprayers)bull Provides shaking of the leaves in the canopybull Provides good coverage on the target

bull Transports droplets through amp past the targetbull Excessive shaking of the canopy resulting in

removing droplets already present on the target

Air direction

Deflectors and towers fitted to airblast sprayers to change air direction

Adjust airflow direction ndash park the plume

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Park the plume

Air speed ndash grapes are the target

Good coverage

Poor coverage

Wind tunnel observations

The classic horseshoe vortex

Ludwig Prandtl1875 -1953

Adjusting the air volume intake

ISAFUIT project Europe (2002-07)

Cornell Doughnut

(2002)

Early season ndashAir flow reduced

Mid season ndashAir flow adjusted

Full canopy ndashAir flow fully open

Adjustable Cornell louvre system

Table 2 FMC tower sprayer Drift reduction and deposition increase in Vvinifera cvVignole vineyard

Pole3 T1Pole 2 T1

Pole1 T1Pole3 T2

Pole2 T2Pole1 T2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8Top Pipe cleaner position on pole Bottom

Dye concentration

(mL dye L pipe cleaner)

Adjusted air volume

Airflow maximum

T1= Louvres AdjustedT2= Louvres Open

Drift measurements in Vitis sp GR 7 vineyard 2010

Conclusions

Select the correct nozzle to provide the right size droplets

Calibrate the nozzles and spray plume

Reduce the airflow to match the canopy

Season

Early

Mid

Late

Louvre

position

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Drift

reduction ()

0

71

0

37

0

18

Deposition increase ()

0

82

0

55

14

0
Albuz ATR Albuz ATR
Teejet XR Teejet XR
TurboDrop TurboDrop
Teejet AI Teejet AI
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
1 09 36
2 08 05
3 05 01
4 02 0
5 01
6 01
7 0
Albuz ATR 144 1225
Teejet XR 1185 995
TurboDrop 11 9
Teejet AI 112 10
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 1+2 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle best setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 32 43 32 37 35 14 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 34 25 25 36 40 37 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 431
Volume Left oz 108 145 108 125 118 047 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 115 085 085 122 135 125 085 034 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 1457211
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 1+2 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle best setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 32 43 32 37 35 14 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 34 25 25 36 40 37 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 431
Volume Left oz 108 145 108 125 118 047 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 115 085 085 122 135 125 085 034 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 1457211
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 11 11
104 00 12 12
97 00 21 21
91 00 32 32
84 08 46 38
78 29 46 17
72 35 58 23
65 56 70 14
59 50 79 29
53 56 64 08
47 46 41 05
40 50 30 20
34 38 18 20
27 41 20 21
21 21 24 03
Sum of absolute differences = 272 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 728 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
054096
043953
040572
06762
091287
142002
175812
155526
128478
10143
10143
071001
047334
027048
023667
0
0
0
0
0
047334
091287
084525
111573
10143
125097
111573
125097
077763
064239
016905
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
16
13
12
20
27
42
52
46
38
30
30
21
14
8
7
0
0
0
0
0
14
27
25
33
30
37
33
37
23
19
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 m
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 5+6 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle Farmer setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 14 27 25 33 30 37 33 37 23 19 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 16 13 12 20 27 42 52 46 38 30 30 21 14 8 7 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 659
Volume Left oz 047 091 085 112 101 125 112 125 078 064 017 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 054 044 041 068 091 142 176 156 128 101 101 071 047 027 024 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 2228079
16
13
12
20
27
42
52
46
38
30
30
21
14
8
7
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 11 11
104 00 12 12
97 00 21 21
91 00 32 32
84 08 46 38
78 29 46 17
72 35 58 23
65 56 70 14
59 50 79 29
53 56 64 08
47 46 41 05
40 50 30 20
34 38 18 20
27 41 20 21
21 21 24 03
Sum of absolute differences = 272 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 728 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
054096
043953
040572
06762
091287
142002
175812
155526
128478
10143
10143
071001
047334
027048
023667
0
0
0
0
0
047334
091287
084525
111573
10143
125097
111573
125097
077763
064239
016905
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
16
13
12
20
27
42
52
46
38
30
30
21
14
8
7
0
0
0
0
0
14
27
25
33
30
37
33
37
23
19
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 m
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 5+6 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle Farmer setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 14 27 25 33 30 37 33 37 23 19 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 16 13 12 20 27 42 52 46 38 30 30 21 14 8 7 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 659
Volume Left oz 047 091 085 112 101 125 112 125 078 064 017 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 054 044 041 068 091 142 176 156 128 101 101 071 047 027 024 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 2228079
14
27
25
33
30
37
33
37
23
19
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Page 20: Improving pesticide application via engineering methods · 2016-11-07 · International Pesticide Application Technology at Cornell University. Improving pesticide application . via

Chart1

5+6
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

5+6
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Chart2

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

5+6
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Improved setting for the canopyadjusting nozzle orientation

0

1

2

3

4

5

020406080100

Volume ml

Hei

ght

m

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 20 40 60 80 100

Volume ml

Chart1

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Chart2

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Patternator for growers to build

Patternator assembly instructions

Drift poles to determine nozzleplume direction

Air induction nozzles

Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

0

05

1

15

2

25

3

35

4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Rows from target

a

rea

cove

red

on d

rift c

ards

Hollow cone

Air Induction

Air induction nozzles

Chart2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards g
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards gf
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet3

Sheet3

BBCH 69
BBCH 79
Spray ground losses ( of applied)
Spray Ground Losses
144
1225
1185
995
11
9
112
10

Precision application to the target zone

o Botrytis sprays to the fruit zone

o Grapevine Berry Moth sprays to the fruit zone

o Insecticide for Japanese Beetle at the top of the canopy

Target-zone sprayer

2-diaphragm pumppressure regulator $900 Hydraulic motor $200Motor to pump connector $150

(Prices approx)

Target-zone sprayer

Low pressure two diaphragm pump - 12 volt electric $400 (approx)

Fitted to a Hazlitt 1852 CIMA sprayer

Dilution water and agrochemical

Induction bowls and closed chemical transfer

Reduce operator exposure and environmental contamination

Why care about the air

We change liquid flow rate with different size canopies includingo Vine Row Volumeo Leaf Wall Areao Dosavinao Unit Canopy Row

Why not change airflow to match the developing canopy

Airflow

Direction of the airThe speed of the air

The volume of air

The answer is blowing in the wind

bull Transports droplets from the sprayer to the targetbull Protects droplets against wind effectsbull Droplet production (pneumatic sprayers)bull Provides shaking of the leaves in the canopybull Provides good coverage on the target

bull Transports droplets through amp past the targetbull Excessive shaking of the canopy resulting in

removing droplets already present on the target

Air direction

Deflectors and towers fitted to airblast sprayers to change air direction

Adjust airflow direction ndash park the plume

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Park the plume

Air speed ndash grapes are the target

Good coverage

Poor coverage

Wind tunnel observations

The classic horseshoe vortex

Ludwig Prandtl1875 -1953

Adjusting the air volume intake

ISAFUIT project Europe (2002-07)

Cornell Doughnut

(2002)

Early season ndashAir flow reduced

Mid season ndashAir flow adjusted

Full canopy ndashAir flow fully open

Adjustable Cornell louvre system

Table 2 FMC tower sprayer Drift reduction and deposition increase in Vvinifera cvVignole vineyard

Pole3 T1Pole 2 T1

Pole1 T1Pole3 T2

Pole2 T2Pole1 T2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8Top Pipe cleaner position on pole Bottom

Dye concentration

(mL dye L pipe cleaner)

Adjusted air volume

Airflow maximum

T1= Louvres AdjustedT2= Louvres Open

Drift measurements in Vitis sp GR 7 vineyard 2010

Conclusions

Select the correct nozzle to provide the right size droplets

Calibrate the nozzles and spray plume

Reduce the airflow to match the canopy

Season

Early

Mid

Late

Louvre

position

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Drift

reduction ()

0

71

0

37

0

18

Deposition increase ()

0

82

0

55

14

0
Albuz ATR Albuz ATR
Teejet XR Teejet XR
TurboDrop TurboDrop
Teejet AI Teejet AI
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
1 09 36
2 08 05
3 05 01
4 02 0
5 01
6 01
7 0
Albuz ATR 144 1225
Teejet XR 1185 995
TurboDrop 11 9
Teejet AI 112 10
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 1+2 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle best setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 32 43 32 37 35 14 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 34 25 25 36 40 37 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 431
Volume Left oz 108 145 108 125 118 047 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 115 085 085 122 135 125 085 034 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 1457211
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 1+2 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle best setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 32 43 32 37 35 14 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 34 25 25 36 40 37 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 431
Volume Left oz 108 145 108 125 118 047 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 115 085 085 122 135 125 085 034 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 1457211
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 11 11
104 00 12 12
97 00 21 21
91 00 32 32
84 08 46 38
78 29 46 17
72 35 58 23
65 56 70 14
59 50 79 29
53 56 64 08
47 46 41 05
40 50 30 20
34 38 18 20
27 41 20 21
21 21 24 03
Sum of absolute differences = 272 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 728 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
054096
043953
040572
06762
091287
142002
175812
155526
128478
10143
10143
071001
047334
027048
023667
0
0
0
0
0
047334
091287
084525
111573
10143
125097
111573
125097
077763
064239
016905
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
16
13
12
20
27
42
52
46
38
30
30
21
14
8
7
0
0
0
0
0
14
27
25
33
30
37
33
37
23
19
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 m
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 5+6 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle Farmer setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 14 27 25 33 30 37 33 37 23 19 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 16 13 12 20 27 42 52 46 38 30 30 21 14 8 7 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 659
Volume Left oz 047 091 085 112 101 125 112 125 078 064 017 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 054 044 041 068 091 142 176 156 128 101 101 071 047 027 024 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 2228079
16
13
12
20
27
42
52
46
38
30
30
21
14
8
7
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 11 11
104 00 12 12
97 00 21 21
91 00 32 32
84 08 46 38
78 29 46 17
72 35 58 23
65 56 70 14
59 50 79 29
53 56 64 08
47 46 41 05
40 50 30 20
34 38 18 20
27 41 20 21
21 21 24 03
Sum of absolute differences = 272 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 728 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
054096
043953
040572
06762
091287
142002
175812
155526
128478
10143
10143
071001
047334
027048
023667
0
0
0
0
0
047334
091287
084525
111573
10143
125097
111573
125097
077763
064239
016905
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
16
13
12
20
27
42
52
46
38
30
30
21
14
8
7
0
0
0
0
0
14
27
25
33
30
37
33
37
23
19
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 m
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 5+6 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle Farmer setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 14 27 25 33 30 37 33 37 23 19 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 16 13 12 20 27 42 52 46 38 30 30 21 14 8 7 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 659
Volume Left oz 047 091 085 112 101 125 112 125 078 064 017 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 054 044 041 068 091 142 176 156 128 101 101 071 047 027 024 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 2228079
14
27
25
33
30
37
33
37
23
19
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Page 21: Improving pesticide application via engineering methods · 2016-11-07 · International Pesticide Application Technology at Cornell University. Improving pesticide application . via

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

5+6
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Chart2

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

5+6
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Improved setting for the canopyadjusting nozzle orientation

0

1

2

3

4

5

020406080100

Volume ml

Hei

ght

m

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 20 40 60 80 100

Volume ml

Chart1

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Chart2

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Patternator for growers to build

Patternator assembly instructions

Drift poles to determine nozzleplume direction

Air induction nozzles

Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

0

05

1

15

2

25

3

35

4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Rows from target

a

rea

cove

red

on d

rift c

ards

Hollow cone

Air Induction

Air induction nozzles

Chart2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards g
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards gf
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet3

Sheet3

BBCH 69
BBCH 79
Spray ground losses ( of applied)
Spray Ground Losses
144
1225
1185
995
11
9
112
10

Precision application to the target zone

o Botrytis sprays to the fruit zone

o Grapevine Berry Moth sprays to the fruit zone

o Insecticide for Japanese Beetle at the top of the canopy

Target-zone sprayer

2-diaphragm pumppressure regulator $900 Hydraulic motor $200Motor to pump connector $150

(Prices approx)

Target-zone sprayer

Low pressure two diaphragm pump - 12 volt electric $400 (approx)

Fitted to a Hazlitt 1852 CIMA sprayer

Dilution water and agrochemical

Induction bowls and closed chemical transfer

Reduce operator exposure and environmental contamination

Why care about the air

We change liquid flow rate with different size canopies includingo Vine Row Volumeo Leaf Wall Areao Dosavinao Unit Canopy Row

Why not change airflow to match the developing canopy

Airflow

Direction of the airThe speed of the air

The volume of air

The answer is blowing in the wind

bull Transports droplets from the sprayer to the targetbull Protects droplets against wind effectsbull Droplet production (pneumatic sprayers)bull Provides shaking of the leaves in the canopybull Provides good coverage on the target

bull Transports droplets through amp past the targetbull Excessive shaking of the canopy resulting in

removing droplets already present on the target

Air direction

Deflectors and towers fitted to airblast sprayers to change air direction

Adjust airflow direction ndash park the plume

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Park the plume

Air speed ndash grapes are the target

Good coverage

Poor coverage

Wind tunnel observations

The classic horseshoe vortex

Ludwig Prandtl1875 -1953

Adjusting the air volume intake

ISAFUIT project Europe (2002-07)

Cornell Doughnut

(2002)

Early season ndashAir flow reduced

Mid season ndashAir flow adjusted

Full canopy ndashAir flow fully open

Adjustable Cornell louvre system

Table 2 FMC tower sprayer Drift reduction and deposition increase in Vvinifera cvVignole vineyard

Pole3 T1Pole 2 T1

Pole1 T1Pole3 T2

Pole2 T2Pole1 T2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8Top Pipe cleaner position on pole Bottom

Dye concentration

(mL dye L pipe cleaner)

Adjusted air volume

Airflow maximum

T1= Louvres AdjustedT2= Louvres Open

Drift measurements in Vitis sp GR 7 vineyard 2010

Conclusions

Select the correct nozzle to provide the right size droplets

Calibrate the nozzles and spray plume

Reduce the airflow to match the canopy

Season

Early

Mid

Late

Louvre

position

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Drift

reduction ()

0

71

0

37

0

18

Deposition increase ()

0

82

0

55

14

0
Albuz ATR Albuz ATR
Teejet XR Teejet XR
TurboDrop TurboDrop
Teejet AI Teejet AI
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
1 09 36
2 08 05
3 05 01
4 02 0
5 01
6 01
7 0
Albuz ATR 144 1225
Teejet XR 1185 995
TurboDrop 11 9
Teejet AI 112 10
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 1+2 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle best setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 32 43 32 37 35 14 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 34 25 25 36 40 37 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 431
Volume Left oz 108 145 108 125 118 047 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 115 085 085 122 135 125 085 034 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 1457211
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 1+2 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle best setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 32 43 32 37 35 14 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 34 25 25 36 40 37 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 431
Volume Left oz 108 145 108 125 118 047 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 115 085 085 122 135 125 085 034 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 1457211
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 11 11
104 00 12 12
97 00 21 21
91 00 32 32
84 08 46 38
78 29 46 17
72 35 58 23
65 56 70 14
59 50 79 29
53 56 64 08
47 46 41 05
40 50 30 20
34 38 18 20
27 41 20 21
21 21 24 03
Sum of absolute differences = 272 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 728 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
054096
043953
040572
06762
091287
142002
175812
155526
128478
10143
10143
071001
047334
027048
023667
0
0
0
0
0
047334
091287
084525
111573
10143
125097
111573
125097
077763
064239
016905
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
16
13
12
20
27
42
52
46
38
30
30
21
14
8
7
0
0
0
0
0
14
27
25
33
30
37
33
37
23
19
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 m
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 5+6 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle Farmer setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 14 27 25 33 30 37 33 37 23 19 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 16 13 12 20 27 42 52 46 38 30 30 21 14 8 7 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 659
Volume Left oz 047 091 085 112 101 125 112 125 078 064 017 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 054 044 041 068 091 142 176 156 128 101 101 071 047 027 024 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 2228079
16
13
12
20
27
42
52
46
38
30
30
21
14
8
7
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 11 11
104 00 12 12
97 00 21 21
91 00 32 32
84 08 46 38
78 29 46 17
72 35 58 23
65 56 70 14
59 50 79 29
53 56 64 08
47 46 41 05
40 50 30 20
34 38 18 20
27 41 20 21
21 21 24 03
Sum of absolute differences = 272 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 728 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
054096
043953
040572
06762
091287
142002
175812
155526
128478
10143
10143
071001
047334
027048
023667
0
0
0
0
0
047334
091287
084525
111573
10143
125097
111573
125097
077763
064239
016905
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
16
13
12
20
27
42
52
46
38
30
30
21
14
8
7
0
0
0
0
0
14
27
25
33
30
37
33
37
23
19
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 m
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 5+6 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle Farmer setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 14 27 25 33 30 37 33 37 23 19 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 16 13 12 20 27 42 52 46 38 30 30 21 14 8 7 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 659
Volume Left oz 047 091 085 112 101 125 112 125 078 064 017 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 054 044 041 068 091 142 176 156 128 101 101 071 047 027 024 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 2228079
Page 22: Improving pesticide application via engineering methods · 2016-11-07 · International Pesticide Application Technology at Cornell University. Improving pesticide application . via

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

5+6
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Chart2

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

5+6
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Improved setting for the canopyadjusting nozzle orientation

0

1

2

3

4

5

020406080100

Volume ml

Hei

ght

m

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 20 40 60 80 100

Volume ml

Chart1

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Chart2

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Patternator for growers to build

Patternator assembly instructions

Drift poles to determine nozzleplume direction

Air induction nozzles

Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

0

05

1

15

2

25

3

35

4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Rows from target

a

rea

cove

red

on d

rift c

ards

Hollow cone

Air Induction

Air induction nozzles

Chart2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards g
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards gf
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet3

Sheet3

BBCH 69
BBCH 79
Spray ground losses ( of applied)
Spray Ground Losses
144
1225
1185
995
11
9
112
10

Precision application to the target zone

o Botrytis sprays to the fruit zone

o Grapevine Berry Moth sprays to the fruit zone

o Insecticide for Japanese Beetle at the top of the canopy

Target-zone sprayer

2-diaphragm pumppressure regulator $900 Hydraulic motor $200Motor to pump connector $150

(Prices approx)

Target-zone sprayer

Low pressure two diaphragm pump - 12 volt electric $400 (approx)

Fitted to a Hazlitt 1852 CIMA sprayer

Dilution water and agrochemical

Induction bowls and closed chemical transfer

Reduce operator exposure and environmental contamination

Why care about the air

We change liquid flow rate with different size canopies includingo Vine Row Volumeo Leaf Wall Areao Dosavinao Unit Canopy Row

Why not change airflow to match the developing canopy

Airflow

Direction of the airThe speed of the air

The volume of air

The answer is blowing in the wind

bull Transports droplets from the sprayer to the targetbull Protects droplets against wind effectsbull Droplet production (pneumatic sprayers)bull Provides shaking of the leaves in the canopybull Provides good coverage on the target

bull Transports droplets through amp past the targetbull Excessive shaking of the canopy resulting in

removing droplets already present on the target

Air direction

Deflectors and towers fitted to airblast sprayers to change air direction

Adjust airflow direction ndash park the plume

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Park the plume

Air speed ndash grapes are the target

Good coverage

Poor coverage

Wind tunnel observations

The classic horseshoe vortex

Ludwig Prandtl1875 -1953

Adjusting the air volume intake

ISAFUIT project Europe (2002-07)

Cornell Doughnut

(2002)

Early season ndashAir flow reduced

Mid season ndashAir flow adjusted

Full canopy ndashAir flow fully open

Adjustable Cornell louvre system

Table 2 FMC tower sprayer Drift reduction and deposition increase in Vvinifera cvVignole vineyard

Pole3 T1Pole 2 T1

Pole1 T1Pole3 T2

Pole2 T2Pole1 T2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8Top Pipe cleaner position on pole Bottom

Dye concentration

(mL dye L pipe cleaner)

Adjusted air volume

Airflow maximum

T1= Louvres AdjustedT2= Louvres Open

Drift measurements in Vitis sp GR 7 vineyard 2010

Conclusions

Select the correct nozzle to provide the right size droplets

Calibrate the nozzles and spray plume

Reduce the airflow to match the canopy

Season

Early

Mid

Late

Louvre

position

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Drift

reduction ()

0

71

0

37

0

18

Deposition increase ()

0

82

0

55

14

0
Albuz ATR Albuz ATR
Teejet XR Teejet XR
TurboDrop TurboDrop
Teejet AI Teejet AI
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
1 09 36
2 08 05
3 05 01
4 02 0
5 01
6 01
7 0
Albuz ATR 144 1225
Teejet XR 1185 995
TurboDrop 11 9
Teejet AI 112 10
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 1+2 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle best setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 32 43 32 37 35 14 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 34 25 25 36 40 37 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 431
Volume Left oz 108 145 108 125 118 047 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 115 085 085 122 135 125 085 034 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 1457211
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 1+2 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle best setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 32 43 32 37 35 14 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 34 25 25 36 40 37 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 431
Volume Left oz 108 145 108 125 118 047 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 115 085 085 122 135 125 085 034 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 1457211
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 11 11
104 00 12 12
97 00 21 21
91 00 32 32
84 08 46 38
78 29 46 17
72 35 58 23
65 56 70 14
59 50 79 29
53 56 64 08
47 46 41 05
40 50 30 20
34 38 18 20
27 41 20 21
21 21 24 03
Sum of absolute differences = 272 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 728 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
054096
043953
040572
06762
091287
142002
175812
155526
128478
10143
10143
071001
047334
027048
023667
0
0
0
0
0
047334
091287
084525
111573
10143
125097
111573
125097
077763
064239
016905
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
16
13
12
20
27
42
52
46
38
30
30
21
14
8
7
0
0
0
0
0
14
27
25
33
30
37
33
37
23
19
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 m
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 5+6 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle Farmer setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 14 27 25 33 30 37 33 37 23 19 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 16 13 12 20 27 42 52 46 38 30 30 21 14 8 7 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 659
Volume Left oz 047 091 085 112 101 125 112 125 078 064 017 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 054 044 041 068 091 142 176 156 128 101 101 071 047 027 024 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 2228079
16
13
12
20
27
42
52
46
38
30
30
21
14
8
7
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 11 11
104 00 12 12
97 00 21 21
91 00 32 32
84 08 46 38
78 29 46 17
72 35 58 23
65 56 70 14
59 50 79 29
53 56 64 08
47 46 41 05
40 50 30 20
34 38 18 20
27 41 20 21
21 21 24 03
Sum of absolute differences = 272 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 728 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
054096
043953
040572
06762
091287
142002
175812
155526
128478
10143
10143
071001
047334
027048
023667
0
0
0
0
0
047334
091287
084525
111573
10143
125097
111573
125097
077763
064239
016905
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
16
13
12
20
27
42
52
46
38
30
30
21
14
8
7
0
0
0
0
0
14
27
25
33
30
37
33
37
23
19
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 m
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Page 23: Improving pesticide application via engineering methods · 2016-11-07 · International Pesticide Application Technology at Cornell University. Improving pesticide application . via

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

5+6
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Chart2

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

5+6
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Improved setting for the canopyadjusting nozzle orientation

0

1

2

3

4

5

020406080100

Volume ml

Hei

ght

m

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 20 40 60 80 100

Volume ml

Chart1

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Chart2

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Patternator for growers to build

Patternator assembly instructions

Drift poles to determine nozzleplume direction

Air induction nozzles

Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

0

05

1

15

2

25

3

35

4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Rows from target

a

rea

cove

red

on d

rift c

ards

Hollow cone

Air Induction

Air induction nozzles

Chart2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards g
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards gf
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet3

Sheet3

BBCH 69
BBCH 79
Spray ground losses ( of applied)
Spray Ground Losses
144
1225
1185
995
11
9
112
10

Precision application to the target zone

o Botrytis sprays to the fruit zone

o Grapevine Berry Moth sprays to the fruit zone

o Insecticide for Japanese Beetle at the top of the canopy

Target-zone sprayer

2-diaphragm pumppressure regulator $900 Hydraulic motor $200Motor to pump connector $150

(Prices approx)

Target-zone sprayer

Low pressure two diaphragm pump - 12 volt electric $400 (approx)

Fitted to a Hazlitt 1852 CIMA sprayer

Dilution water and agrochemical

Induction bowls and closed chemical transfer

Reduce operator exposure and environmental contamination

Why care about the air

We change liquid flow rate with different size canopies includingo Vine Row Volumeo Leaf Wall Areao Dosavinao Unit Canopy Row

Why not change airflow to match the developing canopy

Airflow

Direction of the airThe speed of the air

The volume of air

The answer is blowing in the wind

bull Transports droplets from the sprayer to the targetbull Protects droplets against wind effectsbull Droplet production (pneumatic sprayers)bull Provides shaking of the leaves in the canopybull Provides good coverage on the target

bull Transports droplets through amp past the targetbull Excessive shaking of the canopy resulting in

removing droplets already present on the target

Air direction

Deflectors and towers fitted to airblast sprayers to change air direction

Adjust airflow direction ndash park the plume

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Park the plume

Air speed ndash grapes are the target

Good coverage

Poor coverage

Wind tunnel observations

The classic horseshoe vortex

Ludwig Prandtl1875 -1953

Adjusting the air volume intake

ISAFUIT project Europe (2002-07)

Cornell Doughnut

(2002)

Early season ndashAir flow reduced

Mid season ndashAir flow adjusted

Full canopy ndashAir flow fully open

Adjustable Cornell louvre system

Table 2 FMC tower sprayer Drift reduction and deposition increase in Vvinifera cvVignole vineyard

Pole3 T1Pole 2 T1

Pole1 T1Pole3 T2

Pole2 T2Pole1 T2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8Top Pipe cleaner position on pole Bottom

Dye concentration

(mL dye L pipe cleaner)

Adjusted air volume

Airflow maximum

T1= Louvres AdjustedT2= Louvres Open

Drift measurements in Vitis sp GR 7 vineyard 2010

Conclusions

Select the correct nozzle to provide the right size droplets

Calibrate the nozzles and spray plume

Reduce the airflow to match the canopy

Season

Early

Mid

Late

Louvre

position

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Drift

reduction ()

0

71

0

37

0

18

Deposition increase ()

0

82

0

55

14

0
Albuz ATR Albuz ATR
Teejet XR Teejet XR
TurboDrop TurboDrop
Teejet AI Teejet AI
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
1 09 36
2 08 05
3 05 01
4 02 0
5 01
6 01
7 0
Albuz ATR 144 1225
Teejet XR 1185 995
TurboDrop 11 9
Teejet AI 112 10
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 1+2 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle best setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 32 43 32 37 35 14 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 34 25 25 36 40 37 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 431
Volume Left oz 108 145 108 125 118 047 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 115 085 085 122 135 125 085 034 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 1457211
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 1+2 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle best setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 32 43 32 37 35 14 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 34 25 25 36 40 37 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 431
Volume Left oz 108 145 108 125 118 047 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 115 085 085 122 135 125 085 034 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 1457211
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 11 11
104 00 12 12
97 00 21 21
91 00 32 32
84 08 46 38
78 29 46 17
72 35 58 23
65 56 70 14
59 50 79 29
53 56 64 08
47 46 41 05
40 50 30 20
34 38 18 20
27 41 20 21
21 21 24 03
Sum of absolute differences = 272 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 728 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
054096
043953
040572
06762
091287
142002
175812
155526
128478
10143
10143
071001
047334
027048
023667
0
0
0
0
0
047334
091287
084525
111573
10143
125097
111573
125097
077763
064239
016905
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
16
13
12
20
27
42
52
46
38
30
30
21
14
8
7
0
0
0
0
0
14
27
25
33
30
37
33
37
23
19
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 m
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 5+6 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle Farmer setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 14 27 25 33 30 37 33 37 23 19 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 16 13 12 20 27 42 52 46 38 30 30 21 14 8 7 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 659
Volume Left oz 047 091 085 112 101 125 112 125 078 064 017 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 054 044 041 068 091 142 176 156 128 101 101 071 047 027 024 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 2228079
16
13
12
20
27
42
52
46
38
30
30
21
14
8
7
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 11 11
104 00 12 12
97 00 21 21
91 00 32 32
84 08 46 38
78 29 46 17
72 35 58 23
65 56 70 14
59 50 79 29
53 56 64 08
47 46 41 05
40 50 30 20
34 38 18 20
27 41 20 21
21 21 24 03
Sum of absolute differences = 272 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 728 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
054096
043953
040572
06762
091287
142002
175812
155526
128478
10143
10143
071001
047334
027048
023667
0
0
0
0
0
047334
091287
084525
111573
10143
125097
111573
125097
077763
064239
016905
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
16
13
12
20
27
42
52
46
38
30
30
21
14
8
7
0
0
0
0
0
14
27
25
33
30
37
33
37
23
19
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 m
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Page 24: Improving pesticide application via engineering methods · 2016-11-07 · International Pesticide Application Technology at Cornell University. Improving pesticide application . via

MetricLineGraph

5+6
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Chart2

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

5+6
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Improved setting for the canopyadjusting nozzle orientation

0

1

2

3

4

5

020406080100

Volume ml

Hei

ght

m

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 20 40 60 80 100

Volume ml

Chart1

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Chart2

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Patternator for growers to build

Patternator assembly instructions

Drift poles to determine nozzleplume direction

Air induction nozzles

Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

0

05

1

15

2

25

3

35

4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Rows from target

a

rea

cove

red

on d

rift c

ards

Hollow cone

Air Induction

Air induction nozzles

Chart2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards g
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards gf
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet3

Sheet3

BBCH 69
BBCH 79
Spray ground losses ( of applied)
Spray Ground Losses
144
1225
1185
995
11
9
112
10

Precision application to the target zone

o Botrytis sprays to the fruit zone

o Grapevine Berry Moth sprays to the fruit zone

o Insecticide for Japanese Beetle at the top of the canopy

Target-zone sprayer

2-diaphragm pumppressure regulator $900 Hydraulic motor $200Motor to pump connector $150

(Prices approx)

Target-zone sprayer

Low pressure two diaphragm pump - 12 volt electric $400 (approx)

Fitted to a Hazlitt 1852 CIMA sprayer

Dilution water and agrochemical

Induction bowls and closed chemical transfer

Reduce operator exposure and environmental contamination

Why care about the air

We change liquid flow rate with different size canopies includingo Vine Row Volumeo Leaf Wall Areao Dosavinao Unit Canopy Row

Why not change airflow to match the developing canopy

Airflow

Direction of the airThe speed of the air

The volume of air

The answer is blowing in the wind

bull Transports droplets from the sprayer to the targetbull Protects droplets against wind effectsbull Droplet production (pneumatic sprayers)bull Provides shaking of the leaves in the canopybull Provides good coverage on the target

bull Transports droplets through amp past the targetbull Excessive shaking of the canopy resulting in

removing droplets already present on the target

Air direction

Deflectors and towers fitted to airblast sprayers to change air direction

Adjust airflow direction ndash park the plume

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Park the plume

Air speed ndash grapes are the target

Good coverage

Poor coverage

Wind tunnel observations

The classic horseshoe vortex

Ludwig Prandtl1875 -1953

Adjusting the air volume intake

ISAFUIT project Europe (2002-07)

Cornell Doughnut

(2002)

Early season ndashAir flow reduced

Mid season ndashAir flow adjusted

Full canopy ndashAir flow fully open

Adjustable Cornell louvre system

Table 2 FMC tower sprayer Drift reduction and deposition increase in Vvinifera cvVignole vineyard

Pole3 T1Pole 2 T1

Pole1 T1Pole3 T2

Pole2 T2Pole1 T2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8Top Pipe cleaner position on pole Bottom

Dye concentration

(mL dye L pipe cleaner)

Adjusted air volume

Airflow maximum

T1= Louvres AdjustedT2= Louvres Open

Drift measurements in Vitis sp GR 7 vineyard 2010

Conclusions

Select the correct nozzle to provide the right size droplets

Calibrate the nozzles and spray plume

Reduce the airflow to match the canopy

Season

Early

Mid

Late

Louvre

position

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Drift

reduction ()

0

71

0

37

0

18

Deposition increase ()

0

82

0

55

14

0
Albuz ATR Albuz ATR
Teejet XR Teejet XR
TurboDrop TurboDrop
Teejet AI Teejet AI
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
1 09 36
2 08 05
3 05 01
4 02 0
5 01
6 01
7 0
Albuz ATR 144 1225
Teejet XR 1185 995
TurboDrop 11 9
Teejet AI 112 10
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 1+2 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle best setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 32 43 32 37 35 14 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 34 25 25 36 40 37 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 431
Volume Left oz 108 145 108 125 118 047 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 115 085 085 122 135 125 085 034 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 1457211
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 1+2 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle best setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 32 43 32 37 35 14 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 34 25 25 36 40 37 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 431
Volume Left oz 108 145 108 125 118 047 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 115 085 085 122 135 125 085 034 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 1457211
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 11 11
104 00 12 12
97 00 21 21
91 00 32 32
84 08 46 38
78 29 46 17
72 35 58 23
65 56 70 14
59 50 79 29
53 56 64 08
47 46 41 05
40 50 30 20
34 38 18 20
27 41 20 21
21 21 24 03
Sum of absolute differences = 272 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 728 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
054096
043953
040572
06762
091287
142002
175812
155526
128478
10143
10143
071001
047334
027048
023667
0
0
0
0
0
047334
091287
084525
111573
10143
125097
111573
125097
077763
064239
016905
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
16
13
12
20
27
42
52
46
38
30
30
21
14
8
7
0
0
0
0
0
14
27
25
33
30
37
33
37
23
19
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 m
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 5+6 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle Farmer setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 14 27 25 33 30 37 33 37 23 19 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 16 13 12 20 27 42 52 46 38 30 30 21 14 8 7 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 659
Volume Left oz 047 091 085 112 101 125 112 125 078 064 017 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 054 044 041 068 091 142 176 156 128 101 101 071 047 027 024 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 2228079
16
13
12
20
27
42
52
46
38
30
30
21
14
8
7
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 11 11
104 00 12 12
97 00 21 21
91 00 32 32
84 08 46 38
78 29 46 17
72 35 58 23
65 56 70 14
59 50 79 29
53 56 64 08
47 46 41 05
40 50 30 20
34 38 18 20
27 41 20 21
21 21 24 03
Sum of absolute differences = 272 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 728 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
054096
043953
040572
06762
091287
142002
175812
155526
128478
10143
10143
071001
047334
027048
023667
0
0
0
0
0
047334
091287
084525
111573
10143
125097
111573
125097
077763
064239
016905
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
16
13
12
20
27
42
52
46
38
30
30
21
14
8
7
0
0
0
0
0
14
27
25
33
30
37
33
37
23
19
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Page 25: Improving pesticide application via engineering methods · 2016-11-07 · International Pesticide Application Technology at Cornell University. Improving pesticide application . via

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Chart2

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

5+6
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Improved setting for the canopyadjusting nozzle orientation

0

1

2

3

4

5

020406080100

Volume ml

Hei

ght

m

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 20 40 60 80 100

Volume ml

Chart1

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Chart2

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Patternator for growers to build

Patternator assembly instructions

Drift poles to determine nozzleplume direction

Air induction nozzles

Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

0

05

1

15

2

25

3

35

4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Rows from target

a

rea

cove

red

on d

rift c

ards

Hollow cone

Air Induction

Air induction nozzles

Chart2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards g
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards gf
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet3

Sheet3

BBCH 69
BBCH 79
Spray ground losses ( of applied)
Spray Ground Losses
144
1225
1185
995
11
9
112
10

Precision application to the target zone

o Botrytis sprays to the fruit zone

o Grapevine Berry Moth sprays to the fruit zone

o Insecticide for Japanese Beetle at the top of the canopy

Target-zone sprayer

2-diaphragm pumppressure regulator $900 Hydraulic motor $200Motor to pump connector $150

(Prices approx)

Target-zone sprayer

Low pressure two diaphragm pump - 12 volt electric $400 (approx)

Fitted to a Hazlitt 1852 CIMA sprayer

Dilution water and agrochemical

Induction bowls and closed chemical transfer

Reduce operator exposure and environmental contamination

Why care about the air

We change liquid flow rate with different size canopies includingo Vine Row Volumeo Leaf Wall Areao Dosavinao Unit Canopy Row

Why not change airflow to match the developing canopy

Airflow

Direction of the airThe speed of the air

The volume of air

The answer is blowing in the wind

bull Transports droplets from the sprayer to the targetbull Protects droplets against wind effectsbull Droplet production (pneumatic sprayers)bull Provides shaking of the leaves in the canopybull Provides good coverage on the target

bull Transports droplets through amp past the targetbull Excessive shaking of the canopy resulting in

removing droplets already present on the target

Air direction

Deflectors and towers fitted to airblast sprayers to change air direction

Adjust airflow direction ndash park the plume

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Park the plume

Air speed ndash grapes are the target

Good coverage

Poor coverage

Wind tunnel observations

The classic horseshoe vortex

Ludwig Prandtl1875 -1953

Adjusting the air volume intake

ISAFUIT project Europe (2002-07)

Cornell Doughnut

(2002)

Early season ndashAir flow reduced

Mid season ndashAir flow adjusted

Full canopy ndashAir flow fully open

Adjustable Cornell louvre system

Table 2 FMC tower sprayer Drift reduction and deposition increase in Vvinifera cvVignole vineyard

Pole3 T1Pole 2 T1

Pole1 T1Pole3 T2

Pole2 T2Pole1 T2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8Top Pipe cleaner position on pole Bottom

Dye concentration

(mL dye L pipe cleaner)

Adjusted air volume

Airflow maximum

T1= Louvres AdjustedT2= Louvres Open

Drift measurements in Vitis sp GR 7 vineyard 2010

Conclusions

Select the correct nozzle to provide the right size droplets

Calibrate the nozzles and spray plume

Reduce the airflow to match the canopy

Season

Early

Mid

Late

Louvre

position

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Drift

reduction ()

0

71

0

37

0

18

Deposition increase ()

0

82

0

55

14

0
Albuz ATR Albuz ATR
Teejet XR Teejet XR
TurboDrop TurboDrop
Teejet AI Teejet AI
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
1 09 36
2 08 05
3 05 01
4 02 0
5 01
6 01
7 0
Albuz ATR 144 1225
Teejet XR 1185 995
TurboDrop 11 9
Teejet AI 112 10
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 1+2 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle best setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 32 43 32 37 35 14 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 34 25 25 36 40 37 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 431
Volume Left oz 108 145 108 125 118 047 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 115 085 085 122 135 125 085 034 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 1457211
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 1+2 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle best setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 32 43 32 37 35 14 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 34 25 25 36 40 37 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 431
Volume Left oz 108 145 108 125 118 047 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 115 085 085 122 135 125 085 034 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 1457211
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 11 11
104 00 12 12
97 00 21 21
91 00 32 32
84 08 46 38
78 29 46 17
72 35 58 23
65 56 70 14
59 50 79 29
53 56 64 08
47 46 41 05
40 50 30 20
34 38 18 20
27 41 20 21
21 21 24 03
Sum of absolute differences = 272 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 728 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
054096
043953
040572
06762
091287
142002
175812
155526
128478
10143
10143
071001
047334
027048
023667
0
0
0
0
0
047334
091287
084525
111573
10143
125097
111573
125097
077763
064239
016905
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
16
13
12
20
27
42
52
46
38
30
30
21
14
8
7
0
0
0
0
0
14
27
25
33
30
37
33
37
23
19
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 m
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 5+6 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle Farmer setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 14 27 25 33 30 37 33 37 23 19 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 16 13 12 20 27 42 52 46 38 30 30 21 14 8 7 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 659
Volume Left oz 047 091 085 112 101 125 112 125 078 064 017 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 054 044 041 068 091 142 176 156 128 101 101 071 047 027 024 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 2228079
16
13
12
20
27
42
52
46
38
30
30
21
14
8
7
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 11 11
104 00 12 12
97 00 21 21
91 00 32 32
84 08 46 38
78 29 46 17
72 35 58 23
65 56 70 14
59 50 79 29
53 56 64 08
47 46 41 05
40 50 30 20
34 38 18 20
27 41 20 21
21 21 24 03
Sum of absolute differences = 272 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 728 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
054096
043953
040572
06762
091287
142002
175812
155526
128478
10143
10143
071001
047334
027048
023667
0
0
0
0
0
047334
091287
084525
111573
10143
125097
111573
125097
077763
064239
016905
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
16
13
12
20
27
42
52
46
38
30
30
21
14
8
7
0
0
0
0
0
Page 26: Improving pesticide application via engineering methods · 2016-11-07 · International Pesticide Application Technology at Cornell University. Improving pesticide application . via

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Chart2

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

5+6
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Improved setting for the canopyadjusting nozzle orientation

0

1

2

3

4

5

020406080100

Volume ml

Hei

ght

m

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 20 40 60 80 100

Volume ml

Chart1

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Chart2

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Patternator for growers to build

Patternator assembly instructions

Drift poles to determine nozzleplume direction

Air induction nozzles

Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

0

05

1

15

2

25

3

35

4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Rows from target

a

rea

cove

red

on d

rift c

ards

Hollow cone

Air Induction

Air induction nozzles

Chart2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards g
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards gf
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet3

Sheet3

BBCH 69
BBCH 79
Spray ground losses ( of applied)
Spray Ground Losses
144
1225
1185
995
11
9
112
10

Precision application to the target zone

o Botrytis sprays to the fruit zone

o Grapevine Berry Moth sprays to the fruit zone

o Insecticide for Japanese Beetle at the top of the canopy

Target-zone sprayer

2-diaphragm pumppressure regulator $900 Hydraulic motor $200Motor to pump connector $150

(Prices approx)

Target-zone sprayer

Low pressure two diaphragm pump - 12 volt electric $400 (approx)

Fitted to a Hazlitt 1852 CIMA sprayer

Dilution water and agrochemical

Induction bowls and closed chemical transfer

Reduce operator exposure and environmental contamination

Why care about the air

We change liquid flow rate with different size canopies includingo Vine Row Volumeo Leaf Wall Areao Dosavinao Unit Canopy Row

Why not change airflow to match the developing canopy

Airflow

Direction of the airThe speed of the air

The volume of air

The answer is blowing in the wind

bull Transports droplets from the sprayer to the targetbull Protects droplets against wind effectsbull Droplet production (pneumatic sprayers)bull Provides shaking of the leaves in the canopybull Provides good coverage on the target

bull Transports droplets through amp past the targetbull Excessive shaking of the canopy resulting in

removing droplets already present on the target

Air direction

Deflectors and towers fitted to airblast sprayers to change air direction

Adjust airflow direction ndash park the plume

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Park the plume

Air speed ndash grapes are the target

Good coverage

Poor coverage

Wind tunnel observations

The classic horseshoe vortex

Ludwig Prandtl1875 -1953

Adjusting the air volume intake

ISAFUIT project Europe (2002-07)

Cornell Doughnut

(2002)

Early season ndashAir flow reduced

Mid season ndashAir flow adjusted

Full canopy ndashAir flow fully open

Adjustable Cornell louvre system

Table 2 FMC tower sprayer Drift reduction and deposition increase in Vvinifera cvVignole vineyard

Pole3 T1Pole 2 T1

Pole1 T1Pole3 T2

Pole2 T2Pole1 T2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8Top Pipe cleaner position on pole Bottom

Dye concentration

(mL dye L pipe cleaner)

Adjusted air volume

Airflow maximum

T1= Louvres AdjustedT2= Louvres Open

Drift measurements in Vitis sp GR 7 vineyard 2010

Conclusions

Select the correct nozzle to provide the right size droplets

Calibrate the nozzles and spray plume

Reduce the airflow to match the canopy

Season

Early

Mid

Late

Louvre

position

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Drift

reduction ()

0

71

0

37

0

18

Deposition increase ()

0

82

0

55

14

0
Albuz ATR Albuz ATR
Teejet XR Teejet XR
TurboDrop TurboDrop
Teejet AI Teejet AI
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
1 09 36
2 08 05
3 05 01
4 02 0
5 01
6 01
7 0
Albuz ATR 144 1225
Teejet XR 1185 995
TurboDrop 11 9
Teejet AI 112 10
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 1+2 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle best setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 32 43 32 37 35 14 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 34 25 25 36 40 37 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 431
Volume Left oz 108 145 108 125 118 047 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 115 085 085 122 135 125 085 034 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 1457211
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 1+2 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle best setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 32 43 32 37 35 14 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 34 25 25 36 40 37 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 431
Volume Left oz 108 145 108 125 118 047 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 115 085 085 122 135 125 085 034 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 1457211
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 11 11
104 00 12 12
97 00 21 21
91 00 32 32
84 08 46 38
78 29 46 17
72 35 58 23
65 56 70 14
59 50 79 29
53 56 64 08
47 46 41 05
40 50 30 20
34 38 18 20
27 41 20 21
21 21 24 03
Sum of absolute differences = 272 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 728 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
054096
043953
040572
06762
091287
142002
175812
155526
128478
10143
10143
071001
047334
027048
023667
0
0
0
0
0
047334
091287
084525
111573
10143
125097
111573
125097
077763
064239
016905
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
16
13
12
20
27
42
52
46
38
30
30
21
14
8
7
0
0
0
0
0
14
27
25
33
30
37
33
37
23
19
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 m
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 5+6 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle Farmer setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 14 27 25 33 30 37 33 37 23 19 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 16 13 12 20 27 42 52 46 38 30 30 21 14 8 7 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 659
Volume Left oz 047 091 085 112 101 125 112 125 078 064 017 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 054 044 041 068 091 142 176 156 128 101 101 071 047 027 024 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 2228079
16
13
12
20
27
42
52
46
38
30
30
21
14
8
7
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 11 11
104 00 12 12
97 00 21 21
91 00 32 32
84 08 46 38
78 29 46 17
72 35 58 23
65 56 70 14
59 50 79 29
53 56 64 08
47 46 41 05
40 50 30 20
34 38 18 20
27 41 20 21
21 21 24 03
Sum of absolute differences = 272 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 728 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
054096
043953
040572
06762
091287
142002
175812
155526
128478
10143
10143
071001
047334
027048
023667
0
0
0
0
0
047334
091287
084525
111573
10143
125097
111573
125097
077763
064239
016905
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Page 27: Improving pesticide application via engineering methods · 2016-11-07 · International Pesticide Application Technology at Cornell University. Improving pesticide application . via

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Chart2

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

5+6
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Improved setting for the canopyadjusting nozzle orientation

0

1

2

3

4

5

020406080100

Volume ml

Hei

ght

m

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 20 40 60 80 100

Volume ml

Chart1

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Chart2

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Patternator for growers to build

Patternator assembly instructions

Drift poles to determine nozzleplume direction

Air induction nozzles

Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

0

05

1

15

2

25

3

35

4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Rows from target

a

rea

cove

red

on d

rift c

ards

Hollow cone

Air Induction

Air induction nozzles

Chart2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards g
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards gf
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet3

Sheet3

BBCH 69
BBCH 79
Spray ground losses ( of applied)
Spray Ground Losses
144
1225
1185
995
11
9
112
10

Precision application to the target zone

o Botrytis sprays to the fruit zone

o Grapevine Berry Moth sprays to the fruit zone

o Insecticide for Japanese Beetle at the top of the canopy

Target-zone sprayer

2-diaphragm pumppressure regulator $900 Hydraulic motor $200Motor to pump connector $150

(Prices approx)

Target-zone sprayer

Low pressure two diaphragm pump - 12 volt electric $400 (approx)

Fitted to a Hazlitt 1852 CIMA sprayer

Dilution water and agrochemical

Induction bowls and closed chemical transfer

Reduce operator exposure and environmental contamination

Why care about the air

We change liquid flow rate with different size canopies includingo Vine Row Volumeo Leaf Wall Areao Dosavinao Unit Canopy Row

Why not change airflow to match the developing canopy

Airflow

Direction of the airThe speed of the air

The volume of air

The answer is blowing in the wind

bull Transports droplets from the sprayer to the targetbull Protects droplets against wind effectsbull Droplet production (pneumatic sprayers)bull Provides shaking of the leaves in the canopybull Provides good coverage on the target

bull Transports droplets through amp past the targetbull Excessive shaking of the canopy resulting in

removing droplets already present on the target

Air direction

Deflectors and towers fitted to airblast sprayers to change air direction

Adjust airflow direction ndash park the plume

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Park the plume

Air speed ndash grapes are the target

Good coverage

Poor coverage

Wind tunnel observations

The classic horseshoe vortex

Ludwig Prandtl1875 -1953

Adjusting the air volume intake

ISAFUIT project Europe (2002-07)

Cornell Doughnut

(2002)

Early season ndashAir flow reduced

Mid season ndashAir flow adjusted

Full canopy ndashAir flow fully open

Adjustable Cornell louvre system

Table 2 FMC tower sprayer Drift reduction and deposition increase in Vvinifera cvVignole vineyard

Pole3 T1Pole 2 T1

Pole1 T1Pole3 T2

Pole2 T2Pole1 T2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8Top Pipe cleaner position on pole Bottom

Dye concentration

(mL dye L pipe cleaner)

Adjusted air volume

Airflow maximum

T1= Louvres AdjustedT2= Louvres Open

Drift measurements in Vitis sp GR 7 vineyard 2010

Conclusions

Select the correct nozzle to provide the right size droplets

Calibrate the nozzles and spray plume

Reduce the airflow to match the canopy

Season

Early

Mid

Late

Louvre

position

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Drift

reduction ()

0

71

0

37

0

18

Deposition increase ()

0

82

0

55

14

0
Albuz ATR Albuz ATR
Teejet XR Teejet XR
TurboDrop TurboDrop
Teejet AI Teejet AI
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
1 09 36
2 08 05
3 05 01
4 02 0
5 01
6 01
7 0
Albuz ATR 144 1225
Teejet XR 1185 995
TurboDrop 11 9
Teejet AI 112 10
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 1+2 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle best setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 32 43 32 37 35 14 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 34 25 25 36 40 37 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 431
Volume Left oz 108 145 108 125 118 047 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 115 085 085 122 135 125 085 034 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 1457211
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 1+2 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle best setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 32 43 32 37 35 14 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 34 25 25 36 40 37 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 431
Volume Left oz 108 145 108 125 118 047 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 115 085 085 122 135 125 085 034 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 1457211
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 11 11
104 00 12 12
97 00 21 21
91 00 32 32
84 08 46 38
78 29 46 17
72 35 58 23
65 56 70 14
59 50 79 29
53 56 64 08
47 46 41 05
40 50 30 20
34 38 18 20
27 41 20 21
21 21 24 03
Sum of absolute differences = 272 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 728 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
054096
043953
040572
06762
091287
142002
175812
155526
128478
10143
10143
071001
047334
027048
023667
0
0
0
0
0
047334
091287
084525
111573
10143
125097
111573
125097
077763
064239
016905
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
16
13
12
20
27
42
52
46
38
30
30
21
14
8
7
0
0
0
0
0
14
27
25
33
30
37
33
37
23
19
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 m
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 5+6 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle Farmer setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 14 27 25 33 30 37 33 37 23 19 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 16 13 12 20 27 42 52 46 38 30 30 21 14 8 7 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 659
Volume Left oz 047 091 085 112 101 125 112 125 078 064 017 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 054 044 041 068 091 142 176 156 128 101 101 071 047 027 024 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 2228079
16
13
12
20
27
42
52
46
38
30
30
21
14
8
7
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 11 11
104 00 12 12
97 00 21 21
91 00 32 32
84 08 46 38
78 29 46 17
72 35 58 23
65 56 70 14
59 50 79 29
53 56 64 08
47 46 41 05
40 50 30 20
34 38 18 20
27 41 20 21
21 21 24 03
Sum of absolute differences = 272 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 728 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
054096
043953
040572
06762
091287
142002
175812
155526
128478
10143
10143
071001
047334
027048
023667
0
0
0
0
0
047334
091287
084525
111573
10143
125097
111573
125097
077763
064239
016905
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Page 28: Improving pesticide application via engineering methods · 2016-11-07 · International Pesticide Application Technology at Cornell University. Improving pesticide application . via
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Chart2

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

5+6
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Improved setting for the canopyadjusting nozzle orientation

0

1

2

3

4

5

020406080100

Volume ml

Hei

ght

m

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 20 40 60 80 100

Volume ml

Chart1

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Chart2

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Patternator for growers to build

Patternator assembly instructions

Drift poles to determine nozzleplume direction

Air induction nozzles

Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

0

05

1

15

2

25

3

35

4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Rows from target

a

rea

cove

red

on d

rift c

ards

Hollow cone

Air Induction

Air induction nozzles

Chart2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards g
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards gf
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet3

Sheet3

BBCH 69
BBCH 79
Spray ground losses ( of applied)
Spray Ground Losses
144
1225
1185
995
11
9
112
10

Precision application to the target zone

o Botrytis sprays to the fruit zone

o Grapevine Berry Moth sprays to the fruit zone

o Insecticide for Japanese Beetle at the top of the canopy

Target-zone sprayer

2-diaphragm pumppressure regulator $900 Hydraulic motor $200Motor to pump connector $150

(Prices approx)

Target-zone sprayer

Low pressure two diaphragm pump - 12 volt electric $400 (approx)

Fitted to a Hazlitt 1852 CIMA sprayer

Dilution water and agrochemical

Induction bowls and closed chemical transfer

Reduce operator exposure and environmental contamination

Why care about the air

We change liquid flow rate with different size canopies includingo Vine Row Volumeo Leaf Wall Areao Dosavinao Unit Canopy Row

Why not change airflow to match the developing canopy

Airflow

Direction of the airThe speed of the air

The volume of air

The answer is blowing in the wind

bull Transports droplets from the sprayer to the targetbull Protects droplets against wind effectsbull Droplet production (pneumatic sprayers)bull Provides shaking of the leaves in the canopybull Provides good coverage on the target

bull Transports droplets through amp past the targetbull Excessive shaking of the canopy resulting in

removing droplets already present on the target

Air direction

Deflectors and towers fitted to airblast sprayers to change air direction

Adjust airflow direction ndash park the plume

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Park the plume

Air speed ndash grapes are the target

Good coverage

Poor coverage

Wind tunnel observations

The classic horseshoe vortex

Ludwig Prandtl1875 -1953

Adjusting the air volume intake

ISAFUIT project Europe (2002-07)

Cornell Doughnut

(2002)

Early season ndashAir flow reduced

Mid season ndashAir flow adjusted

Full canopy ndashAir flow fully open

Adjustable Cornell louvre system

Table 2 FMC tower sprayer Drift reduction and deposition increase in Vvinifera cvVignole vineyard

Pole3 T1Pole 2 T1

Pole1 T1Pole3 T2

Pole2 T2Pole1 T2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8Top Pipe cleaner position on pole Bottom

Dye concentration

(mL dye L pipe cleaner)

Adjusted air volume

Airflow maximum

T1= Louvres AdjustedT2= Louvres Open

Drift measurements in Vitis sp GR 7 vineyard 2010

Conclusions

Select the correct nozzle to provide the right size droplets

Calibrate the nozzles and spray plume

Reduce the airflow to match the canopy

Season

Early

Mid

Late

Louvre

position

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Drift

reduction ()

0

71

0

37

0

18

Deposition increase ()

0

82

0

55

14

0
Albuz ATR Albuz ATR
Teejet XR Teejet XR
TurboDrop TurboDrop
Teejet AI Teejet AI
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
1 09 36
2 08 05
3 05 01
4 02 0
5 01
6 01
7 0
Albuz ATR 144 1225
Teejet XR 1185 995
TurboDrop 11 9
Teejet AI 112 10
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 1+2 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle best setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 32 43 32 37 35 14 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 34 25 25 36 40 37 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 431
Volume Left oz 108 145 108 125 118 047 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 115 085 085 122 135 125 085 034 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 1457211
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 1+2 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle best setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 32 43 32 37 35 14 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 34 25 25 36 40 37 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 431
Volume Left oz 108 145 108 125 118 047 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 115 085 085 122 135 125 085 034 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 1457211
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 11 11
104 00 12 12
97 00 21 21
91 00 32 32
84 08 46 38
78 29 46 17
72 35 58 23
65 56 70 14
59 50 79 29
53 56 64 08
47 46 41 05
40 50 30 20
34 38 18 20
27 41 20 21
21 21 24 03
Sum of absolute differences = 272 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 728 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
054096
043953
040572
06762
091287
142002
175812
155526
128478
10143
10143
071001
047334
027048
023667
0
0
0
0
0
047334
091287
084525
111573
10143
125097
111573
125097
077763
064239
016905
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
16
13
12
20
27
42
52
46
38
30
30
21
14
8
7
0
0
0
0
0
14
27
25
33
30
37
33
37
23
19
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 m
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 5+6 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle Farmer setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 14 27 25 33 30 37 33 37 23 19 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 16 13 12 20 27 42 52 46 38 30 30 21 14 8 7 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 659
Volume Left oz 047 091 085 112 101 125 112 125 078 064 017 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 054 044 041 068 091 142 176 156 128 101 101 071 047 027 024 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 2228079
16
13
12
20
27
42
52
46
38
30
30
21
14
8
7
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 11 11
104 00 12 12
97 00 21 21
91 00 32 32
84 08 46 38
78 29 46 17
72 35 58 23
65 56 70 14
59 50 79 29
53 56 64 08
47 46 41 05
40 50 30 20
34 38 18 20
27 41 20 21
21 21 24 03
Sum of absolute differences = 272 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 728 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
054096
043953
040572
06762
091287
142002
175812
155526
128478
10143
10143
071001
047334
027048
023667
0
0
0
0
0
Page 29: Improving pesticide application via engineering methods · 2016-11-07 · International Pesticide Application Technology at Cornell University. Improving pesticide application . via

Chart2

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

5+6
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Improved setting for the canopyadjusting nozzle orientation

0

1

2

3

4

5

020406080100

Volume ml

Hei

ght

m

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 20 40 60 80 100

Volume ml

Chart1

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Chart2

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Patternator for growers to build

Patternator assembly instructions

Drift poles to determine nozzleplume direction

Air induction nozzles

Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

0

05

1

15

2

25

3

35

4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Rows from target

a

rea

cove

red

on d

rift c

ards

Hollow cone

Air Induction

Air induction nozzles

Chart2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards g
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards gf
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet3

Sheet3

BBCH 69
BBCH 79
Spray ground losses ( of applied)
Spray Ground Losses
144
1225
1185
995
11
9
112
10

Precision application to the target zone

o Botrytis sprays to the fruit zone

o Grapevine Berry Moth sprays to the fruit zone

o Insecticide for Japanese Beetle at the top of the canopy

Target-zone sprayer

2-diaphragm pumppressure regulator $900 Hydraulic motor $200Motor to pump connector $150

(Prices approx)

Target-zone sprayer

Low pressure two diaphragm pump - 12 volt electric $400 (approx)

Fitted to a Hazlitt 1852 CIMA sprayer

Dilution water and agrochemical

Induction bowls and closed chemical transfer

Reduce operator exposure and environmental contamination

Why care about the air

We change liquid flow rate with different size canopies includingo Vine Row Volumeo Leaf Wall Areao Dosavinao Unit Canopy Row

Why not change airflow to match the developing canopy

Airflow

Direction of the airThe speed of the air

The volume of air

The answer is blowing in the wind

bull Transports droplets from the sprayer to the targetbull Protects droplets against wind effectsbull Droplet production (pneumatic sprayers)bull Provides shaking of the leaves in the canopybull Provides good coverage on the target

bull Transports droplets through amp past the targetbull Excessive shaking of the canopy resulting in

removing droplets already present on the target

Air direction

Deflectors and towers fitted to airblast sprayers to change air direction

Adjust airflow direction ndash park the plume

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Park the plume

Air speed ndash grapes are the target

Good coverage

Poor coverage

Wind tunnel observations

The classic horseshoe vortex

Ludwig Prandtl1875 -1953

Adjusting the air volume intake

ISAFUIT project Europe (2002-07)

Cornell Doughnut

(2002)

Early season ndashAir flow reduced

Mid season ndashAir flow adjusted

Full canopy ndashAir flow fully open

Adjustable Cornell louvre system

Table 2 FMC tower sprayer Drift reduction and deposition increase in Vvinifera cvVignole vineyard

Pole3 T1Pole 2 T1

Pole1 T1Pole3 T2

Pole2 T2Pole1 T2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8Top Pipe cleaner position on pole Bottom

Dye concentration

(mL dye L pipe cleaner)

Adjusted air volume

Airflow maximum

T1= Louvres AdjustedT2= Louvres Open

Drift measurements in Vitis sp GR 7 vineyard 2010

Conclusions

Select the correct nozzle to provide the right size droplets

Calibrate the nozzles and spray plume

Reduce the airflow to match the canopy

Season

Early

Mid

Late

Louvre

position

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Drift

reduction ()

0

71

0

37

0

18

Deposition increase ()

0

82

0

55

14

0
Albuz ATR Albuz ATR
Teejet XR Teejet XR
TurboDrop TurboDrop
Teejet AI Teejet AI
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
1 09 36
2 08 05
3 05 01
4 02 0
5 01
6 01
7 0
Albuz ATR 144 1225
Teejet XR 1185 995
TurboDrop 11 9
Teejet AI 112 10
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 1+2 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle best setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 32 43 32 37 35 14 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 34 25 25 36 40 37 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 431
Volume Left oz 108 145 108 125 118 047 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 115 085 085 122 135 125 085 034 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 1457211
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 1+2 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle best setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 32 43 32 37 35 14 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 34 25 25 36 40 37 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 431
Volume Left oz 108 145 108 125 118 047 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 115 085 085 122 135 125 085 034 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 1457211
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 11 11
104 00 12 12
97 00 21 21
91 00 32 32
84 08 46 38
78 29 46 17
72 35 58 23
65 56 70 14
59 50 79 29
53 56 64 08
47 46 41 05
40 50 30 20
34 38 18 20
27 41 20 21
21 21 24 03
Sum of absolute differences = 272 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 728 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
054096
043953
040572
06762
091287
142002
175812
155526
128478
10143
10143
071001
047334
027048
023667
0
0
0
0
0
047334
091287
084525
111573
10143
125097
111573
125097
077763
064239
016905
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
16
13
12
20
27
42
52
46
38
30
30
21
14
8
7
0
0
0
0
0
14
27
25
33
30
37
33
37
23
19
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 m
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 5+6 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle Farmer setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 14 27 25 33 30 37 33 37 23 19 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 16 13 12 20 27 42 52 46 38 30 30 21 14 8 7 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 659
Volume Left oz 047 091 085 112 101 125 112 125 078 064 017 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 054 044 041 068 091 142 176 156 128 101 101 071 047 027 024 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 2228079
16
13
12
20
27
42
52
46
38
30
30
21
14
8
7
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 11 11
104 00 12 12
97 00 21 21
91 00 32 32
84 08 46 38
78 29 46 17
72 35 58 23
65 56 70 14
59 50 79 29
53 56 64 08
47 46 41 05
40 50 30 20
34 38 18 20
27 41 20 21
21 21 24 03
Sum of absolute differences = 272 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 728 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
Page 30: Improving pesticide application via engineering methods · 2016-11-07 · International Pesticide Application Technology at Cornell University. Improving pesticide application . via

Chart2

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

5+6
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Improved setting for the canopyadjusting nozzle orientation

0

1

2

3

4

5

020406080100

Volume ml

Hei

ght

m

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 20 40 60 80 100

Volume ml

Chart1

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Chart2

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Patternator for growers to build

Patternator assembly instructions

Drift poles to determine nozzleplume direction

Air induction nozzles

Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

0

05

1

15

2

25

3

35

4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Rows from target

a

rea

cove

red

on d

rift c

ards

Hollow cone

Air Induction

Air induction nozzles

Chart2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards g
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards gf
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet3

Sheet3

BBCH 69
BBCH 79
Spray ground losses ( of applied)
Spray Ground Losses
144
1225
1185
995
11
9
112
10

Precision application to the target zone

o Botrytis sprays to the fruit zone

o Grapevine Berry Moth sprays to the fruit zone

o Insecticide for Japanese Beetle at the top of the canopy

Target-zone sprayer

2-diaphragm pumppressure regulator $900 Hydraulic motor $200Motor to pump connector $150

(Prices approx)

Target-zone sprayer

Low pressure two diaphragm pump - 12 volt electric $400 (approx)

Fitted to a Hazlitt 1852 CIMA sprayer

Dilution water and agrochemical

Induction bowls and closed chemical transfer

Reduce operator exposure and environmental contamination

Why care about the air

We change liquid flow rate with different size canopies includingo Vine Row Volumeo Leaf Wall Areao Dosavinao Unit Canopy Row

Why not change airflow to match the developing canopy

Airflow

Direction of the airThe speed of the air

The volume of air

The answer is blowing in the wind

bull Transports droplets from the sprayer to the targetbull Protects droplets against wind effectsbull Droplet production (pneumatic sprayers)bull Provides shaking of the leaves in the canopybull Provides good coverage on the target

bull Transports droplets through amp past the targetbull Excessive shaking of the canopy resulting in

removing droplets already present on the target

Air direction

Deflectors and towers fitted to airblast sprayers to change air direction

Adjust airflow direction ndash park the plume

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Park the plume

Air speed ndash grapes are the target

Good coverage

Poor coverage

Wind tunnel observations

The classic horseshoe vortex

Ludwig Prandtl1875 -1953

Adjusting the air volume intake

ISAFUIT project Europe (2002-07)

Cornell Doughnut

(2002)

Early season ndashAir flow reduced

Mid season ndashAir flow adjusted

Full canopy ndashAir flow fully open

Adjustable Cornell louvre system

Table 2 FMC tower sprayer Drift reduction and deposition increase in Vvinifera cvVignole vineyard

Pole3 T1Pole 2 T1

Pole1 T1Pole3 T2

Pole2 T2Pole1 T2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8Top Pipe cleaner position on pole Bottom

Dye concentration

(mL dye L pipe cleaner)

Adjusted air volume

Airflow maximum

T1= Louvres AdjustedT2= Louvres Open

Drift measurements in Vitis sp GR 7 vineyard 2010

Conclusions

Select the correct nozzle to provide the right size droplets

Calibrate the nozzles and spray plume

Reduce the airflow to match the canopy

Season

Early

Mid

Late

Louvre

position

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Drift

reduction ()

0

71

0

37

0

18

Deposition increase ()

0

82

0

55

14

0
Albuz ATR Albuz ATR
Teejet XR Teejet XR
TurboDrop TurboDrop
Teejet AI Teejet AI
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
1 09 36
2 08 05
3 05 01
4 02 0
5 01
6 01
7 0
Albuz ATR 144 1225
Teejet XR 1185 995
TurboDrop 11 9
Teejet AI 112 10
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 1+2 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle best setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 32 43 32 37 35 14 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 34 25 25 36 40 37 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 431
Volume Left oz 108 145 108 125 118 047 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 115 085 085 122 135 125 085 034 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 1457211
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 1+2 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle best setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 32 43 32 37 35 14 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 34 25 25 36 40 37 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 431
Volume Left oz 108 145 108 125 118 047 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 115 085 085 122 135 125 085 034 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 1457211
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 11 11
104 00 12 12
97 00 21 21
91 00 32 32
84 08 46 38
78 29 46 17
72 35 58 23
65 56 70 14
59 50 79 29
53 56 64 08
47 46 41 05
40 50 30 20
34 38 18 20
27 41 20 21
21 21 24 03
Sum of absolute differences = 272 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 728 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
054096
043953
040572
06762
091287
142002
175812
155526
128478
10143
10143
071001
047334
027048
023667
0
0
0
0
0
047334
091287
084525
111573
10143
125097
111573
125097
077763
064239
016905
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
16
13
12
20
27
42
52
46
38
30
30
21
14
8
7
0
0
0
0
0
14
27
25
33
30
37
33
37
23
19
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 m
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 5+6 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle Farmer setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 14 27 25 33 30 37 33 37 23 19 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 16 13 12 20 27 42 52 46 38 30 30 21 14 8 7 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 659
Volume Left oz 047 091 085 112 101 125 112 125 078 064 017 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 054 044 041 068 091 142 176 156 128 101 101 071 047 027 024 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 2228079
16
13
12
20
27
42
52
46
38
30
30
21
14
8
7
0
0
0
0
0
Page 31: Improving pesticide application via engineering methods · 2016-11-07 · International Pesticide Application Technology at Cornell University. Improving pesticide application . via

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

5+6
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Improved setting for the canopyadjusting nozzle orientation

0

1

2

3

4

5

020406080100

Volume ml

Hei

ght

m

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 20 40 60 80 100

Volume ml

Chart1

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Chart2

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Patternator for growers to build

Patternator assembly instructions

Drift poles to determine nozzleplume direction

Air induction nozzles

Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

0

05

1

15

2

25

3

35

4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Rows from target

a

rea

cove

red

on d

rift c

ards

Hollow cone

Air Induction

Air induction nozzles

Chart2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards g
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards gf
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet3

Sheet3

BBCH 69
BBCH 79
Spray ground losses ( of applied)
Spray Ground Losses
144
1225
1185
995
11
9
112
10

Precision application to the target zone

o Botrytis sprays to the fruit zone

o Grapevine Berry Moth sprays to the fruit zone

o Insecticide for Japanese Beetle at the top of the canopy

Target-zone sprayer

2-diaphragm pumppressure regulator $900 Hydraulic motor $200Motor to pump connector $150

(Prices approx)

Target-zone sprayer

Low pressure two diaphragm pump - 12 volt electric $400 (approx)

Fitted to a Hazlitt 1852 CIMA sprayer

Dilution water and agrochemical

Induction bowls and closed chemical transfer

Reduce operator exposure and environmental contamination

Why care about the air

We change liquid flow rate with different size canopies includingo Vine Row Volumeo Leaf Wall Areao Dosavinao Unit Canopy Row

Why not change airflow to match the developing canopy

Airflow

Direction of the airThe speed of the air

The volume of air

The answer is blowing in the wind

bull Transports droplets from the sprayer to the targetbull Protects droplets against wind effectsbull Droplet production (pneumatic sprayers)bull Provides shaking of the leaves in the canopybull Provides good coverage on the target

bull Transports droplets through amp past the targetbull Excessive shaking of the canopy resulting in

removing droplets already present on the target

Air direction

Deflectors and towers fitted to airblast sprayers to change air direction

Adjust airflow direction ndash park the plume

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Park the plume

Air speed ndash grapes are the target

Good coverage

Poor coverage

Wind tunnel observations

The classic horseshoe vortex

Ludwig Prandtl1875 -1953

Adjusting the air volume intake

ISAFUIT project Europe (2002-07)

Cornell Doughnut

(2002)

Early season ndashAir flow reduced

Mid season ndashAir flow adjusted

Full canopy ndashAir flow fully open

Adjustable Cornell louvre system

Table 2 FMC tower sprayer Drift reduction and deposition increase in Vvinifera cvVignole vineyard

Pole3 T1Pole 2 T1

Pole1 T1Pole3 T2

Pole2 T2Pole1 T2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8Top Pipe cleaner position on pole Bottom

Dye concentration

(mL dye L pipe cleaner)

Adjusted air volume

Airflow maximum

T1= Louvres AdjustedT2= Louvres Open

Drift measurements in Vitis sp GR 7 vineyard 2010

Conclusions

Select the correct nozzle to provide the right size droplets

Calibrate the nozzles and spray plume

Reduce the airflow to match the canopy

Season

Early

Mid

Late

Louvre

position

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Drift

reduction ()

0

71

0

37

0

18

Deposition increase ()

0

82

0

55

14

0
Albuz ATR Albuz ATR
Teejet XR Teejet XR
TurboDrop TurboDrop
Teejet AI Teejet AI
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
1 09 36
2 08 05
3 05 01
4 02 0
5 01
6 01
7 0
Albuz ATR 144 1225
Teejet XR 1185 995
TurboDrop 11 9
Teejet AI 112 10
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 1+2 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle best setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 32 43 32 37 35 14 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 34 25 25 36 40 37 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 431
Volume Left oz 108 145 108 125 118 047 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 115 085 085 122 135 125 085 034 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 1457211
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 1+2 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle best setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 32 43 32 37 35 14 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 34 25 25 36 40 37 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 431
Volume Left oz 108 145 108 125 118 047 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 115 085 085 122 135 125 085 034 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 1457211
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 11 11
104 00 12 12
97 00 21 21
91 00 32 32
84 08 46 38
78 29 46 17
72 35 58 23
65 56 70 14
59 50 79 29
53 56 64 08
47 46 41 05
40 50 30 20
34 38 18 20
27 41 20 21
21 21 24 03
Sum of absolute differences = 272 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 728 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
054096
043953
040572
06762
091287
142002
175812
155526
128478
10143
10143
071001
047334
027048
023667
0
0
0
0
0
047334
091287
084525
111573
10143
125097
111573
125097
077763
064239
016905
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
16
13
12
20
27
42
52
46
38
30
30
21
14
8
7
0
0
0
0
0
14
27
25
33
30
37
33
37
23
19
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 m
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 5+6 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle Farmer setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 14 27 25 33 30 37 33 37 23 19 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 16 13 12 20 27 42 52 46 38 30 30 21 14 8 7 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 659
Volume Left oz 047 091 085 112 101 125 112 125 078 064 017 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 054 044 041 068 091 142 176 156 128 101 101 071 047 027 024 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 2228079
Page 32: Improving pesticide application via engineering methods · 2016-11-07 · International Pesticide Application Technology at Cornell University. Improving pesticide application . via

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

5+6
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Improved setting for the canopyadjusting nozzle orientation

0

1

2

3

4

5

020406080100

Volume ml

Hei

ght

m

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 20 40 60 80 100

Volume ml

Chart1

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Chart2

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Patternator for growers to build

Patternator assembly instructions

Drift poles to determine nozzleplume direction

Air induction nozzles

Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

0

05

1

15

2

25

3

35

4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Rows from target

a

rea

cove

red

on d

rift c

ards

Hollow cone

Air Induction

Air induction nozzles

Chart2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards g
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards gf
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet3

Sheet3

BBCH 69
BBCH 79
Spray ground losses ( of applied)
Spray Ground Losses
144
1225
1185
995
11
9
112
10

Precision application to the target zone

o Botrytis sprays to the fruit zone

o Grapevine Berry Moth sprays to the fruit zone

o Insecticide for Japanese Beetle at the top of the canopy

Target-zone sprayer

2-diaphragm pumppressure regulator $900 Hydraulic motor $200Motor to pump connector $150

(Prices approx)

Target-zone sprayer

Low pressure two diaphragm pump - 12 volt electric $400 (approx)

Fitted to a Hazlitt 1852 CIMA sprayer

Dilution water and agrochemical

Induction bowls and closed chemical transfer

Reduce operator exposure and environmental contamination

Why care about the air

We change liquid flow rate with different size canopies includingo Vine Row Volumeo Leaf Wall Areao Dosavinao Unit Canopy Row

Why not change airflow to match the developing canopy

Airflow

Direction of the airThe speed of the air

The volume of air

The answer is blowing in the wind

bull Transports droplets from the sprayer to the targetbull Protects droplets against wind effectsbull Droplet production (pneumatic sprayers)bull Provides shaking of the leaves in the canopybull Provides good coverage on the target

bull Transports droplets through amp past the targetbull Excessive shaking of the canopy resulting in

removing droplets already present on the target

Air direction

Deflectors and towers fitted to airblast sprayers to change air direction

Adjust airflow direction ndash park the plume

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Park the plume

Air speed ndash grapes are the target

Good coverage

Poor coverage

Wind tunnel observations

The classic horseshoe vortex

Ludwig Prandtl1875 -1953

Adjusting the air volume intake

ISAFUIT project Europe (2002-07)

Cornell Doughnut

(2002)

Early season ndashAir flow reduced

Mid season ndashAir flow adjusted

Full canopy ndashAir flow fully open

Adjustable Cornell louvre system

Table 2 FMC tower sprayer Drift reduction and deposition increase in Vvinifera cvVignole vineyard

Pole3 T1Pole 2 T1

Pole1 T1Pole3 T2

Pole2 T2Pole1 T2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8Top Pipe cleaner position on pole Bottom

Dye concentration

(mL dye L pipe cleaner)

Adjusted air volume

Airflow maximum

T1= Louvres AdjustedT2= Louvres Open

Drift measurements in Vitis sp GR 7 vineyard 2010

Conclusions

Select the correct nozzle to provide the right size droplets

Calibrate the nozzles and spray plume

Reduce the airflow to match the canopy

Season

Early

Mid

Late

Louvre

position

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Drift

reduction ()

0

71

0

37

0

18

Deposition increase ()

0

82

0

55

14

0
Albuz ATR Albuz ATR
Teejet XR Teejet XR
TurboDrop TurboDrop
Teejet AI Teejet AI
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
1 09 36
2 08 05
3 05 01
4 02 0
5 01
6 01
7 0
Albuz ATR 144 1225
Teejet XR 1185 995
TurboDrop 11 9
Teejet AI 112 10
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 1+2 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle best setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 32 43 32 37 35 14 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 34 25 25 36 40 37 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 431
Volume Left oz 108 145 108 125 118 047 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 115 085 085 122 135 125 085 034 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 1457211
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 1+2 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle best setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 32 43 32 37 35 14 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 34 25 25 36 40 37 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 431
Volume Left oz 108 145 108 125 118 047 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 115 085 085 122 135 125 085 034 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 1457211
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 11 11
104 00 12 12
97 00 21 21
91 00 32 32
84 08 46 38
78 29 46 17
72 35 58 23
65 56 70 14
59 50 79 29
53 56 64 08
47 46 41 05
40 50 30 20
34 38 18 20
27 41 20 21
21 21 24 03
Sum of absolute differences = 272 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 728 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
054096
043953
040572
06762
091287
142002
175812
155526
128478
10143
10143
071001
047334
027048
023667
0
0
0
0
0
047334
091287
084525
111573
10143
125097
111573
125097
077763
064239
016905
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
16
13
12
20
27
42
52
46
38
30
30
21
14
8
7
0
0
0
0
0
14
27
25
33
30
37
33
37
23
19
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 m
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Page 33: Improving pesticide application via engineering methods · 2016-11-07 · International Pesticide Application Technology at Cornell University. Improving pesticide application . via

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

5+6
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Improved setting for the canopyadjusting nozzle orientation

0

1

2

3

4

5

020406080100

Volume ml

Hei

ght

m

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 20 40 60 80 100

Volume ml

Chart1

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Chart2

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Patternator for growers to build

Patternator assembly instructions

Drift poles to determine nozzleplume direction

Air induction nozzles

Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

0

05

1

15

2

25

3

35

4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Rows from target

a

rea

cove

red

on d

rift c

ards

Hollow cone

Air Induction

Air induction nozzles

Chart2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards g
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards gf
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet3

Sheet3

BBCH 69
BBCH 79
Spray ground losses ( of applied)
Spray Ground Losses
144
1225
1185
995
11
9
112
10

Precision application to the target zone

o Botrytis sprays to the fruit zone

o Grapevine Berry Moth sprays to the fruit zone

o Insecticide for Japanese Beetle at the top of the canopy

Target-zone sprayer

2-diaphragm pumppressure regulator $900 Hydraulic motor $200Motor to pump connector $150

(Prices approx)

Target-zone sprayer

Low pressure two diaphragm pump - 12 volt electric $400 (approx)

Fitted to a Hazlitt 1852 CIMA sprayer

Dilution water and agrochemical

Induction bowls and closed chemical transfer

Reduce operator exposure and environmental contamination

Why care about the air

We change liquid flow rate with different size canopies includingo Vine Row Volumeo Leaf Wall Areao Dosavinao Unit Canopy Row

Why not change airflow to match the developing canopy

Airflow

Direction of the airThe speed of the air

The volume of air

The answer is blowing in the wind

bull Transports droplets from the sprayer to the targetbull Protects droplets against wind effectsbull Droplet production (pneumatic sprayers)bull Provides shaking of the leaves in the canopybull Provides good coverage on the target

bull Transports droplets through amp past the targetbull Excessive shaking of the canopy resulting in

removing droplets already present on the target

Air direction

Deflectors and towers fitted to airblast sprayers to change air direction

Adjust airflow direction ndash park the plume

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Park the plume

Air speed ndash grapes are the target

Good coverage

Poor coverage

Wind tunnel observations

The classic horseshoe vortex

Ludwig Prandtl1875 -1953

Adjusting the air volume intake

ISAFUIT project Europe (2002-07)

Cornell Doughnut

(2002)

Early season ndashAir flow reduced

Mid season ndashAir flow adjusted

Full canopy ndashAir flow fully open

Adjustable Cornell louvre system

Table 2 FMC tower sprayer Drift reduction and deposition increase in Vvinifera cvVignole vineyard

Pole3 T1Pole 2 T1

Pole1 T1Pole3 T2

Pole2 T2Pole1 T2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8Top Pipe cleaner position on pole Bottom

Dye concentration

(mL dye L pipe cleaner)

Adjusted air volume

Airflow maximum

T1= Louvres AdjustedT2= Louvres Open

Drift measurements in Vitis sp GR 7 vineyard 2010

Conclusions

Select the correct nozzle to provide the right size droplets

Calibrate the nozzles and spray plume

Reduce the airflow to match the canopy

Season

Early

Mid

Late

Louvre

position

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Drift

reduction ()

0

71

0

37

0

18

Deposition increase ()

0

82

0

55

14

0
Albuz ATR Albuz ATR
Teejet XR Teejet XR
TurboDrop TurboDrop
Teejet AI Teejet AI
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
1 09 36
2 08 05
3 05 01
4 02 0
5 01
6 01
7 0
Albuz ATR 144 1225
Teejet XR 1185 995
TurboDrop 11 9
Teejet AI 112 10
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 1+2 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle best setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 32 43 32 37 35 14 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 34 25 25 36 40 37 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 431
Volume Left oz 108 145 108 125 118 047 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 115 085 085 122 135 125 085 034 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 1457211
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 1+2 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle best setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 32 43 32 37 35 14 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 34 25 25 36 40 37 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 431
Volume Left oz 108 145 108 125 118 047 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 115 085 085 122 135 125 085 034 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 1457211
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 11 11
104 00 12 12
97 00 21 21
91 00 32 32
84 08 46 38
78 29 46 17
72 35 58 23
65 56 70 14
59 50 79 29
53 56 64 08
47 46 41 05
40 50 30 20
34 38 18 20
27 41 20 21
21 21 24 03
Sum of absolute differences = 272 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 728 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
054096
043953
040572
06762
091287
142002
175812
155526
128478
10143
10143
071001
047334
027048
023667
0
0
0
0
0
047334
091287
084525
111573
10143
125097
111573
125097
077763
064239
016905
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
16
13
12
20
27
42
52
46
38
30
30
21
14
8
7
0
0
0
0
0
14
27
25
33
30
37
33
37
23
19
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 m
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Page 34: Improving pesticide application via engineering methods · 2016-11-07 · International Pesticide Application Technology at Cornell University. Improving pesticide application . via

MetricLineGraph

5+6
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Improved setting for the canopyadjusting nozzle orientation

0

1

2

3

4

5

020406080100

Volume ml

Hei

ght

m

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 20 40 60 80 100

Volume ml

Chart1

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Chart2

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Patternator for growers to build

Patternator assembly instructions

Drift poles to determine nozzleplume direction

Air induction nozzles

Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

0

05

1

15

2

25

3

35

4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Rows from target

a

rea

cove

red

on d

rift c

ards

Hollow cone

Air Induction

Air induction nozzles

Chart2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards g
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards gf
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet3

Sheet3

BBCH 69
BBCH 79
Spray ground losses ( of applied)
Spray Ground Losses
144
1225
1185
995
11
9
112
10

Precision application to the target zone

o Botrytis sprays to the fruit zone

o Grapevine Berry Moth sprays to the fruit zone

o Insecticide for Japanese Beetle at the top of the canopy

Target-zone sprayer

2-diaphragm pumppressure regulator $900 Hydraulic motor $200Motor to pump connector $150

(Prices approx)

Target-zone sprayer

Low pressure two diaphragm pump - 12 volt electric $400 (approx)

Fitted to a Hazlitt 1852 CIMA sprayer

Dilution water and agrochemical

Induction bowls and closed chemical transfer

Reduce operator exposure and environmental contamination

Why care about the air

We change liquid flow rate with different size canopies includingo Vine Row Volumeo Leaf Wall Areao Dosavinao Unit Canopy Row

Why not change airflow to match the developing canopy

Airflow

Direction of the airThe speed of the air

The volume of air

The answer is blowing in the wind

bull Transports droplets from the sprayer to the targetbull Protects droplets against wind effectsbull Droplet production (pneumatic sprayers)bull Provides shaking of the leaves in the canopybull Provides good coverage on the target

bull Transports droplets through amp past the targetbull Excessive shaking of the canopy resulting in

removing droplets already present on the target

Air direction

Deflectors and towers fitted to airblast sprayers to change air direction

Adjust airflow direction ndash park the plume

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Park the plume

Air speed ndash grapes are the target

Good coverage

Poor coverage

Wind tunnel observations

The classic horseshoe vortex

Ludwig Prandtl1875 -1953

Adjusting the air volume intake

ISAFUIT project Europe (2002-07)

Cornell Doughnut

(2002)

Early season ndashAir flow reduced

Mid season ndashAir flow adjusted

Full canopy ndashAir flow fully open

Adjustable Cornell louvre system

Table 2 FMC tower sprayer Drift reduction and deposition increase in Vvinifera cvVignole vineyard

Pole3 T1Pole 2 T1

Pole1 T1Pole3 T2

Pole2 T2Pole1 T2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8Top Pipe cleaner position on pole Bottom

Dye concentration

(mL dye L pipe cleaner)

Adjusted air volume

Airflow maximum

T1= Louvres AdjustedT2= Louvres Open

Drift measurements in Vitis sp GR 7 vineyard 2010

Conclusions

Select the correct nozzle to provide the right size droplets

Calibrate the nozzles and spray plume

Reduce the airflow to match the canopy

Season

Early

Mid

Late

Louvre

position

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Drift

reduction ()

0

71

0

37

0

18

Deposition increase ()

0

82

0

55

14

0
Albuz ATR Albuz ATR
Teejet XR Teejet XR
TurboDrop TurboDrop
Teejet AI Teejet AI
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
1 09 36
2 08 05
3 05 01
4 02 0
5 01
6 01
7 0
Albuz ATR 144 1225
Teejet XR 1185 995
TurboDrop 11 9
Teejet AI 112 10
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 1+2 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle best setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 32 43 32 37 35 14 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 34 25 25 36 40 37 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 431
Volume Left oz 108 145 108 125 118 047 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 115 085 085 122 135 125 085 034 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 1457211
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 1+2 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle best setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 32 43 32 37 35 14 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 34 25 25 36 40 37 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 431
Volume Left oz 108 145 108 125 118 047 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 115 085 085 122 135 125 085 034 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 1457211
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 11 11
104 00 12 12
97 00 21 21
91 00 32 32
84 08 46 38
78 29 46 17
72 35 58 23
65 56 70 14
59 50 79 29
53 56 64 08
47 46 41 05
40 50 30 20
34 38 18 20
27 41 20 21
21 21 24 03
Sum of absolute differences = 272 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 728 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
054096
043953
040572
06762
091287
142002
175812
155526
128478
10143
10143
071001
047334
027048
023667
0
0
0
0
0
047334
091287
084525
111573
10143
125097
111573
125097
077763
064239
016905
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
16
13
12
20
27
42
52
46
38
30
30
21
14
8
7
0
0
0
0
0
14
27
25
33
30
37
33
37
23
19
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Page 35: Improving pesticide application via engineering methods · 2016-11-07 · International Pesticide Application Technology at Cornell University. Improving pesticide application . via

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Improved setting for the canopyadjusting nozzle orientation

0

1

2

3

4

5

020406080100

Volume ml

Hei

ght

m

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 20 40 60 80 100

Volume ml

Chart1

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Chart2

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Patternator for growers to build

Patternator assembly instructions

Drift poles to determine nozzleplume direction

Air induction nozzles

Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

0

05

1

15

2

25

3

35

4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Rows from target

a

rea

cove

red

on d

rift c

ards

Hollow cone

Air Induction

Air induction nozzles

Chart2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards g
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards gf
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet3

Sheet3

BBCH 69
BBCH 79
Spray ground losses ( of applied)
Spray Ground Losses
144
1225
1185
995
11
9
112
10

Precision application to the target zone

o Botrytis sprays to the fruit zone

o Grapevine Berry Moth sprays to the fruit zone

o Insecticide for Japanese Beetle at the top of the canopy

Target-zone sprayer

2-diaphragm pumppressure regulator $900 Hydraulic motor $200Motor to pump connector $150

(Prices approx)

Target-zone sprayer

Low pressure two diaphragm pump - 12 volt electric $400 (approx)

Fitted to a Hazlitt 1852 CIMA sprayer

Dilution water and agrochemical

Induction bowls and closed chemical transfer

Reduce operator exposure and environmental contamination

Why care about the air

We change liquid flow rate with different size canopies includingo Vine Row Volumeo Leaf Wall Areao Dosavinao Unit Canopy Row

Why not change airflow to match the developing canopy

Airflow

Direction of the airThe speed of the air

The volume of air

The answer is blowing in the wind

bull Transports droplets from the sprayer to the targetbull Protects droplets against wind effectsbull Droplet production (pneumatic sprayers)bull Provides shaking of the leaves in the canopybull Provides good coverage on the target

bull Transports droplets through amp past the targetbull Excessive shaking of the canopy resulting in

removing droplets already present on the target

Air direction

Deflectors and towers fitted to airblast sprayers to change air direction

Adjust airflow direction ndash park the plume

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Park the plume

Air speed ndash grapes are the target

Good coverage

Poor coverage

Wind tunnel observations

The classic horseshoe vortex

Ludwig Prandtl1875 -1953

Adjusting the air volume intake

ISAFUIT project Europe (2002-07)

Cornell Doughnut

(2002)

Early season ndashAir flow reduced

Mid season ndashAir flow adjusted

Full canopy ndashAir flow fully open

Adjustable Cornell louvre system

Table 2 FMC tower sprayer Drift reduction and deposition increase in Vvinifera cvVignole vineyard

Pole3 T1Pole 2 T1

Pole1 T1Pole3 T2

Pole2 T2Pole1 T2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8Top Pipe cleaner position on pole Bottom

Dye concentration

(mL dye L pipe cleaner)

Adjusted air volume

Airflow maximum

T1= Louvres AdjustedT2= Louvres Open

Drift measurements in Vitis sp GR 7 vineyard 2010

Conclusions

Select the correct nozzle to provide the right size droplets

Calibrate the nozzles and spray plume

Reduce the airflow to match the canopy

Season

Early

Mid

Late

Louvre

position

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Drift

reduction ()

0

71

0

37

0

18

Deposition increase ()

0

82

0

55

14

0
Albuz ATR Albuz ATR
Teejet XR Teejet XR
TurboDrop TurboDrop
Teejet AI Teejet AI
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
1 09 36
2 08 05
3 05 01
4 02 0
5 01
6 01
7 0
Albuz ATR 144 1225
Teejet XR 1185 995
TurboDrop 11 9
Teejet AI 112 10
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 1+2 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle best setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 32 43 32 37 35 14 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 34 25 25 36 40 37 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 431
Volume Left oz 108 145 108 125 118 047 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 115 085 085 122 135 125 085 034 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 1457211
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 1+2 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle best setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 32 43 32 37 35 14 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 34 25 25 36 40 37 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 431
Volume Left oz 108 145 108 125 118 047 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 115 085 085 122 135 125 085 034 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 1457211
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 11 11
104 00 12 12
97 00 21 21
91 00 32 32
84 08 46 38
78 29 46 17
72 35 58 23
65 56 70 14
59 50 79 29
53 56 64 08
47 46 41 05
40 50 30 20
34 38 18 20
27 41 20 21
21 21 24 03
Sum of absolute differences = 272 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 728 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
054096
043953
040572
06762
091287
142002
175812
155526
128478
10143
10143
071001
047334
027048
023667
0
0
0
0
0
047334
091287
084525
111573
10143
125097
111573
125097
077763
064239
016905
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
16
13
12
20
27
42
52
46
38
30
30
21
14
8
7
0
0
0
0
0
Page 36: Improving pesticide application via engineering methods · 2016-11-07 · International Pesticide Application Technology at Cornell University. Improving pesticide application . via

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Improved setting for the canopyadjusting nozzle orientation

0

1

2

3

4

5

020406080100

Volume ml

Hei

ght

m

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 20 40 60 80 100

Volume ml

Chart1

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Chart2

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Patternator for growers to build

Patternator assembly instructions

Drift poles to determine nozzleplume direction

Air induction nozzles

Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

0

05

1

15

2

25

3

35

4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Rows from target

a

rea

cove

red

on d

rift c

ards

Hollow cone

Air Induction

Air induction nozzles

Chart2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards g
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards gf
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet3

Sheet3

BBCH 69
BBCH 79
Spray ground losses ( of applied)
Spray Ground Losses
144
1225
1185
995
11
9
112
10

Precision application to the target zone

o Botrytis sprays to the fruit zone

o Grapevine Berry Moth sprays to the fruit zone

o Insecticide for Japanese Beetle at the top of the canopy

Target-zone sprayer

2-diaphragm pumppressure regulator $900 Hydraulic motor $200Motor to pump connector $150

(Prices approx)

Target-zone sprayer

Low pressure two diaphragm pump - 12 volt electric $400 (approx)

Fitted to a Hazlitt 1852 CIMA sprayer

Dilution water and agrochemical

Induction bowls and closed chemical transfer

Reduce operator exposure and environmental contamination

Why care about the air

We change liquid flow rate with different size canopies includingo Vine Row Volumeo Leaf Wall Areao Dosavinao Unit Canopy Row

Why not change airflow to match the developing canopy

Airflow

Direction of the airThe speed of the air

The volume of air

The answer is blowing in the wind

bull Transports droplets from the sprayer to the targetbull Protects droplets against wind effectsbull Droplet production (pneumatic sprayers)bull Provides shaking of the leaves in the canopybull Provides good coverage on the target

bull Transports droplets through amp past the targetbull Excessive shaking of the canopy resulting in

removing droplets already present on the target

Air direction

Deflectors and towers fitted to airblast sprayers to change air direction

Adjust airflow direction ndash park the plume

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Park the plume

Air speed ndash grapes are the target

Good coverage

Poor coverage

Wind tunnel observations

The classic horseshoe vortex

Ludwig Prandtl1875 -1953

Adjusting the air volume intake

ISAFUIT project Europe (2002-07)

Cornell Doughnut

(2002)

Early season ndashAir flow reduced

Mid season ndashAir flow adjusted

Full canopy ndashAir flow fully open

Adjustable Cornell louvre system

Table 2 FMC tower sprayer Drift reduction and deposition increase in Vvinifera cvVignole vineyard

Pole3 T1Pole 2 T1

Pole1 T1Pole3 T2

Pole2 T2Pole1 T2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8Top Pipe cleaner position on pole Bottom

Dye concentration

(mL dye L pipe cleaner)

Adjusted air volume

Airflow maximum

T1= Louvres AdjustedT2= Louvres Open

Drift measurements in Vitis sp GR 7 vineyard 2010

Conclusions

Select the correct nozzle to provide the right size droplets

Calibrate the nozzles and spray plume

Reduce the airflow to match the canopy

Season

Early

Mid

Late

Louvre

position

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Drift

reduction ()

0

71

0

37

0

18

Deposition increase ()

0

82

0

55

14

0
Albuz ATR Albuz ATR
Teejet XR Teejet XR
TurboDrop TurboDrop
Teejet AI Teejet AI
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
1 09 36
2 08 05
3 05 01
4 02 0
5 01
6 01
7 0
Albuz ATR 144 1225
Teejet XR 1185 995
TurboDrop 11 9
Teejet AI 112 10
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 1+2 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle best setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 32 43 32 37 35 14 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 34 25 25 36 40 37 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 431
Volume Left oz 108 145 108 125 118 047 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 115 085 085 122 135 125 085 034 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 1457211
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 1+2 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle best setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 32 43 32 37 35 14 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 34 25 25 36 40 37 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 431
Volume Left oz 108 145 108 125 118 047 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 115 085 085 122 135 125 085 034 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 1457211
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 11 11
104 00 12 12
97 00 21 21
91 00 32 32
84 08 46 38
78 29 46 17
72 35 58 23
65 56 70 14
59 50 79 29
53 56 64 08
47 46 41 05
40 50 30 20
34 38 18 20
27 41 20 21
21 21 24 03
Sum of absolute differences = 272 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 728 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
054096
043953
040572
06762
091287
142002
175812
155526
128478
10143
10143
071001
047334
027048
023667
0
0
0
0
0
047334
091287
084525
111573
10143
125097
111573
125097
077763
064239
016905
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 5+6 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 728 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Page 37: Improving pesticide application via engineering methods · 2016-11-07 · International Pesticide Application Technology at Cornell University. Improving pesticide application . via

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Improved setting for the canopyadjusting nozzle orientation

0

1

2

3

4

5

020406080100

Volume ml

Hei

ght

m

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 20 40 60 80 100

Volume ml

Chart1

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Chart2

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Patternator for growers to build

Patternator assembly instructions

Drift poles to determine nozzleplume direction

Air induction nozzles

Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

0

05

1

15

2

25

3

35

4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Rows from target

a

rea

cove

red

on d

rift c

ards

Hollow cone

Air Induction

Air induction nozzles

Chart2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards g
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards gf
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet3

Sheet3

BBCH 69
BBCH 79
Spray ground losses ( of applied)
Spray Ground Losses
144
1225
1185
995
11
9
112
10

Precision application to the target zone

o Botrytis sprays to the fruit zone

o Grapevine Berry Moth sprays to the fruit zone

o Insecticide for Japanese Beetle at the top of the canopy

Target-zone sprayer

2-diaphragm pumppressure regulator $900 Hydraulic motor $200Motor to pump connector $150

(Prices approx)

Target-zone sprayer

Low pressure two diaphragm pump - 12 volt electric $400 (approx)

Fitted to a Hazlitt 1852 CIMA sprayer

Dilution water and agrochemical

Induction bowls and closed chemical transfer

Reduce operator exposure and environmental contamination

Why care about the air

We change liquid flow rate with different size canopies includingo Vine Row Volumeo Leaf Wall Areao Dosavinao Unit Canopy Row

Why not change airflow to match the developing canopy

Airflow

Direction of the airThe speed of the air

The volume of air

The answer is blowing in the wind

bull Transports droplets from the sprayer to the targetbull Protects droplets against wind effectsbull Droplet production (pneumatic sprayers)bull Provides shaking of the leaves in the canopybull Provides good coverage on the target

bull Transports droplets through amp past the targetbull Excessive shaking of the canopy resulting in

removing droplets already present on the target

Air direction

Deflectors and towers fitted to airblast sprayers to change air direction

Adjust airflow direction ndash park the plume

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Park the plume

Air speed ndash grapes are the target

Good coverage

Poor coverage

Wind tunnel observations

The classic horseshoe vortex

Ludwig Prandtl1875 -1953

Adjusting the air volume intake

ISAFUIT project Europe (2002-07)

Cornell Doughnut

(2002)

Early season ndashAir flow reduced

Mid season ndashAir flow adjusted

Full canopy ndashAir flow fully open

Adjustable Cornell louvre system

Table 2 FMC tower sprayer Drift reduction and deposition increase in Vvinifera cvVignole vineyard

Pole3 T1Pole 2 T1

Pole1 T1Pole3 T2

Pole2 T2Pole1 T2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8Top Pipe cleaner position on pole Bottom

Dye concentration

(mL dye L pipe cleaner)

Adjusted air volume

Airflow maximum

T1= Louvres AdjustedT2= Louvres Open

Drift measurements in Vitis sp GR 7 vineyard 2010

Conclusions

Select the correct nozzle to provide the right size droplets

Calibrate the nozzles and spray plume

Reduce the airflow to match the canopy

Season

Early

Mid

Late

Louvre

position

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Drift

reduction ()

0

71

0

37

0

18

Deposition increase ()

0

82

0

55

14

0
Albuz ATR Albuz ATR
Teejet XR Teejet XR
TurboDrop TurboDrop
Teejet AI Teejet AI
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
1 09 36
2 08 05
3 05 01
4 02 0
5 01
6 01
7 0
Albuz ATR 144 1225
Teejet XR 1185 995
TurboDrop 11 9
Teejet AI 112 10
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 1+2 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle best setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 32 43 32 37 35 14 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 34 25 25 36 40 37 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 431
Volume Left oz 108 145 108 125 118 047 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 115 085 085 122 135 125 085 034 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 1457211
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 1+2 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle best setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 32 43 32 37 35 14 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 34 25 25 36 40 37 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 431
Volume Left oz 108 145 108 125 118 047 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 115 085 085 122 135 125 085 034 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 1457211
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 11 11
104 00 12 12
97 00 21 21
91 00 32 32
84 08 46 38
78 29 46 17
72 35 58 23
65 56 70 14
59 50 79 29
53 56 64 08
47 46 41 05
40 50 30 20
34 38 18 20
27 41 20 21
21 21 24 03
Sum of absolute differences = 272 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 728 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
054096
043953
040572
06762
091287
142002
175812
155526
128478
10143
10143
071001
047334
027048
023667
0
0
0
0
0
047334
091287
084525
111573
10143
125097
111573
125097
077763
064239
016905
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Page 38: Improving pesticide application via engineering methods · 2016-11-07 · International Pesticide Application Technology at Cornell University. Improving pesticide application . via
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Improved setting for the canopyadjusting nozzle orientation

0

1

2

3

4

5

020406080100

Volume ml

Hei

ght

m

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 20 40 60 80 100

Volume ml

Chart1

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Chart2

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Patternator for growers to build

Patternator assembly instructions

Drift poles to determine nozzleplume direction

Air induction nozzles

Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

0

05

1

15

2

25

3

35

4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Rows from target

a

rea

cove

red

on d

rift c

ards

Hollow cone

Air Induction

Air induction nozzles

Chart2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards g
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards gf
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet3

Sheet3

BBCH 69
BBCH 79
Spray ground losses ( of applied)
Spray Ground Losses
144
1225
1185
995
11
9
112
10

Precision application to the target zone

o Botrytis sprays to the fruit zone

o Grapevine Berry Moth sprays to the fruit zone

o Insecticide for Japanese Beetle at the top of the canopy

Target-zone sprayer

2-diaphragm pumppressure regulator $900 Hydraulic motor $200Motor to pump connector $150

(Prices approx)

Target-zone sprayer

Low pressure two diaphragm pump - 12 volt electric $400 (approx)

Fitted to a Hazlitt 1852 CIMA sprayer

Dilution water and agrochemical

Induction bowls and closed chemical transfer

Reduce operator exposure and environmental contamination

Why care about the air

We change liquid flow rate with different size canopies includingo Vine Row Volumeo Leaf Wall Areao Dosavinao Unit Canopy Row

Why not change airflow to match the developing canopy

Airflow

Direction of the airThe speed of the air

The volume of air

The answer is blowing in the wind

bull Transports droplets from the sprayer to the targetbull Protects droplets against wind effectsbull Droplet production (pneumatic sprayers)bull Provides shaking of the leaves in the canopybull Provides good coverage on the target

bull Transports droplets through amp past the targetbull Excessive shaking of the canopy resulting in

removing droplets already present on the target

Air direction

Deflectors and towers fitted to airblast sprayers to change air direction

Adjust airflow direction ndash park the plume

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Park the plume

Air speed ndash grapes are the target

Good coverage

Poor coverage

Wind tunnel observations

The classic horseshoe vortex

Ludwig Prandtl1875 -1953

Adjusting the air volume intake

ISAFUIT project Europe (2002-07)

Cornell Doughnut

(2002)

Early season ndashAir flow reduced

Mid season ndashAir flow adjusted

Full canopy ndashAir flow fully open

Adjustable Cornell louvre system

Table 2 FMC tower sprayer Drift reduction and deposition increase in Vvinifera cvVignole vineyard

Pole3 T1Pole 2 T1

Pole1 T1Pole3 T2

Pole2 T2Pole1 T2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8Top Pipe cleaner position on pole Bottom

Dye concentration

(mL dye L pipe cleaner)

Adjusted air volume

Airflow maximum

T1= Louvres AdjustedT2= Louvres Open

Drift measurements in Vitis sp GR 7 vineyard 2010

Conclusions

Select the correct nozzle to provide the right size droplets

Calibrate the nozzles and spray plume

Reduce the airflow to match the canopy

Season

Early

Mid

Late

Louvre

position

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Drift

reduction ()

0

71

0

37

0

18

Deposition increase ()

0

82

0

55

14

0
Albuz ATR Albuz ATR
Teejet XR Teejet XR
TurboDrop TurboDrop
Teejet AI Teejet AI
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
1 09 36
2 08 05
3 05 01
4 02 0
5 01
6 01
7 0
Albuz ATR 144 1225
Teejet XR 1185 995
TurboDrop 11 9
Teejet AI 112 10
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 1+2 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle best setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 32 43 32 37 35 14 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 34 25 25 36 40 37 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 431
Volume Left oz 108 145 108 125 118 047 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 115 085 085 122 135 125 085 034 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 1457211
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 1+2 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle best setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 32 43 32 37 35 14 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 34 25 25 36 40 37 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 431
Volume Left oz 108 145 108 125 118 047 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 115 085 085 122 135 125 085 034 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 1457211
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 11 11
104 00 12 12
97 00 21 21
91 00 32 32
84 08 46 38
78 29 46 17
72 35 58 23
65 56 70 14
59 50 79 29
53 56 64 08
47 46 41 05
40 50 30 20
34 38 18 20
27 41 20 21
21 21 24 03
Sum of absolute differences = 272 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 728 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
054096
043953
040572
06762
091287
142002
175812
155526
128478
10143
10143
071001
047334
027048
023667
0
0
0
0
0
Page 39: Improving pesticide application via engineering methods · 2016-11-07 · International Pesticide Application Technology at Cornell University. Improving pesticide application . via

Improved setting for the canopyadjusting nozzle orientation

0

1

2

3

4

5

020406080100

Volume ml

Hei

ght

m

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 20 40 60 80 100

Volume ml

Chart1

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Chart2

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Patternator for growers to build

Patternator assembly instructions

Drift poles to determine nozzleplume direction

Air induction nozzles

Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

0

05

1

15

2

25

3

35

4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Rows from target

a

rea

cove

red

on d

rift c

ards

Hollow cone

Air Induction

Air induction nozzles

Chart2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards g
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards gf
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet3

Sheet3

BBCH 69
BBCH 79
Spray ground losses ( of applied)
Spray Ground Losses
144
1225
1185
995
11
9
112
10

Precision application to the target zone

o Botrytis sprays to the fruit zone

o Grapevine Berry Moth sprays to the fruit zone

o Insecticide for Japanese Beetle at the top of the canopy

Target-zone sprayer

2-diaphragm pumppressure regulator $900 Hydraulic motor $200Motor to pump connector $150

(Prices approx)

Target-zone sprayer

Low pressure two diaphragm pump - 12 volt electric $400 (approx)

Fitted to a Hazlitt 1852 CIMA sprayer

Dilution water and agrochemical

Induction bowls and closed chemical transfer

Reduce operator exposure and environmental contamination

Why care about the air

We change liquid flow rate with different size canopies includingo Vine Row Volumeo Leaf Wall Areao Dosavinao Unit Canopy Row

Why not change airflow to match the developing canopy

Airflow

Direction of the airThe speed of the air

The volume of air

The answer is blowing in the wind

bull Transports droplets from the sprayer to the targetbull Protects droplets against wind effectsbull Droplet production (pneumatic sprayers)bull Provides shaking of the leaves in the canopybull Provides good coverage on the target

bull Transports droplets through amp past the targetbull Excessive shaking of the canopy resulting in

removing droplets already present on the target

Air direction

Deflectors and towers fitted to airblast sprayers to change air direction

Adjust airflow direction ndash park the plume

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Park the plume

Air speed ndash grapes are the target

Good coverage

Poor coverage

Wind tunnel observations

The classic horseshoe vortex

Ludwig Prandtl1875 -1953

Adjusting the air volume intake

ISAFUIT project Europe (2002-07)

Cornell Doughnut

(2002)

Early season ndashAir flow reduced

Mid season ndashAir flow adjusted

Full canopy ndashAir flow fully open

Adjustable Cornell louvre system

Table 2 FMC tower sprayer Drift reduction and deposition increase in Vvinifera cvVignole vineyard

Pole3 T1Pole 2 T1

Pole1 T1Pole3 T2

Pole2 T2Pole1 T2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8Top Pipe cleaner position on pole Bottom

Dye concentration

(mL dye L pipe cleaner)

Adjusted air volume

Airflow maximum

T1= Louvres AdjustedT2= Louvres Open

Drift measurements in Vitis sp GR 7 vineyard 2010

Conclusions

Select the correct nozzle to provide the right size droplets

Calibrate the nozzles and spray plume

Reduce the airflow to match the canopy

Season

Early

Mid

Late

Louvre

position

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Drift

reduction ()

0

71

0

37

0

18

Deposition increase ()

0

82

0

55

14

0
Albuz ATR Albuz ATR
Teejet XR Teejet XR
TurboDrop TurboDrop
Teejet AI Teejet AI
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
1 09 36
2 08 05
3 05 01
4 02 0
5 01
6 01
7 0
Albuz ATR 144 1225
Teejet XR 1185 995
TurboDrop 11 9
Teejet AI 112 10
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 1+2 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle best setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 32 43 32 37 35 14 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 34 25 25 36 40 37 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 431
Volume Left oz 108 145 108 125 118 047 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 115 085 085 122 135 125 085 034 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 1457211
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 1+2 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle best setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 32 43 32 37 35 14 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 34 25 25 36 40 37 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 431
Volume Left oz 108 145 108 125 118 047 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 115 085 085 122 135 125 085 034 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 1457211
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 11 11
104 00 12 12
97 00 21 21
91 00 32 32
84 08 46 38
78 29 46 17
72 35 58 23
65 56 70 14
59 50 79 29
53 56 64 08
47 46 41 05
40 50 30 20
34 38 18 20
27 41 20 21
21 21 24 03
Sum of absolute differences = 272 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 728 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
Page 40: Improving pesticide application via engineering methods · 2016-11-07 · International Pesticide Application Technology at Cornell University. Improving pesticide application . via

Improved setting for the canopyadjusting nozzle orientation

0

1

2

3

4

5

020406080100

Volume ml

Hei

ght

m

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 20 40 60 80 100

Volume ml

Chart1

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Chart2

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Patternator for growers to build

Patternator assembly instructions

Drift poles to determine nozzleplume direction

Air induction nozzles

Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

0

05

1

15

2

25

3

35

4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Rows from target

a

rea

cove

red

on d

rift c

ards

Hollow cone

Air Induction

Air induction nozzles

Chart2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards g
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards gf
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet3

Sheet3

BBCH 69
BBCH 79
Spray ground losses ( of applied)
Spray Ground Losses
144
1225
1185
995
11
9
112
10

Precision application to the target zone

o Botrytis sprays to the fruit zone

o Grapevine Berry Moth sprays to the fruit zone

o Insecticide for Japanese Beetle at the top of the canopy

Target-zone sprayer

2-diaphragm pumppressure regulator $900 Hydraulic motor $200Motor to pump connector $150

(Prices approx)

Target-zone sprayer

Low pressure two diaphragm pump - 12 volt electric $400 (approx)

Fitted to a Hazlitt 1852 CIMA sprayer

Dilution water and agrochemical

Induction bowls and closed chemical transfer

Reduce operator exposure and environmental contamination

Why care about the air

We change liquid flow rate with different size canopies includingo Vine Row Volumeo Leaf Wall Areao Dosavinao Unit Canopy Row

Why not change airflow to match the developing canopy

Airflow

Direction of the airThe speed of the air

The volume of air

The answer is blowing in the wind

bull Transports droplets from the sprayer to the targetbull Protects droplets against wind effectsbull Droplet production (pneumatic sprayers)bull Provides shaking of the leaves in the canopybull Provides good coverage on the target

bull Transports droplets through amp past the targetbull Excessive shaking of the canopy resulting in

removing droplets already present on the target

Air direction

Deflectors and towers fitted to airblast sprayers to change air direction

Adjust airflow direction ndash park the plume

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Park the plume

Air speed ndash grapes are the target

Good coverage

Poor coverage

Wind tunnel observations

The classic horseshoe vortex

Ludwig Prandtl1875 -1953

Adjusting the air volume intake

ISAFUIT project Europe (2002-07)

Cornell Doughnut

(2002)

Early season ndashAir flow reduced

Mid season ndashAir flow adjusted

Full canopy ndashAir flow fully open

Adjustable Cornell louvre system

Table 2 FMC tower sprayer Drift reduction and deposition increase in Vvinifera cvVignole vineyard

Pole3 T1Pole 2 T1

Pole1 T1Pole3 T2

Pole2 T2Pole1 T2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8Top Pipe cleaner position on pole Bottom

Dye concentration

(mL dye L pipe cleaner)

Adjusted air volume

Airflow maximum

T1= Louvres AdjustedT2= Louvres Open

Drift measurements in Vitis sp GR 7 vineyard 2010

Conclusions

Select the correct nozzle to provide the right size droplets

Calibrate the nozzles and spray plume

Reduce the airflow to match the canopy

Season

Early

Mid

Late

Louvre

position

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Drift

reduction ()

0

71

0

37

0

18

Deposition increase ()

0

82

0

55

14

0
Albuz ATR Albuz ATR
Teejet XR Teejet XR
TurboDrop TurboDrop
Teejet AI Teejet AI
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
1 09 36
2 08 05
3 05 01
4 02 0
5 01
6 01
7 0
Albuz ATR 144 1225
Teejet XR 1185 995
TurboDrop 11 9
Teejet AI 112 10
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 1+2 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle best setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 32 43 32 37 35 14 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 34 25 25 36 40 37 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 431
Volume Left oz 108 145 108 125 118 047 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 115 085 085 122 135 125 085 034 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 1457211
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 1+2 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle best setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 32 43 32 37 35 14 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 34 25 25 36 40 37 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 431
Volume Left oz 108 145 108 125 118 047 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 115 085 085 122 135 125 085 034 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 1457211
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Page 41: Improving pesticide application via engineering methods · 2016-11-07 · International Pesticide Application Technology at Cornell University. Improving pesticide application . via

Chart1

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Chart2

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Patternator for growers to build

Patternator assembly instructions

Drift poles to determine nozzleplume direction

Air induction nozzles

Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

0

05

1

15

2

25

3

35

4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Rows from target

a

rea

cove

red

on d

rift c

ards

Hollow cone

Air Induction

Air induction nozzles

Chart2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards g
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards gf
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet3

Sheet3

BBCH 69
BBCH 79
Spray ground losses ( of applied)
Spray Ground Losses
144
1225
1185
995
11
9
112
10

Precision application to the target zone

o Botrytis sprays to the fruit zone

o Grapevine Berry Moth sprays to the fruit zone

o Insecticide for Japanese Beetle at the top of the canopy

Target-zone sprayer

2-diaphragm pumppressure regulator $900 Hydraulic motor $200Motor to pump connector $150

(Prices approx)

Target-zone sprayer

Low pressure two diaphragm pump - 12 volt electric $400 (approx)

Fitted to a Hazlitt 1852 CIMA sprayer

Dilution water and agrochemical

Induction bowls and closed chemical transfer

Reduce operator exposure and environmental contamination

Why care about the air

We change liquid flow rate with different size canopies includingo Vine Row Volumeo Leaf Wall Areao Dosavinao Unit Canopy Row

Why not change airflow to match the developing canopy

Airflow

Direction of the airThe speed of the air

The volume of air

The answer is blowing in the wind

bull Transports droplets from the sprayer to the targetbull Protects droplets against wind effectsbull Droplet production (pneumatic sprayers)bull Provides shaking of the leaves in the canopybull Provides good coverage on the target

bull Transports droplets through amp past the targetbull Excessive shaking of the canopy resulting in

removing droplets already present on the target

Air direction

Deflectors and towers fitted to airblast sprayers to change air direction

Adjust airflow direction ndash park the plume

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Park the plume

Air speed ndash grapes are the target

Good coverage

Poor coverage

Wind tunnel observations

The classic horseshoe vortex

Ludwig Prandtl1875 -1953

Adjusting the air volume intake

ISAFUIT project Europe (2002-07)

Cornell Doughnut

(2002)

Early season ndashAir flow reduced

Mid season ndashAir flow adjusted

Full canopy ndashAir flow fully open

Adjustable Cornell louvre system

Table 2 FMC tower sprayer Drift reduction and deposition increase in Vvinifera cvVignole vineyard

Pole3 T1Pole 2 T1

Pole1 T1Pole3 T2

Pole2 T2Pole1 T2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8Top Pipe cleaner position on pole Bottom

Dye concentration

(mL dye L pipe cleaner)

Adjusted air volume

Airflow maximum

T1= Louvres AdjustedT2= Louvres Open

Drift measurements in Vitis sp GR 7 vineyard 2010

Conclusions

Select the correct nozzle to provide the right size droplets

Calibrate the nozzles and spray plume

Reduce the airflow to match the canopy

Season

Early

Mid

Late

Louvre

position

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Drift

reduction ()

0

71

0

37

0

18

Deposition increase ()

0

82

0

55

14

0
Albuz ATR Albuz ATR
Teejet XR Teejet XR
TurboDrop TurboDrop
Teejet AI Teejet AI
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
1 09 36
2 08 05
3 05 01
4 02 0
5 01
6 01
7 0
Albuz ATR 144 1225
Teejet XR 1185 995
TurboDrop 11 9
Teejet AI 112 10
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 1+2 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle best setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 32 43 32 37 35 14 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 34 25 25 36 40 37 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 431
Volume Left oz 108 145 108 125 118 047 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 115 085 085 122 135 125 085 034 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 1457211
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 1+2 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle best setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 32 43 32 37 35 14 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 34 25 25 36 40 37 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 431
Volume Left oz 108 145 108 125 118 047 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 115 085 085 122 135 125 085 034 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 1457211
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Page 42: Improving pesticide application via engineering methods · 2016-11-07 · International Pesticide Application Technology at Cornell University. Improving pesticide application . via

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Chart2

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Patternator for growers to build

Patternator assembly instructions

Drift poles to determine nozzleplume direction

Air induction nozzles

Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

0

05

1

15

2

25

3

35

4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Rows from target

a

rea

cove

red

on d

rift c

ards

Hollow cone

Air Induction

Air induction nozzles

Chart2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards g
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards gf
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet3

Sheet3

BBCH 69
BBCH 79
Spray ground losses ( of applied)
Spray Ground Losses
144
1225
1185
995
11
9
112
10

Precision application to the target zone

o Botrytis sprays to the fruit zone

o Grapevine Berry Moth sprays to the fruit zone

o Insecticide for Japanese Beetle at the top of the canopy

Target-zone sprayer

2-diaphragm pumppressure regulator $900 Hydraulic motor $200Motor to pump connector $150

(Prices approx)

Target-zone sprayer

Low pressure two diaphragm pump - 12 volt electric $400 (approx)

Fitted to a Hazlitt 1852 CIMA sprayer

Dilution water and agrochemical

Induction bowls and closed chemical transfer

Reduce operator exposure and environmental contamination

Why care about the air

We change liquid flow rate with different size canopies includingo Vine Row Volumeo Leaf Wall Areao Dosavinao Unit Canopy Row

Why not change airflow to match the developing canopy

Airflow

Direction of the airThe speed of the air

The volume of air

The answer is blowing in the wind

bull Transports droplets from the sprayer to the targetbull Protects droplets against wind effectsbull Droplet production (pneumatic sprayers)bull Provides shaking of the leaves in the canopybull Provides good coverage on the target

bull Transports droplets through amp past the targetbull Excessive shaking of the canopy resulting in

removing droplets already present on the target

Air direction

Deflectors and towers fitted to airblast sprayers to change air direction

Adjust airflow direction ndash park the plume

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Park the plume

Air speed ndash grapes are the target

Good coverage

Poor coverage

Wind tunnel observations

The classic horseshoe vortex

Ludwig Prandtl1875 -1953

Adjusting the air volume intake

ISAFUIT project Europe (2002-07)

Cornell Doughnut

(2002)

Early season ndashAir flow reduced

Mid season ndashAir flow adjusted

Full canopy ndashAir flow fully open

Adjustable Cornell louvre system

Table 2 FMC tower sprayer Drift reduction and deposition increase in Vvinifera cvVignole vineyard

Pole3 T1Pole 2 T1

Pole1 T1Pole3 T2

Pole2 T2Pole1 T2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8Top Pipe cleaner position on pole Bottom

Dye concentration

(mL dye L pipe cleaner)

Adjusted air volume

Airflow maximum

T1= Louvres AdjustedT2= Louvres Open

Drift measurements in Vitis sp GR 7 vineyard 2010

Conclusions

Select the correct nozzle to provide the right size droplets

Calibrate the nozzles and spray plume

Reduce the airflow to match the canopy

Season

Early

Mid

Late

Louvre

position

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Drift

reduction ()

0

71

0

37

0

18

Deposition increase ()

0

82

0

55

14

0
Albuz ATR Albuz ATR
Teejet XR Teejet XR
TurboDrop TurboDrop
Teejet AI Teejet AI
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
1 09 36
2 08 05
3 05 01
4 02 0
5 01
6 01
7 0
Albuz ATR 144 1225
Teejet XR 1185 995
TurboDrop 11 9
Teejet AI 112 10
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 1+2 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle best setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 32 43 32 37 35 14 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 34 25 25 36 40 37 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 431
Volume Left oz 108 145 108 125 118 047 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 115 085 085 122 135 125 085 034 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 1457211
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 1+2 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle best setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 32 43 32 37 35 14 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 34 25 25 36 40 37 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 431
Volume Left oz 108 145 108 125 118 047 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 115 085 085 122 135 125 085 034 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 1457211
Page 43: Improving pesticide application via engineering methods · 2016-11-07 · International Pesticide Application Technology at Cornell University. Improving pesticide application . via

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Chart2

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Patternator for growers to build

Patternator assembly instructions

Drift poles to determine nozzleplume direction

Air induction nozzles

Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

0

05

1

15

2

25

3

35

4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Rows from target

a

rea

cove

red

on d

rift c

ards

Hollow cone

Air Induction

Air induction nozzles

Chart2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards g
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards gf
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet3

Sheet3

BBCH 69
BBCH 79
Spray ground losses ( of applied)
Spray Ground Losses
144
1225
1185
995
11
9
112
10

Precision application to the target zone

o Botrytis sprays to the fruit zone

o Grapevine Berry Moth sprays to the fruit zone

o Insecticide for Japanese Beetle at the top of the canopy

Target-zone sprayer

2-diaphragm pumppressure regulator $900 Hydraulic motor $200Motor to pump connector $150

(Prices approx)

Target-zone sprayer

Low pressure two diaphragm pump - 12 volt electric $400 (approx)

Fitted to a Hazlitt 1852 CIMA sprayer

Dilution water and agrochemical

Induction bowls and closed chemical transfer

Reduce operator exposure and environmental contamination

Why care about the air

We change liquid flow rate with different size canopies includingo Vine Row Volumeo Leaf Wall Areao Dosavinao Unit Canopy Row

Why not change airflow to match the developing canopy

Airflow

Direction of the airThe speed of the air

The volume of air

The answer is blowing in the wind

bull Transports droplets from the sprayer to the targetbull Protects droplets against wind effectsbull Droplet production (pneumatic sprayers)bull Provides shaking of the leaves in the canopybull Provides good coverage on the target

bull Transports droplets through amp past the targetbull Excessive shaking of the canopy resulting in

removing droplets already present on the target

Air direction

Deflectors and towers fitted to airblast sprayers to change air direction

Adjust airflow direction ndash park the plume

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Park the plume

Air speed ndash grapes are the target

Good coverage

Poor coverage

Wind tunnel observations

The classic horseshoe vortex

Ludwig Prandtl1875 -1953

Adjusting the air volume intake

ISAFUIT project Europe (2002-07)

Cornell Doughnut

(2002)

Early season ndashAir flow reduced

Mid season ndashAir flow adjusted

Full canopy ndashAir flow fully open

Adjustable Cornell louvre system

Table 2 FMC tower sprayer Drift reduction and deposition increase in Vvinifera cvVignole vineyard

Pole3 T1Pole 2 T1

Pole1 T1Pole3 T2

Pole2 T2Pole1 T2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8Top Pipe cleaner position on pole Bottom

Dye concentration

(mL dye L pipe cleaner)

Adjusted air volume

Airflow maximum

T1= Louvres AdjustedT2= Louvres Open

Drift measurements in Vitis sp GR 7 vineyard 2010

Conclusions

Select the correct nozzle to provide the right size droplets

Calibrate the nozzles and spray plume

Reduce the airflow to match the canopy

Season

Early

Mid

Late

Louvre

position

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Drift

reduction ()

0

71

0

37

0

18

Deposition increase ()

0

82

0

55

14

0
Albuz ATR Albuz ATR
Teejet XR Teejet XR
TurboDrop TurboDrop
Teejet AI Teejet AI
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
1 09 36
2 08 05
3 05 01
4 02 0
5 01
6 01
7 0
Albuz ATR 144 1225
Teejet XR 1185 995
TurboDrop 11 9
Teejet AI 112 10
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 1+2 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle best setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 32 43 32 37 35 14 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 34 25 25 36 40 37 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 431
Volume Left oz 108 145 108 125 118 047 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 115 085 085 122 135 125 085 034 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 1457211
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Page 44: Improving pesticide application via engineering methods · 2016-11-07 · International Pesticide Application Technology at Cornell University. Improving pesticide application . via

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Chart2

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Patternator for growers to build

Patternator assembly instructions

Drift poles to determine nozzleplume direction

Air induction nozzles

Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

0

05

1

15

2

25

3

35

4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Rows from target

a

rea

cove

red

on d

rift c

ards

Hollow cone

Air Induction

Air induction nozzles

Chart2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards g
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards gf
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet3

Sheet3

BBCH 69
BBCH 79
Spray ground losses ( of applied)
Spray Ground Losses
144
1225
1185
995
11
9
112
10

Precision application to the target zone

o Botrytis sprays to the fruit zone

o Grapevine Berry Moth sprays to the fruit zone

o Insecticide for Japanese Beetle at the top of the canopy

Target-zone sprayer

2-diaphragm pumppressure regulator $900 Hydraulic motor $200Motor to pump connector $150

(Prices approx)

Target-zone sprayer

Low pressure two diaphragm pump - 12 volt electric $400 (approx)

Fitted to a Hazlitt 1852 CIMA sprayer

Dilution water and agrochemical

Induction bowls and closed chemical transfer

Reduce operator exposure and environmental contamination

Why care about the air

We change liquid flow rate with different size canopies includingo Vine Row Volumeo Leaf Wall Areao Dosavinao Unit Canopy Row

Why not change airflow to match the developing canopy

Airflow

Direction of the airThe speed of the air

The volume of air

The answer is blowing in the wind

bull Transports droplets from the sprayer to the targetbull Protects droplets against wind effectsbull Droplet production (pneumatic sprayers)bull Provides shaking of the leaves in the canopybull Provides good coverage on the target

bull Transports droplets through amp past the targetbull Excessive shaking of the canopy resulting in

removing droplets already present on the target

Air direction

Deflectors and towers fitted to airblast sprayers to change air direction

Adjust airflow direction ndash park the plume

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Park the plume

Air speed ndash grapes are the target

Good coverage

Poor coverage

Wind tunnel observations

The classic horseshoe vortex

Ludwig Prandtl1875 -1953

Adjusting the air volume intake

ISAFUIT project Europe (2002-07)

Cornell Doughnut

(2002)

Early season ndashAir flow reduced

Mid season ndashAir flow adjusted

Full canopy ndashAir flow fully open

Adjustable Cornell louvre system

Table 2 FMC tower sprayer Drift reduction and deposition increase in Vvinifera cvVignole vineyard

Pole3 T1Pole 2 T1

Pole1 T1Pole3 T2

Pole2 T2Pole1 T2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8Top Pipe cleaner position on pole Bottom

Dye concentration

(mL dye L pipe cleaner)

Adjusted air volume

Airflow maximum

T1= Louvres AdjustedT2= Louvres Open

Drift measurements in Vitis sp GR 7 vineyard 2010

Conclusions

Select the correct nozzle to provide the right size droplets

Calibrate the nozzles and spray plume

Reduce the airflow to match the canopy

Season

Early

Mid

Late

Louvre

position

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Drift

reduction ()

0

71

0

37

0

18

Deposition increase ()

0

82

0

55

14

0
Albuz ATR Albuz ATR
Teejet XR Teejet XR
TurboDrop TurboDrop
Teejet AI Teejet AI
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
1 09 36
2 08 05
3 05 01
4 02 0
5 01
6 01
7 0
Albuz ATR 144 1225
Teejet XR 1185 995
TurboDrop 11 9
Teejet AI 112 10
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 1+2 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle best setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 32 43 32 37 35 14 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 34 25 25 36 40 37 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 431
Volume Left oz 108 145 108 125 118 047 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 115 085 085 122 135 125 085 034 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 1457211
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Page 45: Improving pesticide application via engineering methods · 2016-11-07 · International Pesticide Application Technology at Cornell University. Improving pesticide application . via

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Chart2

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Patternator for growers to build

Patternator assembly instructions

Drift poles to determine nozzleplume direction

Air induction nozzles

Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

0

05

1

15

2

25

3

35

4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Rows from target

a

rea

cove

red

on d

rift c

ards

Hollow cone

Air Induction

Air induction nozzles

Chart2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards g
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards gf
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet3

Sheet3

BBCH 69
BBCH 79
Spray ground losses ( of applied)
Spray Ground Losses
144
1225
1185
995
11
9
112
10

Precision application to the target zone

o Botrytis sprays to the fruit zone

o Grapevine Berry Moth sprays to the fruit zone

o Insecticide for Japanese Beetle at the top of the canopy

Target-zone sprayer

2-diaphragm pumppressure regulator $900 Hydraulic motor $200Motor to pump connector $150

(Prices approx)

Target-zone sprayer

Low pressure two diaphragm pump - 12 volt electric $400 (approx)

Fitted to a Hazlitt 1852 CIMA sprayer

Dilution water and agrochemical

Induction bowls and closed chemical transfer

Reduce operator exposure and environmental contamination

Why care about the air

We change liquid flow rate with different size canopies includingo Vine Row Volumeo Leaf Wall Areao Dosavinao Unit Canopy Row

Why not change airflow to match the developing canopy

Airflow

Direction of the airThe speed of the air

The volume of air

The answer is blowing in the wind

bull Transports droplets from the sprayer to the targetbull Protects droplets against wind effectsbull Droplet production (pneumatic sprayers)bull Provides shaking of the leaves in the canopybull Provides good coverage on the target

bull Transports droplets through amp past the targetbull Excessive shaking of the canopy resulting in

removing droplets already present on the target

Air direction

Deflectors and towers fitted to airblast sprayers to change air direction

Adjust airflow direction ndash park the plume

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Park the plume

Air speed ndash grapes are the target

Good coverage

Poor coverage

Wind tunnel observations

The classic horseshoe vortex

Ludwig Prandtl1875 -1953

Adjusting the air volume intake

ISAFUIT project Europe (2002-07)

Cornell Doughnut

(2002)

Early season ndashAir flow reduced

Mid season ndashAir flow adjusted

Full canopy ndashAir flow fully open

Adjustable Cornell louvre system

Table 2 FMC tower sprayer Drift reduction and deposition increase in Vvinifera cvVignole vineyard

Pole3 T1Pole 2 T1

Pole1 T1Pole3 T2

Pole2 T2Pole1 T2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8Top Pipe cleaner position on pole Bottom

Dye concentration

(mL dye L pipe cleaner)

Adjusted air volume

Airflow maximum

T1= Louvres AdjustedT2= Louvres Open

Drift measurements in Vitis sp GR 7 vineyard 2010

Conclusions

Select the correct nozzle to provide the right size droplets

Calibrate the nozzles and spray plume

Reduce the airflow to match the canopy

Season

Early

Mid

Late

Louvre

position

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Drift

reduction ()

0

71

0

37

0

18

Deposition increase ()

0

82

0

55

14

0
Albuz ATR Albuz ATR
Teejet XR Teejet XR
TurboDrop TurboDrop
Teejet AI Teejet AI
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
1 09 36
2 08 05
3 05 01
4 02 0
5 01
6 01
7 0
Albuz ATR 144 1225
Teejet XR 1185 995
TurboDrop 11 9
Teejet AI 112 10
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 1+2 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle best setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 32 43 32 37 35 14 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 34 25 25 36 40 37 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 431
Volume Left oz 108 145 108 125 118 047 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 115 085 085 122 135 125 085 034 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 1457211
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Page 46: Improving pesticide application via engineering methods · 2016-11-07 · International Pesticide Application Technology at Cornell University. Improving pesticide application . via

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Chart2

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Patternator for growers to build

Patternator assembly instructions

Drift poles to determine nozzleplume direction

Air induction nozzles

Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

0

05

1

15

2

25

3

35

4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Rows from target

a

rea

cove

red

on d

rift c

ards

Hollow cone

Air Induction

Air induction nozzles

Chart2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards g
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards gf
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet3

Sheet3

BBCH 69
BBCH 79
Spray ground losses ( of applied)
Spray Ground Losses
144
1225
1185
995
11
9
112
10

Precision application to the target zone

o Botrytis sprays to the fruit zone

o Grapevine Berry Moth sprays to the fruit zone

o Insecticide for Japanese Beetle at the top of the canopy

Target-zone sprayer

2-diaphragm pumppressure regulator $900 Hydraulic motor $200Motor to pump connector $150

(Prices approx)

Target-zone sprayer

Low pressure two diaphragm pump - 12 volt electric $400 (approx)

Fitted to a Hazlitt 1852 CIMA sprayer

Dilution water and agrochemical

Induction bowls and closed chemical transfer

Reduce operator exposure and environmental contamination

Why care about the air

We change liquid flow rate with different size canopies includingo Vine Row Volumeo Leaf Wall Areao Dosavinao Unit Canopy Row

Why not change airflow to match the developing canopy

Airflow

Direction of the airThe speed of the air

The volume of air

The answer is blowing in the wind

bull Transports droplets from the sprayer to the targetbull Protects droplets against wind effectsbull Droplet production (pneumatic sprayers)bull Provides shaking of the leaves in the canopybull Provides good coverage on the target

bull Transports droplets through amp past the targetbull Excessive shaking of the canopy resulting in

removing droplets already present on the target

Air direction

Deflectors and towers fitted to airblast sprayers to change air direction

Adjust airflow direction ndash park the plume

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Park the plume

Air speed ndash grapes are the target

Good coverage

Poor coverage

Wind tunnel observations

The classic horseshoe vortex

Ludwig Prandtl1875 -1953

Adjusting the air volume intake

ISAFUIT project Europe (2002-07)

Cornell Doughnut

(2002)

Early season ndashAir flow reduced

Mid season ndashAir flow adjusted

Full canopy ndashAir flow fully open

Adjustable Cornell louvre system

Table 2 FMC tower sprayer Drift reduction and deposition increase in Vvinifera cvVignole vineyard

Pole3 T1Pole 2 T1

Pole1 T1Pole3 T2

Pole2 T2Pole1 T2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8Top Pipe cleaner position on pole Bottom

Dye concentration

(mL dye L pipe cleaner)

Adjusted air volume

Airflow maximum

T1= Louvres AdjustedT2= Louvres Open

Drift measurements in Vitis sp GR 7 vineyard 2010

Conclusions

Select the correct nozzle to provide the right size droplets

Calibrate the nozzles and spray plume

Reduce the airflow to match the canopy

Season

Early

Mid

Late

Louvre

position

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Drift

reduction ()

0

71

0

37

0

18

Deposition increase ()

0

82

0

55

14

0
Albuz ATR Albuz ATR
Teejet XR Teejet XR
TurboDrop TurboDrop
Teejet AI Teejet AI
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
1 09 36
2 08 05
3 05 01
4 02 0
5 01
6 01
7 0
Albuz ATR 144 1225
Teejet XR 1185 995
TurboDrop 11 9
Teejet AI 112 10
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 1+2 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle best setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 32 43 32 37 35 14 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 34 25 25 36 40 37 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 431
Volume Left oz 108 145 108 125 118 047 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 115 085 085 122 135 125 085 034 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 1457211
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Page 47: Improving pesticide application via engineering methods · 2016-11-07 · International Pesticide Application Technology at Cornell University. Improving pesticide application . via

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Chart2

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Patternator for growers to build

Patternator assembly instructions

Drift poles to determine nozzleplume direction

Air induction nozzles

Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

0

05

1

15

2

25

3

35

4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Rows from target

a

rea

cove

red

on d

rift c

ards

Hollow cone

Air Induction

Air induction nozzles

Chart2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards g
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards gf
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet3

Sheet3

BBCH 69
BBCH 79
Spray ground losses ( of applied)
Spray Ground Losses
144
1225
1185
995
11
9
112
10

Precision application to the target zone

o Botrytis sprays to the fruit zone

o Grapevine Berry Moth sprays to the fruit zone

o Insecticide for Japanese Beetle at the top of the canopy

Target-zone sprayer

2-diaphragm pumppressure regulator $900 Hydraulic motor $200Motor to pump connector $150

(Prices approx)

Target-zone sprayer

Low pressure two diaphragm pump - 12 volt electric $400 (approx)

Fitted to a Hazlitt 1852 CIMA sprayer

Dilution water and agrochemical

Induction bowls and closed chemical transfer

Reduce operator exposure and environmental contamination

Why care about the air

We change liquid flow rate with different size canopies includingo Vine Row Volumeo Leaf Wall Areao Dosavinao Unit Canopy Row

Why not change airflow to match the developing canopy

Airflow

Direction of the airThe speed of the air

The volume of air

The answer is blowing in the wind

bull Transports droplets from the sprayer to the targetbull Protects droplets against wind effectsbull Droplet production (pneumatic sprayers)bull Provides shaking of the leaves in the canopybull Provides good coverage on the target

bull Transports droplets through amp past the targetbull Excessive shaking of the canopy resulting in

removing droplets already present on the target

Air direction

Deflectors and towers fitted to airblast sprayers to change air direction

Adjust airflow direction ndash park the plume

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Park the plume

Air speed ndash grapes are the target

Good coverage

Poor coverage

Wind tunnel observations

The classic horseshoe vortex

Ludwig Prandtl1875 -1953

Adjusting the air volume intake

ISAFUIT project Europe (2002-07)

Cornell Doughnut

(2002)

Early season ndashAir flow reduced

Mid season ndashAir flow adjusted

Full canopy ndashAir flow fully open

Adjustable Cornell louvre system

Table 2 FMC tower sprayer Drift reduction and deposition increase in Vvinifera cvVignole vineyard

Pole3 T1Pole 2 T1

Pole1 T1Pole3 T2

Pole2 T2Pole1 T2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8Top Pipe cleaner position on pole Bottom

Dye concentration

(mL dye L pipe cleaner)

Adjusted air volume

Airflow maximum

T1= Louvres AdjustedT2= Louvres Open

Drift measurements in Vitis sp GR 7 vineyard 2010

Conclusions

Select the correct nozzle to provide the right size droplets

Calibrate the nozzles and spray plume

Reduce the airflow to match the canopy

Season

Early

Mid

Late

Louvre

position

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Drift

reduction ()

0

71

0

37

0

18

Deposition increase ()

0

82

0

55

14

0
Albuz ATR Albuz ATR
Teejet XR Teejet XR
TurboDrop TurboDrop
Teejet AI Teejet AI
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
1 09 36
2 08 05
3 05 01
4 02 0
5 01
6 01
7 0
Albuz ATR 144 1225
Teejet XR 1185 995
TurboDrop 11 9
Teejet AI 112 10
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 1+2 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle best setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 32 43 32 37 35 14 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 34 25 25 36 40 37 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 431
Volume Left oz 108 145 108 125 118 047 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 115 085 085 122 135 125 085 034 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 1457211
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Page 48: Improving pesticide application via engineering methods · 2016-11-07 · International Pesticide Application Technology at Cornell University. Improving pesticide application . via

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Chart2

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Patternator for growers to build

Patternator assembly instructions

Drift poles to determine nozzleplume direction

Air induction nozzles

Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

0

05

1

15

2

25

3

35

4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Rows from target

a

rea

cove

red

on d

rift c

ards

Hollow cone

Air Induction

Air induction nozzles

Chart2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards g
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards gf
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet3

Sheet3

BBCH 69
BBCH 79
Spray ground losses ( of applied)
Spray Ground Losses
144
1225
1185
995
11
9
112
10

Precision application to the target zone

o Botrytis sprays to the fruit zone

o Grapevine Berry Moth sprays to the fruit zone

o Insecticide for Japanese Beetle at the top of the canopy

Target-zone sprayer

2-diaphragm pumppressure regulator $900 Hydraulic motor $200Motor to pump connector $150

(Prices approx)

Target-zone sprayer

Low pressure two diaphragm pump - 12 volt electric $400 (approx)

Fitted to a Hazlitt 1852 CIMA sprayer

Dilution water and agrochemical

Induction bowls and closed chemical transfer

Reduce operator exposure and environmental contamination

Why care about the air

We change liquid flow rate with different size canopies includingo Vine Row Volumeo Leaf Wall Areao Dosavinao Unit Canopy Row

Why not change airflow to match the developing canopy

Airflow

Direction of the airThe speed of the air

The volume of air

The answer is blowing in the wind

bull Transports droplets from the sprayer to the targetbull Protects droplets against wind effectsbull Droplet production (pneumatic sprayers)bull Provides shaking of the leaves in the canopybull Provides good coverage on the target

bull Transports droplets through amp past the targetbull Excessive shaking of the canopy resulting in

removing droplets already present on the target

Air direction

Deflectors and towers fitted to airblast sprayers to change air direction

Adjust airflow direction ndash park the plume

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Park the plume

Air speed ndash grapes are the target

Good coverage

Poor coverage

Wind tunnel observations

The classic horseshoe vortex

Ludwig Prandtl1875 -1953

Adjusting the air volume intake

ISAFUIT project Europe (2002-07)

Cornell Doughnut

(2002)

Early season ndashAir flow reduced

Mid season ndashAir flow adjusted

Full canopy ndashAir flow fully open

Adjustable Cornell louvre system

Table 2 FMC tower sprayer Drift reduction and deposition increase in Vvinifera cvVignole vineyard

Pole3 T1Pole 2 T1

Pole1 T1Pole3 T2

Pole2 T2Pole1 T2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8Top Pipe cleaner position on pole Bottom

Dye concentration

(mL dye L pipe cleaner)

Adjusted air volume

Airflow maximum

T1= Louvres AdjustedT2= Louvres Open

Drift measurements in Vitis sp GR 7 vineyard 2010

Conclusions

Select the correct nozzle to provide the right size droplets

Calibrate the nozzles and spray plume

Reduce the airflow to match the canopy

Season

Early

Mid

Late

Louvre

position

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Drift

reduction ()

0

71

0

37

0

18

Deposition increase ()

0

82

0

55

14

0
Albuz ATR Albuz ATR
Teejet XR Teejet XR
TurboDrop TurboDrop
Teejet AI Teejet AI
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
1 09 36
2 08 05
3 05 01
4 02 0
5 01
6 01
7 0
Albuz ATR 144 1225
Teejet XR 1185 995
TurboDrop 11 9
Teejet AI 112 10
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 1+2 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle best setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 32 43 32 37 35 14 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 34 25 25 36 40 37 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 431
Volume Left oz 108 145 108 125 118 047 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 115 085 085 122 135 125 085 034 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 1457211
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Page 49: Improving pesticide application via engineering methods · 2016-11-07 · International Pesticide Application Technology at Cornell University. Improving pesticide application . via
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Chart2

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Patternator for growers to build

Patternator assembly instructions

Drift poles to determine nozzleplume direction

Air induction nozzles

Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

0

05

1

15

2

25

3

35

4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Rows from target

a

rea

cove

red

on d

rift c

ards

Hollow cone

Air Induction

Air induction nozzles

Chart2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards g
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards gf
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet3

Sheet3

BBCH 69
BBCH 79
Spray ground losses ( of applied)
Spray Ground Losses
144
1225
1185
995
11
9
112
10

Precision application to the target zone

o Botrytis sprays to the fruit zone

o Grapevine Berry Moth sprays to the fruit zone

o Insecticide for Japanese Beetle at the top of the canopy

Target-zone sprayer

2-diaphragm pumppressure regulator $900 Hydraulic motor $200Motor to pump connector $150

(Prices approx)

Target-zone sprayer

Low pressure two diaphragm pump - 12 volt electric $400 (approx)

Fitted to a Hazlitt 1852 CIMA sprayer

Dilution water and agrochemical

Induction bowls and closed chemical transfer

Reduce operator exposure and environmental contamination

Why care about the air

We change liquid flow rate with different size canopies includingo Vine Row Volumeo Leaf Wall Areao Dosavinao Unit Canopy Row

Why not change airflow to match the developing canopy

Airflow

Direction of the airThe speed of the air

The volume of air

The answer is blowing in the wind

bull Transports droplets from the sprayer to the targetbull Protects droplets against wind effectsbull Droplet production (pneumatic sprayers)bull Provides shaking of the leaves in the canopybull Provides good coverage on the target

bull Transports droplets through amp past the targetbull Excessive shaking of the canopy resulting in

removing droplets already present on the target

Air direction

Deflectors and towers fitted to airblast sprayers to change air direction

Adjust airflow direction ndash park the plume

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Park the plume

Air speed ndash grapes are the target

Good coverage

Poor coverage

Wind tunnel observations

The classic horseshoe vortex

Ludwig Prandtl1875 -1953

Adjusting the air volume intake

ISAFUIT project Europe (2002-07)

Cornell Doughnut

(2002)

Early season ndashAir flow reduced

Mid season ndashAir flow adjusted

Full canopy ndashAir flow fully open

Adjustable Cornell louvre system

Table 2 FMC tower sprayer Drift reduction and deposition increase in Vvinifera cvVignole vineyard

Pole3 T1Pole 2 T1

Pole1 T1Pole3 T2

Pole2 T2Pole1 T2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8Top Pipe cleaner position on pole Bottom

Dye concentration

(mL dye L pipe cleaner)

Adjusted air volume

Airflow maximum

T1= Louvres AdjustedT2= Louvres Open

Drift measurements in Vitis sp GR 7 vineyard 2010

Conclusions

Select the correct nozzle to provide the right size droplets

Calibrate the nozzles and spray plume

Reduce the airflow to match the canopy

Season

Early

Mid

Late

Louvre

position

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Drift

reduction ()

0

71

0

37

0

18

Deposition increase ()

0

82

0

55

14

0
Albuz ATR Albuz ATR
Teejet XR Teejet XR
TurboDrop TurboDrop
Teejet AI Teejet AI
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
1 09 36
2 08 05
3 05 01
4 02 0
5 01
6 01
7 0
Albuz ATR 144 1225
Teejet XR 1185 995
TurboDrop 11 9
Teejet AI 112 10
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 1+2 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle best setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 32 43 32 37 35 14 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 34 25 25 36 40 37 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 431
Volume Left oz 108 145 108 125 118 047 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 115 085 085 122 135 125 085 034 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 1457211
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Page 50: Improving pesticide application via engineering methods · 2016-11-07 · International Pesticide Application Technology at Cornell University. Improving pesticide application . via

Chart2

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Patternator for growers to build

Patternator assembly instructions

Drift poles to determine nozzleplume direction

Air induction nozzles

Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

0

05

1

15

2

25

3

35

4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Rows from target

a

rea

cove

red

on d

rift c

ards

Hollow cone

Air Induction

Air induction nozzles

Chart2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards g
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards gf
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet3

Sheet3

BBCH 69
BBCH 79
Spray ground losses ( of applied)
Spray Ground Losses
144
1225
1185
995
11
9
112
10

Precision application to the target zone

o Botrytis sprays to the fruit zone

o Grapevine Berry Moth sprays to the fruit zone

o Insecticide for Japanese Beetle at the top of the canopy

Target-zone sprayer

2-diaphragm pumppressure regulator $900 Hydraulic motor $200Motor to pump connector $150

(Prices approx)

Target-zone sprayer

Low pressure two diaphragm pump - 12 volt electric $400 (approx)

Fitted to a Hazlitt 1852 CIMA sprayer

Dilution water and agrochemical

Induction bowls and closed chemical transfer

Reduce operator exposure and environmental contamination

Why care about the air

We change liquid flow rate with different size canopies includingo Vine Row Volumeo Leaf Wall Areao Dosavinao Unit Canopy Row

Why not change airflow to match the developing canopy

Airflow

Direction of the airThe speed of the air

The volume of air

The answer is blowing in the wind

bull Transports droplets from the sprayer to the targetbull Protects droplets against wind effectsbull Droplet production (pneumatic sprayers)bull Provides shaking of the leaves in the canopybull Provides good coverage on the target

bull Transports droplets through amp past the targetbull Excessive shaking of the canopy resulting in

removing droplets already present on the target

Air direction

Deflectors and towers fitted to airblast sprayers to change air direction

Adjust airflow direction ndash park the plume

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Park the plume

Air speed ndash grapes are the target

Good coverage

Poor coverage

Wind tunnel observations

The classic horseshoe vortex

Ludwig Prandtl1875 -1953

Adjusting the air volume intake

ISAFUIT project Europe (2002-07)

Cornell Doughnut

(2002)

Early season ndashAir flow reduced

Mid season ndashAir flow adjusted

Full canopy ndashAir flow fully open

Adjustable Cornell louvre system

Table 2 FMC tower sprayer Drift reduction and deposition increase in Vvinifera cvVignole vineyard

Pole3 T1Pole 2 T1

Pole1 T1Pole3 T2

Pole2 T2Pole1 T2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8Top Pipe cleaner position on pole Bottom

Dye concentration

(mL dye L pipe cleaner)

Adjusted air volume

Airflow maximum

T1= Louvres AdjustedT2= Louvres Open

Drift measurements in Vitis sp GR 7 vineyard 2010

Conclusions

Select the correct nozzle to provide the right size droplets

Calibrate the nozzles and spray plume

Reduce the airflow to match the canopy

Season

Early

Mid

Late

Louvre

position

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Drift

reduction ()

0

71

0

37

0

18

Deposition increase ()

0

82

0

55

14

0
Albuz ATR Albuz ATR
Teejet XR Teejet XR
TurboDrop TurboDrop
Teejet AI Teejet AI
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
1 09 36
2 08 05
3 05 01
4 02 0
5 01
6 01
7 0
Albuz ATR 144 1225
Teejet XR 1185 995
TurboDrop 11 9
Teejet AI 112 10
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 1+2 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle best setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 32 43 32 37 35 14 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 34 25 25 36 40 37 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 431
Volume Left oz 108 145 108 125 118 047 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 115 085 085 122 135 125 085 034 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 1457211
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
Page 51: Improving pesticide application via engineering methods · 2016-11-07 · International Pesticide Application Technology at Cornell University. Improving pesticide application . via

Chart2

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Patternator for growers to build

Patternator assembly instructions

Drift poles to determine nozzleplume direction

Air induction nozzles

Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

0

05

1

15

2

25

3

35

4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Rows from target

a

rea

cove

red

on d

rift c

ards

Hollow cone

Air Induction

Air induction nozzles

Chart2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards g
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards gf
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet3

Sheet3

BBCH 69
BBCH 79
Spray ground losses ( of applied)
Spray Ground Losses
144
1225
1185
995
11
9
112
10

Precision application to the target zone

o Botrytis sprays to the fruit zone

o Grapevine Berry Moth sprays to the fruit zone

o Insecticide for Japanese Beetle at the top of the canopy

Target-zone sprayer

2-diaphragm pumppressure regulator $900 Hydraulic motor $200Motor to pump connector $150

(Prices approx)

Target-zone sprayer

Low pressure two diaphragm pump - 12 volt electric $400 (approx)

Fitted to a Hazlitt 1852 CIMA sprayer

Dilution water and agrochemical

Induction bowls and closed chemical transfer

Reduce operator exposure and environmental contamination

Why care about the air

We change liquid flow rate with different size canopies includingo Vine Row Volumeo Leaf Wall Areao Dosavinao Unit Canopy Row

Why not change airflow to match the developing canopy

Airflow

Direction of the airThe speed of the air

The volume of air

The answer is blowing in the wind

bull Transports droplets from the sprayer to the targetbull Protects droplets against wind effectsbull Droplet production (pneumatic sprayers)bull Provides shaking of the leaves in the canopybull Provides good coverage on the target

bull Transports droplets through amp past the targetbull Excessive shaking of the canopy resulting in

removing droplets already present on the target

Air direction

Deflectors and towers fitted to airblast sprayers to change air direction

Adjust airflow direction ndash park the plume

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Park the plume

Air speed ndash grapes are the target

Good coverage

Poor coverage

Wind tunnel observations

The classic horseshoe vortex

Ludwig Prandtl1875 -1953

Adjusting the air volume intake

ISAFUIT project Europe (2002-07)

Cornell Doughnut

(2002)

Early season ndashAir flow reduced

Mid season ndashAir flow adjusted

Full canopy ndashAir flow fully open

Adjustable Cornell louvre system

Table 2 FMC tower sprayer Drift reduction and deposition increase in Vvinifera cvVignole vineyard

Pole3 T1Pole 2 T1

Pole1 T1Pole3 T2

Pole2 T2Pole1 T2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8Top Pipe cleaner position on pole Bottom

Dye concentration

(mL dye L pipe cleaner)

Adjusted air volume

Airflow maximum

T1= Louvres AdjustedT2= Louvres Open

Drift measurements in Vitis sp GR 7 vineyard 2010

Conclusions

Select the correct nozzle to provide the right size droplets

Calibrate the nozzles and spray plume

Reduce the airflow to match the canopy

Season

Early

Mid

Late

Louvre

position

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Drift

reduction ()

0

71

0

37

0

18

Deposition increase ()

0

82

0

55

14

0
Albuz ATR Albuz ATR
Teejet XR Teejet XR
TurboDrop TurboDrop
Teejet AI Teejet AI
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
1 09 36
2 08 05
3 05 01
4 02 0
5 01
6 01
7 0
Albuz ATR 144 1225
Teejet XR 1185 995
TurboDrop 11 9
Teejet AI 112 10
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 1+2 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle best setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 32 43 32 37 35 14 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 34 25 25 36 40 37 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 431
Volume Left oz 108 145 108 125 118 047 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 115 085 085 122 135 125 085 034 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 1457211
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Page 52: Improving pesticide application via engineering methods · 2016-11-07 · International Pesticide Application Technology at Cornell University. Improving pesticide application . via

DataSheet

Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)
Muhammad FarooqSum of all collections on left and right for symmetry indexSUM(B12U13)

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Patternator for growers to build

Patternator assembly instructions

Drift poles to determine nozzleplume direction

Air induction nozzles

Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

0

05

1

15

2

25

3

35

4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Rows from target

a

rea

cove

red

on d

rift c

ards

Hollow cone

Air Induction

Air induction nozzles

Chart2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards g
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards gf
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet3

Sheet3

BBCH 69
BBCH 79
Spray ground losses ( of applied)
Spray Ground Losses
144
1225
1185
995
11
9
112
10

Precision application to the target zone

o Botrytis sprays to the fruit zone

o Grapevine Berry Moth sprays to the fruit zone

o Insecticide for Japanese Beetle at the top of the canopy

Target-zone sprayer

2-diaphragm pumppressure regulator $900 Hydraulic motor $200Motor to pump connector $150

(Prices approx)

Target-zone sprayer

Low pressure two diaphragm pump - 12 volt electric $400 (approx)

Fitted to a Hazlitt 1852 CIMA sprayer

Dilution water and agrochemical

Induction bowls and closed chemical transfer

Reduce operator exposure and environmental contamination

Why care about the air

We change liquid flow rate with different size canopies includingo Vine Row Volumeo Leaf Wall Areao Dosavinao Unit Canopy Row

Why not change airflow to match the developing canopy

Airflow

Direction of the airThe speed of the air

The volume of air

The answer is blowing in the wind

bull Transports droplets from the sprayer to the targetbull Protects droplets against wind effectsbull Droplet production (pneumatic sprayers)bull Provides shaking of the leaves in the canopybull Provides good coverage on the target

bull Transports droplets through amp past the targetbull Excessive shaking of the canopy resulting in

removing droplets already present on the target

Air direction

Deflectors and towers fitted to airblast sprayers to change air direction

Adjust airflow direction ndash park the plume

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Park the plume

Air speed ndash grapes are the target

Good coverage

Poor coverage

Wind tunnel observations

The classic horseshoe vortex

Ludwig Prandtl1875 -1953

Adjusting the air volume intake

ISAFUIT project Europe (2002-07)

Cornell Doughnut

(2002)

Early season ndashAir flow reduced

Mid season ndashAir flow adjusted

Full canopy ndashAir flow fully open

Adjustable Cornell louvre system

Table 2 FMC tower sprayer Drift reduction and deposition increase in Vvinifera cvVignole vineyard

Pole3 T1Pole 2 T1

Pole1 T1Pole3 T2

Pole2 T2Pole1 T2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8Top Pipe cleaner position on pole Bottom

Dye concentration

(mL dye L pipe cleaner)

Adjusted air volume

Airflow maximum

T1= Louvres AdjustedT2= Louvres Open

Drift measurements in Vitis sp GR 7 vineyard 2010

Conclusions

Select the correct nozzle to provide the right size droplets

Calibrate the nozzles and spray plume

Reduce the airflow to match the canopy

Season

Early

Mid

Late

Louvre

position

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Drift

reduction ()

0

71

0

37

0

18

Deposition increase ()

0

82

0

55

14

0
Albuz ATR Albuz ATR
Teejet XR Teejet XR
TurboDrop TurboDrop
Teejet AI Teejet AI
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
1 09 36
2 08 05
3 05 01
4 02 0
5 01
6 01
7 0
Albuz ATR 144 1225
Teejet XR 1185 995
TurboDrop 11 9
Teejet AI 112 10
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Cornell University Spray Application Technology
Vertical Pattern Testing
Date 91404 Name
Run 1+2 Address
Sprayer Tractor
Nozzle best setting Row spacing ft Canopy Height ft
Tube No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Volume Left ml 32 43 32 37 35 14 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Volume Right ml 34 25 25 36 40 37 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Height m 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 43
Total volume collected (ml) 431
Volume Left oz 108 145 108 125 118 047 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Volume Right oz 115 085 085 122 135 125 085 034 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
Height ft 21 27 34 40 47 53 59 65 72 78 84 91 97 104 110 117 123 130 136 143
Total volume collected (oz) 1457211
Page 53: Improving pesticide application via engineering methods · 2016-11-07 · International Pesticide Application Technology at Cornell University. Improving pesticide application . via

DataSheet

Left
Right
Tube Number
Volume ml

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Patternator for growers to build

Patternator assembly instructions

Drift poles to determine nozzleplume direction

Air induction nozzles

Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

0

05

1

15

2

25

3

35

4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Rows from target

a

rea

cove

red

on d

rift c

ards

Hollow cone

Air Induction

Air induction nozzles

Chart2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards g
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards gf
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet3

Sheet3

BBCH 69
BBCH 79
Spray ground losses ( of applied)
Spray Ground Losses
144
1225
1185
995
11
9
112
10

Precision application to the target zone

o Botrytis sprays to the fruit zone

o Grapevine Berry Moth sprays to the fruit zone

o Insecticide for Japanese Beetle at the top of the canopy

Target-zone sprayer

2-diaphragm pumppressure regulator $900 Hydraulic motor $200Motor to pump connector $150

(Prices approx)

Target-zone sprayer

Low pressure two diaphragm pump - 12 volt electric $400 (approx)

Fitted to a Hazlitt 1852 CIMA sprayer

Dilution water and agrochemical

Induction bowls and closed chemical transfer

Reduce operator exposure and environmental contamination

Why care about the air

We change liquid flow rate with different size canopies includingo Vine Row Volumeo Leaf Wall Areao Dosavinao Unit Canopy Row

Why not change airflow to match the developing canopy

Airflow

Direction of the airThe speed of the air

The volume of air

The answer is blowing in the wind

bull Transports droplets from the sprayer to the targetbull Protects droplets against wind effectsbull Droplet production (pneumatic sprayers)bull Provides shaking of the leaves in the canopybull Provides good coverage on the target

bull Transports droplets through amp past the targetbull Excessive shaking of the canopy resulting in

removing droplets already present on the target

Air direction

Deflectors and towers fitted to airblast sprayers to change air direction

Adjust airflow direction ndash park the plume

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Park the plume

Air speed ndash grapes are the target

Good coverage

Poor coverage

Wind tunnel observations

The classic horseshoe vortex

Ludwig Prandtl1875 -1953

Adjusting the air volume intake

ISAFUIT project Europe (2002-07)

Cornell Doughnut

(2002)

Early season ndashAir flow reduced

Mid season ndashAir flow adjusted

Full canopy ndashAir flow fully open

Adjustable Cornell louvre system

Table 2 FMC tower sprayer Drift reduction and deposition increase in Vvinifera cvVignole vineyard

Pole3 T1Pole 2 T1

Pole1 T1Pole3 T2

Pole2 T2Pole1 T2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8Top Pipe cleaner position on pole Bottom

Dye concentration

(mL dye L pipe cleaner)

Adjusted air volume

Airflow maximum

T1= Louvres AdjustedT2= Louvres Open

Drift measurements in Vitis sp GR 7 vineyard 2010

Conclusions

Select the correct nozzle to provide the right size droplets

Calibrate the nozzles and spray plume

Reduce the airflow to match the canopy

Season

Early

Mid

Late

Louvre

position

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Drift

reduction ()

0

71

0

37

0

18

Deposition increase ()

0

82

0

55

14

0
Albuz ATR Albuz ATR
Teejet XR Teejet XR
TurboDrop TurboDrop
Teejet AI Teejet AI
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
1 09 36
2 08 05
3 05 01
4 02 0
5 01
6 01
7 0
Albuz ATR 144 1225
Teejet XR 1185 995
TurboDrop 11 9
Teejet AI 112 10
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Page 54: Improving pesticide application via engineering methods · 2016-11-07 · International Pesticide Application Technology at Cornell University. Improving pesticide application . via

MetricLineGraph

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Patternator for growers to build

Patternator assembly instructions

Drift poles to determine nozzleplume direction

Air induction nozzles

Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

0

05

1

15

2

25

3

35

4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Rows from target

a

rea

cove

red

on d

rift c

ards

Hollow cone

Air Induction

Air induction nozzles

Chart2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards g
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards gf
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet3

Sheet3

BBCH 69
BBCH 79
Spray ground losses ( of applied)
Spray Ground Losses
144
1225
1185
995
11
9
112
10

Precision application to the target zone

o Botrytis sprays to the fruit zone

o Grapevine Berry Moth sprays to the fruit zone

o Insecticide for Japanese Beetle at the top of the canopy

Target-zone sprayer

2-diaphragm pumppressure regulator $900 Hydraulic motor $200Motor to pump connector $150

(Prices approx)

Target-zone sprayer

Low pressure two diaphragm pump - 12 volt electric $400 (approx)

Fitted to a Hazlitt 1852 CIMA sprayer

Dilution water and agrochemical

Induction bowls and closed chemical transfer

Reduce operator exposure and environmental contamination

Why care about the air

We change liquid flow rate with different size canopies includingo Vine Row Volumeo Leaf Wall Areao Dosavinao Unit Canopy Row

Why not change airflow to match the developing canopy

Airflow

Direction of the airThe speed of the air

The volume of air

The answer is blowing in the wind

bull Transports droplets from the sprayer to the targetbull Protects droplets against wind effectsbull Droplet production (pneumatic sprayers)bull Provides shaking of the leaves in the canopybull Provides good coverage on the target

bull Transports droplets through amp past the targetbull Excessive shaking of the canopy resulting in

removing droplets already present on the target

Air direction

Deflectors and towers fitted to airblast sprayers to change air direction

Adjust airflow direction ndash park the plume

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Park the plume

Air speed ndash grapes are the target

Good coverage

Poor coverage

Wind tunnel observations

The classic horseshoe vortex

Ludwig Prandtl1875 -1953

Adjusting the air volume intake

ISAFUIT project Europe (2002-07)

Cornell Doughnut

(2002)

Early season ndashAir flow reduced

Mid season ndashAir flow adjusted

Full canopy ndashAir flow fully open

Adjustable Cornell louvre system

Table 2 FMC tower sprayer Drift reduction and deposition increase in Vvinifera cvVignole vineyard

Pole3 T1Pole 2 T1

Pole1 T1Pole3 T2

Pole2 T2Pole1 T2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8Top Pipe cleaner position on pole Bottom

Dye concentration

(mL dye L pipe cleaner)

Adjusted air volume

Airflow maximum

T1= Louvres AdjustedT2= Louvres Open

Drift measurements in Vitis sp GR 7 vineyard 2010

Conclusions

Select the correct nozzle to provide the right size droplets

Calibrate the nozzles and spray plume

Reduce the airflow to match the canopy

Season

Early

Mid

Late

Louvre

position

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Drift

reduction ()

0

71

0

37

0

18

Deposition increase ()

0

82

0

55

14

0
Albuz ATR Albuz ATR
Teejet XR Teejet XR
TurboDrop TurboDrop
Teejet AI Teejet AI
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
1 09 36
2 08 05
3 05 01
4 02 0
5 01
6 01
7 0
Albuz ATR 144 1225
Teejet XR 1185 995
TurboDrop 11 9
Teejet AI 112 10
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 m
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Page 55: Improving pesticide application via engineering methods · 2016-11-07 · International Pesticide Application Technology at Cornell University. Improving pesticide application . via

MetricLineGraph

1+2
Volume ml
Height m
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Patternator for growers to build

Patternator assembly instructions

Drift poles to determine nozzleplume direction

Air induction nozzles

Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

0

05

1

15

2

25

3

35

4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Rows from target

a

rea

cove

red

on d

rift c

ards

Hollow cone

Air Induction

Air induction nozzles

Chart2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards g
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards gf
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet3

Sheet3

BBCH 69
BBCH 79
Spray ground losses ( of applied)
Spray Ground Losses
144
1225
1185
995
11
9
112
10

Precision application to the target zone

o Botrytis sprays to the fruit zone

o Grapevine Berry Moth sprays to the fruit zone

o Insecticide for Japanese Beetle at the top of the canopy

Target-zone sprayer

2-diaphragm pumppressure regulator $900 Hydraulic motor $200Motor to pump connector $150

(Prices approx)

Target-zone sprayer

Low pressure two diaphragm pump - 12 volt electric $400 (approx)

Fitted to a Hazlitt 1852 CIMA sprayer

Dilution water and agrochemical

Induction bowls and closed chemical transfer

Reduce operator exposure and environmental contamination

Why care about the air

We change liquid flow rate with different size canopies includingo Vine Row Volumeo Leaf Wall Areao Dosavinao Unit Canopy Row

Why not change airflow to match the developing canopy

Airflow

Direction of the airThe speed of the air

The volume of air

The answer is blowing in the wind

bull Transports droplets from the sprayer to the targetbull Protects droplets against wind effectsbull Droplet production (pneumatic sprayers)bull Provides shaking of the leaves in the canopybull Provides good coverage on the target

bull Transports droplets through amp past the targetbull Excessive shaking of the canopy resulting in

removing droplets already present on the target

Air direction

Deflectors and towers fitted to airblast sprayers to change air direction

Adjust airflow direction ndash park the plume

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Park the plume

Air speed ndash grapes are the target

Good coverage

Poor coverage

Wind tunnel observations

The classic horseshoe vortex

Ludwig Prandtl1875 -1953

Adjusting the air volume intake

ISAFUIT project Europe (2002-07)

Cornell Doughnut

(2002)

Early season ndashAir flow reduced

Mid season ndashAir flow adjusted

Full canopy ndashAir flow fully open

Adjustable Cornell louvre system

Table 2 FMC tower sprayer Drift reduction and deposition increase in Vvinifera cvVignole vineyard

Pole3 T1Pole 2 T1

Pole1 T1Pole3 T2

Pole2 T2Pole1 T2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8Top Pipe cleaner position on pole Bottom

Dye concentration

(mL dye L pipe cleaner)

Adjusted air volume

Airflow maximum

T1= Louvres AdjustedT2= Louvres Open

Drift measurements in Vitis sp GR 7 vineyard 2010

Conclusions

Select the correct nozzle to provide the right size droplets

Calibrate the nozzles and spray plume

Reduce the airflow to match the canopy

Season

Early

Mid

Late

Louvre

position

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Drift

reduction ()

0

71

0

37

0

18

Deposition increase ()

0

82

0

55

14

0
Albuz ATR Albuz ATR
Teejet XR Teejet XR
TurboDrop TurboDrop
Teejet AI Teejet AI
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
1 09 36
2 08 05
3 05 01
4 02 0
5 01
6 01
7 0
Albuz ATR 144 1225
Teejet XR 1185 995
TurboDrop 11 9
Teejet AI 112 10
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
43
32
37
35
14
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Page 56: Improving pesticide application via engineering methods · 2016-11-07 · International Pesticide Application Technology at Cornell University. Improving pesticide application . via

EnglishLineGraph

Volume ml
064
082
103
121
143
161
179
198
217
237
256
276
296
316
335
355
375
394
414
434

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Patternator for growers to build

Patternator assembly instructions

Drift poles to determine nozzleplume direction

Air induction nozzles

Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

0

05

1

15

2

25

3

35

4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Rows from target

a

rea

cove

red

on d

rift c

ards

Hollow cone

Air Induction

Air induction nozzles

Chart2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards g
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards gf
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet3

Sheet3

BBCH 69
BBCH 79
Spray ground losses ( of applied)
Spray Ground Losses
144
1225
1185
995
11
9
112
10

Precision application to the target zone

o Botrytis sprays to the fruit zone

o Grapevine Berry Moth sprays to the fruit zone

o Insecticide for Japanese Beetle at the top of the canopy

Target-zone sprayer

2-diaphragm pumppressure regulator $900 Hydraulic motor $200Motor to pump connector $150

(Prices approx)

Target-zone sprayer

Low pressure two diaphragm pump - 12 volt electric $400 (approx)

Fitted to a Hazlitt 1852 CIMA sprayer

Dilution water and agrochemical

Induction bowls and closed chemical transfer

Reduce operator exposure and environmental contamination

Why care about the air

We change liquid flow rate with different size canopies includingo Vine Row Volumeo Leaf Wall Areao Dosavinao Unit Canopy Row

Why not change airflow to match the developing canopy

Airflow

Direction of the airThe speed of the air

The volume of air

The answer is blowing in the wind

bull Transports droplets from the sprayer to the targetbull Protects droplets against wind effectsbull Droplet production (pneumatic sprayers)bull Provides shaking of the leaves in the canopybull Provides good coverage on the target

bull Transports droplets through amp past the targetbull Excessive shaking of the canopy resulting in

removing droplets already present on the target

Air direction

Deflectors and towers fitted to airblast sprayers to change air direction

Adjust airflow direction ndash park the plume

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Park the plume

Air speed ndash grapes are the target

Good coverage

Poor coverage

Wind tunnel observations

The classic horseshoe vortex

Ludwig Prandtl1875 -1953

Adjusting the air volume intake

ISAFUIT project Europe (2002-07)

Cornell Doughnut

(2002)

Early season ndashAir flow reduced

Mid season ndashAir flow adjusted

Full canopy ndashAir flow fully open

Adjustable Cornell louvre system

Table 2 FMC tower sprayer Drift reduction and deposition increase in Vvinifera cvVignole vineyard

Pole3 T1Pole 2 T1

Pole1 T1Pole3 T2

Pole2 T2Pole1 T2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8Top Pipe cleaner position on pole Bottom

Dye concentration

(mL dye L pipe cleaner)

Adjusted air volume

Airflow maximum

T1= Louvres AdjustedT2= Louvres Open

Drift measurements in Vitis sp GR 7 vineyard 2010

Conclusions

Select the correct nozzle to provide the right size droplets

Calibrate the nozzles and spray plume

Reduce the airflow to match the canopy

Season

Early

Mid

Late

Louvre

position

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Drift

reduction ()

0

71

0

37

0

18

Deposition increase ()

0

82

0

55

14

0
Albuz ATR Albuz ATR
Teejet XR Teejet XR
TurboDrop TurboDrop
Teejet AI Teejet AI
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
1 09 36
2 08 05
3 05 01
4 02 0
5 01
6 01
7 0
Albuz ATR 144 1225
Teejet XR 1185 995
TurboDrop 11 9
Teejet AI 112 10
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
34
25
25
36
40
37
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Page 57: Improving pesticide application via engineering methods · 2016-11-07 · International Pesticide Application Technology at Cornell University. Improving pesticide application . via

SymmetryIndex

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Patternator for growers to build

Patternator assembly instructions

Drift poles to determine nozzleplume direction

Air induction nozzles

Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

0

05

1

15

2

25

3

35

4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Rows from target

a

rea

cove

red

on d

rift c

ards

Hollow cone

Air Induction

Air induction nozzles

Chart2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards g
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards gf
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet3

Sheet3

BBCH 69
BBCH 79
Spray ground losses ( of applied)
Spray Ground Losses
144
1225
1185
995
11
9
112
10

Precision application to the target zone

o Botrytis sprays to the fruit zone

o Grapevine Berry Moth sprays to the fruit zone

o Insecticide for Japanese Beetle at the top of the canopy

Target-zone sprayer

2-diaphragm pumppressure regulator $900 Hydraulic motor $200Motor to pump connector $150

(Prices approx)

Target-zone sprayer

Low pressure two diaphragm pump - 12 volt electric $400 (approx)

Fitted to a Hazlitt 1852 CIMA sprayer

Dilution water and agrochemical

Induction bowls and closed chemical transfer

Reduce operator exposure and environmental contamination

Why care about the air

We change liquid flow rate with different size canopies includingo Vine Row Volumeo Leaf Wall Areao Dosavinao Unit Canopy Row

Why not change airflow to match the developing canopy

Airflow

Direction of the airThe speed of the air

The volume of air

The answer is blowing in the wind

bull Transports droplets from the sprayer to the targetbull Protects droplets against wind effectsbull Droplet production (pneumatic sprayers)bull Provides shaking of the leaves in the canopybull Provides good coverage on the target

bull Transports droplets through amp past the targetbull Excessive shaking of the canopy resulting in

removing droplets already present on the target

Air direction

Deflectors and towers fitted to airblast sprayers to change air direction

Adjust airflow direction ndash park the plume

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Park the plume

Air speed ndash grapes are the target

Good coverage

Poor coverage

Wind tunnel observations

The classic horseshoe vortex

Ludwig Prandtl1875 -1953

Adjusting the air volume intake

ISAFUIT project Europe (2002-07)

Cornell Doughnut

(2002)

Early season ndashAir flow reduced

Mid season ndashAir flow adjusted

Full canopy ndashAir flow fully open

Adjustable Cornell louvre system

Table 2 FMC tower sprayer Drift reduction and deposition increase in Vvinifera cvVignole vineyard

Pole3 T1Pole 2 T1

Pole1 T1Pole3 T2

Pole2 T2Pole1 T2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8Top Pipe cleaner position on pole Bottom

Dye concentration

(mL dye L pipe cleaner)

Adjusted air volume

Airflow maximum

T1= Louvres AdjustedT2= Louvres Open

Drift measurements in Vitis sp GR 7 vineyard 2010

Conclusions

Select the correct nozzle to provide the right size droplets

Calibrate the nozzles and spray plume

Reduce the airflow to match the canopy

Season

Early

Mid

Late

Louvre

position

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Drift

reduction ()

0

71

0

37

0

18

Deposition increase ()

0

82

0

55

14

0
Albuz ATR Albuz ATR
Teejet XR Teejet XR
TurboDrop TurboDrop
Teejet AI Teejet AI
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
1 09 36
2 08 05
3 05 01
4 02 0
5 01
6 01
7 0
Albuz ATR 144 1225
Teejet XR 1185 995
TurboDrop 11 9
Teejet AI 112 10
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
0 Run 1+2 0 000 ft
Symmetry = 803 ( 0 = no symmetry 100 = absolute symmetry)
Page 58: Improving pesticide application via engineering methods · 2016-11-07 · International Pesticide Application Technology at Cornell University. Improving pesticide application . via

SymmetryIndex

Left
Volume Oz
Height ft
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Patternator for growers to build

Patternator assembly instructions

Drift poles to determine nozzleplume direction

Air induction nozzles

Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

0

05

1

15

2

25

3

35

4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Rows from target

a

rea

cove

red

on d

rift c

ards

Hollow cone

Air Induction

Air induction nozzles

Chart2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards g
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards gf
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet3

Sheet3

BBCH 69
BBCH 79
Spray ground losses ( of applied)
Spray Ground Losses
144
1225
1185
995
11
9
112
10

Precision application to the target zone

o Botrytis sprays to the fruit zone

o Grapevine Berry Moth sprays to the fruit zone

o Insecticide for Japanese Beetle at the top of the canopy

Target-zone sprayer

2-diaphragm pumppressure regulator $900 Hydraulic motor $200Motor to pump connector $150

(Prices approx)

Target-zone sprayer

Low pressure two diaphragm pump - 12 volt electric $400 (approx)

Fitted to a Hazlitt 1852 CIMA sprayer

Dilution water and agrochemical

Induction bowls and closed chemical transfer

Reduce operator exposure and environmental contamination

Why care about the air

We change liquid flow rate with different size canopies includingo Vine Row Volumeo Leaf Wall Areao Dosavinao Unit Canopy Row

Why not change airflow to match the developing canopy

Airflow

Direction of the airThe speed of the air

The volume of air

The answer is blowing in the wind

bull Transports droplets from the sprayer to the targetbull Protects droplets against wind effectsbull Droplet production (pneumatic sprayers)bull Provides shaking of the leaves in the canopybull Provides good coverage on the target

bull Transports droplets through amp past the targetbull Excessive shaking of the canopy resulting in

removing droplets already present on the target

Air direction

Deflectors and towers fitted to airblast sprayers to change air direction

Adjust airflow direction ndash park the plume

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Park the plume

Air speed ndash grapes are the target

Good coverage

Poor coverage

Wind tunnel observations

The classic horseshoe vortex

Ludwig Prandtl1875 -1953

Adjusting the air volume intake

ISAFUIT project Europe (2002-07)

Cornell Doughnut

(2002)

Early season ndashAir flow reduced

Mid season ndashAir flow adjusted

Full canopy ndashAir flow fully open

Adjustable Cornell louvre system

Table 2 FMC tower sprayer Drift reduction and deposition increase in Vvinifera cvVignole vineyard

Pole3 T1Pole 2 T1

Pole1 T1Pole3 T2

Pole2 T2Pole1 T2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8Top Pipe cleaner position on pole Bottom

Dye concentration

(mL dye L pipe cleaner)

Adjusted air volume

Airflow maximum

T1= Louvres AdjustedT2= Louvres Open

Drift measurements in Vitis sp GR 7 vineyard 2010

Conclusions

Select the correct nozzle to provide the right size droplets

Calibrate the nozzles and spray plume

Reduce the airflow to match the canopy

Season

Early

Mid

Late

Louvre

position

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Drift

reduction ()

0

71

0

37

0

18

Deposition increase ()

0

82

0

55

14

0
Albuz ATR Albuz ATR
Teejet XR Teejet XR
TurboDrop TurboDrop
Teejet AI Teejet AI
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
1 09 36
2 08 05
3 05 01
4 02 0
5 01
6 01
7 0
Albuz ATR 144 1225
Teejet XR 1185 995
TurboDrop 11 9
Teejet AI 112 10
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
108192
145383
108192
125097
118335
047334
020286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Page 59: Improving pesticide application via engineering methods · 2016-11-07 · International Pesticide Application Technology at Cornell University. Improving pesticide application . via
Right
Volume Oz
208
272
337
402
465
53
586
651
72
779
843
908
972
1037
1102
1166
1231
1295
136
1425

Patternator for growers to build

Patternator assembly instructions

Drift poles to determine nozzleplume direction

Air induction nozzles

Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

0

05

1

15

2

25

3

35

4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Rows from target

a

rea

cove

red

on d

rift c

ards

Hollow cone

Air Induction

Air induction nozzles

Chart2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards g
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards gf
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet3

Sheet3

BBCH 69
BBCH 79
Spray ground losses ( of applied)
Spray Ground Losses
144
1225
1185
995
11
9
112
10

Precision application to the target zone

o Botrytis sprays to the fruit zone

o Grapevine Berry Moth sprays to the fruit zone

o Insecticide for Japanese Beetle at the top of the canopy

Target-zone sprayer

2-diaphragm pumppressure regulator $900 Hydraulic motor $200Motor to pump connector $150

(Prices approx)

Target-zone sprayer

Low pressure two diaphragm pump - 12 volt electric $400 (approx)

Fitted to a Hazlitt 1852 CIMA sprayer

Dilution water and agrochemical

Induction bowls and closed chemical transfer

Reduce operator exposure and environmental contamination

Why care about the air

We change liquid flow rate with different size canopies includingo Vine Row Volumeo Leaf Wall Areao Dosavinao Unit Canopy Row

Why not change airflow to match the developing canopy

Airflow

Direction of the airThe speed of the air

The volume of air

The answer is blowing in the wind

bull Transports droplets from the sprayer to the targetbull Protects droplets against wind effectsbull Droplet production (pneumatic sprayers)bull Provides shaking of the leaves in the canopybull Provides good coverage on the target

bull Transports droplets through amp past the targetbull Excessive shaking of the canopy resulting in

removing droplets already present on the target

Air direction

Deflectors and towers fitted to airblast sprayers to change air direction

Adjust airflow direction ndash park the plume

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Park the plume

Air speed ndash grapes are the target

Good coverage

Poor coverage

Wind tunnel observations

The classic horseshoe vortex

Ludwig Prandtl1875 -1953

Adjusting the air volume intake

ISAFUIT project Europe (2002-07)

Cornell Doughnut

(2002)

Early season ndashAir flow reduced

Mid season ndashAir flow adjusted

Full canopy ndashAir flow fully open

Adjustable Cornell louvre system

Table 2 FMC tower sprayer Drift reduction and deposition increase in Vvinifera cvVignole vineyard

Pole3 T1Pole 2 T1

Pole1 T1Pole3 T2

Pole2 T2Pole1 T2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8Top Pipe cleaner position on pole Bottom

Dye concentration

(mL dye L pipe cleaner)

Adjusted air volume

Airflow maximum

T1= Louvres AdjustedT2= Louvres Open

Drift measurements in Vitis sp GR 7 vineyard 2010

Conclusions

Select the correct nozzle to provide the right size droplets

Calibrate the nozzles and spray plume

Reduce the airflow to match the canopy

Season

Early

Mid

Late

Louvre

position

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Drift

reduction ()

0

71

0

37

0

18

Deposition increase ()

0

82

0

55

14

0
Albuz ATR Albuz ATR
Teejet XR Teejet XR
TurboDrop TurboDrop
Teejet AI Teejet AI
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
1 09 36
2 08 05
3 05 01
4 02 0
5 01
6 01
7 0
Albuz ATR 144 1225
Teejet XR 1185 995
TurboDrop 11 9
Teejet AI 112 10
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
114954
084525
084525
121716
13524
125097
084525
03381
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Page 60: Improving pesticide application via engineering methods · 2016-11-07 · International Pesticide Application Technology at Cornell University. Improving pesticide application . via

Patternator for growers to build

Patternator assembly instructions

Drift poles to determine nozzleplume direction

Air induction nozzles

Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

0

05

1

15

2

25

3

35

4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Rows from target

a

rea

cove

red

on d

rift c

ards

Hollow cone

Air Induction

Air induction nozzles

Chart2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards g
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards gf
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet3

Sheet3

BBCH 69
BBCH 79
Spray ground losses ( of applied)
Spray Ground Losses
144
1225
1185
995
11
9
112
10

Precision application to the target zone

o Botrytis sprays to the fruit zone

o Grapevine Berry Moth sprays to the fruit zone

o Insecticide for Japanese Beetle at the top of the canopy

Target-zone sprayer

2-diaphragm pumppressure regulator $900 Hydraulic motor $200Motor to pump connector $150

(Prices approx)

Target-zone sprayer

Low pressure two diaphragm pump - 12 volt electric $400 (approx)

Fitted to a Hazlitt 1852 CIMA sprayer

Dilution water and agrochemical

Induction bowls and closed chemical transfer

Reduce operator exposure and environmental contamination

Why care about the air

We change liquid flow rate with different size canopies includingo Vine Row Volumeo Leaf Wall Areao Dosavinao Unit Canopy Row

Why not change airflow to match the developing canopy

Airflow

Direction of the airThe speed of the air

The volume of air

The answer is blowing in the wind

bull Transports droplets from the sprayer to the targetbull Protects droplets against wind effectsbull Droplet production (pneumatic sprayers)bull Provides shaking of the leaves in the canopybull Provides good coverage on the target

bull Transports droplets through amp past the targetbull Excessive shaking of the canopy resulting in

removing droplets already present on the target

Air direction

Deflectors and towers fitted to airblast sprayers to change air direction

Adjust airflow direction ndash park the plume

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Park the plume

Air speed ndash grapes are the target

Good coverage

Poor coverage

Wind tunnel observations

The classic horseshoe vortex

Ludwig Prandtl1875 -1953

Adjusting the air volume intake

ISAFUIT project Europe (2002-07)

Cornell Doughnut

(2002)

Early season ndashAir flow reduced

Mid season ndashAir flow adjusted

Full canopy ndashAir flow fully open

Adjustable Cornell louvre system

Table 2 FMC tower sprayer Drift reduction and deposition increase in Vvinifera cvVignole vineyard

Pole3 T1Pole 2 T1

Pole1 T1Pole3 T2

Pole2 T2Pole1 T2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8Top Pipe cleaner position on pole Bottom

Dye concentration

(mL dye L pipe cleaner)

Adjusted air volume

Airflow maximum

T1= Louvres AdjustedT2= Louvres Open

Drift measurements in Vitis sp GR 7 vineyard 2010

Conclusions

Select the correct nozzle to provide the right size droplets

Calibrate the nozzles and spray plume

Reduce the airflow to match the canopy

Season

Early

Mid

Late

Louvre

position

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Drift

reduction ()

0

71

0

37

0

18

Deposition increase ()

0

82

0

55

14

0
Albuz ATR Albuz ATR
Teejet XR Teejet XR
TurboDrop TurboDrop
Teejet AI Teejet AI
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
1 09 36
2 08 05
3 05 01
4 02 0
5 01
6 01
7 0
Albuz ATR 144 1225
Teejet XR 1185 995
TurboDrop 11 9
Teejet AI 112 10
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
Cornell University
Spray Application Technology
Date 11416
Symmetry
Height above ground ft left side right side Absolute Difference
143 00 00 00 =ABS(B5-C5)
136 00 00 00
130 00 00 00
123 00 00 00
117 00 00 00
110 00 00 00
104 00 00 00
97 00 00 00
91 00 00 00
84 00 00 00
78 00 00 00
72 00 00 00
65 00 23 23
59 14 58 44
53 32 86 53
47 81 93 12
40 86 84 02
34 74 58 16
27 100 58 42
21 74 79 05
Sum of absolute differences = 197 =SUM(E5E24)
Symmetry = 803 =100-E26
Note Symmetry of 0 indicates no syymetry and data is only on one side The value of 100 indicates that there is absolue symmetry
Page 61: Improving pesticide application via engineering methods · 2016-11-07 · International Pesticide Application Technology at Cornell University. Improving pesticide application . via

Patternator for growers to build

Patternator assembly instructions

Drift poles to determine nozzleplume direction

Air induction nozzles

Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

0

05

1

15

2

25

3

35

4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Rows from target

a

rea

cove

red

on d

rift c

ards

Hollow cone

Air Induction

Air induction nozzles

Chart2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards g
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards gf
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet3

Sheet3

BBCH 69
BBCH 79
Spray ground losses ( of applied)
Spray Ground Losses
144
1225
1185
995
11
9
112
10

Precision application to the target zone

o Botrytis sprays to the fruit zone

o Grapevine Berry Moth sprays to the fruit zone

o Insecticide for Japanese Beetle at the top of the canopy

Target-zone sprayer

2-diaphragm pumppressure regulator $900 Hydraulic motor $200Motor to pump connector $150

(Prices approx)

Target-zone sprayer

Low pressure two diaphragm pump - 12 volt electric $400 (approx)

Fitted to a Hazlitt 1852 CIMA sprayer

Dilution water and agrochemical

Induction bowls and closed chemical transfer

Reduce operator exposure and environmental contamination

Why care about the air

We change liquid flow rate with different size canopies includingo Vine Row Volumeo Leaf Wall Areao Dosavinao Unit Canopy Row

Why not change airflow to match the developing canopy

Airflow

Direction of the airThe speed of the air

The volume of air

The answer is blowing in the wind

bull Transports droplets from the sprayer to the targetbull Protects droplets against wind effectsbull Droplet production (pneumatic sprayers)bull Provides shaking of the leaves in the canopybull Provides good coverage on the target

bull Transports droplets through amp past the targetbull Excessive shaking of the canopy resulting in

removing droplets already present on the target

Air direction

Deflectors and towers fitted to airblast sprayers to change air direction

Adjust airflow direction ndash park the plume

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Park the plume

Air speed ndash grapes are the target

Good coverage

Poor coverage

Wind tunnel observations

The classic horseshoe vortex

Ludwig Prandtl1875 -1953

Adjusting the air volume intake

ISAFUIT project Europe (2002-07)

Cornell Doughnut

(2002)

Early season ndashAir flow reduced

Mid season ndashAir flow adjusted

Full canopy ndashAir flow fully open

Adjustable Cornell louvre system

Table 2 FMC tower sprayer Drift reduction and deposition increase in Vvinifera cvVignole vineyard

Pole3 T1Pole 2 T1

Pole1 T1Pole3 T2

Pole2 T2Pole1 T2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8Top Pipe cleaner position on pole Bottom

Dye concentration

(mL dye L pipe cleaner)

Adjusted air volume

Airflow maximum

T1= Louvres AdjustedT2= Louvres Open

Drift measurements in Vitis sp GR 7 vineyard 2010

Conclusions

Select the correct nozzle to provide the right size droplets

Calibrate the nozzles and spray plume

Reduce the airflow to match the canopy

Season

Early

Mid

Late

Louvre

position

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Drift

reduction ()

0

71

0

37

0

18

Deposition increase ()

0

82

0

55

14

0
Albuz ATR Albuz ATR
Teejet XR Teejet XR
TurboDrop TurboDrop
Teejet AI Teejet AI
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
1 09 36
2 08 05
3 05 01
4 02 0
5 01
6 01
7 0
Albuz ATR 144 1225
Teejet XR 1185 995
TurboDrop 11 9
Teejet AI 112 10
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
Page 62: Improving pesticide application via engineering methods · 2016-11-07 · International Pesticide Application Technology at Cornell University. Improving pesticide application . via

Drift poles to determine nozzleplume direction

Air induction nozzles

Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

0

05

1

15

2

25

3

35

4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Rows from target

a

rea

cove

red

on d

rift c

ards

Hollow cone

Air Induction

Air induction nozzles

Chart2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards g
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards gf
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet3

Sheet3

BBCH 69
BBCH 79
Spray ground losses ( of applied)
Spray Ground Losses
144
1225
1185
995
11
9
112
10

Precision application to the target zone

o Botrytis sprays to the fruit zone

o Grapevine Berry Moth sprays to the fruit zone

o Insecticide for Japanese Beetle at the top of the canopy

Target-zone sprayer

2-diaphragm pumppressure regulator $900 Hydraulic motor $200Motor to pump connector $150

(Prices approx)

Target-zone sprayer

Low pressure two diaphragm pump - 12 volt electric $400 (approx)

Fitted to a Hazlitt 1852 CIMA sprayer

Dilution water and agrochemical

Induction bowls and closed chemical transfer

Reduce operator exposure and environmental contamination

Why care about the air

We change liquid flow rate with different size canopies includingo Vine Row Volumeo Leaf Wall Areao Dosavinao Unit Canopy Row

Why not change airflow to match the developing canopy

Airflow

Direction of the airThe speed of the air

The volume of air

The answer is blowing in the wind

bull Transports droplets from the sprayer to the targetbull Protects droplets against wind effectsbull Droplet production (pneumatic sprayers)bull Provides shaking of the leaves in the canopybull Provides good coverage on the target

bull Transports droplets through amp past the targetbull Excessive shaking of the canopy resulting in

removing droplets already present on the target

Air direction

Deflectors and towers fitted to airblast sprayers to change air direction

Adjust airflow direction ndash park the plume

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Park the plume

Air speed ndash grapes are the target

Good coverage

Poor coverage

Wind tunnel observations

The classic horseshoe vortex

Ludwig Prandtl1875 -1953

Adjusting the air volume intake

ISAFUIT project Europe (2002-07)

Cornell Doughnut

(2002)

Early season ndashAir flow reduced

Mid season ndashAir flow adjusted

Full canopy ndashAir flow fully open

Adjustable Cornell louvre system

Table 2 FMC tower sprayer Drift reduction and deposition increase in Vvinifera cvVignole vineyard

Pole3 T1Pole 2 T1

Pole1 T1Pole3 T2

Pole2 T2Pole1 T2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8Top Pipe cleaner position on pole Bottom

Dye concentration

(mL dye L pipe cleaner)

Adjusted air volume

Airflow maximum

T1= Louvres AdjustedT2= Louvres Open

Drift measurements in Vitis sp GR 7 vineyard 2010

Conclusions

Select the correct nozzle to provide the right size droplets

Calibrate the nozzles and spray plume

Reduce the airflow to match the canopy

Season

Early

Mid

Late

Louvre

position

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Drift

reduction ()

0

71

0

37

0

18

Deposition increase ()

0

82

0

55

14

0
Albuz ATR Albuz ATR
Teejet XR Teejet XR
TurboDrop TurboDrop
Teejet AI Teejet AI
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
1 09 36
2 08 05
3 05 01
4 02 0
5 01
6 01
7 0
Albuz ATR 144 1225
Teejet XR 1185 995
TurboDrop 11 9
Teejet AI 112 10
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
Page 63: Improving pesticide application via engineering methods · 2016-11-07 · International Pesticide Application Technology at Cornell University. Improving pesticide application . via

Air induction nozzles

Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

0

05

1

15

2

25

3

35

4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Rows from target

a

rea

cove

red

on d

rift c

ards

Hollow cone

Air Induction

Air induction nozzles

Chart2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards g
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards gf
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet3

Sheet3

BBCH 69
BBCH 79
Spray ground losses ( of applied)
Spray Ground Losses
144
1225
1185
995
11
9
112
10

Precision application to the target zone

o Botrytis sprays to the fruit zone

o Grapevine Berry Moth sprays to the fruit zone

o Insecticide for Japanese Beetle at the top of the canopy

Target-zone sprayer

2-diaphragm pumppressure regulator $900 Hydraulic motor $200Motor to pump connector $150

(Prices approx)

Target-zone sprayer

Low pressure two diaphragm pump - 12 volt electric $400 (approx)

Fitted to a Hazlitt 1852 CIMA sprayer

Dilution water and agrochemical

Induction bowls and closed chemical transfer

Reduce operator exposure and environmental contamination

Why care about the air

We change liquid flow rate with different size canopies includingo Vine Row Volumeo Leaf Wall Areao Dosavinao Unit Canopy Row

Why not change airflow to match the developing canopy

Airflow

Direction of the airThe speed of the air

The volume of air

The answer is blowing in the wind

bull Transports droplets from the sprayer to the targetbull Protects droplets against wind effectsbull Droplet production (pneumatic sprayers)bull Provides shaking of the leaves in the canopybull Provides good coverage on the target

bull Transports droplets through amp past the targetbull Excessive shaking of the canopy resulting in

removing droplets already present on the target

Air direction

Deflectors and towers fitted to airblast sprayers to change air direction

Adjust airflow direction ndash park the plume

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Park the plume

Air speed ndash grapes are the target

Good coverage

Poor coverage

Wind tunnel observations

The classic horseshoe vortex

Ludwig Prandtl1875 -1953

Adjusting the air volume intake

ISAFUIT project Europe (2002-07)

Cornell Doughnut

(2002)

Early season ndashAir flow reduced

Mid season ndashAir flow adjusted

Full canopy ndashAir flow fully open

Adjustable Cornell louvre system

Table 2 FMC tower sprayer Drift reduction and deposition increase in Vvinifera cvVignole vineyard

Pole3 T1Pole 2 T1

Pole1 T1Pole3 T2

Pole2 T2Pole1 T2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8Top Pipe cleaner position on pole Bottom

Dye concentration

(mL dye L pipe cleaner)

Adjusted air volume

Airflow maximum

T1= Louvres AdjustedT2= Louvres Open

Drift measurements in Vitis sp GR 7 vineyard 2010

Conclusions

Select the correct nozzle to provide the right size droplets

Calibrate the nozzles and spray plume

Reduce the airflow to match the canopy

Season

Early

Mid

Late

Louvre

position

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Drift

reduction ()

0

71

0

37

0

18

Deposition increase ()

0

82

0

55

14

0
Albuz ATR Albuz ATR
Teejet XR Teejet XR
TurboDrop TurboDrop
Teejet AI Teejet AI
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
1 09 36
2 08 05
3 05 01
4 02 0
5 01
6 01
7 0
Albuz ATR 144 1225
Teejet XR 1185 995
TurboDrop 11 9
Teejet AI 112 10
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
Page 64: Improving pesticide application via engineering methods · 2016-11-07 · International Pesticide Application Technology at Cornell University. Improving pesticide application . via

Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

0

05

1

15

2

25

3

35

4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Rows from target

a

rea

cove

red

on d

rift c

ards

Hollow cone

Air Induction

Air induction nozzles

Chart2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards g
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards gf
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet3

Sheet3

BBCH 69
BBCH 79
Spray ground losses ( of applied)
Spray Ground Losses
144
1225
1185
995
11
9
112
10

Precision application to the target zone

o Botrytis sprays to the fruit zone

o Grapevine Berry Moth sprays to the fruit zone

o Insecticide for Japanese Beetle at the top of the canopy

Target-zone sprayer

2-diaphragm pumppressure regulator $900 Hydraulic motor $200Motor to pump connector $150

(Prices approx)

Target-zone sprayer

Low pressure two diaphragm pump - 12 volt electric $400 (approx)

Fitted to a Hazlitt 1852 CIMA sprayer

Dilution water and agrochemical

Induction bowls and closed chemical transfer

Reduce operator exposure and environmental contamination

Why care about the air

We change liquid flow rate with different size canopies includingo Vine Row Volumeo Leaf Wall Areao Dosavinao Unit Canopy Row

Why not change airflow to match the developing canopy

Airflow

Direction of the airThe speed of the air

The volume of air

The answer is blowing in the wind

bull Transports droplets from the sprayer to the targetbull Protects droplets against wind effectsbull Droplet production (pneumatic sprayers)bull Provides shaking of the leaves in the canopybull Provides good coverage on the target

bull Transports droplets through amp past the targetbull Excessive shaking of the canopy resulting in

removing droplets already present on the target

Air direction

Deflectors and towers fitted to airblast sprayers to change air direction

Adjust airflow direction ndash park the plume

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Park the plume

Air speed ndash grapes are the target

Good coverage

Poor coverage

Wind tunnel observations

The classic horseshoe vortex

Ludwig Prandtl1875 -1953

Adjusting the air volume intake

ISAFUIT project Europe (2002-07)

Cornell Doughnut

(2002)

Early season ndashAir flow reduced

Mid season ndashAir flow adjusted

Full canopy ndashAir flow fully open

Adjustable Cornell louvre system

Table 2 FMC tower sprayer Drift reduction and deposition increase in Vvinifera cvVignole vineyard

Pole3 T1Pole 2 T1

Pole1 T1Pole3 T2

Pole2 T2Pole1 T2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8Top Pipe cleaner position on pole Bottom

Dye concentration

(mL dye L pipe cleaner)

Adjusted air volume

Airflow maximum

T1= Louvres AdjustedT2= Louvres Open

Drift measurements in Vitis sp GR 7 vineyard 2010

Conclusions

Select the correct nozzle to provide the right size droplets

Calibrate the nozzles and spray plume

Reduce the airflow to match the canopy

Season

Early

Mid

Late

Louvre

position

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Drift

reduction ()

0

71

0

37

0

18

Deposition increase ()

0

82

0

55

14

0
Albuz ATR Albuz ATR
Teejet XR Teejet XR
TurboDrop TurboDrop
Teejet AI Teejet AI
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
1 09 36
2 08 05
3 05 01
4 02 0
5 01
6 01
7 0
Albuz ATR 144 1225
Teejet XR 1185 995
TurboDrop 11 9
Teejet AI 112 10
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
Page 65: Improving pesticide application via engineering methods · 2016-11-07 · International Pesticide Application Technology at Cornell University. Improving pesticide application . via

Chart2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards g
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards gf
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet3

Sheet3

BBCH 69
BBCH 79
Spray ground losses ( of applied)
Spray Ground Losses
144
1225
1185
995
11
9
112
10

Precision application to the target zone

o Botrytis sprays to the fruit zone

o Grapevine Berry Moth sprays to the fruit zone

o Insecticide for Japanese Beetle at the top of the canopy

Target-zone sprayer

2-diaphragm pumppressure regulator $900 Hydraulic motor $200Motor to pump connector $150

(Prices approx)

Target-zone sprayer

Low pressure two diaphragm pump - 12 volt electric $400 (approx)

Fitted to a Hazlitt 1852 CIMA sprayer

Dilution water and agrochemical

Induction bowls and closed chemical transfer

Reduce operator exposure and environmental contamination

Why care about the air

We change liquid flow rate with different size canopies includingo Vine Row Volumeo Leaf Wall Areao Dosavinao Unit Canopy Row

Why not change airflow to match the developing canopy

Airflow

Direction of the airThe speed of the air

The volume of air

The answer is blowing in the wind

bull Transports droplets from the sprayer to the targetbull Protects droplets against wind effectsbull Droplet production (pneumatic sprayers)bull Provides shaking of the leaves in the canopybull Provides good coverage on the target

bull Transports droplets through amp past the targetbull Excessive shaking of the canopy resulting in

removing droplets already present on the target

Air direction

Deflectors and towers fitted to airblast sprayers to change air direction

Adjust airflow direction ndash park the plume

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Park the plume

Air speed ndash grapes are the target

Good coverage

Poor coverage

Wind tunnel observations

The classic horseshoe vortex

Ludwig Prandtl1875 -1953

Adjusting the air volume intake

ISAFUIT project Europe (2002-07)

Cornell Doughnut

(2002)

Early season ndashAir flow reduced

Mid season ndashAir flow adjusted

Full canopy ndashAir flow fully open

Adjustable Cornell louvre system

Table 2 FMC tower sprayer Drift reduction and deposition increase in Vvinifera cvVignole vineyard

Pole3 T1Pole 2 T1

Pole1 T1Pole3 T2

Pole2 T2Pole1 T2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8Top Pipe cleaner position on pole Bottom

Dye concentration

(mL dye L pipe cleaner)

Adjusted air volume

Airflow maximum

T1= Louvres AdjustedT2= Louvres Open

Drift measurements in Vitis sp GR 7 vineyard 2010

Conclusions

Select the correct nozzle to provide the right size droplets

Calibrate the nozzles and spray plume

Reduce the airflow to match the canopy

Season

Early

Mid

Late

Louvre

position

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Drift

reduction ()

0

71

0

37

0

18

Deposition increase ()

0

82

0

55

14

0
Albuz ATR Albuz ATR
Teejet XR Teejet XR
TurboDrop TurboDrop
Teejet AI Teejet AI
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
1 09 36
2 08 05
3 05 01
4 02 0
5 01
6 01
7 0
Albuz ATR 144 1225
Teejet XR 1185 995
TurboDrop 11 9
Teejet AI 112 10
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
Page 66: Improving pesticide application via engineering methods · 2016-11-07 · International Pesticide Application Technology at Cornell University. Improving pesticide application . via

Sheet1

Sheet2

Sheet2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards gf
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet3

Sheet3

BBCH 69
BBCH 79
Spray ground losses ( of applied)
Spray Ground Losses
144
1225
1185
995
11
9
112
10

Precision application to the target zone

o Botrytis sprays to the fruit zone

o Grapevine Berry Moth sprays to the fruit zone

o Insecticide for Japanese Beetle at the top of the canopy

Target-zone sprayer

2-diaphragm pumppressure regulator $900 Hydraulic motor $200Motor to pump connector $150

(Prices approx)

Target-zone sprayer

Low pressure two diaphragm pump - 12 volt electric $400 (approx)

Fitted to a Hazlitt 1852 CIMA sprayer

Dilution water and agrochemical

Induction bowls and closed chemical transfer

Reduce operator exposure and environmental contamination

Why care about the air

We change liquid flow rate with different size canopies includingo Vine Row Volumeo Leaf Wall Areao Dosavinao Unit Canopy Row

Why not change airflow to match the developing canopy

Airflow

Direction of the airThe speed of the air

The volume of air

The answer is blowing in the wind

bull Transports droplets from the sprayer to the targetbull Protects droplets against wind effectsbull Droplet production (pneumatic sprayers)bull Provides shaking of the leaves in the canopybull Provides good coverage on the target

bull Transports droplets through amp past the targetbull Excessive shaking of the canopy resulting in

removing droplets already present on the target

Air direction

Deflectors and towers fitted to airblast sprayers to change air direction

Adjust airflow direction ndash park the plume

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Park the plume

Air speed ndash grapes are the target

Good coverage

Poor coverage

Wind tunnel observations

The classic horseshoe vortex

Ludwig Prandtl1875 -1953

Adjusting the air volume intake

ISAFUIT project Europe (2002-07)

Cornell Doughnut

(2002)

Early season ndashAir flow reduced

Mid season ndashAir flow adjusted

Full canopy ndashAir flow fully open

Adjustable Cornell louvre system

Table 2 FMC tower sprayer Drift reduction and deposition increase in Vvinifera cvVignole vineyard

Pole3 T1Pole 2 T1

Pole1 T1Pole3 T2

Pole2 T2Pole1 T2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8Top Pipe cleaner position on pole Bottom

Dye concentration

(mL dye L pipe cleaner)

Adjusted air volume

Airflow maximum

T1= Louvres AdjustedT2= Louvres Open

Drift measurements in Vitis sp GR 7 vineyard 2010

Conclusions

Select the correct nozzle to provide the right size droplets

Calibrate the nozzles and spray plume

Reduce the airflow to match the canopy

Season

Early

Mid

Late

Louvre

position

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Drift

reduction ()

0

71

0

37

0

18

Deposition increase ()

0

82

0

55

14

0
Albuz ATR Albuz ATR
Teejet XR Teejet XR
TurboDrop TurboDrop
Teejet AI Teejet AI
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
1 09 36
2 08 05
3 05 01
4 02 0
5 01
6 01
7 0
Albuz ATR 144 1225
Teejet XR 1185 995
TurboDrop 11 9
Teejet AI 112 10
Page 67: Improving pesticide application via engineering methods · 2016-11-07 · International Pesticide Application Technology at Cornell University. Improving pesticide application . via

Sheet2

Sheet2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards gf
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet3

Sheet3

BBCH 69
BBCH 79
Spray ground losses ( of applied)
Spray Ground Losses
144
1225
1185
995
11
9
112
10

Precision application to the target zone

o Botrytis sprays to the fruit zone

o Grapevine Berry Moth sprays to the fruit zone

o Insecticide for Japanese Beetle at the top of the canopy

Target-zone sprayer

2-diaphragm pumppressure regulator $900 Hydraulic motor $200Motor to pump connector $150

(Prices approx)

Target-zone sprayer

Low pressure two diaphragm pump - 12 volt electric $400 (approx)

Fitted to a Hazlitt 1852 CIMA sprayer

Dilution water and agrochemical

Induction bowls and closed chemical transfer

Reduce operator exposure and environmental contamination

Why care about the air

We change liquid flow rate with different size canopies includingo Vine Row Volumeo Leaf Wall Areao Dosavinao Unit Canopy Row

Why not change airflow to match the developing canopy

Airflow

Direction of the airThe speed of the air

The volume of air

The answer is blowing in the wind

bull Transports droplets from the sprayer to the targetbull Protects droplets against wind effectsbull Droplet production (pneumatic sprayers)bull Provides shaking of the leaves in the canopybull Provides good coverage on the target

bull Transports droplets through amp past the targetbull Excessive shaking of the canopy resulting in

removing droplets already present on the target

Air direction

Deflectors and towers fitted to airblast sprayers to change air direction

Adjust airflow direction ndash park the plume

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Park the plume

Air speed ndash grapes are the target

Good coverage

Poor coverage

Wind tunnel observations

The classic horseshoe vortex

Ludwig Prandtl1875 -1953

Adjusting the air volume intake

ISAFUIT project Europe (2002-07)

Cornell Doughnut

(2002)

Early season ndashAir flow reduced

Mid season ndashAir flow adjusted

Full canopy ndashAir flow fully open

Adjustable Cornell louvre system

Table 2 FMC tower sprayer Drift reduction and deposition increase in Vvinifera cvVignole vineyard

Pole3 T1Pole 2 T1

Pole1 T1Pole3 T2

Pole2 T2Pole1 T2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8Top Pipe cleaner position on pole Bottom

Dye concentration

(mL dye L pipe cleaner)

Adjusted air volume

Airflow maximum

T1= Louvres AdjustedT2= Louvres Open

Drift measurements in Vitis sp GR 7 vineyard 2010

Conclusions

Select the correct nozzle to provide the right size droplets

Calibrate the nozzles and spray plume

Reduce the airflow to match the canopy

Season

Early

Mid

Late

Louvre

position

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Drift

reduction ()

0

71

0

37

0

18

Deposition increase ()

0

82

0

55

14

0
Albuz ATR Albuz ATR
Teejet XR Teejet XR
TurboDrop TurboDrop
Teejet AI Teejet AI
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
Page 68: Improving pesticide application via engineering methods · 2016-11-07 · International Pesticide Application Technology at Cornell University. Improving pesticide application . via

Sheet2

Hollow cone
Air Induction
Rows from target
area covered on drift cards gf
Drift Reduction - Air Induction Nozzles Fitted On A Berthoud Sprayer

Sheet3

Sheet3

BBCH 69
BBCH 79
Spray ground losses ( of applied)
Spray Ground Losses
144
1225
1185
995
11
9
112
10

Precision application to the target zone

o Botrytis sprays to the fruit zone

o Grapevine Berry Moth sprays to the fruit zone

o Insecticide for Japanese Beetle at the top of the canopy

Target-zone sprayer

2-diaphragm pumppressure regulator $900 Hydraulic motor $200Motor to pump connector $150

(Prices approx)

Target-zone sprayer

Low pressure two diaphragm pump - 12 volt electric $400 (approx)

Fitted to a Hazlitt 1852 CIMA sprayer

Dilution water and agrochemical

Induction bowls and closed chemical transfer

Reduce operator exposure and environmental contamination

Why care about the air

We change liquid flow rate with different size canopies includingo Vine Row Volumeo Leaf Wall Areao Dosavinao Unit Canopy Row

Why not change airflow to match the developing canopy

Airflow

Direction of the airThe speed of the air

The volume of air

The answer is blowing in the wind

bull Transports droplets from the sprayer to the targetbull Protects droplets against wind effectsbull Droplet production (pneumatic sprayers)bull Provides shaking of the leaves in the canopybull Provides good coverage on the target

bull Transports droplets through amp past the targetbull Excessive shaking of the canopy resulting in

removing droplets already present on the target

Air direction

Deflectors and towers fitted to airblast sprayers to change air direction

Adjust airflow direction ndash park the plume

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Park the plume

Air speed ndash grapes are the target

Good coverage

Poor coverage

Wind tunnel observations

The classic horseshoe vortex

Ludwig Prandtl1875 -1953

Adjusting the air volume intake

ISAFUIT project Europe (2002-07)

Cornell Doughnut

(2002)

Early season ndashAir flow reduced

Mid season ndashAir flow adjusted

Full canopy ndashAir flow fully open

Adjustable Cornell louvre system

Table 2 FMC tower sprayer Drift reduction and deposition increase in Vvinifera cvVignole vineyard

Pole3 T1Pole 2 T1

Pole1 T1Pole3 T2

Pole2 T2Pole1 T2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8Top Pipe cleaner position on pole Bottom

Dye concentration

(mL dye L pipe cleaner)

Adjusted air volume

Airflow maximum

T1= Louvres AdjustedT2= Louvres Open

Drift measurements in Vitis sp GR 7 vineyard 2010

Conclusions

Select the correct nozzle to provide the right size droplets

Calibrate the nozzles and spray plume

Reduce the airflow to match the canopy

Season

Early

Mid

Late

Louvre

position

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Drift

reduction ()

0

71

0

37

0

18

Deposition increase ()

0

82

0

55

14

0
Albuz ATR Albuz ATR
Teejet XR Teejet XR
TurboDrop TurboDrop
Teejet AI Teejet AI
09 36
08 05
05 01
02 0
01
01
0
Page 69: Improving pesticide application via engineering methods · 2016-11-07 · International Pesticide Application Technology at Cornell University. Improving pesticide application . via

Sheet3

Sheet3

BBCH 69
BBCH 79
Spray ground losses ( of applied)
Spray Ground Losses
144
1225
1185
995
11
9
112
10

Precision application to the target zone

o Botrytis sprays to the fruit zone

o Grapevine Berry Moth sprays to the fruit zone

o Insecticide for Japanese Beetle at the top of the canopy

Target-zone sprayer

2-diaphragm pumppressure regulator $900 Hydraulic motor $200Motor to pump connector $150

(Prices approx)

Target-zone sprayer

Low pressure two diaphragm pump - 12 volt electric $400 (approx)

Fitted to a Hazlitt 1852 CIMA sprayer

Dilution water and agrochemical

Induction bowls and closed chemical transfer

Reduce operator exposure and environmental contamination

Why care about the air

We change liquid flow rate with different size canopies includingo Vine Row Volumeo Leaf Wall Areao Dosavinao Unit Canopy Row

Why not change airflow to match the developing canopy

Airflow

Direction of the airThe speed of the air

The volume of air

The answer is blowing in the wind

bull Transports droplets from the sprayer to the targetbull Protects droplets against wind effectsbull Droplet production (pneumatic sprayers)bull Provides shaking of the leaves in the canopybull Provides good coverage on the target

bull Transports droplets through amp past the targetbull Excessive shaking of the canopy resulting in

removing droplets already present on the target

Air direction

Deflectors and towers fitted to airblast sprayers to change air direction

Adjust airflow direction ndash park the plume

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Park the plume

Air speed ndash grapes are the target

Good coverage

Poor coverage

Wind tunnel observations

The classic horseshoe vortex

Ludwig Prandtl1875 -1953

Adjusting the air volume intake

ISAFUIT project Europe (2002-07)

Cornell Doughnut

(2002)

Early season ndashAir flow reduced

Mid season ndashAir flow adjusted

Full canopy ndashAir flow fully open

Adjustable Cornell louvre system

Table 2 FMC tower sprayer Drift reduction and deposition increase in Vvinifera cvVignole vineyard

Pole3 T1Pole 2 T1

Pole1 T1Pole3 T2

Pole2 T2Pole1 T2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8Top Pipe cleaner position on pole Bottom

Dye concentration

(mL dye L pipe cleaner)

Adjusted air volume

Airflow maximum

T1= Louvres AdjustedT2= Louvres Open

Drift measurements in Vitis sp GR 7 vineyard 2010

Conclusions

Select the correct nozzle to provide the right size droplets

Calibrate the nozzles and spray plume

Reduce the airflow to match the canopy

Season

Early

Mid

Late

Louvre

position

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Drift

reduction ()

0

71

0

37

0

18

Deposition increase ()

0

82

0

55

14

0
Albuz ATR Albuz ATR
Teejet XR Teejet XR
TurboDrop TurboDrop
Teejet AI Teejet AI
Page 70: Improving pesticide application via engineering methods · 2016-11-07 · International Pesticide Application Technology at Cornell University. Improving pesticide application . via

Sheet3

BBCH 69
BBCH 79
Spray ground losses ( of applied)
Spray Ground Losses
144
1225
1185
995
11
9
112
10

Precision application to the target zone

o Botrytis sprays to the fruit zone

o Grapevine Berry Moth sprays to the fruit zone

o Insecticide for Japanese Beetle at the top of the canopy

Target-zone sprayer

2-diaphragm pumppressure regulator $900 Hydraulic motor $200Motor to pump connector $150

(Prices approx)

Target-zone sprayer

Low pressure two diaphragm pump - 12 volt electric $400 (approx)

Fitted to a Hazlitt 1852 CIMA sprayer

Dilution water and agrochemical

Induction bowls and closed chemical transfer

Reduce operator exposure and environmental contamination

Why care about the air

We change liquid flow rate with different size canopies includingo Vine Row Volumeo Leaf Wall Areao Dosavinao Unit Canopy Row

Why not change airflow to match the developing canopy

Airflow

Direction of the airThe speed of the air

The volume of air

The answer is blowing in the wind

bull Transports droplets from the sprayer to the targetbull Protects droplets against wind effectsbull Droplet production (pneumatic sprayers)bull Provides shaking of the leaves in the canopybull Provides good coverage on the target

bull Transports droplets through amp past the targetbull Excessive shaking of the canopy resulting in

removing droplets already present on the target

Air direction

Deflectors and towers fitted to airblast sprayers to change air direction

Adjust airflow direction ndash park the plume

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Park the plume

Air speed ndash grapes are the target

Good coverage

Poor coverage

Wind tunnel observations

The classic horseshoe vortex

Ludwig Prandtl1875 -1953

Adjusting the air volume intake

ISAFUIT project Europe (2002-07)

Cornell Doughnut

(2002)

Early season ndashAir flow reduced

Mid season ndashAir flow adjusted

Full canopy ndashAir flow fully open

Adjustable Cornell louvre system

Table 2 FMC tower sprayer Drift reduction and deposition increase in Vvinifera cvVignole vineyard

Pole3 T1Pole 2 T1

Pole1 T1Pole3 T2

Pole2 T2Pole1 T2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8Top Pipe cleaner position on pole Bottom

Dye concentration

(mL dye L pipe cleaner)

Adjusted air volume

Airflow maximum

T1= Louvres AdjustedT2= Louvres Open

Drift measurements in Vitis sp GR 7 vineyard 2010

Conclusions

Select the correct nozzle to provide the right size droplets

Calibrate the nozzles and spray plume

Reduce the airflow to match the canopy

Season

Early

Mid

Late

Louvre

position

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Drift

reduction ()

0

71

0

37

0

18

Deposition increase ()

0

82

0

55

14

0
Albuz ATR Albuz ATR
Teejet XR Teejet XR
TurboDrop TurboDrop
Teejet AI Teejet AI
Page 71: Improving pesticide application via engineering methods · 2016-11-07 · International Pesticide Application Technology at Cornell University. Improving pesticide application . via

Precision application to the target zone

o Botrytis sprays to the fruit zone

o Grapevine Berry Moth sprays to the fruit zone

o Insecticide for Japanese Beetle at the top of the canopy

Target-zone sprayer

2-diaphragm pumppressure regulator $900 Hydraulic motor $200Motor to pump connector $150

(Prices approx)

Target-zone sprayer

Low pressure two diaphragm pump - 12 volt electric $400 (approx)

Fitted to a Hazlitt 1852 CIMA sprayer

Dilution water and agrochemical

Induction bowls and closed chemical transfer

Reduce operator exposure and environmental contamination

Why care about the air

We change liquid flow rate with different size canopies includingo Vine Row Volumeo Leaf Wall Areao Dosavinao Unit Canopy Row

Why not change airflow to match the developing canopy

Airflow

Direction of the airThe speed of the air

The volume of air

The answer is blowing in the wind

bull Transports droplets from the sprayer to the targetbull Protects droplets against wind effectsbull Droplet production (pneumatic sprayers)bull Provides shaking of the leaves in the canopybull Provides good coverage on the target

bull Transports droplets through amp past the targetbull Excessive shaking of the canopy resulting in

removing droplets already present on the target

Air direction

Deflectors and towers fitted to airblast sprayers to change air direction

Adjust airflow direction ndash park the plume

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Park the plume

Air speed ndash grapes are the target

Good coverage

Poor coverage

Wind tunnel observations

The classic horseshoe vortex

Ludwig Prandtl1875 -1953

Adjusting the air volume intake

ISAFUIT project Europe (2002-07)

Cornell Doughnut

(2002)

Early season ndashAir flow reduced

Mid season ndashAir flow adjusted

Full canopy ndashAir flow fully open

Adjustable Cornell louvre system

Table 2 FMC tower sprayer Drift reduction and deposition increase in Vvinifera cvVignole vineyard

Pole3 T1Pole 2 T1

Pole1 T1Pole3 T2

Pole2 T2Pole1 T2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8Top Pipe cleaner position on pole Bottom

Dye concentration

(mL dye L pipe cleaner)

Adjusted air volume

Airflow maximum

T1= Louvres AdjustedT2= Louvres Open

Drift measurements in Vitis sp GR 7 vineyard 2010

Conclusions

Select the correct nozzle to provide the right size droplets

Calibrate the nozzles and spray plume

Reduce the airflow to match the canopy

Season

Early

Mid

Late

Louvre

position

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Drift

reduction ()

0

71

0

37

0

18

Deposition increase ()

0

82

0

55

14

0
Page 72: Improving pesticide application via engineering methods · 2016-11-07 · International Pesticide Application Technology at Cornell University. Improving pesticide application . via

Target-zone sprayer

2-diaphragm pumppressure regulator $900 Hydraulic motor $200Motor to pump connector $150

(Prices approx)

Target-zone sprayer

Low pressure two diaphragm pump - 12 volt electric $400 (approx)

Fitted to a Hazlitt 1852 CIMA sprayer

Dilution water and agrochemical

Induction bowls and closed chemical transfer

Reduce operator exposure and environmental contamination

Why care about the air

We change liquid flow rate with different size canopies includingo Vine Row Volumeo Leaf Wall Areao Dosavinao Unit Canopy Row

Why not change airflow to match the developing canopy

Airflow

Direction of the airThe speed of the air

The volume of air

The answer is blowing in the wind

bull Transports droplets from the sprayer to the targetbull Protects droplets against wind effectsbull Droplet production (pneumatic sprayers)bull Provides shaking of the leaves in the canopybull Provides good coverage on the target

bull Transports droplets through amp past the targetbull Excessive shaking of the canopy resulting in

removing droplets already present on the target

Air direction

Deflectors and towers fitted to airblast sprayers to change air direction

Adjust airflow direction ndash park the plume

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Park the plume

Air speed ndash grapes are the target

Good coverage

Poor coverage

Wind tunnel observations

The classic horseshoe vortex

Ludwig Prandtl1875 -1953

Adjusting the air volume intake

ISAFUIT project Europe (2002-07)

Cornell Doughnut

(2002)

Early season ndashAir flow reduced

Mid season ndashAir flow adjusted

Full canopy ndashAir flow fully open

Adjustable Cornell louvre system

Table 2 FMC tower sprayer Drift reduction and deposition increase in Vvinifera cvVignole vineyard

Pole3 T1Pole 2 T1

Pole1 T1Pole3 T2

Pole2 T2Pole1 T2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8Top Pipe cleaner position on pole Bottom

Dye concentration

(mL dye L pipe cleaner)

Adjusted air volume

Airflow maximum

T1= Louvres AdjustedT2= Louvres Open

Drift measurements in Vitis sp GR 7 vineyard 2010

Conclusions

Select the correct nozzle to provide the right size droplets

Calibrate the nozzles and spray plume

Reduce the airflow to match the canopy

Season

Early

Mid

Late

Louvre

position

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Drift

reduction ()

0

71

0

37

0

18

Deposition increase ()

0

82

0

55

14

0
Page 73: Improving pesticide application via engineering methods · 2016-11-07 · International Pesticide Application Technology at Cornell University. Improving pesticide application . via

Target-zone sprayer

Low pressure two diaphragm pump - 12 volt electric $400 (approx)

Fitted to a Hazlitt 1852 CIMA sprayer

Dilution water and agrochemical

Induction bowls and closed chemical transfer

Reduce operator exposure and environmental contamination

Why care about the air

We change liquid flow rate with different size canopies includingo Vine Row Volumeo Leaf Wall Areao Dosavinao Unit Canopy Row

Why not change airflow to match the developing canopy

Airflow

Direction of the airThe speed of the air

The volume of air

The answer is blowing in the wind

bull Transports droplets from the sprayer to the targetbull Protects droplets against wind effectsbull Droplet production (pneumatic sprayers)bull Provides shaking of the leaves in the canopybull Provides good coverage on the target

bull Transports droplets through amp past the targetbull Excessive shaking of the canopy resulting in

removing droplets already present on the target

Air direction

Deflectors and towers fitted to airblast sprayers to change air direction

Adjust airflow direction ndash park the plume

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Park the plume

Air speed ndash grapes are the target

Good coverage

Poor coverage

Wind tunnel observations

The classic horseshoe vortex

Ludwig Prandtl1875 -1953

Adjusting the air volume intake

ISAFUIT project Europe (2002-07)

Cornell Doughnut

(2002)

Early season ndashAir flow reduced

Mid season ndashAir flow adjusted

Full canopy ndashAir flow fully open

Adjustable Cornell louvre system

Table 2 FMC tower sprayer Drift reduction and deposition increase in Vvinifera cvVignole vineyard

Pole3 T1Pole 2 T1

Pole1 T1Pole3 T2

Pole2 T2Pole1 T2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8Top Pipe cleaner position on pole Bottom

Dye concentration

(mL dye L pipe cleaner)

Adjusted air volume

Airflow maximum

T1= Louvres AdjustedT2= Louvres Open

Drift measurements in Vitis sp GR 7 vineyard 2010

Conclusions

Select the correct nozzle to provide the right size droplets

Calibrate the nozzles and spray plume

Reduce the airflow to match the canopy

Season

Early

Mid

Late

Louvre

position

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Drift

reduction ()

0

71

0

37

0

18

Deposition increase ()

0

82

0

55

14

0
Page 74: Improving pesticide application via engineering methods · 2016-11-07 · International Pesticide Application Technology at Cornell University. Improving pesticide application . via

Dilution water and agrochemical

Induction bowls and closed chemical transfer

Reduce operator exposure and environmental contamination

Why care about the air

We change liquid flow rate with different size canopies includingo Vine Row Volumeo Leaf Wall Areao Dosavinao Unit Canopy Row

Why not change airflow to match the developing canopy

Airflow

Direction of the airThe speed of the air

The volume of air

The answer is blowing in the wind

bull Transports droplets from the sprayer to the targetbull Protects droplets against wind effectsbull Droplet production (pneumatic sprayers)bull Provides shaking of the leaves in the canopybull Provides good coverage on the target

bull Transports droplets through amp past the targetbull Excessive shaking of the canopy resulting in

removing droplets already present on the target

Air direction

Deflectors and towers fitted to airblast sprayers to change air direction

Adjust airflow direction ndash park the plume

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Park the plume

Air speed ndash grapes are the target

Good coverage

Poor coverage

Wind tunnel observations

The classic horseshoe vortex

Ludwig Prandtl1875 -1953

Adjusting the air volume intake

ISAFUIT project Europe (2002-07)

Cornell Doughnut

(2002)

Early season ndashAir flow reduced

Mid season ndashAir flow adjusted

Full canopy ndashAir flow fully open

Adjustable Cornell louvre system

Table 2 FMC tower sprayer Drift reduction and deposition increase in Vvinifera cvVignole vineyard

Pole3 T1Pole 2 T1

Pole1 T1Pole3 T2

Pole2 T2Pole1 T2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8Top Pipe cleaner position on pole Bottom

Dye concentration

(mL dye L pipe cleaner)

Adjusted air volume

Airflow maximum

T1= Louvres AdjustedT2= Louvres Open

Drift measurements in Vitis sp GR 7 vineyard 2010

Conclusions

Select the correct nozzle to provide the right size droplets

Calibrate the nozzles and spray plume

Reduce the airflow to match the canopy

Season

Early

Mid

Late

Louvre

position

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Drift

reduction ()

0

71

0

37

0

18

Deposition increase ()

0

82

0

55

14

0
Page 75: Improving pesticide application via engineering methods · 2016-11-07 · International Pesticide Application Technology at Cornell University. Improving pesticide application . via

Induction bowls and closed chemical transfer

Reduce operator exposure and environmental contamination

Why care about the air

We change liquid flow rate with different size canopies includingo Vine Row Volumeo Leaf Wall Areao Dosavinao Unit Canopy Row

Why not change airflow to match the developing canopy

Airflow

Direction of the airThe speed of the air

The volume of air

The answer is blowing in the wind

bull Transports droplets from the sprayer to the targetbull Protects droplets against wind effectsbull Droplet production (pneumatic sprayers)bull Provides shaking of the leaves in the canopybull Provides good coverage on the target

bull Transports droplets through amp past the targetbull Excessive shaking of the canopy resulting in

removing droplets already present on the target

Air direction

Deflectors and towers fitted to airblast sprayers to change air direction

Adjust airflow direction ndash park the plume

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Park the plume

Air speed ndash grapes are the target

Good coverage

Poor coverage

Wind tunnel observations

The classic horseshoe vortex

Ludwig Prandtl1875 -1953

Adjusting the air volume intake

ISAFUIT project Europe (2002-07)

Cornell Doughnut

(2002)

Early season ndashAir flow reduced

Mid season ndashAir flow adjusted

Full canopy ndashAir flow fully open

Adjustable Cornell louvre system

Table 2 FMC tower sprayer Drift reduction and deposition increase in Vvinifera cvVignole vineyard

Pole3 T1Pole 2 T1

Pole1 T1Pole3 T2

Pole2 T2Pole1 T2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8Top Pipe cleaner position on pole Bottom

Dye concentration

(mL dye L pipe cleaner)

Adjusted air volume

Airflow maximum

T1= Louvres AdjustedT2= Louvres Open

Drift measurements in Vitis sp GR 7 vineyard 2010

Conclusions

Select the correct nozzle to provide the right size droplets

Calibrate the nozzles and spray plume

Reduce the airflow to match the canopy

Season

Early

Mid

Late

Louvre

position

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Drift

reduction ()

0

71

0

37

0

18

Deposition increase ()

0

82

0

55

14

0
Page 76: Improving pesticide application via engineering methods · 2016-11-07 · International Pesticide Application Technology at Cornell University. Improving pesticide application . via

Why care about the air

We change liquid flow rate with different size canopies includingo Vine Row Volumeo Leaf Wall Areao Dosavinao Unit Canopy Row

Why not change airflow to match the developing canopy

Airflow

Direction of the airThe speed of the air

The volume of air

The answer is blowing in the wind

bull Transports droplets from the sprayer to the targetbull Protects droplets against wind effectsbull Droplet production (pneumatic sprayers)bull Provides shaking of the leaves in the canopybull Provides good coverage on the target

bull Transports droplets through amp past the targetbull Excessive shaking of the canopy resulting in

removing droplets already present on the target

Air direction

Deflectors and towers fitted to airblast sprayers to change air direction

Adjust airflow direction ndash park the plume

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Park the plume

Air speed ndash grapes are the target

Good coverage

Poor coverage

Wind tunnel observations

The classic horseshoe vortex

Ludwig Prandtl1875 -1953

Adjusting the air volume intake

ISAFUIT project Europe (2002-07)

Cornell Doughnut

(2002)

Early season ndashAir flow reduced

Mid season ndashAir flow adjusted

Full canopy ndashAir flow fully open

Adjustable Cornell louvre system

Table 2 FMC tower sprayer Drift reduction and deposition increase in Vvinifera cvVignole vineyard

Pole3 T1Pole 2 T1

Pole1 T1Pole3 T2

Pole2 T2Pole1 T2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8Top Pipe cleaner position on pole Bottom

Dye concentration

(mL dye L pipe cleaner)

Adjusted air volume

Airflow maximum

T1= Louvres AdjustedT2= Louvres Open

Drift measurements in Vitis sp GR 7 vineyard 2010

Conclusions

Select the correct nozzle to provide the right size droplets

Calibrate the nozzles and spray plume

Reduce the airflow to match the canopy

Season

Early

Mid

Late

Louvre

position

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Drift

reduction ()

0

71

0

37

0

18

Deposition increase ()

0

82

0

55

14

0
Page 77: Improving pesticide application via engineering methods · 2016-11-07 · International Pesticide Application Technology at Cornell University. Improving pesticide application . via

Airflow

Direction of the airThe speed of the air

The volume of air

The answer is blowing in the wind

bull Transports droplets from the sprayer to the targetbull Protects droplets against wind effectsbull Droplet production (pneumatic sprayers)bull Provides shaking of the leaves in the canopybull Provides good coverage on the target

bull Transports droplets through amp past the targetbull Excessive shaking of the canopy resulting in

removing droplets already present on the target

Air direction

Deflectors and towers fitted to airblast sprayers to change air direction

Adjust airflow direction ndash park the plume

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Park the plume

Air speed ndash grapes are the target

Good coverage

Poor coverage

Wind tunnel observations

The classic horseshoe vortex

Ludwig Prandtl1875 -1953

Adjusting the air volume intake

ISAFUIT project Europe (2002-07)

Cornell Doughnut

(2002)

Early season ndashAir flow reduced

Mid season ndashAir flow adjusted

Full canopy ndashAir flow fully open

Adjustable Cornell louvre system

Table 2 FMC tower sprayer Drift reduction and deposition increase in Vvinifera cvVignole vineyard

Pole3 T1Pole 2 T1

Pole1 T1Pole3 T2

Pole2 T2Pole1 T2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8Top Pipe cleaner position on pole Bottom

Dye concentration

(mL dye L pipe cleaner)

Adjusted air volume

Airflow maximum

T1= Louvres AdjustedT2= Louvres Open

Drift measurements in Vitis sp GR 7 vineyard 2010

Conclusions

Select the correct nozzle to provide the right size droplets

Calibrate the nozzles and spray plume

Reduce the airflow to match the canopy

Season

Early

Mid

Late

Louvre

position

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Drift

reduction ()

0

71

0

37

0

18

Deposition increase ()

0

82

0

55

14

0
Page 78: Improving pesticide application via engineering methods · 2016-11-07 · International Pesticide Application Technology at Cornell University. Improving pesticide application . via

The answer is blowing in the wind

bull Transports droplets from the sprayer to the targetbull Protects droplets against wind effectsbull Droplet production (pneumatic sprayers)bull Provides shaking of the leaves in the canopybull Provides good coverage on the target

bull Transports droplets through amp past the targetbull Excessive shaking of the canopy resulting in

removing droplets already present on the target

Air direction

Deflectors and towers fitted to airblast sprayers to change air direction

Adjust airflow direction ndash park the plume

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Park the plume

Air speed ndash grapes are the target

Good coverage

Poor coverage

Wind tunnel observations

The classic horseshoe vortex

Ludwig Prandtl1875 -1953

Adjusting the air volume intake

ISAFUIT project Europe (2002-07)

Cornell Doughnut

(2002)

Early season ndashAir flow reduced

Mid season ndashAir flow adjusted

Full canopy ndashAir flow fully open

Adjustable Cornell louvre system

Table 2 FMC tower sprayer Drift reduction and deposition increase in Vvinifera cvVignole vineyard

Pole3 T1Pole 2 T1

Pole1 T1Pole3 T2

Pole2 T2Pole1 T2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8Top Pipe cleaner position on pole Bottom

Dye concentration

(mL dye L pipe cleaner)

Adjusted air volume

Airflow maximum

T1= Louvres AdjustedT2= Louvres Open

Drift measurements in Vitis sp GR 7 vineyard 2010

Conclusions

Select the correct nozzle to provide the right size droplets

Calibrate the nozzles and spray plume

Reduce the airflow to match the canopy

Season

Early

Mid

Late

Louvre

position

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Drift

reduction ()

0

71

0

37

0

18

Deposition increase ()

0

82

0

55

14

0
Page 79: Improving pesticide application via engineering methods · 2016-11-07 · International Pesticide Application Technology at Cornell University. Improving pesticide application . via

Air direction

Deflectors and towers fitted to airblast sprayers to change air direction

Adjust airflow direction ndash park the plume

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Park the plume

Air speed ndash grapes are the target

Good coverage

Poor coverage

Wind tunnel observations

The classic horseshoe vortex

Ludwig Prandtl1875 -1953

Adjusting the air volume intake

ISAFUIT project Europe (2002-07)

Cornell Doughnut

(2002)

Early season ndashAir flow reduced

Mid season ndashAir flow adjusted

Full canopy ndashAir flow fully open

Adjustable Cornell louvre system

Table 2 FMC tower sprayer Drift reduction and deposition increase in Vvinifera cvVignole vineyard

Pole3 T1Pole 2 T1

Pole1 T1Pole3 T2

Pole2 T2Pole1 T2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8Top Pipe cleaner position on pole Bottom

Dye concentration

(mL dye L pipe cleaner)

Adjusted air volume

Airflow maximum

T1= Louvres AdjustedT2= Louvres Open

Drift measurements in Vitis sp GR 7 vineyard 2010

Conclusions

Select the correct nozzle to provide the right size droplets

Calibrate the nozzles and spray plume

Reduce the airflow to match the canopy

Season

Early

Mid

Late

Louvre

position

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Drift

reduction ()

0

71

0

37

0

18

Deposition increase ()

0

82

0

55

14

0
Page 80: Improving pesticide application via engineering methods · 2016-11-07 · International Pesticide Application Technology at Cornell University. Improving pesticide application . via

Adjust airflow direction ndash park the plume

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Park the plume

Air speed ndash grapes are the target

Good coverage

Poor coverage

Wind tunnel observations

The classic horseshoe vortex

Ludwig Prandtl1875 -1953

Adjusting the air volume intake

ISAFUIT project Europe (2002-07)

Cornell Doughnut

(2002)

Early season ndashAir flow reduced

Mid season ndashAir flow adjusted

Full canopy ndashAir flow fully open

Adjustable Cornell louvre system

Table 2 FMC tower sprayer Drift reduction and deposition increase in Vvinifera cvVignole vineyard

Pole3 T1Pole 2 T1

Pole1 T1Pole3 T2

Pole2 T2Pole1 T2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8Top Pipe cleaner position on pole Bottom

Dye concentration

(mL dye L pipe cleaner)

Adjusted air volume

Airflow maximum

T1= Louvres AdjustedT2= Louvres Open

Drift measurements in Vitis sp GR 7 vineyard 2010

Conclusions

Select the correct nozzle to provide the right size droplets

Calibrate the nozzles and spray plume

Reduce the airflow to match the canopy

Season

Early

Mid

Late

Louvre

position

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Drift

reduction ()

0

71

0

37

0

18

Deposition increase ()

0

82

0

55

14

0
Page 81: Improving pesticide application via engineering methods · 2016-11-07 · International Pesticide Application Technology at Cornell University. Improving pesticide application . via

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Park the plume

Air speed ndash grapes are the target

Good coverage

Poor coverage

Wind tunnel observations

The classic horseshoe vortex

Ludwig Prandtl1875 -1953

Adjusting the air volume intake

ISAFUIT project Europe (2002-07)

Cornell Doughnut

(2002)

Early season ndashAir flow reduced

Mid season ndashAir flow adjusted

Full canopy ndashAir flow fully open

Adjustable Cornell louvre system

Table 2 FMC tower sprayer Drift reduction and deposition increase in Vvinifera cvVignole vineyard

Pole3 T1Pole 2 T1

Pole1 T1Pole3 T2

Pole2 T2Pole1 T2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8Top Pipe cleaner position on pole Bottom

Dye concentration

(mL dye L pipe cleaner)

Adjusted air volume

Airflow maximum

T1= Louvres AdjustedT2= Louvres Open

Drift measurements in Vitis sp GR 7 vineyard 2010

Conclusions

Select the correct nozzle to provide the right size droplets

Calibrate the nozzles and spray plume

Reduce the airflow to match the canopy

Season

Early

Mid

Late

Louvre

position

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Drift

reduction ()

0

71

0

37

0

18

Deposition increase ()

0

82

0

55

14

0
Page 82: Improving pesticide application via engineering methods · 2016-11-07 · International Pesticide Application Technology at Cornell University. Improving pesticide application . via

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Park the plume

Air speed ndash grapes are the target

Good coverage

Poor coverage

Wind tunnel observations

The classic horseshoe vortex

Ludwig Prandtl1875 -1953

Adjusting the air volume intake

ISAFUIT project Europe (2002-07)

Cornell Doughnut

(2002)

Early season ndashAir flow reduced

Mid season ndashAir flow adjusted

Full canopy ndashAir flow fully open

Adjustable Cornell louvre system

Table 2 FMC tower sprayer Drift reduction and deposition increase in Vvinifera cvVignole vineyard

Pole3 T1Pole 2 T1

Pole1 T1Pole3 T2

Pole2 T2Pole1 T2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8Top Pipe cleaner position on pole Bottom

Dye concentration

(mL dye L pipe cleaner)

Adjusted air volume

Airflow maximum

T1= Louvres AdjustedT2= Louvres Open

Drift measurements in Vitis sp GR 7 vineyard 2010

Conclusions

Select the correct nozzle to provide the right size droplets

Calibrate the nozzles and spray plume

Reduce the airflow to match the canopy

Season

Early

Mid

Late

Louvre

position

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Drift

reduction ()

0

71

0

37

0

18

Deposition increase ()

0

82

0

55

14

0
Page 83: Improving pesticide application via engineering methods · 2016-11-07 · International Pesticide Application Technology at Cornell University. Improving pesticide application . via

Air direction

Source Balsari P Marucco P and Tamagnone M Workshop on spray application techniques in fruit growing Barcelona 2005 pp101-106

Park the plume

Air speed ndash grapes are the target

Good coverage

Poor coverage

Wind tunnel observations

The classic horseshoe vortex

Ludwig Prandtl1875 -1953

Adjusting the air volume intake

ISAFUIT project Europe (2002-07)

Cornell Doughnut

(2002)

Early season ndashAir flow reduced

Mid season ndashAir flow adjusted

Full canopy ndashAir flow fully open

Adjustable Cornell louvre system

Table 2 FMC tower sprayer Drift reduction and deposition increase in Vvinifera cvVignole vineyard

Pole3 T1Pole 2 T1

Pole1 T1Pole3 T2

Pole2 T2Pole1 T2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8Top Pipe cleaner position on pole Bottom

Dye concentration

(mL dye L pipe cleaner)

Adjusted air volume

Airflow maximum

T1= Louvres AdjustedT2= Louvres Open

Drift measurements in Vitis sp GR 7 vineyard 2010

Conclusions

Select the correct nozzle to provide the right size droplets

Calibrate the nozzles and spray plume

Reduce the airflow to match the canopy

Season

Early

Mid

Late

Louvre

position

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Drift

reduction ()

0

71

0

37

0

18

Deposition increase ()

0

82

0

55

14

0
Page 84: Improving pesticide application via engineering methods · 2016-11-07 · International Pesticide Application Technology at Cornell University. Improving pesticide application . via

Park the plume

Air speed ndash grapes are the target

Good coverage

Poor coverage

Wind tunnel observations

The classic horseshoe vortex

Ludwig Prandtl1875 -1953

Adjusting the air volume intake

ISAFUIT project Europe (2002-07)

Cornell Doughnut

(2002)

Early season ndashAir flow reduced

Mid season ndashAir flow adjusted

Full canopy ndashAir flow fully open

Adjustable Cornell louvre system

Table 2 FMC tower sprayer Drift reduction and deposition increase in Vvinifera cvVignole vineyard

Pole3 T1Pole 2 T1

Pole1 T1Pole3 T2

Pole2 T2Pole1 T2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8Top Pipe cleaner position on pole Bottom

Dye concentration

(mL dye L pipe cleaner)

Adjusted air volume

Airflow maximum

T1= Louvres AdjustedT2= Louvres Open

Drift measurements in Vitis sp GR 7 vineyard 2010

Conclusions

Select the correct nozzle to provide the right size droplets

Calibrate the nozzles and spray plume

Reduce the airflow to match the canopy

Season

Early

Mid

Late

Louvre

position

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Drift

reduction ()

0

71

0

37

0

18

Deposition increase ()

0

82

0

55

14

0
Page 85: Improving pesticide application via engineering methods · 2016-11-07 · International Pesticide Application Technology at Cornell University. Improving pesticide application . via

Air speed ndash grapes are the target

Good coverage

Poor coverage

Wind tunnel observations

The classic horseshoe vortex

Ludwig Prandtl1875 -1953

Adjusting the air volume intake

ISAFUIT project Europe (2002-07)

Cornell Doughnut

(2002)

Early season ndashAir flow reduced

Mid season ndashAir flow adjusted

Full canopy ndashAir flow fully open

Adjustable Cornell louvre system

Table 2 FMC tower sprayer Drift reduction and deposition increase in Vvinifera cvVignole vineyard

Pole3 T1Pole 2 T1

Pole1 T1Pole3 T2

Pole2 T2Pole1 T2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8Top Pipe cleaner position on pole Bottom

Dye concentration

(mL dye L pipe cleaner)

Adjusted air volume

Airflow maximum

T1= Louvres AdjustedT2= Louvres Open

Drift measurements in Vitis sp GR 7 vineyard 2010

Conclusions

Select the correct nozzle to provide the right size droplets

Calibrate the nozzles and spray plume

Reduce the airflow to match the canopy

Season

Early

Mid

Late

Louvre

position

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Drift

reduction ()

0

71

0

37

0

18

Deposition increase ()

0

82

0

55

14

0
Page 86: Improving pesticide application via engineering methods · 2016-11-07 · International Pesticide Application Technology at Cornell University. Improving pesticide application . via

Wind tunnel observations

The classic horseshoe vortex

Ludwig Prandtl1875 -1953

Adjusting the air volume intake

ISAFUIT project Europe (2002-07)

Cornell Doughnut

(2002)

Early season ndashAir flow reduced

Mid season ndashAir flow adjusted

Full canopy ndashAir flow fully open

Adjustable Cornell louvre system

Table 2 FMC tower sprayer Drift reduction and deposition increase in Vvinifera cvVignole vineyard

Pole3 T1Pole 2 T1

Pole1 T1Pole3 T2

Pole2 T2Pole1 T2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8Top Pipe cleaner position on pole Bottom

Dye concentration

(mL dye L pipe cleaner)

Adjusted air volume

Airflow maximum

T1= Louvres AdjustedT2= Louvres Open

Drift measurements in Vitis sp GR 7 vineyard 2010

Conclusions

Select the correct nozzle to provide the right size droplets

Calibrate the nozzles and spray plume

Reduce the airflow to match the canopy

Season

Early

Mid

Late

Louvre

position

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Drift

reduction ()

0

71

0

37

0

18

Deposition increase ()

0

82

0

55

14

0
Page 87: Improving pesticide application via engineering methods · 2016-11-07 · International Pesticide Application Technology at Cornell University. Improving pesticide application . via

The classic horseshoe vortex

Ludwig Prandtl1875 -1953

Adjusting the air volume intake

ISAFUIT project Europe (2002-07)

Cornell Doughnut

(2002)

Early season ndashAir flow reduced

Mid season ndashAir flow adjusted

Full canopy ndashAir flow fully open

Adjustable Cornell louvre system

Table 2 FMC tower sprayer Drift reduction and deposition increase in Vvinifera cvVignole vineyard

Pole3 T1Pole 2 T1

Pole1 T1Pole3 T2

Pole2 T2Pole1 T2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8Top Pipe cleaner position on pole Bottom

Dye concentration

(mL dye L pipe cleaner)

Adjusted air volume

Airflow maximum

T1= Louvres AdjustedT2= Louvres Open

Drift measurements in Vitis sp GR 7 vineyard 2010

Conclusions

Select the correct nozzle to provide the right size droplets

Calibrate the nozzles and spray plume

Reduce the airflow to match the canopy

Season

Early

Mid

Late

Louvre

position

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Drift

reduction ()

0

71

0

37

0

18

Deposition increase ()

0

82

0

55

14

0
Page 88: Improving pesticide application via engineering methods · 2016-11-07 · International Pesticide Application Technology at Cornell University. Improving pesticide application . via

Adjusting the air volume intake

ISAFUIT project Europe (2002-07)

Cornell Doughnut

(2002)

Early season ndashAir flow reduced

Mid season ndashAir flow adjusted

Full canopy ndashAir flow fully open

Adjustable Cornell louvre system

Table 2 FMC tower sprayer Drift reduction and deposition increase in Vvinifera cvVignole vineyard

Pole3 T1Pole 2 T1

Pole1 T1Pole3 T2

Pole2 T2Pole1 T2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8Top Pipe cleaner position on pole Bottom

Dye concentration

(mL dye L pipe cleaner)

Adjusted air volume

Airflow maximum

T1= Louvres AdjustedT2= Louvres Open

Drift measurements in Vitis sp GR 7 vineyard 2010

Conclusions

Select the correct nozzle to provide the right size droplets

Calibrate the nozzles and spray plume

Reduce the airflow to match the canopy

Season

Early

Mid

Late

Louvre

position

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Drift

reduction ()

0

71

0

37

0

18

Deposition increase ()

0

82

0

55

14

0
Page 89: Improving pesticide application via engineering methods · 2016-11-07 · International Pesticide Application Technology at Cornell University. Improving pesticide application . via

Early season ndashAir flow reduced

Mid season ndashAir flow adjusted

Full canopy ndashAir flow fully open

Adjustable Cornell louvre system

Table 2 FMC tower sprayer Drift reduction and deposition increase in Vvinifera cvVignole vineyard

Pole3 T1Pole 2 T1

Pole1 T1Pole3 T2

Pole2 T2Pole1 T2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8Top Pipe cleaner position on pole Bottom

Dye concentration

(mL dye L pipe cleaner)

Adjusted air volume

Airflow maximum

T1= Louvres AdjustedT2= Louvres Open

Drift measurements in Vitis sp GR 7 vineyard 2010

Conclusions

Select the correct nozzle to provide the right size droplets

Calibrate the nozzles and spray plume

Reduce the airflow to match the canopy

Season

Early

Mid

Late

Louvre

position

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Fully open

Adjusted

Drift

reduction ()

0

71

0

37

0

18

Deposition increase ()

0

82

0

55

14

0
Page 90: Improving pesticide application via engineering methods · 2016-11-07 · International Pesticide Application Technology at Cornell University. Improving pesticide application . via

Pole3 T1Pole 2 T1

Pole1 T1Pole3 T2

Pole2 T2Pole1 T2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8Top Pipe cleaner position on pole Bottom

Dye concentration

(mL dye L pipe cleaner)

Adjusted air volume

Airflow maximum

T1= Louvres AdjustedT2= Louvres Open

Drift measurements in Vitis sp GR 7 vineyard 2010

Conclusions

Select the correct nozzle to provide the right size droplets

Calibrate the nozzles and spray plume

Reduce the airflow to match the canopy

Page 91: Improving pesticide application via engineering methods · 2016-11-07 · International Pesticide Application Technology at Cornell University. Improving pesticide application . via

Conclusions

Select the correct nozzle to provide the right size droplets

Calibrate the nozzles and spray plume

Reduce the airflow to match the canopy


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