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Improving the Healing Environment in Patient Rooms: Update to ASHRAE 170

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Improving the Healing Environment in Patient Rooms:

Updates to ASHRAE Standard 170

Course: PTP 3010AIA Provider #J877

Price Industries is a Registered Provider with The American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems. Credit earned on completion of this program will be reported to CES Records for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for non-AIA members are available upon request.

This program is registered with the AIA/CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA or any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product. Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation



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Price Industries, Inc., 2013.

Learning ObjectivesAt the end of this presentation, you should understand:

• What are the recent addendums for ASHRAE Standard 170 pertaining to patient spaces

• What is Addendum G to ASHRAE Standard 170• What is Addendum H to ASHRAE Standard 170• What is an Active Chilled Beam and how do it work• What is Displacement Ventilation and how does it work• How can displacement ventilation be used to provide

heating and cooling and reduce cost of heating and cooling patient rooms

• How can Active Chilled Beams be used to provide heating and cooling and reduce the cost of heating and cooling patient rooms



Introduction – Health Care Ventilation Standards

Displacement1. Overview2. Theory and Design Considerations3. Patient Room Example

Chilled Beams1. Overview2. Theory and Design Considerations3. Patient Room Example

Outline

Emerging Health Care Design TrendsHealth Care Ventilation Standards

ASHRAEStandard 170 – 2008

AIA 2006(Adopted by 42 States)

AIA 2010(Includes ASHRAE 170)




Recently published ASHRAE 170 addendums:

• Addendum G – Further definition of Air Diffusers for Patient Rooms (Displacement)

• Addendum H – Further definition of Recirculating Room HVAC units (Chilled Beams)

Single bed patient rooms Group A, Group D, or Group E

All other patient care spaces

Group A or Group E

All other spaces No Requirement

ASHRAE standard 170




Table 7 – 1, Notes(s) For single bed patient rooms using Group D diffusers, a minimum of six total air changes per hour shall be provided and calculated based on the volume from finished floor to six feet above the floor 6’- 0”

ASHRAE standard 170, Addendum G



ASHRAE standard 170, Addendum H

Table 7 – 1, Notes(a) The portion of the ‘Minimum Total ach’ required for a space that is greater than the ‘Minimum Outdoor ach’ required component may be provided by recirculating room HVAC units. Such recirculating room HVAC units shall:

(1) Not receive non-filtered, non-conditioned outdoor air,(2) Serve only a single space,(3) Provide a minimum MERV 6 filter for the airflow passing over any surface

that is designed to condense water….



DISPLACEMENT VENTILATION

History of Displacement Systems:

• Utilized in Europe for over 30 years

• Origins in industrial facilities

• #1 choice for industrial facilities in Europe

• Applied to commercial market in the 1980’s

• Becoming popular in North America

Displacement Ventilation



Review of Mixing systems:

• 55°F Supply Air

• Mix the entire space

• Diffusers drive air motion

• High velocity supply


Displacement Systems:

• 65-68°F supply air

• Low velocity

• No mixing in space

• Heat sources drive air motion

• Stratified heat, contaminants

• Only conditions the occupied zone




Energy Savings

• Heating, cooling and ventilation consume 42% of typical office energy

• Possible reductions with displacement:• Ventilation requirements

• Static pressures

• Heating requirement

• Cooling hours (economizer)

Displacement VentilationBenefits

Improved thermal comfort

• Warmer supply temperature

• Reduced face velocity

• Reduced draft risk

• Air drawn to heat sources

Displacement VentilationBenefits



Common Applications:

• Schools

• Theaters

• Casinos

• Airports

• Healthcare

• Halls & Conference Rooms

• Offices & Lobby Areas

• Restaurants & Cafeterias

• Industrial Spaces


Thermal Plumes:

• Heat sources drive air motion




Layout:

• Air is drawn to heat sources

• Cool supply air flows around:

- Complex geometries

- Furniture

- Obstructions


2-10 °F Cooling 0‐5 °F Heating 5 °F+ Heating

Heating with Displacement:




Heating with Displacement:• Perimeter Radiation

• Diffusers with Integrated Heat

• Radiant Ceiling Panels

• Fan Coil Units


Displacement Ventilation Velocity Profile

Displacement Ventilation – HealthcarePatient Room



Hospital Mockup• IAQ testing

• Tracer gas injected

• Test for:

• Ventilation effectiveness

• Contaminant exposure


Hospital Mockup• IAQ testing

• Tracer gas injected

• Test for:

• Ventilation effectiveness

• Contaminant exposure




Patient RoomOutsideCondition

Supply Type Airflow VentilationEfficiency

Summer

DF1W – Low Sidewall DV 80 1.28

DF1L – Overhead DV 80 1.14

SCD – Square Cone 80 0.65

Winter

DF1W – Low Sidewall DV 80 1.14

DF1L – Overhead DV 80 1.06

SCD – Square Cone 160 0.92


AIR DISTRIBUTION METHOD OverheadDisplacement

Ventilation(low)


(high)

Supply Air Volume 290 190 190

Corresponding ACH 6 4 4

VENTILATION EFFECTIVENESS

1.24 1.41 1.27




Waiting Room

Supply Type CFM ACH VE

SCD – Square Cone 1800 12 0.90

DF1L – Overhead DV 1200 8 1.09

DF1W – Low Sidewall DV 900 6 1.04

Displacement Ventilation – HealthcareHospital Waiting Room

Hydronic SystemsHistory and Introduction

• Started in Europe approx. 60 years agoo Metal ceilingso Radiant systems

• Seeking more capacityo Passive chilled beams

• Integration of ventilation systemo Active chilled beams



Air-Water Systems

THE GOAL

• Maintain occupant comfort

• Minimize energy consumption– Reduce fan energy

– Reduce heat loads from

equipment

CBS Newsletter, Fall 1994 http:/eetd.lbl.gov/newsletter/CBS_NL/n14/RadiantCooling.html

• Cooling and heating are moved more efficiently through water than air – less transportation power and less space required

• Still need ventilation air

Why Use Air‐Water Systems?



Applications

• Laboratories• Office Buildings• Hospital Patient Rooms and Ancillary Spaces• Pharmacies• Schools• Hotels, Dorms

Applications‐ Suitability

Legend:

■ Humidity is of less concern

■ Additional care to control building moisture

■ Humidity must be carefully considered



Air‐Water Systems

Latent vs. Sensible Cooling

Sensible cooling:• Removal of heat that causes a change in

temperature without changing water vapor content.

Latent cooling:• Removal of moisture in the air.

Condensation• Condensation formation generally takes a while,

not like a glass• Large surface area on which to condense

Room Side Cooling



Air‐Water SystemsWater is for Room Side Sensible Only Cooling

Humidity control• Airside to meet 100% of latent load

• Infiltration • Maximum occupancy• Other sources

• Maintain CHWS Temperature higher than dewpoint – 2 to 3 °F

• Controls• Monitor transport network and

humidity level

• Do not apply where humidity control can be lost

• Small retail, lobby areas, etc.

Air‐Water SystemsBenefitsEnergy Efficiency• Reduced system horsepower

• Wet side economization – “Free cooling”

Smaller Mechanical System• Lower floor‐to‐floor heights

• Smaller risers – increased tenant floor space

Reduced Maintenance• No moving parts, filters or electrical

• No drain pans



Air‐Water SystemsBenefits

Improved thermal comfort• Low draft risk

Improved indoor air quality• Effective when using 100% DOAS

Silent mechanical system• Water side of system has low noise

• Smaller Air side of system less noise than all air

HOW DO THEY WORK?



Chilled BeamsActive and Passive

• Convective heating and cooling

• Higher capacities than panels and sails

• Integrated airflow for Active Beams

• 2 types:o Passive Chilled Beam

o Active Chilled Beam

• Active beams induce room air• Dependent on primary airflow• Nozzle size

• 2 or 4 pipe coil• Linear or modular

Active Chilled Beams

Operation



Reduced primary air quantity• From 6 ACH to 2 ACH (100% OA)• Reduces fan power• Significantly reduces reheat requirement• Chilled beam chilled water return (62°F to 65°F)

can be used to provide reheat

Eliminates common return • Reduce hospital associated infection

Provides lower noise level & better healing environment

Active Beams in Health CareTheory and Design Considerations

Patient Room• 300 ft²• 2 ACH = 90 cfm, 6 ACH = 270 cfm• Internal Cooling Load: 6,000 btu/hr sensible, 400 btu/hr latent

Item Chilled Beam VAV

Required Airflow 90 CFM 270 CFM

Outside Airflow 90 CFM 90 CFM

Supply Temp 55 54

Required Pressure .52” 1.0”

Coil LAT 50 54

CHWS Temp 57° F to 62° F 45° F to 55° F

Active Beams in Health CarePatient Room Energy Example



Patient Room• Active Beam Selection

• 2’x8’ ‐ 6000 Btu/hr

Condition Result

Airflow 90 cfm

Sound NC 21 (@5”)

Pressure drop 0.55”

Water flow rate 1.35 gpm

Water head loss 6.9’


Energy Comparison

Notes: 1 kw per hp, 1 kw per ton, $0.10 per kwh, $1.00 per therm

Item Chilled Beam VAV

Fan Power per Room 0.103 bhp 0.308 bhp

Reheat per year 20.2 therms 159.3 therms

Overcooling per year 129 ton hours 1017 ton hours

Fan heat savings 291.6 btu/hr 874.8 btu/hr

Energy Savings 3,110 kwh & 139 therms per year

Cost Savings per Room $450 per year




Active Beams in Health Care

Jasper Memorial Hospital – Jasper, IN

Pharmacy section of hospitalHigh thermal comfortExpected to be used again in the

hospitalRenovation with low ceiling

heights

Active Beams in Health Care



Radiant Panels

• Primarily radiant heating/cooling – no airflow

• Quick response to load demand

• Used along perimeters or spot cooling interior

• 2 types: Linear (RPL) & Modular (RPM)

RPM

Hydronic Systems

Hydronic Systems



Chilled Sails

• Radiant and convective cooling

• Increased performance over panels

• Profiles and free area encourage convection

• Architectural integration

Hydronic Systems

Laboratory Office Conference Room

Hydronic Systems



Active Chilled Beams

Active and Passive BeamsCombination



Passive Beams

Laboratory AUDI Museum

Passive Beams

Hydronic Systems



Woods Lab, TN Bourne School, MA

Active Beams

Hydronic Systems

Hydronic Systems

Active Beam Performance• No NA test standards

• No NA rating program

• Currently tested to:

• DIN14037 – heated ceilings

• DIN14240 – chilled ceilings

• DIN15116 – active beams

• DIN14518 – passive beams



Hydronic Systems

Active Beam Performance

• Applicable Standards

– Capacity

• EN 15116

• ASHRAE Standard 200P– In development

• AHRI Standard 1240P– Mostly complete

Engineering Support

Mock ups help to evaluate design options

• Evaluate comfort, capacity, other

– Air velocity, temperature

• Identify opportunities to optimize the design



Questions?This concludes the American Institute of Architects Continuing Education

Systems Program

www.price-hvac.com

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