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iMWIFEIt SKTEN MIO eiptliiyWATER RESOURCE EyAUlATHM OF toAUU BLOCK
MSmia ALMMUL U>.
nSSERTATION SUBI^IHED FOR THE DEGREE OF
Muittt of $i|iloiBiopl p IN
GEOLOGY
BY
UABUm UMAR M. $: (AligJ
DEPARtMENT OF GEOLOGY ALIGARH MUSUM. UNIVERSfrY
AUGARH (tNOIA)
19117
DS1174
AUGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY
Angorh 11.1-1988
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mr. Rashid Umar has
carried out the investigation on "Aquifer System and
Groundwater Resource Evaluation of Bijauli Block,
District Aligarh, U.P." under my supervision for the
award of the degree of Master of Philosophy of the
Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. The work is an
original contribution to the existing knowledge of
the subject.
He is allowed to submit the work for the award
of the M.Phil, degree of the Aligarh Muslim University,
Aligarh.
( M. SAMI AHMAD ) ^^^1
Reader in Hydrogeology Department of Geology Aligarh Muslim University ^liqarh.
A C K N O W L E D G E M E N T S
I t i s indeed a matter of great p r i v i l e g e for me' to
acknowledge my supervisor , Mr. M, Sami Ahmad, Reader,
Department of Geology, Aligarh Muslim Univers i ty , Aligarh,
for guidance and continued advice during the prepara t ion
of manuscript .
I wish t o express my fee l ings of g r a t i t u d e t o
Prof. S.M. Casshyap, Chairman, Department of Geology,
Aligarh Muslim Univers i ty , Aligarh, for providing the
necessary f a c i l i t i e s .
I tender my deep sense of g ra t i t ude to Prof. V.K.
Srivastava, Department of Geology, Aligarh Muslim
Univers i ty , Aligarh, for h i s kind help and continued
encourageme n t .
Thanks are a lso due t o Direc tor , Univers i ty Science
Instrument Centre, Roorkee Univers i ty , Roorkee; Central
Ground Water Board, Minis try of I r r i g a t i o n , Government of
India and State Tubewell Department, for providing
labora tory f a c i l i t i e s for water analys is and relevant
research l i t e r a t u r e .
I p lace on record my thanks to my f r i ends , Messers
Akram Al i , Gauhar Mahmood and Dabeer Ahmad Khan, for t h e i r
help and co-operat ion.
• 1 1 -
Lastly, 1 am. qrateful to my parents, brother?^, sisters
v/ho have been conr t-o-nt r.'.jurce ot inspiration pnn encouragement
leading to the completion o: the present work.
( RASHID UMAR )
CONTENTS
C H A P T E R - I
C H A P T E R - I I
C H A P T E R - I I I
C H A P T E R - I V
CHAPTER-V
C H A P T E R - V I
L I S T OF TABLES
L I S T OF P L A T E S
L I S T OF A P P E N D I C E S
INTRODUCTION
PHYSIOGRAPHY AND DRAINAGE
GEOLOGY
HYDROGEOLOGY
GROUNDWATER BALANCE
HYDROCHEMISTRY
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
APPENDICES
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
* * * * * *
LIST OF TABLES
T a b l e - 1 R e s u l t s of s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s of Annual R a i n f a l l
a t A t r a u l i , D i s t r i c t A l i g a r h .
T a b l e - 2 R e s u l t s of D r o u g h t A n a l y s i s a t A t r a u l i , D i s t r i c t
A l i g a r h .
Table-3 Landuse pattern in Bijauli Block ( in hectares) .
Table-4 Estimate of ground water balance available for
future development in Bijauli Block, Aligarh
Dis tr ic t .
Table-5 Drinking water standards.
Table-6 Quality c l a s s i f i c a t i o n of water for i rr igat ion
(After Wilcox, 1956).
Table-7 Quality c l a s s i f i c a t i o n of i rr igat ion water.
Table-8 Trace elements tolerance l imit of i rr iga t ion
water as proposed by FWPCF (1968), Ayers and
Branson (1975).
LIST OF PLATES
P l a t e - I L o c a t i o n map of B i j a u l i B l o c k .
P l a t e - I I P r o g r e s s i v e Ave rage R a i n f a l l (19Q1-1984)
P l a t e - I l l I s o h y e t a l map of A l i g a r h d i s t r i c t .
P l a t e - I V D e p a r t u r e s of Annual r a i n f a l l f rom mean
Annual r a i n f a l l .
P l a t e - V S o i l map of B i j a u l i B l o c k .
P l a t e - V I S u b - s u r f a c e G e o l o g i c a l C r o s s - s e c t i o n a l o n g
Sa leempur A l i g a r h , Kasgan j U j h a n i i n p a r t s
C e n t r a l Ganga b a s i n .
P l a t e - V I I Map of B i j a u l i B l o c k , D i s t r i c t A l i g a r h
showing l o c a t i o n of dug w e l l s and t u b e w e l l s .
P l a t e - V I I I Fence d i a g r a m showing s u b - s u r f a c e Geo logy and
a q u i f e r d i s p o s i t i o n i n B i j a u l i B l o c k , A l i g a r h
d i s t r i c t .
P l a t e - I X Depth t o w a t e r l e v e l map i n B i j a u l i B l o c k ,
A t r a u l i T e h s i l , D i s t r i c t A l i g a r h , U , P ,
( J u n e , 1 9 8 6 ) .
P l a t e - X Depth t o w a t e r l e v e l map i n B i j a u l i B l o c k ,
A t r a u l i T e h s i l , D i s t r i c t A l i g a r h , U . P .
(November, 1 9 8 6 ) .
P l a t e - X I Water t a b l e c o n t o u r map o f B i j a u l i B l o c k ,
A t r a u l i T e h s i l , D i s t r i c t A l i g a r h , U . P .
( J u n e , 1 9 8 6 ) .
Plate-XII Water tab le contour map of B i jau l i Block,
Atrauli Tehs.il, D i s t r i c t Aligarh, U.P.
(November, 19 86) .
P la te -XII I Hydrograph of Permanent Network Station in
Bijaul i Block, Aligarh D i s t r i c t , U.P.
Plate-XIV Water leve l f l uc tua t i on map of Bijaul i Block.
Plate-XV Variation in average water table and monthly
rainfal l at B i jau l i .
Plate-XVI Variation in average water table and monthly
rainfal l at Sankra.
Plate-XVII Specific conductance of ground water in Bijaul i
Block, D i s t r i c t Aligarh, U.P.
Plate-XVIII Distribution of chloride in shallow ground water
in Bijauli Block.
Plate-XIX Distribution of to ta l hardness in shallow ground
water of Bi jaul i Block.
Plate-XX Showing p lo t s of sodium per cent against E.G.
values.
Plate-XXI Showing plots of S.A.R. values against E.G.
Values.
I V
LIST OF APPE!S[DICES
A p p e n d i x - I ( A ) Annual r a i n f a l l i n mm a t A t r a u l i R a i n g a u g e
s t a t i o n , A l i g a r h D i s t r i c t .
A p p e n d i x - I ( B ) S t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s of r a i n f a l l d a t a .
A p p e n d i x - I I L i t h o l o g i c a l l o g s of b o r e h o l e s d r i l l e d by
t h e s t a t e tube-wel l d e p a r t m e n t i n B i j a u l i
B l o c k .
A p p e n d i x - I l l H y d r o g e o l o g i c a l d a t a of dug w e l l s i n v e n t o r i e d
i n B i j a u l i B l o c k .
Append ix - IV(A) R e s u l t s of p a r t i a l c h e m i c a l a n a l y s i s of w a t e r
sa r rp les c o l l e c t e d dug w e l l s of B i j a u l i B lock
(ppm) .
Append ix - IV(A) R e s u l t s of P a r t i a l c h e m i c a l a n a l y s i s of w a t e r
s amples c o l l e c t e d f rom t u b e w e l l s ( p p m ) .
Append ix - IV(B) Chemical a n a l y s i s d a t a of w a t e r s a m p l e s c o l l e c t e d
from dug w e l l s ( e p m ) .
Appendix-rlvCB) Chemical a n a l y s i s d a t a of w a t e r s a r r p l e s c o l l e c t e d
from d e e p t u b e w e l l s ( e p m ) .
A p p e n d i x - V ( A ) Trace e l e m e n t d a t a (by Atomic A b s o r p t i o n S p e c t
r o p h o t o m e t e r ) of Wa te r s a m p l e s c o l l e c t e d from
dug w e l l s of B i j a u l i B l o c k .
A p p e n d i x - V ( B ) Trace e l e m e n t d a t a of w a t e r s a m p l e s c o l l e c t e d
from d e e p t u b e w e l l s of B i j a u l i B l o c k .
A p p e n d i x - V ( c ) R e s u l t s of t r a c e e l e m e n t s c h e m i c a l a n a l y s i s of
"Ground water must be studied carefully, used economically and conserved wisely if future requirements are to be served adequately".
(Bowen, 1980)
CHAPTER-I
INTRODUCTION
Next to air, water is the most essential to man and
the largest available source of fresh water lies under ground.
Increased demands for water during the last two decades have
stimulated development of ground water resources. There is
no doubt that demand of ground water for variety of purposes
will continue to grow. Thus we find that the ground water has
come of age and forms one of the vital natural resources; the
exploration, development and management of which will play a
pivotal role in the development of the area*where it occurs.
For full development of ground water reservoirs, ground water
place in the hydrologic cycle and in hydrologic system must be
evaluated. During the past decades emphasis has been given on
the management of this resource but before any resource is
managed, it must be first quantified. Hence a precise evaluation
of ground water resource of an area/basin becomes an essential
pre-requisite for its proper development for various uses and
its conservation.
India has had a spectacular record of success in
achieving major increase in food production, stemming from
the introduction of high yielding varieties of wheat and
rice in the mid-sixtees what is known as the 'Green Revolution'.
India lives in 6.6 lakhs villages. Its rural sector will
be facing a quiet crisis called as post 'Green Revolution'
crisis. The crisis will come from India's anticipated population
growth and the food grain requirement of 235 million tonnes by
the year 2 000. If India is to provide adequate food and fibre
for a projected population of one billion by the turn of
century, crop production will have to be 2 35 million tonnes
as against, the present 145 million tonnes. There is a need
for bold strategic planning to maintain the momentum of the
•Green Revolution'. The momentum can not only be maintained
but accelerated through giving self sufficiency in grain a
top priority in agricultural planning, with an emphasis to
step up the growth rate in agricultural production and
productivity in medium and long term.
Irrigation is an important element in agricultural input
in soil-crop-water system to raise the production, this is
why high priority has been given to water resource development
in all our plans. Our water resource development prograrrane
has two main components, surface water and ground water.
A total potential of 20.8 million hectares was created
during the last 34 years (1951-85) and an addition 4.3 million
hectares is expected to be created during the Seventh Five Year
Plan (1986-90) through major and medium surface irrigation
projects (Vohra, 1985).
Now coming to our ground water resources which contributes
over 50 per cent of irrigation potential created in the country.
It is, therefore of vital importance. The gross ground water 3
recharge in the country is 458 milliard m and the net utilisable
3 ground water recharge works out to be 321 milliard m . The
present.ground water utilisation in the country is 125 milliard
3 3
m leaving a balance of 196 milliard m of ground water still
available for future development and utilisation. It can be
stated that the ultimate feasible irrigation potential from
ground water resources in the country is 40 million hectares
and by the year 1979-80, 22 million hectares i.e. nearly 55%
of ultimate feasible potential are being provided irrigation
by ground water. The target for the Sixth Five Year Plan
(1980-1985) to provide irrigation by ground water to 7 million
hectares in the first two years of the Plan (1980—82), aisout
1.45 million hectare have been provided irrigation through
ground water resources. The fact that out of the total
ultimate feasible irrigation potential by all sources of 113
million hectares in the country the share of ground water is
40 million hectares, clearly indicates the importance of
ground water resources in providing irrigation in the country
(Pathack, 1985).
The achievement so far in developing ground water to
meet the irrigational needs in the country are commendable.
Further, in all canal command areas in the country particularly
in Ganga Basin, excessive application of surface water has
resulted in serious conditions of water logging and soil
salinisation. In all such situations detail hydrogeological
studies involving the amount of seepage and management of
ground water reservoir are very essential. Conjunctive use
of surface and ground water will greatly help to achieve the
safe and optimum utilisation of water in such areas. The
situation demands afresh look on all our grounds water
resources in the country.
In the above context, it has become very important to
make a refind quantitative evaluation of our ground water
resources right from the block level and then at district
level. Such investigations will depict a harmonious hydro-
geological picture of the country, encompassing blockwise
occurrence, behaviour, quality, state of development, quantity
of usable ground water resource and scope of its further
development.
LOCATION, EXTENT AND COMiMUNICATION :
Aligarh is one of the most prominent district of the
Ganga-Yamuna Doab and forms a part of Centra Ganga basin.
It consists of three distinct physiographic units. The
western and eastern uplands and the central depression. The
Bijauli Block is a part of the eastern upland. The Bijauli
Block - the area under study is spread over the right bank
of the river Ganga covering an area of 4 32 sq. km. It is the
easternmost block of Aligarh district and lies between latitude
27*^50' to 28°05' N and longitudes 78°20' to 78°35' E and falls
in the Survey of India toposheet nos. 5 3 L/8, 5 3 L/12 and
54 1/5 (Plate-l). The area is well connected with the district
headquarter by metal road and regular bus service is available
frequently during the day time.
PREVIOUS WORK :
In early sixtees ground water exploration and resource
evaluation was carried out in Atrauli Block of which Bijauli
Block at that time formed a part by the Exploratory Tubewell
Organisation, Ministry of Irrigation, Government of India
which after merging with the Ground Water Division of
Geological Survey of India is now known as Central Ground
Water Board since 1972.
(A
c n m o o c c 15 aa 2 3 « •^ CB flB X ~ =: Jc.:s • ^ lA u «
Rao and Raju (1965) made detailed investigation of the
hydrogeological conditions through large scale exploratory
drilling, delineation ot aquifer system and determination of
aquifer constants through conducting pumping tests and data
analysis. This study formed an ideal case history for the
ground water exploration and resource evaluation for about a
decade.
Dutt (1969) studied the hydrogeology and water logging
conditions in Aligarh district. According to him seepage from
the Ganga canals has created the water logging conditions in
the area. In view of the inter-connected nature of the aquifer
system in the area, he suggested a large scale withdrawal of
ground water through deep tubewells to serve the dual purpose
of arresting the rising trend of water table and meeting the
irrigation needs.
In early part of the present decade Ground Water
Investigation Organisation also carried out the survey and
made an attempt to quantify the resources on the district
level.
Although the general geological and ground water
conditions in Central Ganga basin are known through regional
studies carried out by Central Ground Water Board, Ministry
of Water Resources, Government of India, the detailed
information necessary for meaningful quantitative estimates
7 .
of g round w a t e r r e s o u r c e s ir knowri on ly : o r s m a l l p a r t of
b a s i n . More d e t a i l e d s t u d i e s i n l i m i t e d a r e a has r a r e l y b e e n
a t t e m p t e d . The p r e s e n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n i s an a t t e m p t t o d e c i p h e r
a f r e s h the a q u i f e r sys tem i n d e t a i l and e v a l u a t e g round w a t e r
r e s o u r c e i n a manageable a r e a i n o r d e r t o d e p i c t a harmonious
h y d r o g e o l o g i c a l framework a t b l o c k l e v e l . Moreover, ground
water i s a r e p l e n i s h a b l e r e s o u r c e , the q u a n t i f i c a t i o n of which
i s e s s e n t i a l f o r drawing up p l a n s f o r i t s p r o p e r u t i l i s a t i o n ,
management and c o n s e r v a t i o n . A c c o r d i n g l y , a comprehens ive
h y d r o g e o l o g i c a l p i c t u r e o f B i j a u l i Block i n <;erms of q u a l i t y
and a v a i l a b i l i t y of ground water r e s o u r c e s f o r f u r t h e r
deve lopment and d e l i n e a t i n g a r e a s of r echarge and d i s c h a r g e
has been c a r r i e d o u t . B e s i d e s , the o b j e c t i v e i s t o s t u d y t h e
pace of ground water deve lopment t h a t has been t a k e n p l a c e
and i t s e f f e c t on the ground water regimen of the a r e a .
The f i e l d work i n c l u d e d moni tor ing of water l e v e l i n
dug w e l l s w i t h an eye on s e a s o n a l ground w a t e r f l u c t u a t i o n ,
i n v e n t o r y of dug w e l l s and t u b e w e l l s , c o l l e c t i o n of w a t e r
samples from s e l e c t e d w e l l s and s u r f a c e w a t e r b o d i e s and
c o l l e c t i o n of r e l e v a n t h y d r o m e t e o r o l o g i c a l , h y d r o l o g i c a l and
h y d r o g e o l o g i c a l d a t a .
PHYSIOGRAPHY AND DRAINAGE
PHYSIOGRAPHY :
From the low land of the erstwhile channels of the
Ganga, the level rises sharply to high sandy uplands which
crown the old flood bank of the river and then decades inland
gradually to a depression drained by Nim and Chhoiya beyond
which it rises again to the bank of Kali Nadi. The river Kali
cuts Atrauli tehsil from the rest of the district. Along the
right bank of Kali river is another sandy belt rising from
low and narrow Khadir of stream and is followed by a loam
soil which sinks into broad central depression. However, the
Bijauli Block under review may be divided into the following
four distinct physiographic units in the east to the west
direction t-
1. Khadir or low valleys of the Ganga.
2. Sankra Upland or Ganga-Nim Doab.
3. Nim-Chhoiya low land or depression.
4. Atrauli upland or Nim-Chhoiya mini Doab.
1 . The Khadir :
It lies between riqht. iinnk o* th'- river Gangs and
Sankra upland. It extends in the northv/est to southeast
direction parallel to the bank of the Ganga. It is 1.6 km.
wide in the north which gradually increases due south to two
kilometers. The soil of Khadir is recent alluvium comprising
coarse to medium grey micaceous sand. Geomorphologically, the
Khadir consists of numerous point bar deposits with fining
upward cycles. In between these point bar deposits are
depressions which remain water logged throughout the year.
Along the western margins of Khadir flows the lower Ganga
canal perpendicular to which a series of escapes have.been
constructed to drain the excess discharge during the flood.
The Khadir is on the whole a rich tract, the finest portion
being the strip between the uplands and the canal. The Khadir
is thickly forested and form the natural habitat for the
wildlife.
2. Sankra Upland :
The Khadir is followed westward by Sankra upland which
lies between Khadir and the Nim-Chhoiya low land and extends
in northwest to southeast direction. The eastern flank of
this uplan'l slopes toward t.l.- G<-'v7o while the western tl.ank
tapers towards trie Hin\-':\\, .•:.;/:^ h'-;: r-= ssion. 'VUt- Sankra upland
commence with the belt or hijh undulating ground above the
high bank. Here the soil is almost sandy in nature, ravines
are comparatively rare and are seldom extensive. This tract
is highly populated and there are numerous mango grooves in
the vicinity of the valleys.
3« Nim-Chhoiya Depression :
The sankra upland is followed by Nim-Chhoiya depression.
This low land appears to have been carved out of the upland by
Nim and Chhoiya rivers through erosion. The Nim traverse the
Block in south-easterly direction and leaves the district at
Barhari close to its junction with Kali Nadi. It always contains
water but Chhoiya a drainage channel which join it at Ramamii
remains dry except during the rainy season. There is a belt of
Khadir along the Nim, generally of fair quality but the soil
is apt to deteriorate after heavy floods especially in southern
reaches owing to saturation and appearance of reh. The country
west of this river is a fine stretch of good loam soil, extending
to sandy ridge which overlook Khadir of Kali Nadi. Through the
centre runs a depression in which soil stiffens into clay and
at places there is good deal of 'usar*, particularly southeast
of Atrauli.
11
4 . Atraali Upland :
The upland lying west of Nim river is fine stretch of
good loam soil which extends westward up to the Khadir (low
land) of Kali river. Atrauli upland is a part of Sankra-Atrauli
main upland lying between Khadirs of Kali and Ganga rivers,
respectively. This upland has been exposed to erosion since
long and Nim and Chhoiya rivers traversing through the middle
of this upland have carved out a well defined valley and have
generated Nim-Chhoiya Doab or Atrauli upland.
DRAINAGE :
The area i s drained by the Ganga, Ka l i , Nim and Chhoiya
r i v e r s . The r i g h t bank of the Ganga forms the eas te rn most
hydro-boundary of the B i j a u l i Block as well as t ha t of Aligarh
d i s t r i c t r e spec t ive ly . The Ganga merely touches the Block in
the e a s t and d i r ec t l y dra ins low be l t of Khadir and a small
po r t i on of uplands from which the surface water i s c a r r i e d
down by few ravi r^s of small magnitude.
The Kali r ive r i s p r a c t i c a l l y the only t r i b u t a r y of
Ganga which t raverses the a r ea . Rising in Muzaffarnagar, i t
passes through Meerut and Bulandshahr before enter ing the
d i s t r i c t on the northern border close to Atraul i Road rai lway
s t a t i o n then i t takes a devious but genera l ly sou theas te r ly
12
coarse along the western and southern border of Atrauli tehsil
passing into Etah near Barhari. The river is not navigable but
of perennial nature and its volume is increased by surplus
water from the Ganga canals.
Of much more importance, however, is the Nim. The stream
rises in Bulandshahr, after entering Atrauli at Chakthal flows
in southerly or southeasterly direction through the east of
that sub-division, past the villages of Bijauli and Bhikampur.
At Ramamai it is joined on its right bank by a small drainage
channel called Chhoiya, which has its source to the north of
Atrauli, close to the district border and during the rains
carries off a good deal of flood water from the low ground
in its vicinity.
CLIMATE AND RAINFALL s
The Bijauli Block falls under the subtropical climatic
zone and is characterised by hot summer and chilly winter.
During summer the temperature often rises to 45 C while during
winter season mercury touches 4 C.
Rainfall :
The monsoon breaks in the second week of June, heavy
nreciDitation takes olace in the month of July and August
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13
and i t e n d s i n S e p t e m b e r . The a r e a on an a v e r a g e r e c e i v e s
7 7 1 , 7 mm of a n n u a l r a i n f a l l ( P l a t e - l l ) .
A r e a l D i s t r i b u t i o n of R a i n f a l l :
A p e r u s a l of t h e i s o h y e t a l map ( P l a t e - I l l ) of t h e
d i s t r i c t shows t h a t t h e i n t e n s i t y of r a i n f a l l d e c r e a s e s
from e a s t t o wes t and on an average t h e e a s t e r n p a r t of
t h e d i s t r i c t r e c e i v e s s l i g h t l y more than 900 mm annual
r a i n f a l l which g r a d u a l l y d e c r e a s e s t o 600 mm i n the w e s t ,
p r o x i m a l t o the banks of r i v e r Yamuna.
V a r i a b i l i t y of R a i n f a l l :
The a v a i l a b l e annual r a i n f a l l d a t a of A t r a u l i Rain
Gauge S t a t i o n f o r the p e r i o d 1901-1985 have been s t a t i s t i c a l l y
a n a l y s e d and r e s u l t s t a b u l a t e d ( T a b l e - 1 ) . I t i s s e e n t h a t t h e
h i g h e s t r a i n f a l l at A t r a u l i Rain Gauge S t a t i o n i s 1400 mm
(1983) whereas the l o w e s t 333 mm (1979) showing a v e r y wide
range of v a r i a t i o n . The mean annual r a i n f a l l i s 7 7 1 . 7 Fran.
The s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n a t A t r a u l i i s 2 4 7 . 4 mm and c o e f f i c i e n t
of v a r i a t i o n i s 32.1%.
<
Q.
O cr. c/)
X
<
a. <
<
UJ
>-
o if)
14
Table-1 : Results of statistical analysis of Annual Rainfall
at Atrauli, District Aligarh.
Highest rainfall (1983)
Lowest rainfall (1979)
Mean
Standard deviation
Coefficient of variation (%
14 00 mm
33 3 mm
771 .7 mm
247.4 mm
32.1%
DROUGHT ANALYSIS :
Plate-IV shows the departure of annual rainfall from
the mean annual rainfall. Departure of annual rainfall
from mean annual rainfall have been calculated for the
Atrauli Rain Gauge Station. The calculated values of
departures have been used in drought analysis (Table-2^.
The study shows that there is no cyclicity as such but
mild to normal drought sets in 3 to 5 years and severe
drought in every 20 years. The frequency of occurrence
of mild to normal droughts at Atrauli is 39.2% and the
frequency of severe drought is 5.9%.
#^
15
T a b l e - 2 : R e s u l t s of D r o u g h t A n a l y s i s a t A t r a a l i , D i s t r i c t
A l i g a r h .
Type of Drought Years Frequency of occurrence
1. Mild Drought (0.0 to 25%)
2. Normal Drought (25.1% to 50%)
3. severe Drought (5 0.1% to 75%)
4. Very Severe Drought (75% to 10(
19 09, 1914, 1926, 1943, 1952, 1962, 1965, 1971, 1984.
1910,' 1913, 1923, 1925, 1931, 1937, 1944, 1949,
1902, 1903, 1904, 1907, 1908, 1912, 1915, 1920, 1928, 1930, 1934, 1938, 1953, 1959, 1981.
1901, 1905, 1918 1941, 1979.
nil
21.4%
17.8
5.9
SOIL TYPE OF BIJAULI BLOCK s
The soil survey of the Bijauli Block was carried out
by the Department of Agriculture, Government of Uttar Pradesh
in 1953, In all, three types of soils have been reported
pertaining to three distinct physiographic units of the
Block which are as under (Agrawala and Mehrotra, 1953) :-
16
i. Sandy loam
2. Sandy loam to loam
3. Loam to clay loam •
1. Sandy Loam :
The Ganga Khadir is underlain by sandy to silty loam,
which this tract receives year after year because of over
flowing of Ganga during flood season. Generally, the deposit
is of silty nature with a varying colour from liqht grey to
ash grey. The soil is immature and has sandy to silty loam
texture.
Consequent to shallow ground water level salt
efflorescence appears to be common feature of the entire
tract which are locally called as usar. Generally the soils
are saline in nature and alkaline in reaction with a pH
usually above 8. The soil profile consist of numerous
immature stratified layers of younger soils which deposited
over one another during the flood periods of the river Ganga^
These soils have fair reserves of lime, magnesia and iron.
Lime save the soil from becoming completely salinized.
2. Sandy Loam to Loam Soil s
This soil type covers the major portion of the upland
17
to deep brown and texture of the soil is sandy to good quality
loam. Usually the surface soil up to depth of 20 to 25 cm is a
well drained soil and contains loose loam that can easily be
ploughed and cultivated. The soils are more leached than the
other soil of the district because the annual rainfall in this
area is more than the other parts of Aligarh district. Percen
tage of lime content is low and magnesia is everywhere more
than lime, calcareous nodules occurs almost everywhere in the
sab-soil. The pH ranges from 6.2 to 6.8. The upland soils are
well drained, hence soil salinization is rarely observed.
3. Loam to Clay Loam Soil :
A small portion of Block between Chharrah and the left
bank of Kali Nadi and also low valleys of Nim and Chhoiya are
covered by this soil (Plate-v) . These soils are sticky and
generally clayey loam to loam in texture. They are grey to
dark grey tending to be black when moist. The tract is
underlain by a thick pan of kankar occurring in mild cases
in the form of nodules which at places cement together forming
a stiff impenetrable rock in the bottom layers. The percentage
of clay decreases with increase in depth which shows an ideal
example of water logged soils where the impermeable sub-soil
horizon does not allow the translocation of even the finest
clay particles. Due to poor drainage the soluble sodium salts
SOIL MAP OF BIJAULI BLOCK PLATE V
S O U R C E : AGARAWAIA R.ft. i MALHOTRA C.L. $OIL SURVEY AND SOIL WORK IN UP. VOLUME I
18
are deposited on the surface in the form of reh. The pH value
of this soil ranges from 7 to 9. Iron and alumina remain
stationary and magnesia is little in entire profile (Agrawala,
et al., 1953).
LANDUSE PATTERN IN BIJAULI BLOCK :
Statistics regarding the landuse pattern in Bijauli
Block is given in the Table-3.
Table-3 : Landuse Patternin Bijauli Block (in hectares).
as Q> U <
+J tn 0) M O
&4
0) -H ^ (t) 0)
> +> •H m -P (D rH S 3 u
'O c (0
i H
s 0
rH rH (0
CH
a> -H
T3 ,Q C 10 T3 m > G
-H (0 C -P rH 0) rH U D M U (C C m o
1 C 0 O to C 3
1-1 0) (U M -a Xi C nj 3 >
•r^
TS -P C rH m 3 J U
10 (U M 3 -p to (0 0 . .
to Q)
to > 3 O o o
SH Q) U 0) C O T3 (0 c rH ta 3 rH
<U 0) TJ O O G to fO <0 -H M .4 6 H
c ^ o CO
ID 0) u < • p
0) 2:
0) l^ o s: 0)
o c c ^ o o to c
(0 (0 x: 0) -P M <:
43200 16 505 2864 1174 4219 237 156.2 36711 27281
A perusal of table shows that out of the total area of
43200 hectares, 84% of the area is under cultivation of which
19
about 70% is sown more than once. Out of the total irrigated
area of 25641.5 hectares, an area of 20070 hectares is
irrigated by ground water, sources and 5571 hectares is
irrigated__by__the_ surf ace _water sources. A -very small axea— -
of 16 hectares is covered by the forest. However, a large
part of the area lies as barren usar land.
CHAPTER-III
GEOLOGY
The study area forms a part of Ganga basin, which is
one of the strikingly important physiographic units of India
which stretches across the northern India.
Physiographically, the Ganga basin is a broad monotonous
level, expanses built up of Quaternary alluvium through which
the river Ganga and its tributaries flow sluggishly toward the
sea.
Stratigraphically, it is built up of alternate layers
of gravel, sand, silt and clays of Quaternary age. The
thickness of alluvium increases toward north. The alluvium
constitutes an asymmetric prism of sediment with its axis
of thickest deposition running close to the Himalayan foot
hills. Extensive geological and geophysical surveys have been
carried out in Ganga basin since last three decades. As- regards
the origin of Ganga basin various shades of views are there,
some of which arB as follows.
It was interpreted to be a foredeep (Suess, 1904-1924)
or a great rift valley (Burard, 1915) filled up with alluvium
of thickness 4.5 km. (Oldham, 1917) to 20 km. (Pascoe, 1964).
A third and more recent view regards this region as a sag in
the crust. Generally, accepted view at present is that it has
21
been formed by buckling down of the northern fringe of the
Peninsular Shield beneath the sediments thrust over it from
north (Krishrian, 1968).
According to Valdiya (1982) following the main Himalayan
episode, the northern flank of the platform around the Bundel-
khand Shield sagged and sagged phenomenally. The strongly
depressed platform became the site of vigorous fluvial
sedimentation. Thus the Ganga basin is a direct consequence
of compressive deformation of the northern fringe of the
Peninsula by the Himalayan orogeny.
According to Krishnan (1968) the Indo-Gangetic depression
must have been formed in the later stages of Himalayan orogeny
when the Indian Shield under thrust the Asian continent.
The sub-surface topography of the Ganga basin is an
alternation of ridges or spurs and depressions. These ridges
and spurs subdivide the Ganga basin into number of depressions
and sub-basins (Sastri, et al., 1971; Rao, 1973) which are as
follows s-
1. Hardwar-Rishikesh Spur
2 . Araval l i Horst
3 . Aligarh-Kasganj-Tanakpur Spur
4 . Rara-Ganga Depression
5 . Sarda Depression
6. Paizabad Ridge
Ram-Ganga Depression :
This is limited to the northwest by Hardwar-Rishikesh
spur and to the southeast by Kasganj-Tanakpur spur which is
northern extension of Badaun Arch in Ganga valley.
The depression is marked by Schuppen structures in
major part of the area. The paleogene rock preserved in
this depression continue into Sarda Depression across
Tanakpur spur (Oil and Natural Gas Commission, 1983).
Allgarh-Kasganj-Tanakpur Spur :
This spur marks the eastern limit of Aravalli Horst.
Sarda river flows along this spur. Eastern edge of this spur
coincides with the sub-surface extension of the Great Boundary
Fault of Rajasthan where it seperates Aravalli rocks from the
Vindhyans. Analysis of structural pattern of the exposed foot
hills and gravity anomaly and basement contour maps of the
plains suggests that these spurs are fault bound (Oil and
Natural Gas Commission, 1983) . The investigated area lies on
western flank of Aligarh-Kasganj-Tanakpur spur and South of
Ramganga depression.
23
SUB-SURFACE GEOLOGY OF THE AREA :
The sub-surface geology of the area as revealed by
lithological cross-section (Plate-Vl) prepared from the
lithological data of deep wells drilled by Oil and Natural
Gas Commission, at Kasganj and Ujhani and by Central Ground
Water Board at Saleempur and Aligarh. The bed rock was
encountered at Saleempur at a depth of 286.94 m.b.g.l. is
Upper Bhander Sandstone whereas in Aligarh the bed rock
encountered at a depth of 340 m.b.g.l. is a red shale, at
Kasganj and Ujhani the bed rock encountered at a depth of
620 and 967 m.b.g.l. respectively, is reddish brown limestone.
In a deep well drilled at Ujhani by Oil and Natural Gas
Commission, the meta-quartzite with sericite schist and
phyllite encountered at a depth of 2062 m.b.g.l. forms the
Basement. Further, on the eroded surface of this Basement
were deposited quartzwacke and quartz-arenite, followed by
reddish-brown argillaceous limestone, greyish-brown shale,
reddish-brown quartz-arenite. The difference in depth to bed
rock at Kasganj and Ujhani.may be due to same structural
dislocation. The Bijauli Block lies in between Kasganj and
Ujhani at the right bank of the river Ganga, hence its bed
rock may probably be the greenish-grey dolomitic limestone.
The probable depth to bed rock at Bijauli is estimated around
SUBSURFACE GEOLOGICAL CROSS SECTION ALONG SALEEMPUR, ALIGARH, KASGANJ UJHANI IN PARTS OF CENTRAL GANGA-BASIN P L A T E VI
M^
260
i
UJMAHI
I H M • 0 • psa
BUAULI
342 ^^tScdtockl
ICK")-
200-
62C(Bedrock)
\ \
DELHif ••
• \ UUHANI \ / - .
^ 1
.
/ • • • • .
\ '1 (BedfockV
100-
4 0 0 -
5 0 0 -
5 0 0 -
700—
6 0 0 -
900-
967
lOOO—
INDEX
If)
Q: I -UJ 2
— _
:;. . , , • •
_— _
• ,' /".'-.
A
X A
1 , I
V^V -f •t
f
sT,'.
* •
t f
CLAY
SAND
SANDSTONE
PEBBLES
KANKAR
L IMESTOI«
CARBONACEOUS
ORTHOQUARTZITE
METAMORPHIC BASEMENT
PYRITE
The probable geological sequence at Bijauli Block
based on the deep wells drilling data at Ujhani and Kasganj
is as follows :-
(After Sastri, 1971)
Quaternary Alluvium - alternate bed sand and clay with occasional bed of kankar.
Unconformity
Greenish grey dolomitic limestone Reddish brown quartz-arenite
?^,, Greyish brown shale in yan Reddish brown argillaceous limestone
Quartzwacke and quartz-arenite
Unconformity
Precambrian Metaquartzite with sericite schist and phyllite
It appears from the above sequence that on eroded surface
of the basement probably the Upper Vindhyan Bhander Group was
deposited and on eroded and upturned surface of the Upper
Vindhyan, the Quaternary alluvium comprising alternate beds
of sand and clay were deposited leading to the formation of
the present Ganga plain. There are two distinct unconformities
one between the Basement and Upper Vindhyan formation and the
CHAPTER-IV
HYDROGEOLOGY
Systematic well inventory of 9C dug ^lls, 20 shallow
and 26 deep tubewells were carried out and relevant hydro-
geological data were collected which have furnished valuable
informations on ground water regime of the area.
In order to study the occurrence and movement of ground
water in various physiographic units of the area/ depth to
water level maps, water level fluctuation map, pre and post
monsoon water table contour maps have been prepared. In
addition, lithological logs of deep tubewells (70 to 143
m.b.g.l.) were studied and utilised in the preparation of
fence diagram which depicts sub-surface geology and the
aquifer disposition in the area. Location of dug wells and
deep tubewells inventoried are given in Plate-vil.
GROUNDWATER CONDITIONS s
The coarser elastics in alluvial sequence form the major
repository of ground water in the area. Ground water in the
area occurs both under pheratic and semi-confined to confined
conditions depending upon the absence or presence of aquitard
and aquiclude as confining beds. The shallow aquifers are
MAP OF BIJOLI BLOCK.ATRAULI TEHSIL,DISTT.AL IGARH U.P. SHOWING LOCATION OF DUG-WELL. AND TUBE-WELLS
JUtHSl ^ ^,. . . . 7§,3Q, £LAL£^I
Near I LoTWorh _, Premnagor
KheriQ,
|Alrpur
•Dinapur
Khanpur ^ * •kigatpur
rupyr^
Mahka
Nahal
Modhupur
ajrauli
Rajatusheopur * • Sftafnspur
*5§V Bhojpur
=}ampurkhofcl -
,To
,8hojpur
Pipr I
"•tteS ••<fPQltr
Lahaska
Bhamso
Trauli
Oudhma
Shahpurtiotra / • Khurdara Bahona
oar pur Gangaba»
RuBtvnnogdr
_,SankarQ Kgmsai •
3^/fa '^
ikofrd'
Badesra idor
• Singh por -fit
Sidh*^*
• ^ u n p a n
Bijouii
Sirsa* y NaglaBijauli
Purmi IWTKJilpur ^ /V^o ,
Chhabilpur
53
Rompur *^ ^f^ . 0 //Chandiana |taCholi Buzuig
° / RanModjna"'
^° /• • W q / ' Nardil •
Haranpor •Waromka nagia ^ _
^ ^ Uto»*Qmpur
»Lahra s A k m • < > • . „ pur iPithanpur ^Kanchonpur
fN-Bonuar/
Rajgoon Shafii
Pindo( ^
Haam Hun
libotpur Ko^a
Poisi
Bhoipur
Skamokak
Ar«ni • ^ 9 3
Rasoini Habibpur
•Aiofpur
Mundhtr
Slndhouli
Sorauli
Chharra»v- 79 Bamori-— - ^
Buzurg
Kharen Mas}jw>ur
fOodoi]
4-UdJt
JNtanp bjr Ninamoi
•Nogki Dhimer
'NoglaBcdi
B o i n k a k ^ . .
•Nogki Ohok raO
BainKhord
NagloBhur ^
Parora O/ 45
Jutothal
Lodhai
Ti*2or
tWDEX • WELLS INVENTORIED
<• STATE TUBE WELLS
KILOMETRES
Zitso'
pheratic in nature whereas deeper aquifers are semi-confined
to confined in nature.
The rainfall fonns the main source of ground water
recharge. Recharge also occurs through irrigation,return
flow and seepage from the Lower Ganga feeder channel, upper
Ganga canal and its distributaries act as major sources of
ground water recharge in eastern part of the area lying in
Ganga-Nim Doab.
EVOLUTION OF AQUIFERS s
The evolution of aquifers in fluvial system is dependent
upon hydrodynamics of the flow regime, geology and topography
of the terrain, leading to the terrigeneous clastic deposition
system, which are typically represented as the channel, flood
plain, and back swanp deposits.
Channel Deposit :
The typical channel deposits of the river Ganga as
observed in the study area from bottom upward comprise
coarse sand mixed with gravel through medium to fine sand
to silt and a thin clay layer at the top. This top clay and
some fine sand layers are washed away during the succeeding
flood period and a fresh body of sand with fining upward
2 7
sequence is deposited again each year, forming thereby a
reasonably thick terrigenous clastic deposits till the river
changes its course due to some tectonic control through
convulsion. These thick bodies of sand form the potential
repositories of ground water or potential aquifers.
Flood Plain Deposit s
During the flood season when the flood water overflows
the banks, medium to fine sand bodies of moderate thickness
and of limited areal extent are deposited over the flood
plain. These lenticular bodies of sand form the moderately
potential aquifers in comparison to the highly potential
aquifers of the channel deposits.
Back-Swamp Deposit or Oxbow Lake Deposit :
The flood water, further moves down the slope, to the
low lying areas where it is left predominantly with the
suspended materials which get settled und'er the influence
of gravity and form a lensoid body of sand which is further
overlain by the still finer elastics i.e. clay. Thus there
occurs enclaves of sand bodies intercalated within the under
lying and over-lying thick clay beds. Such bodies of sand
form the poor aquifers. These aquifers are typical representa-
Thereafter the river changes its course under tectonic
control through convulsion or some other factor like earth
quake etc. Thus with the passage of time, the position of
channel, flood plain, and back swamp deposits also continue
changing. That is why we do not get continuous body of sand
or clay except under certain extraordinary situation in a
single drill hole. The above lithological variations are
attributable to their mode of deposition by the constantly
shifting nature of the river Ganga.
The Ganga fluvial system which has generated various
aquifer in the area which are as under :-
(a) The channel deposits are thick bodies of aquifers of
infinite areal extent, hence form most potential ground
water reservoir.
(b) Flood plain deposits giving rise to the lenticular type
of aquifers, limited in thickness and areal extent and
are only moderately potential.
(c) Lensoid bodies of sand occurring as enclaves or stringers
within the thick clay bed, generally forms the low
potential aquifers often with quality problems.
We find that in a thick Ganga alluvium, the complexes
of the channel, flood plain, and Oxbow fades reappear several
times in a well drilled at places in the area. Thus the
terrigenous clastic depositional system of the river Ganga
i n t h e a r e a of s t u d i e s an i n d e x of i t s complex h y d r o d y n a m i c
r eg ime whi"h g e n e r a t e d t h e v a r i o u s a q u i f e r s i n t h e g r e a t
Ganqa p l a i n .
AQUIFER GEOMETRY :
The f e n c e d i a g r a m r e v e a l s t h e v e r t i c a l and p r o b a b l e
l a t e r a l e x t e n s i o n of l i t h o l o g i c a l u n i t s ( P l a t e - V I I l ) . A
p e r u s a l of t h e f e n c e d i a g r a m shows t h a t i n a l l , t h e r e o c c u r s
t h r e e t o f o u r - t i e r a q u i f e r s y s t e m i n B i j a u l i B l o c k .
By and l a r g e t h e s e a q u i f e r s a p p e a r t o merge w i t h e a c h
o t h e r and behave as s i n g l e b o d i e d a q u i f e r s y s t e m . The f e n c e
d i a g r a m shows t h a t t h e g r a n u l a r z o n e s c o m p r i s i n g sand and
g r a v e l form a b o u t 30 t o 40% of t o t a l f o r m a t i o n s e n c o u n t e r e d
down t o t h e d e p t h of 143 m . b . g . l . i n n o r t h - w e s t e r n p o r t i o n
of t h e a r e a . G r a d u a l l y t h e c l a y b e d s p i n c h o u t i n t h e c e n t r a l
p a r t of t h e a r e a and g r a n u l a r z o n e s a t t a i n g r e a t e r t h i c k n e s s
t h e r e . T h i s s i t u a t i o n c o n t i n u e s p r o g r e s s i v e l y i n s o u t h and
s o u t h - e a s t e r l y d i r e c t i o n s where t h e a q u i f e r a t t a i n s maximum
t h i c k n e s s of 90 m e t e r s . I n n o r t h - e a s t e r n s e c t i o n a l s o g x a n u l a r
z o n e s p r e d o m i n a t e s o v e r i m p e r v i o u s b e d s . Here t h e sand and
g r a v e l s a r e 50% t o 60% of t o t a l l i t h o u n i t s . The most p e c u l i a r
i s t h e s o u t h - w e s t e r n s u b - s u r f a c e g e o l o g i c a l s e t - u p where t h e
c l a y p r e d o m i n a t e s o v e r t h e s a n d . The a q u i f e r zones o c c u r a s
FENCE DIAGRAM SHOWING SUB SURFACE GEOLOGY AND AQUIFER DISPOSITION IN
'^BUAULI BLOCK, ATRAULI TEHSIL, DISTRICT ALIGARH,UP
PLATEVir
^" 5 ^
0 — i _ KILOMETRES
(\ferticQl Scat« in Mts.)
NO EX
SURFACE CLAY
CLAY
SANDY CLAY
CLAY KANKAR
FINE SAND
MEDIUM SAND
COA«SE SANq^GRAV£L
.WATER LEVEl TUBE WELL NO WELL DEPTH
lenticular bodies of sand trapped within thick clay beds.
Here the granular zo!ies comxjrises 15% to 2 0% of total strata
encountered down to a depth of 140 m.b.g.l.
Fine through medium to occasionally coarse sand with
slight admixture of gravels generally comprise the aquifeT
material in the area. They have various shades of grey colour
and are predominantly micaceous in nature.
On the basis of the study of geological sections,
lithology of boreholes and hydrogeological properties,
the aquifers can be described under two distinct categories.
(a) Shallow aquifers occurring within the depth of 50
meters.
(b) Deeper aquifers between 50 meters to 150 meters.
(a) Shallow Aquifers s
Shallow aquifers occur within the depth of 50 m from
land surface comprise mainly fine to medium sand. The aquifer
thickness varies from 5 to 10 meters. Ground water in this
aquifer zones occur under water table condition. These aquifers
are generally tapped by open wells, hand pumps and shallow
farmers tubewells. Due to excessive withdrawal of water from
these aquifers they are moderately strained. The discharge of 3
these wells varies from 30 to 50 m /hour at nominal drawdown
of 3 to 4.5 meters.
DEPTH TO WATER LEVEL MAP IN BIJAULI BLOCK ATRAULI TA^S DISTRICT ALIGARH U . P. ( JUNE 1986 )
(PRE-MONSOON ) PLATE IX
31
(b) Deeper Aquifers :
The deeper aquifers are encountered generally within
depth range of 50 to 143 m.b.g.i. The fence diagram reveals--
that the deeper aquifers are semi-confined to confined in
nature. Rao (1965) and Dutt (1969) have also observed similar
nature of deeper aquifers in the area. The tubewells tapping
the granular zones usually in depth range of 30 to 150 meters
3 3
yield from 50 m /hour to 2 27 m /hour with drawdown varying
from 1.97 to 11.72 meters. The specific capacity varies from
37 to 18 LPS/meter.
DEPTH TO WATER LEVEL s
Water table is the upper surface of zone of saturation
in an unconfined water body (aquifer) at which the pressure
is atmospheric. It is defined by the levels at which water
stands in wells that penetrate the aquifer, just enough to
hold standing water. However, in general the water level
standing in dug wells are considered accurate enough to
represent water table of an area.
Water level data of 90 dug wells evenly space at a
distance of one kilometer were utilised to prepare the depth
to water map of Bijauli Block (Plates-IX & X) show the depth
DEPTH TO WATER LEVEL MAP IN BIJAULI BLOCK, ATRAULI TAHSIL DISTRICT ALIGARH U. P.(NOVEMBER 1986)
(POST MONSOON) PLATE X
TO 2 0 M.
TO ^ 0 M.
TO 6 0 M
TO 8 0 M.
TO 10- 0 M .
TO 12.0 M.
(Contours Hight in metres)
(lnter\sa-l = 2 metres)
0 2 3 / . 5 6 7 10
KILOMETRES
W^ ftm
32
to water for the premonsoon (June) and postmonsoon (November)
periods (1986). In the premonsoon the depth to water ranges
from 1^7 to 12 m.h^g.l. and in the postmonsoon period it
ranges from 1.5 to 11.5 m.b.g.l. The area ha-S been divided
into six depth to water zones varying from (1) less than 2 m,
(2) 2 to 4 m.b.g.l., (3) 4 to 6 m, (4) 6 to 8 m, (5) 8 to 10 m
and (6)10tol2 m.b.g.l. The deepest water level viz. 12 m.b.g.l.
was recorded at Bijauli in the upland tract and the shallowest
1.7 m.b.g.l. at Dinapur in Ganga Khadir. A perusal of the map
shows that in the upland area the depth to water generally,
varies from 8 m to 10 m.b.g.l. which covers the major portion
of the study area, with the exception of tract along the bank
of lower Ganga canal where the depth to water ranges between
2 m to 4 m.b.g.l. This variation is the resultant of the quantum
of seepage that has been taking place eversince the commissioning
of the lower Ganga canal through the unlined canal bed and
consequently the general water table proximal to the canal
has progressively been rising.
The small narrow patch parallel to the Ganga bank is
known as the low valley of Ganga or Khadir. Here premonsoon
water level ranges between 1.7 to 2.4 m.b.g.l. and the post
monsoon water level ranges between 1.5 to 2 m.b.g.l. In
general the above mentioned depth to water zones described
are found in confirmity with the general physiographic unit
WATER TABLE CONTOUR MAP^OF BIJAULI BLOCK. ATRAULI TEHSL, DISTRICT ALIGARH U. R ( JUNE 1986)
PLATE XI
INDEX CONTOURS HIGHT IN
METERS
WATER TABLE CONTOURS WITH FLOW DIRECTIONS.
MOVEMENT OF GROUND WATER :
Water level data of wells collected during premonsoon
and postmonsoon, were analysed and attitude of water level
with reference to the mean seal level were worked out. The
reduced level of water with reference to mean sea level were
plotted and water table contour map was prepared, with contour
interval of one meter.
The water table contour maps are very useful in
deciphering the ground water flow direction, gradient and
area of recharge and discharge. Convex contours indicate area
of ground water recharge while concave contours show tract of
ground water discharge. (Todd, 1980).
The elevation of water table ranges between 179 meters
in northwest to 169 meters in southeast above the mean sea
level. A perusal of water table contour (Plates-XI & XII) shows
that the general direction of ground water flow is from north
west to southeast with little variation at places caused by
local factors. In western end the ground water flows from
north to south direction while in eastern part the ground
water flow from west to east. In general, the gradient varies
from 0.4 m/km to 0.6 m/km. The areas with wide contour spacing
(flat gradient) seems to possess high hydraulic conductivity
than those with narrow spacing i.e. steep gradients.
WATER TABLE CONTOURS MAP OF BIJAULI BLOCK.TEHSIL ATRAULI DISTRICT ALIGARH U. R(NOVEMBER 1986)
I POST MONSOON) PLATE XII
34
In north-eastern part of the area close to river Ganoa,
the hydraulic gradient of water is very steep i.e. 2 ;n/kii;.
This steep gradient is indicative of the two factors viz.,
(a) Heavy withdrawal of ground water,
(b) Low permeability of aquifer material.
It has been observed from the field survey that the
concentration of wells is relatively low in the eastern part
by which it could be emphasized that the steep gradient in
this tract is due to low hydraulic conductivity.
The slope of water table is towards the river Ganga
that is from west to east which depicts that the Ganga is
effluent in nature. Similarly, the river Kali which passes
through southern end of the area also shows its effluent
nature.
Plates-XI and XII show that a ground water mound has
formed in south-eastern part of the area proximal to the right
bank of Upper Ganga canal system due to excessive seepage of
surface water into the shallow aquifers through the unlined
beds of the existing canals and their distributaries. This
mound is shedding water from its eastern flank to river Ganga.
The aquifer system in this part is very much receptive of
massive seepage leading to the formation of mound.
The general hydraulic gradient is south-easterly except
in the area adjoining to Sidh and Pali villages, where a
ground water trough has developed due to the concentration
of shallow and deep tubewells without any proper well spacing.
Decline in water levels has already started due to the excessive
withdrawal. The situation may aggravate in future with the
increa&ing wi4;-hdr3war of gi oiJ" water. Further study is
required to estimate the rate of annual decline of the general
water table in the area.
GROUND WATER BEHAVIOUR s
Hydrographs s
The water levels of key observation wells in the area
have been utilised for preparing continuous hydrographs of
the wells with a view to studying their behaviour with respect
to time and space and their dependence to natural phenomenon.
The hydrograph of three wells for the period 1982 to 1986 are
given in Plate-XIII. A perusal of hydrographs indicate that the
water level variations is cyclic and sinusoidal as a function
of time and space. The water levels is deepest during the month
of June and shallowest during the month of November. It is
observed that water level starts rising by last week of June
and attains shallowest level in Noveu^ier. From mid-November
onward there is sharp decline in water level till January.
0.0
2 0
4 0
6 0 •
».0 -
ICO -
120
PLATE XIII
HYDROGRAPH OF PERMANENT NETWORK STATrON IN BIJAULI BLOCK, ALIGARH DISTTvU. P.
J 1982 N
BIJAULI
J 1983 N J 1984 N J 1985 N J 1986 N
0 0
2 0
4 0
6-0
8-0 _i_
DADAUN
J 1982 N J 1983 N J 1984 N J 1985 N J 1986 N
0 0
10
2 3
4 0
6^
8 0 j _
SANKRA
J )982 J 1983 N J 1984 N J 1985 N J 1986 H
From January onward the recession in water leve]. is slow
indicating natural qround watei discnarge through steady
sub-surface outflow, in harmony with regional ground water
moveme nt.
From the above discussion it will be seen that the
water level has a rising and declining trend with respect
to time and a function which causes such rises in water levels
i.e. input source of ground water (rainfall).
Water Level Fluctuation :
P1ate-XIV shows the water level fluctuation in the area.
The fluctuations are represented by way of contours of water
level difference in premonsoon and postmonsoon water levels
for the period of June and November 1986. The area is demarcated
by four water-level fluctuation zones with an interval of 0.20 m.
The maximum fluctuation of 0.80 m is recorded only in few wells
and in general, the fluctuation ranges between 0.4 to 0.6 meter.
This little change in the fluctuation is attributed to the
scanty and sporadic rainfall during 1986 monsoon season. The
upland shows deeper water level fluctuation than the Ganga
Khadir.
From the above it would be apparent that these high
fluctuation areas are also area of high relief with minor
WATER LEVEL FLUCTUATION IN BUAULI BLOCK, ATRAULI TAHSIL DISTRICT ALIGARH U. P. PLATE XIV
WATER LEVEL RISE < 0-2 m
/ / / i VI«ATER LEVEL RISE0.2 toOA m
WATER LEVEL RISEO-A toO-Sm
WATER LEVEL RISE 0-6toO-em
0 2 0 _ - ^.^.^^ 020
(CONTOURS IN METRES)
2 3 A 5 6
KILOMETRES
local variations at places. As revealed from the around water
movement tnese upland tracts are the ground water recharge
areas where from ground water moves towards the Ganga and
Kali rivers or down the regional gradient i.e. due southeast.
Correlation with Rainfall :
In order to study the long range trend of water levels
as a functions of rainfall. The hydrographs of well situated
at Bijauli and Sankra have been selected, so as to have an
overall picture of ground water behaviour in the area. The
correlation of ground water levels with rainfall were made
from the data available since 1982 through 1936. The hydro-
graphs of Bijauli represents the upland area where as the
hydrograph of well at Sankra is representative of upland
margin as well as Ganga Khadir.
A critical study of hydrographs indica-tes that the
response of water levels to rainfall and droughts is
reasonably quick. The ascent of level is also greatly
affected by the intensity and distribution of rainfall
(Plates-XV & XVI ) .
A pfirusal of hydrographs reveal that at Bijauli there
is prominent response of rainfall on water level. This is
becaiise in the upland area the rainfall is the only source
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38
of ground water recharge, and ther - is continuous discharge
of Water and the maximum decline in water table is recorded
during the months of May and June. Whereas the Sankra hydro-
graph shows that, though the rainfall effect the water level
but it is not very prominent as it is observed in Bijauli.
This is because the hydrograph well at Sankra is' situated at
the upland margin between the lower Gang a canal and river Ganga.
The shallow aquifers below the canal bed are constantly being
recharged through seepage from the lower Ganga canal and more
over the movement of ground water is towards the river Ganga,
hence the effect of scanty and sporadic rainfall or drought is
compensated by the excessive recharge and the seasonal fluctua
tion is not that marked as is observed at Bijauli upland. The
other way, the somewhat subdued response to rainfall can also
be attributed to the clayey nature of the formation in the
surface horizon.
CHAPTER-V
GROUND WATER BALANCE
The hydrologic equation, which is basically a statement
of law of conservation of matter as applied by hydrologic
cycle helps to define water balance. It states that in a
specified period of time all water entering a specified area
may must equal the water leaving the area plus/minus change
in storage within the area. In case of ground water system,
the water balance in its simples form may be expressed as s-
I - O = + A S
where I = Inflow
0 = Outflow
+ 4 S = Change in storage
Ground water is replinishable resource. Refined
quantitative answers are needed for drawing up plans for
its utilization, management and conservation. In Uttar
Pradesh on the one hand, there is a large scale water
logging in all the canal command areas whereas in the
tubewell irrigated areas water level shows a declining
trend due to over development. Moreover, with the adveni:
of high yielding varieties of wheat and paddy which need
assured and timely i r r i g a t i o n , has accelerated the pace of
ground water development a l so in rural a r e a s . Under the
circumstances, the s i t u a t i o n neces s i t a t e s the prec ise
eva lua t ion of ground water resource at the Block level as
the Block forms the lowest unit of adminis t ra t ion and
development in India.
In Bijauli Block, the area known as Ganga-Nim Doab or
Sankra upland i s a water-logged area because of the canals t
networks and consequent seepage, whereas the area f a l l i n g
under the Nim-Kali Doab which i s irrigated through tubewells
only. In Nim-Kali Doab, the water level at present i s yet to
touch the c r i t i c a l level but there i s a pos i t ive apprehension
that by the turn of the century i t may s tart showing a dec l in ing
trend in order to meet the ever increasing demand of water for
domestic and agriculture uses . The largest single demand on
groundwater in Bijauli Block i s i rr igat ion , amounting to 90%
of a l l groundwater uses .
The study shows that under such s i tuat ions , balance l i e s
in large scale ground water development through medium and deep
tubewells in eastern flank v i z . , Ganga-Nira Doab and recharging
the depleting aquifers through canal networks. In Autrauli
upland or Nim-Kali Doab. In order to evaluate water balance
of Bi jaul i Block, recharge and discharge have been estimated
which are as follows.
GROUND WATER RECHARGE :
Evaluation of ground water recharge parameter forms an
important aspect of ground water resource evaluation. It
involves hydrometeorological, hydrological processes taking
place on the surface and also involves complex sub-surface
lithological characteristics (Baweja, Karanth, 1980).
The major source of ground water recharge in Bijauli
Block are as under :-
1. Recharge through rainfall
2. Recharge through canal seepage
3. Recharge through irrigation return flow.
There are various methods to estimate ground water
recharges which are as follows s-
1. Seasonal Fluctuation-Specific yield
2. Water Balance Method.
In view of prevailing irrigation pattern in Bijauli
Block, the quantum of seepage to the aquifers will be very
significant, hence the estimation by seasonal fluctuation-
specific yield has been adopted for the evalua-tion of ground
water recharge in the present study.
GROUND WATER RECHARGE BY S P E C I F I C YIELD METHOD :
Rechargeable area = 4 32 s q . km.
Average f l u c t u a t i o n i n w a t e r l e v e l = 1.2 m o v e r 5 y e a r s p e r i o d ( 1 9 8 2 - 1 9 8 6 ) .
Average s p e c i f i c y i e l d of a l l u v i u m = 15%
(a) Ground Water Recharge
Ground water Recharge = Area i n v o l v e d x s p . y i e l d x
water l e v e l f l u c t u a t i o n
= 432 X 0 .15 X 1 .2
= 7 7 . 7 6 M.C.M.
(b) Recharge through irrigation return flow s
(i) Total draft by tubewells = 27.07 M.C.M.
(ii) Infiltration factor = 15%
15 Ground water recharge = 2 7.07 x YTKi
= 4.06 M.C.M.
( i i i ) Ground warter r e c h a r g e from = 6 . 2 4 x YOT) s u r f a c e w a t e r
I r r i g a t i o n r e t u r n f l o w = 0 . 9 3 6 M.C.M.
T o t a l i r r i g a t i o n r e t u r n f l o w = 4 . 0 6 + 0 . 9 3 6
= 4 . 9 9 M.C.M.
(c) Quantum ot Recharge due to Canal Seepage :
The seepage losses from the canal have been estimated
by using the following empirical formula(after Sehgal, 1973)
K = 0.0625 4Q
where K = Seepage l o s s
Q = Canal d i s c h a r g e i n cumecs
( i ) Seepage from Lower Ganga F e e d e r c a n a l s
Q = 850 X 0 . 0 2 8 3
K = 4 ( 2 4 . 0 5 ) ° - ° ^ 2 5
= 4 . 8 7 cumecs
( i i ) Seepage f rom Uppe r Ganga A n u p s h a h r Branch c a n a l n e t w o r k s .
Q = 227 X 0 . 0 2 8 3 cumecs
= 6 .424 cumecs
K = 4 ( 6 . 4 2 4 ) ° - ° 6 2 5
= 4.49 cumecs
Total seepage from canal networks = 4.87 + 4.49
= 9,36 cumecs
Gross ground water Recharge = (a) + (b) + (c)
= 77.76 + 9.36 + 5
= 92.15 M.C.M.
Recoverable Recharge :
70% of the gross recharge obtained as above is taken
as recoverable recharge in the area .
92.12 X Y ^ = 64.5 M.C.M.
Ground Water Draft :
Ground water i s being tapped through Sta te tubewel l s ,
shallow farmer 's tubewells , pumping se t s and Pers ian wheels .
In Bi jau l i Block, the re are 45 deep tubewel l s , 800
shallow farmer 's tubewell , 1100 pumping s e t s and 665 Rahets .
The un i t draft of these ground water s t r u c t u r e s have been
es t imated by G.W.I,0. In t h i s area which have been taken i n t o
cons idera t ion in evaluat ion of draf t (Hasan, e t a l . , 1982).
( i ) Draft by State Tubewells j
Unit draf t of Sta te tubewells = 0.175 M.C.M.
Total number of tubewel ls = 45
Total draf t = Unit d ra f t x No. of
tubewell
= 45 X 0.175
= 7.87 M.C.M.
( i i ) D r a f t by Sha l low F a r m e r ' s t u b e w e l l s :
U n i t d r a f t = 0 .0105
T o t a l number of t u b e w e l l s = 800
T o t a l d r a f t = 800 x 0 . 0 1 0 5
= 8 .4 M.C.M,
(iii) Draft by Pumping Sets :
Unit draft = 0.0068
Number of pumping sets = 1100
Total draft = 1100 x 0.0068
= 7.48 M.C.M.
(iv) Draft by Rahets :
Unit draft = 0.005
Total number of Rahets = 665
Total draft by Rahets = 665 x 0.005
= 3.32 M.C.M.
Total draft = (i) + (ii) + (iii) + (iv)
= 7.87 + 8.4 + 7.48 + 3.32
= 27.07 M.C.M.
Water B a l a n c e :
I - o = + A- s
6 4 . 5 - 2 7 . 0 7 = + 4 S
+ 4 s = 3 7 . 4 M.C.M.
The above evaluation of ground water resource in Bijauli
Block shows that there is an ample scope of further development
of ground water (Table-4) .
Table-4 : Estimate of ground water balance available for future
development in Bijauli Block, Atrauli Tehsil, Aligarh
District, U.P.
Q) O U -M < U O l-^ >-< W ' H ' ^ Xy\ - H - H U * U»4-i ( P C Q ) 0 Q)f, U W + J - P S M C 4 J 0 ^ J M - O " ^ ( D » Q ) « T H W O I * 0 0 ) 0 * rtl <U<5 <Uy
0 » A * O S T J * W X 3 - P * fOOO - Q P ^ O U ( O U t - 4 0 C S ( U r O f O U - O C T ^ flW >-'fUc
-P ^ U - O Q ) 4 - ' < 0 M 0 ( 0 (OO W-P^ 0) O O C M a ) > i - ( >-iM > U Q ) D i ^
9 2 . 1 2 6 4 . 5 1 2 . 9 5 1 . 9 2 7 . 0 7 2 4 . 5 3
STAGE OF GROUND WATER DEVELOPMENT :
I n o r d e r t o d e t e r m i n e t h e s t a g e of g r o u n d w a t e r
d e v e l o p m e n t i n B i j a u l i B l o c k , N A B R A D * s n o r m s h a v e b e e n
t a k e n i n t o a c c o u n t w h i c h a r e a s f o l l o w s : -
o^ ^ X J N e t y e a r l y d r a f t . _,„ S t a g e of g r o u n d = ——-—^ ^ r-f r x 1 0 0
4.^ j « 1 « 4. Ne t r e c o v e r a b l e r e c h a r g e
w a t e r d e v e l o p m e n t ^
An a r e a w h e r e t h e s t a g e o f g r o u n d w a t e r d e v e l o p m e n t i s
l e s s t h a n 65% i s c o n s i d e r e d a s ' W h i t e * , 65% t o 85% a s ' g r e y *
a n d w i t h m o r e t h a n 85% a s ' d a r k ' . S t a g e o f g r o u n d - 7 07 w a t e r d e v e l o p m e n t = / . * A X 100 i n B i j a u l i B l o c k fo4.5U
= 42%.
In Bijauli Block only 42% of ground water resource
has so far been developed and hence it falls under the
•white' category area.
In view of only 4 2% of ground water development done
so far, there is a large ground water surplus available for
further development in the Block, which can be utilised
through the construction of at least 400 deep tubewells 3
with pumping rate of 150 m /hour with a well spacing of
250 meters, and with economic drawdown of 6.5 to 7 meters.
Besides it, about 1000 shallow tubewells having discharge
3 of 50 m /hour, w;tn „ well spacinq of 150 meters may also
be constructed. As the proDable depth to bed rock in Bijauli
Block area is around 600 m.b.g.l. and the general fresh
water - saline water interface in the Central Ganga basin
lies below 750 meters, deep State tubewells can safely be
constructed from 300 to 400 m.b.g.l. utilising the huge
quantity of ground water resource which has remained untouched
so far.
With above suggestion of large scale ground water
development, a constant monitoring of the water level in
the area must be carried out simultaneously, in order to
keep watch on any adverse effect which may entail as a
consequent of heavy withdrawal on the ground water system
in the area.
CHAPTER-VI
HYDROCHEMISTRY
Ground water is generally an extreme dilute aqueous
solution of carbonates, bicarbonates, sulphate, chloride of
alkali metals and alkaline earths. The concentration of
elements in natural water is governed by several factors
like nature of strata through which they are circulating,
soil characteristics, contamination due to activities of
man etc. Briefly, the chemical quality of ground water is
an index of its complex flow history. In order to study the
quality of ground water of Bijauli Block, 48 water samples
were collected from shallow and deeper aquifers out of which
27 water sanples were analysed for major elements and 21
samples were analysed for trace elements.
In order to have water quality of surface water and
its inter-relationship with ground water, samples for detailed
analysis were also collected from rivers and canals traversing
through the study area.
METHODOLOGY :
The samples for partial chemical analysis were collected
in well cleaned and treated 250 ml capacity doubled stoppered
polythene bottles. The bottles after collection o* sBmples
were capped with inner-lid and then capped and sealed with
wax on the spot,
Another group of samples were collected from selected
observation wells and tubewells in two litre capacity polythene
bottles for trace element studies. These samples were treated
at site with 10 ml 1 : 1 HNO^ and then capped and sealed with
wax as above.
ANALYTICAL PROCEDURE :
The samples for partial analysis were analysed in
Geochemical Laboratory of the Department of Geology, Aligarh
Muslim University, Aligarh, following the standard methods
recommended by APHA (1973). The samples were analysed for
major elements like, Na, K, Ca, Mg, CI, carbonates and
bicarbonates. Both the anions and cations were determined
by volumetric techniques except Na, K, Ca and Mg which were
determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer ( A . A - S , ) .
The trace elements were determined at University Science
Instrumentation Centre, Roorkee University, Roorkee, using
Perkin Elmer 306 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. A blank
sample was made for each spectrophotometric analysis in order
to account for any analytical and instrumental error.
The re5ultn obtained are given in Appendix-IV and V
and are discussed below :-
Hydrogen Ion Concentration :
In general the ground water of the are'a is mildy
alkaline to highly alkaline in reaction. Generally, pH
varies from 7.5 to 8.8. The highest value of pH (8.8)
was recorded in water sanple of Dadon. pH ranges from 6.5
to 8.3 is quite safe and water remain free from corrosive
and scaling action. The pH values of ground water samples
of Bijauli Block indicate that though the ground water is
alkaline in reaction but it is well within the permissible
limits.
Electrical Conductivity j,^ mhos/cm s
Electrical conductivity is measure of the mineralisation
and is indicative of the salinity of ground water. The specific
cor»iactivity values of water samples ranges between 436 to
1600 micromhos. PIate-xvil shows the distribution of electrical
conductivity of ground water in the area.
SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE OF GROUND WATER IN BIJAULI BLOCK ATRAULI TEHSIL. DISTRICT ALIGARH U. R
Ml PLATE XVII
52
MAJOR ELEMENTS s
Carbonates :
Carbonate is generally absent in the ground water of
the area except in the dug well of Hardoi village where the
concentration is 21 ppm. It is also present in deep tubewell
of Pusawali where its concentration is 12 ppm. In all the
other water samples carbonate was found absent.
Bicarbonate j
The bicarbonate content in ground water is dependent
upon the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in soil. Bicar
bonate s.hows wide fluctuation depending upon CO^ pressure in
soil concentration of bicarbonate is quite independent of
aquifer characters higher concentration (891 ppm) bicarbonate
is found at Milak village. Water containing 500 ppm of bicar
bonate considered to be fairly safe and good for irrigation
and domestic purpose, except few water samples in other
water samples its concentration is well within the range.
Chloride i
The concentration of chlorid-e in ground water of the
DISTRIBUTION OF CHLORIDE IN SHALLOW GROUNDWATER IN -BIJAULI BLOCK, ATRAULI TEHSIL. DISTT ALIGARH UP.
PLATE XVin
I N D E X
^ ^ < '50 PPM
> 150 PPM
KfLOMETRES
s "
d r i n k i n g and i r r i g a t i o n p u r p o s e s as p e r I n d i a n C o u n c i l
of Med ica l R e s e a r c h (1975) s t a n d a r d s which p u t b t h e d e s i r a b l e
l i m i t of c h l o r i d e i n d r i n k i n g w a t e r t o be 250 ppm and e x c ^ - s s i v e
l i m i t a s 1000 ppm. A p e r u s a l of i s o c h l o r e map ( P l a t e - x v i l l )
i n d i c a t e t h a t o n l y two s a m p l e s have v a l u e s h i g h e r t h a n 150 ppm.
I n d i c a t i n g t h e r e b y t h a t g round water i s a b s o l u t e l y s a f e f o r
i r r i g a t i o n a l and d o m e s t i c p u r p o s e s .
Sodium :
The concentration of sodium ranges from 14 ppm to 175
ppm. The highest concentration (175 ppm) of sodium was
recorded in ground water sample at Pali village. However,
the concent: rat ion of sodium was found well within the
reasonable limits.
Potassium :
The concentration of potassium varies from 5 to 75 ppm.
It is highest concentration (75 ppm) was found in ground water
san¥)les of Pithanpur and Lehra villages. The concentration of
potassium is generally low in ground water of the area. No
desirable or excessive limit for potassium concentration is
fixed 1000 to 2000 ppm seems to be extreme limit for potassium
in drinking water.
Use of potassium fertilizers may be attributed as a
major source of potassium in the grouiri water of the area.
Calcium :
It is most common constituent present in ground water.
The dissolved CO^ species generally control the Ca ion
concentration in natural water (Pathak, 1980) . The concentra
tion of Ca in ground water of the area varies from 16.4 to
84 ppm. The highest concentration was recorded in the dug
well of Charrah village. The highest desirable level of Ca
in drinking water is 75 ppm and maximum permissible level
is 200 ppm (W.H.O., 1984 and I.C.M.R., 1975). The values
recorded for calcium are well within the limits.
Magnesium s
The Indian Council of Medical Research (1975) standards
indicate an acceptable limit of 50 ppm but allow up to 100
ppm of magnesium in water. The magnesium content of ground
water samples ranges between 15.95 to 49 ppm. All values are
well within the limit. Magnesium is responsible for the
hardness of water while low concentration are not harmful.
TOTAL HARDNESS :
T o t a l h a r d n e s s a s CaCO, i n w a t e r s a m p l e s v a r i e s f rom
120 t o 375 ppm. D i s t r i b u t i o n of h a r d n e s s i s shown i n P l a t e - X I X .
F o l l o w i n g t a b l e shows t h e p e r c e n t a g e of s a m p l e s f a l l i n g i n
d i f f e r e n t c l a s s e s of h a r d n e s s .
S .No . C l a s s Range of H a r d n e s s P e r c e n t a g e
1 .
2 .
3 .
4 .
s o f t
Modera te
Hard
Very h a r d
6 0
61 - 120
120 - 180
2 0 0
n i l
7 . 6
2 3 . 0 7
6 9 . 2 0
A p e r u s a l of above t a b l e shows t h a t 69 .2% of w a t e r
sa iT^les f a l l s u n d e r t h e c l a - s s v e r y h a r d and m o d e r a t e l y h a r d
2 3 . 0 7 and 76% r e s p e c t i v e l y . Thus i t i s s e e n t h a t g r o u n d w a t e r
i n t h e a r e a i s ha rd t o m o d e r a t e l y h a r d i n n a t u r e .
TRACE ELEMENTS S
A p a r t f rom u s e f u l f u n c t i o n of m a j o r i o n s need of some
m e t a l s , a l t h o u g h i n v e r y s j n a l l amount a r e b e i n g r e c o g n i s e d
DISTRIBUTION OF TOTAL HARDNESS IJ SHALLOW GROUND VWER K PLATE XtX
56
which play a very important role in the diet of humans and
animals and in healthy growth oi plants. These metals are
known as minor or trace elements.
Trace elements like, Al, Fe, Cu, Pi>, z.rt, Cd, Cr, Sr,
Li, Ni, Co and Mo were determined in the water samples of
shallow and deep aquifer. The concentration of these trace
elements were found more in the water samples of shallow
aquifers than in the deeper aquifers. The probable cause
may be due to excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides,
house-hold refuses sewage disposal, etc. The results of
chemical analysis are given in Appendix- The range of
various trace elements is given below :-
Aluminium :
The aluminium concentration ranges from 0,11 to
1.32 ppm. The maximum (1.32 ppm) concentration of aluminium
was obtain in dug well of Sankra.
Manganese ;
The manganese concent ra t ion in the ground water sarr^les
of study area ranges from 0.41 to 0.112 ppm. Higher l eve l
(2.018 ppm) was recorded in water sample co l l ec ted from
Lehra v i l l a g e .
I ron
I ron occurs in most of th-^ ground water samples ot t h e
area and i t s concentrat ion ranges between 0.051 t o 1.520 ppm.
The maximum c o n c e n t r a t i o n of i r on was r ecorded a t P a l i v i l l a g e
which i s 1.520 ppm.
Copper :
Concentration ranges between 0.003 to 0.552 ppm. The
highest concentration (0.552 ppm) of copper was recorded at
Sankra.
Lead :
The concentrat ion of lead ranges from 0.18 t o 0.557
ppm. At p laces the concentra t ion of lead was found h igher
then the permiss ib le l i m i t of Woxld Health Organisat ion
(1984) .
Zinc :
The concentrat ion of z inc in ground water raiiges
between 0.06 ppm to 0.89 ppm. Concentration of z inc i s
wel l within the l i m i t of World Health Organisat ian (1984)
Cadmium :
Cadmium concentration ranges between 0.001 to 0.074
ppm. At places the cadmium level was higher in concentration
than the Standards of World Health Organisation (1984).
Chromium :
Concentration of chromium ranges from 0.021 to 0.228
ppm.
Strontium :
Strontium behaves very much like calcium but its
concentration was found very low. Its concentration varies
from 0,306 to 1.63 ppm.
Molybdenum :
The concentration of molybdenum varies from 0.09 to
0.24 ppm.
WATER QUALITY CRITERIA IN RELATION TO ITS USE :
The term quality as applied to water embraces the
combined physical, chemical and biological characteristies
and is a dominant factor in determining the adequacy of any
supply to satisfy the requirements of various water uses.
The interpretation of a chemical analyses is highly
subjective matter and is not possible to have a single
criteria that can have universal application. Therefore,
a certain accepted standard has been adopted while doing
the interpretation of chemical analysis results of water
in relation to its use. The main classes of uses are ;-
1. Domestic
2. Agricultural
3. Industrial
WATER QUALITY FOR DOMESTIC AND MUNICIPAL USES :
Various organisations all over the world, viz., USPHA
(1962), World Health Organisation (1975, 1984) and Indian
Council of Medical Research (1975) have laid down certain
guidelines for evaluation of water quality for domestic or
municipal supplies. The primary aim of these guidelines is
the protection of public health and well being of mankind.
m -p
V C (0
•£ ^ feo
cc ON
c o
M 00 (0 ON
ro <-< c ^ ro •P 03 W 4J
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(0 -H •H -P T3 W C C
0)
<
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0) .—I X! -H to
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(0 OJ 0) S ft :)
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On the same guideline the concentration of various
major and trace elemsnis encountered in the water samples
of the study area as compared with the drinking water
standards oi World Health Organisation (1984) and Indian
Council of Medical Research (1975) which is given in Table-5.
A perusal of table shows that the concentration of pH,
specific conductivity, Ca, Mg, CI, Na and K are within the
permissible limits of World Health Organisation (1984). Hence
they can not cause any hazard in drinking water of Bijauli
Block. However, the concentration of certain trace elements,
like, Cd, Pb, Cr, Fe, Al has been encountered higher than
their standard limit in drinking water. These trace elements
are probably most harmful and insidious pollutants because
of their biological, non-biodegradable nature and their
potential to cause adverse effects in human being at certain
level of exposure and absorption. The harmful effects are
linked to accumulation in biological system even in their
lowest form of development. Many workers have studied the
quality of drinking water in relation to trace elements
(Craun and Mc Cabe,- 1975; Neri, et al., 1975; Olwin, 1977;
Schroeder and Kraemer, 1974).
These studies have indicated an association between
water quality and mortality from cadiovascular and other
chronic diseases. A significant positive correlation betTrfeen
mortality from various types of cancer and concentration of
trace metals in water supplies has also been described (Berg
and Burbank, 1972; Sunderman, 1977).
Various trace elements determine in the ground water
samples of study area are discussed below ;-
Cadmium :
Cadmium has shown to be toxic to man when ingested or
inhaled. It is distributed to the most of tissues of the
body, but is found in highest concentration in the liver and
kidney.
The health aspects of cadmium have been reviewed
extensively by several workers (Fleisher, et al., 1974;
Friberg, et al., 1974; Webb, 1975, W.H.O., 1977). Acute
exposures to cadmium in humans produces different effects
depending upon the route of exposure. Among the general
population ingestion of food and fluids that have been
contaminated with cadmium resulted in acute gastrointestinal
disturbances such as nausea, vomit-ing, abdominal pain,
diarrhoea and tenesnus, etc. The concentration of cadmium
in shallow ground water samples ranges between 0.001 to
0.074 ppm. The maximum concentration of cadmium (0.074 ppm)
was found in dug well of Pali and Teathu villages of Bijauli
Block. It may be hazardous for human population of these
villages.
62
Lead :
Lead is a toxic metal and. tend to accumulate in the
tissue of man and animal, children and infants, fetuses
in uterus.The pregnant woman are most sensitive to environ
mental lead exposure (W.H.O., 1977; Synder, et al., 1971)
have described the effect of lead poisoning on man. Lead
has been demonstrated to be extremely deleterious as related
to haem-biosynthesis. Chisholm (1971) and Goyer and Rhyne
(1973) have reported that elevated blood lead disrupt the
blood enzyme delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydrates (ALAD)
activity in human and can induce a reduction in haemoglobin.
The maximum concentration of lead (0.557 ppm) was
found in dug wells of Sankra. The concentration of lead
at few other places is also higher than its standard
permissible limits in drinking water (Appendix- ), Hence
the concentration of lead may also cause toxic effect on
inhabitants of the area.
Copper J
Copper i s an e s s e n t i a l element in human metabolism
(W.H.O., 1973) and is considered t o be non-toxic for man at
leve l encountered in dr inking water . Th« g r e a t e s t danger of
t o x i c i t y a r i s e s when ch i ld ren consujne a c i d i c beverages t h a t
63
have been in contact with copper container or valves (Food
and Drug Administration, 1975). However, a few patient with
Wilson's disease (heptolenticular degeneration) are adversely-
affected by the estimated average intake of copper (ScTiienberg^7
and Sternlieb, 1965).
The concentration of copper in the study area is found
well within the standard limits of World Health Organisation
(1984) .
Iron :
•
Iron is an essential element in human nutrition.
Drinking water is not consider to be an important source
when administered parenterally. Iron is highly toxic element
only when it crosses the permissible limit. Humans are usually
well protected from oral overdose but children from 1 to 2
years of age vulnerable to iron toxicity from ingestion of
iron supplements that have been commerically prepared for
adults (Fairbanks, et al., 1971). At places, the concentra
tion of iron is more than its highest desirable limit in
drinking water (W.H.O., 1984). Maximum concentration of iron
was found in a dug well water of Pali (1.520 ppm). The higher
concentration of iron in ground water of the area may cause
toxic effect on public health.
64
Chromium :
Hexavalent chromium is much more toxic than trivalent
chromium but has no nutritional value Cr may be absored
by ingestion through the skin and by inhalation and corrosion.
Sign of toxicity by these compounds include hemor^-hage of
the gastrointestinal tract after ingestion, ul^'aration of
the nasal septum and cancer of respirator\p^tract from
inhalation and cutaneous injury upon^^'^rmal exposure
(National Academy of Science, l^^^) . In general, the
concentration of Cr"^ in s t u ^ area is within the standard
limit (W.H.O., 1984) exceQ^t at few places. The maximum
concentration of chromium (0.228 ppm) was recorded in dug
well water at Bijaulii
Manganese :
The concrfj^^j-^^^Qj^ ^^ manganese ranges between 0.009
t o 0.112 ppm./^l3normal c o n c e n t r a t i o n of 2.108 ppm was
recorded i n / g r o u n d wa te r sample a t Lehra v i l l a g e of t h e
Block, Man^gjjggg c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n gene ra l was found w e l l
w i t h i n t l A range of t h e s t a n d a r d s (W.H.O., 1984) , H ighe r
concentjfcg^j^on of manganese may cause n e u r o l o g i c a l syndrome
reseml^j^j^g Mn ence lopa thy (Anon, 1977) .
Nickel :
Toxici ty of nickel or nickel s a l t through ora l i n t ake
i s low. Nickel sa l t exer t t h e i r act ion mainly by g a s t r o
i n t e s t i n a l i r r i t a t i o n and not by inherent t o x i c i t y (Schroeder,
e t a l . , 1961). The concent ra t ion of nickel in study area
ranges between 0.029 t o 0.142 ppm.
Lithium :
Lithium concentrat ion ranges between 0.004 t o 0.042
ppm (Appendix-V A&B)and i s not harmful for human be ing .
Strontium :
The concentration of strontium varies from 0.326 to'
125 ppm, such low concentration may not have any toxic
effect.
AluJninium j
Concentration of aluminium ranges from 0.11 to
1.32 ppm. Higher concentration of aluminium may cause
adverse effect on human health.
66
WATER QUALITY CRITERIA FOR IRRIGATION :
Water quality criteria for the irrigation is a complex
subject, because growth of particular crop depends on many
factors and not merely on chemistry of irrigation water.
The nature of soil, the climate, the type of crop, the
irrigation method and the local drainage conditions are
some of the factors.
In order to study the suitability of ground water in
Bijauli Block for agricultural uses, the electrical conduc
tivity, relative proportion of sodium to other cations and
concentration of certain specific elements were analysed
and the data obtained from chemical analysis of ground
water samples were processed and interpreted on the
established guideline proposed by various scientists of
the discipline.
SALINITY AND SODIUM HAZARD :
It is well established fact that extro production or
even the germination of seed is reduced when excessive
accumulation of salt exist on agricultural soil. Irrigation
water is one of the major contributors of soluble salts in
soil in a<idition to those already present. Therefore, irri
gation water play a major role in agricultural practices^
67
Among the potential hazards to crop by irrigation water is
salinity or sodium hazard.
A soil high in exchangeable sodium is very undesirable
for agriculture because it can become defloculated and tend
to have a relatively impermeable crust. This condition is
promoted by waters of high S.A.R- and reversed by waters
containing high proportion of calcium and magnesium (Hem,
1959) .
In place of rigid limits of salinity, for irrigation
water, quality is expressed by classes of relative suitabi
lity (Wilcox, 1955). Wilcox prepared a classification based
on the electrical conductivity, per cent sodium, and boron
concentration for irrigation water which is as under s-
Table-6 j Quality classification of Water for Irrigation
(After Wilcox, 1955)
Water Class Per cent Sodium Specific Conductance
Excellent 20 250
Good 20 - 40 250 - 750
Permissible 40 - 60 750 - 2000
Doubtful 60 - 80, 2000 - 3000
Unsuitable 80 3000
PLATE XX
100
10-
ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY(micromhos/t:mat25*t) 0 500 1000 1500 2500 3000 3500
Unsuitable
Xi
3
c
X 35 5 10 15 20 25
Total Concentration, epm
SHOWNG PLOTS OF SODIUM PER CENT AGAU^T
E . C - VALUES.
The data obtained is compared and plotted on Wilcox
diagram ;.?late ~ XX ) . Th« diagram reveals that most of the
water samples fall in the class good to permissible and
excellent to good except two water samples from Pali and
Charrah villages which fall in class permissible to doubtful.
The Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR) for studying the suitability
of ground water for irrigation purpose has been worked out
following the method of USSL (1954). It is defined as s-
SAR = ^ /Ca + Mg
2
A l l c o n c e n t r a t i o n s a r e i n e p m .
T a b l e - 7 : Q u a l i t y c l a s s i f i c a t i o n of I r r i g a t i o n Water
( A f t e r USSL, 1954)
Water C l a s s S a l i n i t y h a z a r d A l k a l i h a z a r d EC i n mhos/cm SAR
E x c e l l e n t 250 up t o 10
Good 25 0 - 7 5 0 1 0 - 1 8
F a i r 750 - 2250 1 8 - 2 6
P o o r 2250 26
300 600 1250 1750 2000 3000 4000 5000
100 250 500 750 1000 1500 2250 Conductivity (micfomhos/cm at 25?:
5000
ow cz.
Medium ^
HML
CA
\fefy High
^iinity hazard
SHOWING PLOTS OF SAR VALUES AGAINST E-CVALUES
U-l o -p •H
e •H r-t
0) o c (0 M a) .-( o -p
03 •P C 0) fc 0) .H w <u u «c M H
m r-c T-t ^ w ^
c o m c m M CQ
•O C (D
(Q U 0) > i
< T5 C (0
• * - N
03 VD a\ r~i x.-^
c o •m c ro
CQ
n c (0
(0 ' ' -U vo (U t^
w
M
03
00
fc u
pc,
0) CO
0)
m • p c
I M
C T! -H 0)
1-1 e ::5 v -p 0) X •P 0)
•p -p l-l d) o c £ -H W M-i
crj r H
•H 0 10
O
• o i D
o a c •H •P c o u
(0 a o 3 C •H -P C o u
M 0)
a U
Ln
i n o o o
o t n c
in o
o i n
o CM
o in
o in
in
CM
CM
o o CM
O
in
o o
in o o
o o
c •H E u <0 • p
• p
u o x: w
o +J X <D +J
0) C
•H M-(
in H •H 0 (0
O •
in
o o CM
o in
o o CM
O
in
o o r-l
o o r-{
in o o
o o <-(
o o CM
o o CM
3 O
^ un
o in
o CM
o in
o in
in o o o
o CM
O
in o o o
c 0 1-1
e 3 •H C
• H £ 3
r H
e 3
•H x: • p •H
E 3
-H E O U JC
0)
0) c (C Di C (D
E 3
-H 4J C O l-i -P
u c
-H
T) to a>
E 3
•H E
T3 n)
-p .H (0
X3 O
3 C (1) •a ^ >.
r H
o H < u CO tsi u
The result obtained is given in Appendix-JVB. The SAR
and E.G. values of water samples have been plotted in Plate-XXI.
From the table and diagram it is observed that in the study-
area majority of ground water samples belong to class C^S,
of C-,S which may be used for irrigation without any problem.
Apart from useful function of major ions, need of some
trace elements are now being recognised as profoundly bene
ficial to crops for proper growth of plants at their different
stages.
Federal Water Pollution Control Federation, U.S.A.
(1968) and Ayers and Br anson (1975) put forward tolerance
limit for irrigation water and suggested proper interpretation
of analytical data.
Micronutrient like Cu, Zn, Fe, Al, Pb, etc. are
determined in water samples. The result obtained was
compared with standard limit (FWPCF, 1968; Ayers and
Branson, 1975). The concentration of the above mentioned
trace elements in the ground water of the area well within
the permissible limits.
From the above discussion it clearly appears that the
ground water of the area is suitable for irrigation purpose.
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
The Ganga basin forms one of the prominent physiographic
units of India. It formed as a result of sagging of the earth-
crust that inteirvene between the mobile belt of Himalayas and
comparatively stable Peninsular Shield which was later filled
with the sediments eroded from the newly risen Himalayas and
the Peninsula. The unconsolidated Quaternary sediments vary
in thickness from less than 50 meters at its souther margins
to 5000 meters close to the Himalayan foothills. A larger
part of the stretch of alluvial tract is occupied by Uttar
Pradesh which is further divided into four sub-zones, from
noxth to south viz., Bhabar, Tarai, Central Ganga Plain and
Marginal Alluvial Plain. These sub-zones forms the great
repository of ground water and hold the most potential aquifers
in the state. The Bhabar belt stretches parallel to the
Himalayan foothills due south up to the spring line. It
originated due to the coalescence of fan deposits comprising
bouldery strata mixed with sand which is highly transmissive,
has deep water table and recharges the deeper aquifers in
Tarai and Central Ganga Plain. The spring line defines the
northern limit of Tarai, while its southern limit imperceptibly
merges with the Centra Ganga Plain. The bed is characterised irf
predominant clayey sediments with intercalated beds of sands
and gravels, witti frequent free flowing conditions. The
southern l imi t ot the Central Ganga Plain i s fixed by Yamuna
and i t s confluence with Ganga s t r e t ch ing from West-North-Wfest
to East-South-East, t h i s sub-zone covers major p a r t of the
State encompassing the Ganga Yamuna Doab. Aligarh forms one
of the most prominent d i s t r i c t of Yamuna-Ganga Doab and i s
d i v i s i b l e i n to three d i s t i n c t physiographic u n i t s - Eas tern
and Western uplands and Central depress ion . Fur ther , the
eas t e rn most pa r t of t h i s e a s t e r n upland which l i e s in Ganga-
Kali sub-ba'Sin, forms the study area and i s known as B i j a u l i
Block.
Based on the physiography and the hydrogeological
condi t ions , the Bi jaul i Block has been divided in to four
d i s t i n c t physiographic a n i t s : -
1. Ganga-Khadir
2 . Ganga-Nim Doab
3. Nim-Chhoiya Depression
4 . Nim-Kali Doab or A t rau l i upland.
The area l i e s under the sub- t rop ica l c l ima t i c zone, with
hot summer (4 0°C - 45°C) and c h i l l y winter (4°C - 6°C). The
monsoon s e t s in the second week of June and ends i n SepteBri>er.
The mean annual r a i n f a l l as coit^puted for the per iod 1901 t o
1986 i s 771 ran. The area i s under la in by alluvium of Quaternary
age which was deposited on the eroded and s t r u c t u r a l l y
dis turbed surface of lower Bhander Limestone belonging t o
the Upper Vindhyan Group. The alluvium comprises sand, silt,
clay and kankar in varying per portion and various alternations.
The depth to bed rock as encountered by Oil and Natural
Gas Conunission at Kasganj and Ujhani are 620 m. and 967 m.b.g.l.
respectively. The peninsular grain appears to be intact up to
Kasganj but findings of lower Bhander Limestone at 967 m. depth
about 20 km east of Kasganj at Ujhani shows a structural dis
location in between the two which is probably now occupied by
the present Ganga river. The probable depth to bed rock in
Bijauli Block may be around 650 m.b.g.l.
From the fence diagram, it is evident that there occurs
three to four tier aquifer system down to depth of 150 m.b.g.l.
in the area, "niese aquifers finally merge with each other and
behave as single bodied aquifer. Alluvium with its sizable
thickness of about 650 m. comprises clay, silt and sands of
various grades. Kankar and gravel, etc. in varying proportions.
The beds are generally lenticular and there is rapid alternations
and gradations betvreen granular and clayey materials particularly
in the south-western part of the area. There are very thick
granular zones with the thickness ranges from 50 to 90 meters.
The near surface ground water occurs under water table condition
and depth to water level varies from 2 m . to 12 m.b.g.l. while
the deeper aqxLLfers are under semi-confined to confined
conditions. On an average, the State tubewells tap a saturat:ed
granular zone of about 35 to 40 meters. The peizeosi&rrtric head
of deeper aqui iers ranges between 2.89 to 8,84 meters below 3
the ground l e v e l . Their y ie ld ranges between 90 m /hour t o 3
227 m /hour for a drawdown varying from 4.83 meters to 11
meters . The speci f ic capaci ty va r i e s from 37 to 18 LPS/M.
Depth to water level maps reveal t h a t in western p a r t
of the upland area the water t ab l e i s gene ra l ly deep ranging
between 8 to 10 meters reaching to a maximum of 12 m . b . g . l .
during the June, 1986. Shallow water t a b l e leading t o swainpy
condi t ions espec ia l ly during and a f t e r monsoon i s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c
fea ture of Ganga Khadir and in the Lower and Upper Ganga Canal
Commawi areas in Ganga-Nim Doab. The water l e v e l s during June
1986 general ly ranges between 2 m. to 4 m . b . g . l . I t i s because
of the inf 1-uent seepage from the above mentioned canal system
and from applied i r r i g a t i o n r e tu rn flow. The water t a b l e
f l uc tua t ion map reveals a r i s i n g t rend of varying degree i n
water l e v e l s throughout the Block between June and November,
1986.In general the r i s e in water l eve l ranges between 0.20
to 0.87 meter. The pre and post-monsoon water tab le contour
maps show tha t the a l t i t u d e of water t ab l e in Block v a r i e s
from 1T9 n^ te r in north-west to 169 meter in sou th -eas t above
the mean sea l e v e l . The master slope of water t a b l e i s due
south—east following the general topography. Now coining down
t o the eas t e rn end of Gaaga—Nim Doab, the s lope of water t a b l e
i s towards e a s t p a r a l l e l to general slope of the ground.
Hydraulic gradient is steeper in the east and south close to
the river Ganga and Kali than in the central and western part
of the Block, indicating that sediments are finer and have low
permeability. Further the contour behaviour shows that both
Ganga and Kali rivers are effluent in nature. Gentle gradient
is observed in the central, north-western and south-eastern
part of the area which indicates high permeability of the
sediments.
Rainfall is the main source of ground water recharge.
Besides canal seepage and irrigation return flow form the
major secondary source of recharge. Hydrographs of the
observation well indicate that the response of water level
to rainfall and drought is reasonably quick in space and time.
The ascent of level is also greatly affected by the
intensity, duration and distribution of the rainfall in the
area. An attempt has been made to evaluate the ground water
resource of the area through specific yield and water level
fluctuation method. The annual recoverable recharge has been
computed to 64.5 M.CM. The net annual draft is 27.07 M.C.M,,
leaving a balance of 37.7 M.C.M. as a utdlisable ground water
resource for future development. As per as the NABARD's norm,
the area falls under the 'white' category.
In view of the fact that only 42% of ground water
development has been done so far, there is a lairge ground
water surplus available for further development in the Block,
76
which can be u t i l i z ed through the cons t ruc t ion of a t l e a s t 3
400 deep tubewells with pumping ra te ot 150 m /hour to 227
m /hour with a well spacing of 250 meters, and with p o s s i b l e
drawdown of 6.5 to 7 meters . Besides i t , about 1000 shallow 3
tubewells having discharge of 50 m /hour , with a well spacing
of 150 meters may also be cons t ruc ted .
The r e su l t s of the chemical ana lys i s data show t h a t the
ground water in Bi jaul i Block, i s po t ab l e , hard, a l k a l i n e i n
r eac t i on and moderately mineral ized and i s a a l k a l i n e -
bicarbonate type. Trace element s tud ies show t h a t the
concentra t ion of heavy t o x i c metals l i k e Cd, Pb, Cr i n
the shallow aquifer water i s more than t h e i r permiss ib le
l i m i t which may e n t a i l var ious hea l th hazards to the
inhab i t an t s of the Block. However, concen t ra t ion of these
heavy tox ic elements were found to be well wi thin the l i m i t
in the ground water of the deeper a q u i f e r s . However, the
ground water in the Block i s s u i t a b l e for domestic, i r r i g a t i o n
and i n d u s t r i a l uses .
In the years to come, when the area w i l l reach i t s
optimum developfflent, sometimes in the 21st century, the
major problem wil l be t h a t of a r t i f i c i a l recharge t o augment
the r e se rvo i r p o t e n t i a l of the dep le t ing aqui fe rs in Niro-Kali
Doab. I t i s necessary, t h e r e f o r e , t o cont inue monitoring of
the Water level for proper undersl:arriing of the ground water
behaviour vis-a-vis the pace of development of ground water
in the area and continue searching various alternatives for
scientifically planned water management programme.
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Aye r s, R. S. and Branson, R.L-
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Hem, J.D.
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fievlll, H.R.
Oldham, R.D,
1982 Intensive Geohydrological investiga
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U.P.
1955 Study and interpretation of the
Chemical characteristics of natural
water. U.S. Geol. Survey Water Supply
paper, 473 p.
1975 Manual of standards of quality for
drinking water supplies. Indian
Council of Medical Research, New
Delhi, 2nd edition.
1982 Geology of India and Burma, Sixth
edition, 536 p.
1977 Drinking water and Health, WashingtOTi
D.C., pp. 279-283.
19 75 Health aspects of hard and soft
waters. Jour. Amer. Water Works
Assoc, v. 67, pp. 403-409.
19 09 Gazetteer of Aligarh District, v. "WX,
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1917 The structure of the Himalayas and
the Gangetic Plains. Mem, Geol.
Surv. Ind., v. 42(2), 153 p.
Olwin, J.H.
Pascoe, E.H.
Pathak, B.D.
Pathak, B.D,
Raiverman, V. Kunte, S.V.M.
Rao, K.V. and Raju, T.S.
Rao, M.B.R,
1977 Metals on the life of .Man. Jour.
Amer. Water Works Assoc, v. 67,
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1964 A manual of Geology of India and
Burma. Govt, of India Press,
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1978 Hydrogeology end Groundwater
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1985 Ground Water in India and scope for
Future Development,Current Trends in
Geology VII-VIII, pp. 573-577.
1983 Basin Geometry, Cenozoic Sedimenta
tion and Hydrocarbon prospect in
North-Western Himalayan and Indo-
Gangetic Plains. K.D.M., P.E.,
O.N.G.C, Petroleum Asia Journal,
India, p. 67-90.
1965 Quantitai:ive studies on Ground Water
Storage, Recharge, Draft and Safe
yield in Atrauli Area, Aligarh
district, U.P. Indian Geohyd rology,
V. 1(1), pp. 46-67.
197 3 The Subsurface geology of the Indo-
Gangetlc Plains, Jour. Geol. Soc.
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S c h r o e d e r , I . H . B a l a s s a / J . J . and T i p t o n , I . H .
S c h i e n b e r g , I ,H. and S t e r n l e i b ,
S c h r o e d e r , H.A. and Kraeraer, L.A.
S e h g a l , S.R.
S u e s s , E«
Synder, R.B. Wuebbles , D , J . P e a r s o n , J . E . and Ewing, B,B*
Todd, D.K.
197] T e c t o n i c Frannework and s u b s u r f a c e
s t r a t i g r a p h y of t h e Gang? B a s i n .
J o u r . G e o l . S o c . I n d i a , v . 1 2 ( 3 ) ,
p p . 2 2 3-2 3 3 .
1961 Abnormal t r a c e m e t a l s i n Man.
N i c k e l J . C h r o n i c D i s e a s e s , v . 1 5 ,
p p . 5 1 - 6 5 .
1965 W i l s o n ' s D i s e a s e Annu. R e v . , Med. ,
V. 16 , p p . 1 1 9 - 1 3 4 .
1974 C a r d i o v a s c u l a r M o r t a l i t y , M u n i c i p a l
Water and C o r r o s i o n Archs , E n v i r o n .
H e a l t h , v . 2 8 , p p . 3 0 3 - 3 1 1 .
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S t a t e . A Recent S tudy . C o n t r o l
Board of I r r i g a t i o n and Power .
The Face of the E a r t h , 5 C l a r e n d o n
P r e s s Oxford.
A s t u d y of e n v i r o n m e n t a l p o l l u t i o n
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S tudy , E s t a t e of I l l i n o i s e I I EQ
Document No. 7 1 7 .
1980 Ground water Hydrology , 2nd e d i t i o t i ,
John Wiley & S o n s , 5 35 p .
1904. 1924
1972
83
U.S. Salinity Laboratory Staff
U.S. Public Health Service
Valdiya, K.S.
Vohra, B.B.
Walton, W.C.
Webb, M.
Wilcox, L.V.
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1954 Diagonosis and improvement of Saline
and Alkali Soils. U.S. Deptt. of
Agriculture Circ . , 969 p.
1962 Public Health Service Drinking Water
Standards Publications, 956, U.S.
Govt. Printing Office, Washington,
D.C.
1982 Geology of Vindhyachal, Hindustan
Publishing Corporation, India.
1986 Towards a National Water Policy.
Bhu-Jal New, v. 2, no. 1, pp. 3-4.
1970 Ground Water Resource Evaluation,
McGraw Hill Series in Water
Resources and Environmental
Engineering, 664 p.
1975 Cadmium Br, Med., Bull. 31, pp.
246-250.
1955 Classification and use of Irrigation
Waters, U.S. Deptt. of Agri. Circ,
969 p.
1973 Technical Report Series, Trace
Element in Human Nutrition, Report
of W.H.O. expert committee, no. 532.
World Hea l th 1977 Environmental Hea l th C r i t e r i o n f o r O r g a n i s a t i o n
Cadmium. Ambio 6, p p . 287-290 .
World Hea l th 1984 G u i d e l i n e s fo r Dr inking Water O r g a n i s a t i o n
Q u a l i t y , W.H.O., Geneva-
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * X X * *
* * * *
A P P E N D I C E S
A P P E N D I X - K A )
ANNUAL RAINF'ALL IN MM AT ATRAULI RAINGAUGL STATIC^'
ALIGARH D I S T R I C T
S.NO.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41.
Year
1901 1902 1903 19 04 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 19 30 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941
Rainfall
358 4 74 532 480 383 980 570 525 660 750 74 0 420 605 717 540 1120 835 380 860 460 1170 910 640 84 0 670 640 900 570 410 450 600 560 1300 830 730 780 580 510 900 800 350
S.NO.
44. 45. 46. 47-48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80, 81. 82. 83. 84.
Year
1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 196 0 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
Rainfall
610 800 790 780 820 718 900 905 744 442 911 1164 842 75 902 513 769 885 695 928 9 05 696 574 1224 696 997 964 1092 1006 1973 1120 949 973 1291 997 334 762 495 9 3^ 14 02 660
^ r\ ^^r'
APPENDIX-KB)
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF RAINFALL DATA, ATRAULI RAINGAUGE STATION, ALIGARH DISTRICT
C l a s s I n t e r v a l F r e q u e n c y ( f ) U U Uf U^f
300-400
4 0 0 - 5 0 0
5 00 -600
6 0 0 - 7 0 0
7 0 0 - 8 0 0
8 0 0 - 9 0 0
9 0 0 - 1 0 0 0
1000-1100
1100-1200
1200-1300
1300 -1400
1 4 0 0 - 1 5 0 0
5
8
10
10
13
9
17
2
5
2
1
1
-5
-4
_3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
25
16
9
4
1
0
1 a.
4
9
16
25
36
-25
-32
-30
-20
-13
0
17
4
. 15
8
5
6
125
128
90
40
13
0
17
8
45
32
25
36
f = 83 Uf = 65 U f = 559
Mean R a i n f a l l = X = Xo + C(- Uf
X = 850 + 100 X ( - | | )
= 350 + ( - 7 8 . 3 )
= 7 7 1 . 7
The mean r a i n f a l l = 7 7 1 . 7 mm
s t a n d a r d D e v i a t i o n = S.D. - Q /• / u ^ f
/ = 100 / 559
83 ^ 8 3 '
= 2 4 7 . 4
C o e f f i c i e n t of V a r i a t i o n (%) = mean X 100
2 4 7 . 4 7 7 1 . 7 X 100
= 3 2 . 1
APPENDIX-II
LITHOLOGICAL LOGS OF BOREHOLES DRILLED BY THE STATE
TUBEWELL DEPARTMENT, BIJAULI BLOCK, ALIGARH DISTRICT
S.NO. LITHOLOGY DEPTH THICKNESS
TUBEWELL NO. 36
0-3.04 3.04
3.04-20.7 17.6
20.7-33.5 12.8
33.5-35.06 1.5
35.06-50.30 15.2
50.30-57.9 7.6
57.9-64.02 6.12
64.02-67.07 3.1
67.07-70.12 3.05
70.12-79.26 9.14
79.26-96.03 16.7
96.03-97.5 1.5
97.5-109.7 12.2
109.7-112.2 1.5
111.2-113.7 2.5
LOCATION
1.
2.
3.
4.
5,
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
: LOHGARH
Surface Clay
Fine medium sand and sandstone
Brown clay
Fine medium sand brown clay
Brown clay
Fine medium sand grey
Medium sand
Medium sand
Course sand and gravel
Brown clay
Clay
Brown fine sand
Medium sand
Brown fine sand
Clay
S.^^0, LITHOLOGY DEPTH THICKNESS
TUBEWELL NO. 39
6 . 7
5 . 8
0 . 3
8 . 5
1 . 5
2 8 . 9
4 . 9
2 . 4
2 . 4
2 . 5
1 . 8
2 . 1 8
5 . 5
2 . 8
VILLAGE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
: SALARPUR
Clay
Fine sand
Clay
Very coarse sand
Coarse sand
Clay and kankar
Fine sand
Medium brown sand
Fine sand
Coarse sand
Coarse sand and kankar
Bajri and sand
Sand
Clay
0.0-6.7
6.7-12.5
12.5-12.8
12.8-21 .3
21.3-22.8
22.8-51 .8
51-8-56.7
56.7-59.14
59.14-61 .5
61.5-64.02
64.02-65.8
65.8-67.9
67.9-73.4
73.4-76.2
TUBEWELL NO. 2 01
LOCATION : PIAOLI
1. Surface clay 0.0-3.0 3
2. Fine sand 3-30 27
3 . C l a y and kankar 3 0 - 4 0 1 0
5 . NO.
4 .
5 .
6 .
LITHOLOGY
Fine t o medium sand
Medium sand and sandstone
Hard c lay
DEPTH
4 0 - 5 0
5 0 - 7 8
7 8 - 8 2 . 3 5
WELL NO. 69
LOCATION s TEVTU
1. Surface clay 0.0-3.048
2. Clay and kankar 3.048-13.71
3. Fine sand and kankar 13.71-15.24
4. Fine sand and sandstone 15.24-18.29
5. Clay and kankar 18.29-22.86
6. S. fine with sandstone 22.86-26.21
7. Clay and kankar 26.21-28.96
8. Fine sand 28.96-33.53
9. Clay 33.53-36.58
10. Clay and kankar 36.58-54.8
11. Sandy clay and kankar 54.8-57.92
12. Fine to medium sand and 57.92-64.02 sandstone
13. Medium sandstone 64.02-66.46
14. Hard clay 66.46-70.12
15. Clay stone 70.12-73.17
10
28
4.35
3 .
IC
1 .
3 .
4 ,
3 ,
2 .
4 .
3 .
0 4 8
».67
5 3
05
5 7
,35
, 75
. 5 7
. 0 5
1 8 , 2 9
3 .
6 ,
2
3
3
. 1 2
. 1 0
. 4
. 6 6
. 0 5
S . N O . LITHOLOGY DEPTH THICKNESS
1 6 . Hard c l a y 7 3 . 1 7 - 7 6 , 2 3 . 0 4
17. Loose clay of caving 76.2-79.2 3.0
18. Loose clay and kankar 79.2-82.31 3.11
19. Hard clay 82.93-89.93 7.62
2 0 . Sand brown f i n e t o 8 9 . 9 3 - 9 7 . 5 6 7 . 6 3 medium
2 1 . Sand f i n e w i t h s a n d s t o n e 9 7 . 5 7 - 1 0 4 . 5 7 7 . 0 1 3
2 2 . C l a y and k a n k a r 1 0 4 . 5 7 - 1 0 9 . 7 5 5 . 1 8
TUBEWELL NO. 2 30
LOCATION I TOCHHI
1 . S u r f a c e c l a y 0 . 0 - 1 . 5 1 .5
2 . C l a y and k a n k a r 1 . 5 - 7 . 6 6 . 1
3 . Medium sand 7 . 6 - 2 5 . 9 1 8 . 3
4. Fine to medium sand 25.9-41.1 15.2
5. Clay and kankar 41.1-46.3 5.2
6. Fine to medium sand 46.3-51.5 5.2
7. Medium sand 51.5-60.9 9.4
8. Clay 60.9-65.2 4.3
9. Hard clay kankar 65.2-73.1 7.9
10. Fine sand 73.1-76.8 3.7
11. Clay kankar 76.8-85.3 8 ..5
S»NO. LITHOLOGY DEPTH THICKPESS
TUBEWELL NO. 57
LOCATION
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
s PALI
Surface clay
Sandy clay
Fine sand
Medium sand with
Kankar and clay
stone
Fine to medium sand with stone
Clay and kankar
Caving clay
Medium sand
Clay and kankar
Medium sand with
Clay kankar
stone
0.0-3.0
3.0-12.1
12.1-36.5
36.5-40.2
40.2-50.9
50.9-55.4
55.4-88.4
88.4-93.9
93.9-113.7
113.7-120.1
120.1-127.4
127.4-139.0
TUBEWELL fO. 56
LOCATION
1 .
2.
3.
: RUNPAN
Surface clay
Clay
Sandy clay
3.0
9.1
27.4
3.7
10.7
4.5
33.0
5.5
19,8
6.4
7.3
11.6
0.0-6.09 6.09
6.09-12.19 6.12
12.19-24.3 12.2
S .NO. LOCATION DEPTH THICKNESS
2 4 . 3 , 5 7 . 9 3 3 . 6
5 7 . 9 - 7 9 . 2 2 1 . 3
7 9 . 2 - 8 2 . 3 3 . 1
8 2 . 3 - 1 0 3 . 6 2 1 . 3
103.6-121.9 18,3
121.9-128.0 6.1
128.0-140.2 1 2 . 2 4
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Pine sanu
Medium sand
Kankar
Clay
Medium sand
Fine sand
Sandy clay
WELL NO. 52
LOCATION : BADAUL
1. Surface filling clay 0.0-3.04 3.04
2. Fine sand yellow 3.04-6.08 3.04
3. Fine sand and sandstone 6.08-15.2 9.12
4. Clay and stone 15.2-24.32 9.12
5. Fine sand 24.36-27.36 3.04
6. Fine sand and sandstone 27.36-30.4 3,04
7. Fine sand ar*a sandstone 30.4-33,44 3,04 Bajri
8. Clay and kankar 33.44-36.48 3.04
9. Fine sand, Bajri and 36.48-45.6 9.12 sandstone
iO. Sandstone 45.6-48.64 3.04
S.NO. LOCATION DEPTH
4 8 . 6 4 - 5 1 . 6 8
51 . 6 8 - 5 4 . 7 2
5 4 . 7 2 - 5 7 . 7 6
5 7 . 7 6 - 6 9 . 9 2
THICKNESS
3 . 0 4
3 . 0 4
3 . 0 4
1 2 . 1 6
11. Clay and Ranker
12. Fine sand, sandstone, Bajri and Pebbles
13. Sandy clay and kankar
14. Fine sand to medium sand, sandstone, Bajri and kank ar
15. Hard clay 69.92-72.96 3.04
TUBEWELL NO, 241
LOCATION s HARDOI
1. Surface clay 0.0-6.09 6.09
2. Medium sand 6.09-21.34 15.25
3. Sandy clay 21.34-30.48 9,14
4 . Fine t o medium sand 30 .48 -48 .78 1 8 . 3 0
5 . Medium sand 48 .78 -70 .12 21 .34
6 . Mediura sand 70 .12 -73 .15 3 .03
7 . Sandy c l ay 73 .15 -76 .2 3.06
8 . Mediuan sand 76 .2 -91 .46 15 ,26
9 . Clay medium 9 1 . 4 6 - 1 2 1 . 9 30.52
S,IK>» LITHOLOGY DEPTH THICKNESS
6.
18
24
15
21
6.
18
70
.3
.4
.0
.4
1
.3
1.
2.
3.
4,
5.
6.
7.
Surface clay
Fine sand
Medium sand
"ii ellow fine to sand
Fine to medium
Fine sand
Very fine sand
medium
sand
0.0-6.70
6.70-25.0
25.0-49.4
49.4-64.6
64.6-86.0
86.0-92.1
92.1-110.4
TUBEWELL NO. 205
LOCATION ; K A M S A I
1 . S u r f a c e c l a y 0 . 0 - 6 . 1 0 6 . 1 0
2 . Sandy c l a y 6 . 1 0 - 9 . 1 5 3 . 0 5
3 . P i n e sand 9 . 1 5 - 2 1 . 3 5 1 2 . 2 0
4 . Medium sand 2 1 . 3 5 - 2 4 . 4 3 . 0 5
5 . Clay 2 4 . 4 - 3 0 . 5 6 . 1 0
6 . Sandy c l a y 3 0 . 5 - 3 9 , 6 5 9 , 1 5
7 . C lay and k a n k a r 3 9 . 6 5 - 4 2 . 7 0 3 . 0 5
8 . Medium sand w i t h s t o n e 4 2 . 7 0 - 4 5 . 7 5 3 . 0 5
9 . Medium sand 4 5 . 7 5 - 5 1 . 8 5 6 . 1 0
1 0 . Ye l low sand 5 1 . 8 5 - 5 4 . 9 0 3 . 0 5
1 1 . Sandy c l a y 5 4 . 9 0 - 6 1 . 0 6 . 1 0
S.NO.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
LITHOLOGY
Medium sand
Clay
Medium sand
Coarse sand
Clay kankar
Caving clay
with
with
with
stones
stone
stone
DEPTH
61.0-63.0
63.0-67.90
67.90-85 .40
85.40-92.50
92.50-97.6
97.6-100
THICKNESS
2.0
4 .90
17.5
7.1
5.1
2.4
TUBEVJELL tK). 5
LOCATION 8 PITHANPUR
3.04
3.04
21.6
2.7
8.6
11.30
4,5
8.9
5.8
12.8
9.7 and pebbles
12. Clay with kankar 92.07-100.6 7.9
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Surface clay
Fine
Fine
Clay
Fine
Clay
Fine
Fine
sand
sand medium sand
with kankar
sand with sandstone
with kankar
sand with sandstone
to medium sand with sandstone
Clay with kankar
Medium stone
Medium sand with stone
0.0-3.04
3,04-6.09
6.09-27.7
27.7-30.4
30.4-39.0
39.0-50.3
50.3-54.8
54.8-6 3.7
63.7-69.5
69.5-82.3
82.3-92.07
S.NO.
WELL NO.
LOCATION
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14. .
15.
16.
17.
18.
LITHOLOGY
96
: PUSAWALI
Sticky clay
Clay and kankar
Medium sand
Clay
Clay and kankar
Clay kankar
Clay
Sticky clay
Clay stone
Clay
Medium sand
Coarse sand
Clay
Fine to medium sand
Fine sand
Fine medium sand
Kankar and sandstone
Clay
DEPTH
0.0-8.5
8.5-13.4
13.4-19.8
19.8-29.2
29.2-32.0
32.0-42.6
42.6-50.3
50.3-57.9
57.9-67.1
67.1-72.5
72.5-82.3
82.3-86.2
86.2-90.2
90.2-97.5
97.5-100
100-103.6
103.6-105.7
105.7-109.7
THICKNESS
8.5
4.9
6.4
9.4
2.8
10.6
7.7
7.6
9.2
5.4
9.8
3.9
4.0
7.3
2,5
3.6
2.1
4.0
S.NO.
WELL l O .
LOCATION
1 .
2 .
3 .
4 .
5 .
6 .
7 .
8 .
9 .
LITHOLOGY
94
s SATRAPUR
S u r f a c e c l a y
F i n e s a n d
Medium s a n d
C l a y
C l a y
F i n e
F i n e
F i n e
S a n d
and k a n k a r
t o medium
t o medium
s a n d
s a n d
s a n d
and s a n d s t o n e
DEPTH
0 . 0 - 6 . 1 0
6 . 1 - 3 6 . 6
3 6 - 6 - 4 2 . 2
4 2 . 2 - 5 4 . 9 0
5 4 . 9 - 6 1 . 0
6 1 . 0 - 8 5 . 4
8 5 . 4 - 9 7 . 5
9 7 . 5 - 1 0 9 . 0
1 0 9 . 0 - 1 1 5 . 9
THICKNESS
6 . 1 0
3 0 . 5
5 . 6 0
1 2 . 7
6 . 1 0
2 4 . 4
1 2 . 1 0
1 2 . 5 0
6 . 9
WELL NO. 150
LOCATION : BAIN KALAN
1 .
2.
3.
4,
5,
6
7
Clay brown silty 0.0-1.5
Clay brc^wn, silty with 1.5-3.6 sand, fine brown and kankar
Sand fine micaceous 3.6-19.5
Sand fine to very fine sand 19.5-26.8
Sand medium to fine micaceous 26.8—32.9
Sand fine micaceous brown 32.9—36.8
Sand medium to coarse micaceous
36.8-5 3.04
1 .5
2.15
15.9
7.3
6.12
3.9
16.2
S-NO.
8.
9.
10.
LITHOLOGY
Sand fine micaceous
Sand fine micaceous
Sand medium to coarse micaceous
DEPTH
53.04-69.80
69.80-71.3
71 .3-88.7
THICKNESS
16.7
1 .5
17.4
TUBE WELL NO. 78
VILLAGE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10,
11.
12.
13.
14.
15,
: HABIBPUR
Surface clay
Clay
Fine sand
Clay and kankar
Fine sand
Hard clay
Clay and kankar
Kankar
Clay
Fine sand
Fine to medium sand and kankar
Clay and kankar
Kankar
Very fine sand
Clay and kankar
0.0-3.04
3.04-15.2
15.2-20.1
20.1-24.3
24.3-28,9
28.9-33.5
33,5-36.5
36.5-42.6
42.6-48.7
48.7-57.9
57.9-65.6
65.6-77.4
77.4-79.2
79.2-82.3
82.3-96.0
3 . 0 4
1 2 . 2
4 . 9
4 . 2
4 , 6
4 . 6
3 . 0
6 . 1 0
6 . 1
9 . 2
7 . 9
1 1 . 8
1 , 8
3 , 1
1 3 . 7
S . N O . LITHOLOGY DEPTH THICKNESS
1 5 . F i n e t o med ium s a n d 9 6 . 0 - 1 0 3 . 6 7 . 6
1 7 . F i n e t o mediuTn s a n d w i t h 1 0 3 , 6 - 1 0 9 . 7 6 . 1 5 s a n d s t o n e
1 8 . C l a y 1 0 9 . 7 - 1 1 4 . 3 4 . 6
TUBEWELL NO. 79
VILLAGE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
s BHAMORI BUZURG
Surface clay
Clay kankar
Soft clay and kankar
Clay with kankar
^4edium sand with stone
Fine to medium sand
Clay kankar
Fine to medium sand
Clay
Fine sand with stone
Medium sand with stone
Fine to medium sand and stone
Clay and kankar
Sandy clay and kankar
Clay and kankar
0.0-3.05
3.05-6.0
6.0-10.0
10.0-15.0
15.0-18.2
19.2-24.5
24.5-28.8
28.8-35.5
35.5-36.6
36.6-42.b
42.5-45.5
45.5-51.8
51.8-60.9
60.9-64.8
64.8-67.1
3 . 0 5
3 . 0 5
4 . 0
5 . 0
3 . 2
6 . 3
4 . 3
6 . 7
1 . 1
5 . 9
3 . 0
6 . 3
9 . 1
3 . 9
2 . 8
S.NO. LITHOLOGY DEPTH
5 7 . 1 - 7 6 . 2 5
7 6 . 2 5 - 7 9 . 3 0
7 9 . 3 0 - 8 7 . 4 0
THICKISESS
9 . 1 5
3 . 0 5
8 . 1 0
16. Hard clay and kankar
17. Pine to medium sand
18. Medium sand
WELL NO. 222
LOCATION : DADON
1 .
2 .
3 .
4 .
5 .
6 .
7 .
8 .
9 .
1 0 .
1 1 .
1 2 .
1 3 .
1 4 .
S u r f a c e c l a y
Sand and c l a y
Medium s a n d
C l a y and k a n k a r
Y e l l o w f i n e s a n d
C l a y and k a n k a r
Medium sand
C l a y and k a n k a r
F i n e sand
Medium s a n d
C a v i n g c l a y
F i n e t o medium s a n d
Medium s a n d
C a v i n g c l a y
0 - 4
4 - 1 6
1 6 - 2 1
2 1 - 2 8
2 8 - 3 6
3 6 - 5 2
5 2 - 6 0
6 0 - 6 4
6 4 - 6 8
6 8 - 7 6
7 6 - 9 8
9 8 - 1 0 0
1 0 0 - 1 1 2
1 1 2 - 1 2 0
4
12
9
7
8
1 6
8
4
4
8
22
2
12
8
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