In Memoriam - Green Lines Instituteheritage.greenlines-institute.org › sites › _conference...Edinburgh Napier University, United Kingdom Polytechnic University of Marche, Italy

In Memoriam Professor Gregory Ashworth

(1941-2016)

HERITAGE 2018

10th Anniversary Edition

HERITAGE 2018

10th Anniversary Edition

6th International Conference on Heritage and Sustainable Development

Book of Abstracts Granada, Spain

12-15 June

Edited by

Rogério Amoêda Sérgio Lira

Cristina Pinheiro Juan M. Santiago Zaragoza

Julio Calvo Serrano Fabián García Carrillo

HERITAGE 2018 6th International Conference on Heritage and Sustainable Development Book of Abstracts

Edited by Rogério Amoêda, Sérgio Lira, Cristina Pinheiro, Juan M. Santiago Zaragoza, Julio Calvo Serrano & Fabián García Carrillo

Cover photo: Alhambra, Granada

2018 The Editors and the Authors

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without prior written permission from the Publisher.

ISBN 978-84-338-6265-5

Published by

Editorial Universidad de Granada Campus Universitario de Cartuja Colegio Máximo, s/n Granada, Spain https://editorial.ugr.es

Green Lines Institute for Sustainable Development Av. Alcaides de Faria, 377 S.12 4750-106 Barcelos, Portugal [email protected] http://www.greenlines-institute.org

1st edition, June 2018 350 copies

Dep. Legal

Printed by Editorial Universidad de Granada Campus Universitario de Cartuja Colegio Máximo, s/n Granada, Spain

Legal Notice The Editors and the Publisher are not responsible for the use which might be made of the following information.

Foreword

Heritage 2018 - 6th International Conference on Heritage and Sustainable Development cele-brates the 10th anniversary of Heritage Conferences. As the previous editions HERITAGE 2018 aimed at maintaining a state of the art event regarding the relationships between forms and kinds of heritage and the framework of sustainable development concepts, namely the frame-work of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.

However, the four dimensions of sustainable development (environment, economics, society and culture) are, as in the past, the pillars of this event defining an approach on how to deal with the specific subject of heritage sustainability. Furthermore, beyond the traditional aspects of heritage preservation and safeguarding the relevance and significance of the sustainable devel-opment concept was to be discussed and scrutinised by some of the most eminent worldwide experts.

For a long time now, heritage is no longer considered as a mere memory or a cultural refer-

ence, or even a place or an object. As the previous editions of “Heritage” (2008, 2010, 2012, 2014 and 2016) have proven, heritage is moving towards broader and wider scenarios, where it often becomes the driven forces for commerce, business, leisure and politics. The Proceedings of the previous editions of this conference are the "living" proof of this trend.

As stated by some the Sustainable Development Goals of the 2030 Agenda, the role of cul-

tural and social issues keeps enlarging the statement where environment and economics had ini-tial the main role. The environmentalist approach (conceiving the world as an ecological sys-tem) enhanced the idea of a globalised world, where different geographic dimensions of actions, both local and global, emerged as the main relationships between producers, consumers and cul-tural specificities of peoples, philosophies and religions. In such a global context heritage be-came one of the key aspects for the enlargement of sustainable development concepts. Heritage is often seen through its cultural definition and no further discussion seams to be appropriate. However, sustainable development brings heritage concepts to another dimension, as it estab-lishes profound relationships with economics, environment, and social aspects.

Nowadays, heritage preservation and safeguarding is constantly facing new and complex

problems. Degradation of Heritage sites is not any more just a result of materials ageing or envi-ronmental actions. Factors such as global and local pollution, climate change, poverty, religion, tourism, commodification, ideologies and war (among others) are now in the cutting edge for the emerging of new approaches, concerns and visions about heritage. Recent events in the Middle-East and other parts of the World are saddling proving the rightness of these assertions and deserve our attention.

HERITAGE 2018 Book of Abstracts

v

Thus, HERITAGE 2018 - 6th International Conference on Heritage and Sustainable Devel-opment proposed a global view on how heritage is being contextualised in relation with the four dimensions of sustainable development. What is being done in terms of research, future direc-tions, methodologies, working tools and other significant aspects of both theoretical and field-work approaches were the aims of this International Conference. Furthermore, heritage govern-ance, and education were brought into discussion as key factors for enlightenment of future global strategies for heritage preservation and safeguarding.

A special chapter on Preservation of Muslim heritage was included in this edition because of

its singular and utmost significance and because the Venue of this edition was the city of Gra-nada, one of the most extraordinary places to understand and feel the merging of cultures, arts and traditions. When religious and cultural issues are raising significant misunderstandings Her-itage 2018 aimed at contributing to a valid, peaceful and fruitful discussion under the broad um-brella of sustainable development goals.

Authors submitting papers to Heritage 2018 were encouraged to address one of the topics of the Conference by providing evidence on past experience and ongoing research work. As a re-sult, Heritage 2018 welcomed a significant number of papers and presentations addressing field work and case studies but also theoretical approaches on a diversity of thematic. As in the pre-vious editions Early Stage Researchers were welcome to share the results of their research pro-jects, namely post-graduation projects and doctoral projects, among others.

The Organising Committee also expresses its gratitude to all Members of the Scientific Committee who reviewed the papers and made suggestions that improved the quality of indi-vidual work and the over-all quality of the event.

The editors would like to express their gratefulness and recognition to the University of Gra-

nada that joined efforts with Green Lines Institute to make this event. Also to the Municipality of Granada, to the Bureau of Tourism of Granada and to the Council of the Alhambra and Gen-eralife our recognition for their participation.

The Editors

Rogério Amoêda Sérgio Lira Cristina Pinheiro Juan M. Santiago Zaragoza Julio Calvo Serrano Fabián García Carrillo

HERITAGE 2018 R. Amoêda, S. Lira, C. Pinheiro, J. M. Santiago Zaragoza, J. Calvo Serrano & F. García Carrillo (eds.)

vi

Organizing Committee Green Lines Institute for Sustainable Development Rogério Amoêda Sérgio Lira Cristina Pinheiro University of Granada Juan Manuel Santiago Zaragoza Julio Calvo Serrano Fabián García Carrillo


vii


viii

Scientific Committee Alessio Cardaci Elizabeth Aitken RoseUniversity of Bergamo, Italy University of Auckland, New Zealand

Alison McCleery Elizabeth CarnegieEdinburgh Napier University, United Kingdom University of Sheffield, United Kingdom

Alistair McCleery Enrico QuagliariniEdinburgh Napier University, United Kingdom Polytechnic University of Marche, Italy

Ana Maria Cruz Valdivieso Esther GianiUniversity of Granada, Spain University of Venice, Poland

Ángela Barrios Padura Ewa StachuraUniversity of Seville, Spain University of Applied Sciences in Raciborz, Poland

Annette B. Fromm Fabián García CarilloUSA University of Granada, Spain

Antonella Versaci Francesca GeremiaUniversity of Enna KORE, Italy Roma Tre University, Italy

Antonio Miguel Nogués-Pedregal Francisco Javier Lafuente Bolívar University Miguel Hernández, Spain University of Granada, Spain

Arwel Jones Francisco Reimão Queiroga Arwel Jones Associates, United Kingdom University Fernando Pessoa, Portugal

Ataa Alsalloum Gemma Domènech Casadevall University of Damascus, Syria Catalan Institute of Research on Cultural Heritage, Spain

Brian Osborne Humberto VarumQueen’s University, Canada University of Porto, Portugal

Cláudia Ramos Hwee-San TanUniversity Fernando Pessoa, Portugal University of London, United Kingdom

Cristina Pinheiro Isotta CortesiGreen Lines Institute, Portugal University of Naples Federico II, Italy

Darko Babic John CarmanUniversity of Zagreb, Croatia University of Birmingham, United Kingdom

David Hidalgo García John E. TunbridgeUniversity of Granada, Spain Carlton University, Canada

Debbie Whelan José Saporiti MachadoUniversity of Lincoln, United Kingdom National Laboratory of Civil Engineering, Portugal

Eliseu Carbonell Josep Lluis I GinovartCatalan Institute for Cultural Heritage Research, Spain Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Spain


ix

Juan Garcia-Esparza Peter DavisUniversitat Jaume I, Spain Newcastle University, United Kingdom

Juan Manuel Santiago Zaragoza Pilar Mercader MoyanoUniversity of Granada, Spain University of Seville, Spain

Julio Calvo Serrano Remah GharibUniversity of Granada, Spain Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar

Karla Nunes Pena Ricardo MateusCurtin University, Australia University of Minho, Portugal

Lourdes Gutiérrez-Carrillo Rogério AmoêdaUniversity of Granada, Spain University Lusíada, Portugal

Maria Paz Sáez-Pérez Roy JonesUniversity of Granada, Spain Curtin University, Australia

Marko Koš ak Sabine MarschallUniversity of Maribor, Slovenia University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

Mary Kenny Sally Helen StoneEastern Connecticut State University, USA Manchester School of Architecture, United Kingdom

Matthew Winsor Rofe Sérgio LiraThe University of South Australia, Australia CLEPUL-Porto / Green Lines Institute, Portugal

Michael Ripmeester Tony O'RourkeBrock University, Canada Co-operatives UK, United Kingdom

Nunzia Borrelli Voltaire Garcês CangUniversity of Milano-Bicocca, Italy RINRI Institute of Ethics, Japan

Pamela Sezgin Xosé A. Armesto-LópezUniversity of North Georgia, USA University of Barcelona, Spain

Paulo Lourenço Zeynep AktüreUniversity of Minho, Portugal Izmir Institute of Technology, Turkey


x

Partners


xi


xii

Contents

Foreword v Organizing Committee vii Scientific Committee ix Partners xi Contents xiii

Chapter 1 - Heritage and governance for sustainability Impact of politics on heritage conservation - a case study of Pakistan 3A. Aqdus

Management models for public cultural heritage: a comparison between the Italian and Russian approaches

4

C. Boniotti, A. Sedova, V. N. Pracchi & G. Ciaramella

Environmental governance possibilities: a sase from Canada's mining sector 5B. Bradshaw

What sustaining heritage really does 6J. Carman

Tourism sustainability indicators for governing urban destinations 7J. C. Fernández de Córdova & A. Torres-Delgado

Finding a sustainable solution to Chinese street shops redevelopment 8V. K. Go

Architecture of emptiness: green walls and indigenous at favelas, Brazil 9D. P. Guimaraens


xiii

Building typology, energy efficiency and historical preservation: a literature review 10M. Lei & A. P. Roders

Controversies in heritage governance: the dynamics of multilevel stakeholders 11G. Manal, F. Jihad & T. Jacques

Management system of the Amazon cultural landscape and the challenge for sustainable development 12J. A. Marta & K. N. Penna

Transformation of cities in the urban context of heritage care in the Czech Republic 13I. Merunková & V. Merunka

Wasted heritage. Between policies for urban heritage and land consumption 14P. Pellegrini & E. Micelli

Protocol of integrated sustainable interventions for historic small smart cities: the mitigation of disas-ter risk

15

V. Pica & M. Cerasoli

Proposal of geothermal energy to a single family house in Montefrío (Granada) 16F. Rodriguez Fajardo, D. Hidalgo García & J. Arco Díaz

Beyond historic urban cores: moving from Conservation planning to heritage policies in Italy 17R. Wacogne

Chapter 2 - Heritage and society

Asmara. History and contemporary effects 21D. Abraha & B. Teame, L. Callea & N. Cattaneo

Documents of the municipal public policy for protection of cultural heritage: the consequences of non-use and new proposal for simplifying the information understanding

22

R. M. A. Baracho & K. J. Dutra

Designing for the built heritage: the Art as a trigger of urban regeneration process. From the inside to the outside

23

M. Borsotti & S. Pistidda

Syrian heritage and memory: present, past and future 24Z. Elcheikh

The role of material cultures in the production of Chinese-Indonesian identities. Case study: Chinese Indonesian in Lasem, Indonesia

25

A. Februandari

Re_conditioning: a sustainable life project 26A. Gaiani

Wikipromotion?: The use of Wikipedia to spread the World Cultural Heritage in Spain 27L. García-Santiago & M. D. Olvera-Lobo

Exploring value-creating processes within the Post Industrial periphery. The case of Poblenou in Barcelona

28

M. Guirnaldos Díaz


xiv

The Qatar-Sudan Archaeolgical Project: in support of the future of the past 29T. Leisten

What runs under your skin - the monastic link to co-housing 30K. Lens

Building for working class after Spanish Civil War. Single-family houses versus isolated buildings blocks, the experience of Sabadell

31

L. Marín-i-Sellarés

Between social cohesion and social distinction: intangible cultural heritage and sustainable social de-velopment

32

M. Meissner

From the problem of squatting to a new living model 33M. Molinari

Performance of conservation and preservation of street artworks 34L. Nomeikaite

Digital tools and participatory design methodologies applied to heritage sustainability 35C. Rico Ramírez, F. Chacón Chacón & S. Uribe-Pérez

Beyond tourism: contributions of heritage to the local economy 36D. D. Rypkema & B. Grosicki

Infill projects and sustainable land use in heritage zones: how to reconcile competing interest sets 37E. Stachura

Ethics of reuse - the reuse of modern slaughterhouses and the Shanghai Municipal Abattoir, 1933 38Y. Wang

Snippets from the north: architects in Durban and their response to identity, common culture and re-sistance in the 1930s

39

D. Whelan

Conserving the significance of a changing modern transport service: the effect of Crossrail on Isam-bard Kingdom Brunel’s Great Western Railway

40

T. R. G. Wilson

Exploring a design strategy of socially sustainable development for traditional village protection 41F. Xu & X. J. Tao

The vernacular features of the built heritage of Zile (Tokat/Turkey) 42C. Yücel & A. Erkara

Chapter 3 - Heritage and environment

Revisiting the Alhambra architecture: Biophilic Design approach 45A. al-Rhodesly, K. al-Hagla & T. Farghaly & M. el-Gamal

The perception of heritage values and their analysis by using GIS tools in vernacular heritage lands-capes

46

P. Altaba Tena & J. A. García-Esparza


xv

Wildfires in Portugal and the loss of rural heritage - Álvaro village case study 47M. L. Belgas, J. Mascarenhas & F. G. Branco

Climate responsive strategies for industrial heritage: case study the “Reales Atarazanas de Sevilla” 48M. V. Castilla, B. Sánchez-Montañés & L. González-Boado

Inclusivity in cultural heritage sites; Topkapi Palace 49E. Çekmecelio lu & A. Sungur

Bicycle networks as a new ground project. The case study of Montesilvano 50A. A. Clemente

Remembering San Juan: a post-disaster understanding of historic preservation 51N. K. N. Correa

Muslim heritage and environment: the case of the watchtowers of the nasrid kingdom of Granada (thirteenth to fifteenth century)

52

L. J. García-Pulido & J. Ruiz-Jaramillo

Enhancing the resilience of the urban system. A study for the city of Parma (I) 53A. Gravante & P. Rota & M. Zazzi

A “smart” low-impact system for guaranteeing sustainable visitors’ access 54B. Gregorini, G. Bernardini, A. Gianangeli, E. Quagliarini & M. D’Orazio

A framework of sustainable architecture in housing design for heritage and environment 55Y. Kuan & V. Menno

Tocal Function Centre: new use for an old shed 56E. Martin

Mountain heritage in danger. The shelters of Sierra Nevada, Granada, Spain 57F. Martín de la Torre, J. M. Santiago Zaragoza & F. García-Carrillo

Building a new natural environment/building a new identity. The case study of the natural and rural landscape of the Banditaccia necropolis at Cerveteri, starting from the ICOMOS's evaluation

58

P. Porretta

Nature Based Solutions to adapt cities to climate change 59R. Rey Mellado, F. Moreno Vargas, T. Franchini Alonso & C. Pozo Sánchez

Rehabilitation of industrial heritage as sustainable strategy: keys for the case study of “La Trinidad” Glass Factory

60

B. Sánchez-Montañés, B. Rey-Álvarez, M. V. Castilla & L. González-Boado

Built environment of Curonian Spit as UNESCO world heritage site: recent changes and perspective 61D. Traškinait

The Sustainable Garden of Pirámides de Güímar 62D. Valcárcel Ortiz

The urban dimensions of historic sizes with heritage protection in the Czech Republic 63J. Zdráhalová, J. Jehlík & V. Rýpar


xvi

Chapter 4 - Heritage and economics Cinque Terre: terraced landscape preservation and tourism sustainability 67S. Acacia, M. Casanova, E. Macchioni, F. Pompejano & C. Repetti

Reviewing the definition of museum. The not for profit statement in Catalonian museums 68A. Laporte, J. Bobes & X. Ulled Bertran

Beyond tourism: contributions of heritage to the local economy 69D. D. Rypkema & B. Grosicki

The role of a music archive in the sustainable development of rural communities based in the Eastern Cape, South Africa

70

L. Watkins

Authenticity as the first condition of the value of artworks and heritage. Modern forensic sciences methods in the authentication process of artworks

71

D. Wilk

Chapter 5 - Heritage and culture Bullfight of the sea: fishing gears and artefacts in Algarve (Portugal) between the 30s and 60s 75N. Batista & M. M. Gonçalves

Community crafts and culture: empowering indigenous communities 76K. Brown & J. A. Brown, T. Muñoz Brenes & A. Soto Chaves

Death of the intangible: a case study of heritage loss in Japan 77V. Cang & Y. Kitamura

Requalification for tourism: the ancient palmenti around Etna as attractors 78F. Cantone

Burning the ships: the edge of maritime heritage 79E. Carbonell

Cultural heritage and territorial development: a comparative analysis between Italy and Morocco 80I. Caruso, T. Vitolo & A. Bertini

Historic Sites as a system for the preservation of architectural heritage: the case of Granada 81A. Castellón Valderrama

Goiás State University as locus for heritage preservation: genesis of a memory center 82P. R. Chagas, M. A. Cunha Torres, A. C. Filgueiras & F. R. Gouveia

Historical re-evaluation in central European capital cities 83H. Clancy

Future heritage. Starting again from culture 84A. A. Clemente

Cultural heritage as a comprehensive evolutionary perspective on regional resilience of the Bedouins of Nuweiba in South Sinai, Egypt

85

A. M. Elnokaly


xvii

Ancient bridges of Sicily: punctual signs of a past that disappears 86T. Firrone, C. Bustinto & A. Zappa

Water, wells, wheels and wealth 87M. M. Gonçalves, M. T. Pérez-Cano & S. Rosendahl

Ecocriticism: declination of a complex memory 88C. Grandi

Buildings tell the truth: Fener-Balat as a case of vernacular in the midst of Istanbul 90. Ö. Gür & S. Y. Erdinç

Old factory - new Cultural Centre: Historical Bomonti Beer Factory in Istanbul 91G. K. Heinz

Colonization villages: urban trace and arquitectural typology. The case of Peñuelas 92A. I. Jiménez-Sánchez, F. J. Lafuente-Bolívar, G. Fernández-Adarve & J. M. Santiago-Zaragoza

Changing representations of heritage in Kings Park, Perth, Western Australia 93R. Jones

Spatial identity and cultural heritage hidden in mundane street objects 94M. Juvancic

Pop-up heritage: conservation of temporary architecture – a case study of Bamboo Theatres in Hong Kong

95

T. Y. Man

From rejection to consecration. Italian key culture elements in Montreal sustainable solutions 96A. Masson-Labonté

The management of municipal property castles: an impossible challenge? Analysis of the Castalla Castle Heritage Site (Castalla, Spain)

97

J. A. Mira Rico

River recovery: strategies to improve the heritage in order to plan a sustainable city. The case study of Rio Darro in Granada

98

F. P. Mondelli

Ecology of mind and ability to maintain - Relevance of inter-dependence of education, cognitive psychology and inherited wisdom

99

S. D. Paich

Patrimonialisation processes in the mining landscape of the Montes de Triano and Galdames (Bi-zkaia, Spain): methodological proposal

100

M. C. Porcal-Gonzalo & O. Ormaetxea-Arenaza

Politics and memory: nationalism revisited 101C. Ramos & S. Lira

Characterization of the lime mortars of Rui Barbosa House Museum in Rio de Janeiro – Brazil 102R. C. C. Ribeiro, D. P. S. Dalto & L. C. R. Moura

Re-enactment and living history events as a tool for community projects: the role of museums 103A. Rojas Rabaneda


xviii

The urban evolution of the surroundings of the Palacio de los Enríquez de Baza (Granada) 104F. J. Salas-Martínez & J. M. Santiago-Zaragoza

Health and cultural heritage: tracing the perceptions of the role of architectural heritage in health and wellbeing

105

H. H. J. Sektani, A. P. Roders, M. Mohammadi & M. Khayat

Comprehensive approach to preventive care of cultural heritage objects (a case of cuneiform collecti-on)

106

P. Štefcová, O. Kohout, L. Polák, J. Valach & P. Zemánek

Conservation and valorization strategies for the recovery of Vulcania shopping centre in Catania 107A. Versaci, L. R. Fauzìa, G. Ferrini & A. Cardaci

Heritage exhibition and preservation based on cultural identity cultivating: a case study of Ecomu-seum on Mosuo Minority, Lugu Lake, Yunnan, China

108

Q. Wei

Arctic shipwrecks as heritage icons and ships as symbols of cultural identity 109S. Wickler

Furniture and other household objects as integrative elements of the indigenous house in East Mexico 110L. F. Zapata Montalvo

Chapter 6 - Heritage and education for the future Education to cultural heritage survey and representation for preservation: the case study of Jodhpur the “blue city”, India

113

E. Borin, F. Maietti & L. Rossato

Built heritage and development cooperation. Study, preservation and rehabilitation of built heritage in medinas of northern Morocco

114

J. Calvo Serrano, C. Malagón Luesma, F. García Carrillo & C. Luque Campaña

‘Astitva’ – a case study on preserving heritage and culture 115V. Deshpande & R. Gokhale

The importance of education in heritage valorisation: the case of Aspiring Geopark Estrela 116M. Fernandes, E. de Castro, F. Loureiro, F. Patrocínio, H. Gomes & G. Firmino

Innovative training for development cooperation projects. Technical improvements in construction techniques from vernacular architecture

117

R. A. Jiménez-Expósito, A. Barrios-Padura, M. Molina-Huelva & G. Stasi

Methodological strategies used in the conservation and restoration of wall paintings subject 118T. López-Martínez, A. I. Calero-Castillo, A. García-Bueno, V. J. Medina-Flórez

Cultural heritage as an educational base for the traditional pillars of sustainable development 119K. N. Penna

World Cultural Heritage from the perspective of young people - preliminary results of a qualitative study

120

V. Röll & C. Meyer


xix

A catalogue of interest elements of a colonized settlement in the province of Granada 121S. Téllez García, F. J. Lafuente Bolívar, G. Fernández Adarve & J. M. Santiago Zaragoza

Towards a new future: the San Francisco Legacy Business Program as a model for intangible heritage preservation

122

B. R. Turner & D. Aggarwal

Chapter 7 - Preservation of historic buildings and structures The uniqueness of Erbil Citadel Buffer Zone as compared to the general theory of Buffer Zones 125A. Abbas

Conserve not conserve: vulnerabilities and opportunities in sustainable conservation of Tong Laus in Hong Kong

126

C. H. Angus

Contemporary conservation methods reflections on human behavior “applications in adaptive reuse of heritage spaces”

127

A. M. A. E. Azim & N. M. A. E. Moneim

The need for innovation in historical building restoration projects 128B. Balaban-Okten & M. S. Okten

Cohousing as a model of sustainable rehabilitation and active preservation for small historical centers in Italy

129

A. Bellicoso, A. Tosone, P. De Beradinis & R. Morganti

Chromatic alterations by microalgae at National Mall fountains in Washington D. C. (USA) 130F. C. Bolívar-Galiano, C. Abad-Ruiz, A. Yebra, J. Romero-Noguera & P. Sánchez-Castillo

The geography of the military and its urban heritage: a case study in the city of Rio de Janeiro (RJ, Brazil)

131

D. S. Cardoso & M. S. Vieira

The comparision of mechanical characteristic and estimation for restoring force of different SASHI-GAMOI joint in traditional wooden residents

132

X. Chen & N. Takiyama

Surveying and assessment of dry stone constructions by means of photogrammetry as a tool for con-servation

133

A. Costa-Jover, S. Coll-Pla, C. Mallafrè Balsells, A. Saballs & D. Moreno Garcia

Validation of a new non destructive test to assess the mechanical quality of new pieces of glass smal-ti from Murano (Italy) used in the trencadís cladding

134

M. Cuesta, J. L. L. Zamora, J. Roset & M. Vicente

The adaptive reuse of Palazzo Ardinghelli in L’Aquila 135D. Di Donato, R. Morganti, A. Tosone & M. Abita

Spaces for socialising in contemporary Catalonia. Architectural heritage between disappearance and survival

136

G. Domènech Casadevall


xx

Pigment-binder interaction in calcium sulfate-based painting materials 137K. Elert

Historic earth roofing in Ibiza. A research of its performance in the rain 138E. Escudero Lafont, S. García Morales & S. Roig Planells

The reuse of cultural heritage as an opportunity for urban regeneration 139K. Fabbricatti, M. R. Pinto & P. Miano

The relationship between conservation and protection in seismic risk sensitive areas 140C. C. Falasca & A. Gigante

The Albaycin in Granada: studies and research for the restoration guidelines 141F. J. Gallego Roca, F. Geremia, G. Marino, M. Palma Crespo, R. Sposini, M. Zampilli & C. Zanin

The reality of the Cortijo del Fraile. A possible intervention 142L. M. García Ruiz, E. Puertas García & M. P. Sáez Pérez

Veteran trees in Melbourne's urban landscape under threat: the case of St Kilda Road Boulevard 143R. J. Green

Port heritage in city-port transformations: opportunities or constraints? 144A. L. Grindlay, I. Bestué-Cardiel, M. I. Rodríguez-Rojas & E. Molero-Melgarejo

Application of environment friendly halogen-free flame retardant in the rehabilitation of historic wo-oden buildings

145

N. Guo, W. Ji, E. H.-W. Chan & E. H. K. Yung

An evaluation of the use of reality technologies in conservation of cultural heritage 146A. U. Hamurcu & A. Hamurcu

Structural characteristics of traditional thatched Chumon-Zukuri houses in the old mountain village of Maesawa, Japan

147

K. Kawashima, X. Chen & N. Takiyama

Portuguese state-subsidized housing projects. A general overview of a recent heritage 148G. Lameira & L. Rocha

Postwar recomposition: Warsaw 149J. M. López Jiménez, J. C. Gómez Vargas & F. Moreno Vargas

Italian encounters around the notion of the sustainable restoration (2015 - 2017) 150R. Martino

Patios and Vilas of Lisbon, an empirical and rational construction 151V. P. Matos

BIM - based decision - making process for resilience assessment in adaptive reuse 152M. Morandotti & C. Cecchini

Recycling of Roman bricks from Romula 153M. Negru, P. Badica, D. Batalu, F. Mihu & I. Poll

The history of Gediz Houses, survey work, and restoration projects 154A. Özodabas, D. Onsekíz


xxi

The baraccatoanti-seismic constructive system: enhancement and preservation of the existing herita-ge in southern Italy

155

E. Pagano, G. Salerno & M. Zampilli

Design and inclusiveness in restoring cultural built heritage: 15th century Hospital in Velez-Malaga 156B. Pérez Doncel, A. Galán González & H. Elkadi

The 19th century iron architecture of industrial buildings. A formal and constructive comparison between two case studies

157

R. Putzolu & M. Bosch

Guarding the border: watchtowers of the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada. Characterization and vulnera-bility assessment

158

J. Ruiz-Jaramillo & L. J. García-Pulido

Digital heritage: preservation of architectural heritage in preserving heritage in the United Arab Emirates: Dubai as a case study

159

A. O. Shaibah

San Juan de Dios Church’s dome. Constructive and structural analysis of a baroque vault in Granada (Spain)

160

J. Suarez, R. Bravo & J. A. González

Encarnación Church’s dome in Montefrío. Constructive and structural analysis of a neoclassical do-me in Granada (Spain)

161


“Saints Justo y Pastor” church’s dome. Constructive and structural analysis of a renaissance dome in Granada (Spain)

162


Structural characteristics of remodeled traditional thatched houses in the old post town of Ouchi-Juku 163N. Takiyama, X. Chen, A. Hirosue & K. Kawashima

Material characteristics of masonry wall of cultural heritage buildings in Bagan archaeological zone, Myanmar

164

N. Takiyama, X. Chen, A. Yamaguchi, W. Y. Aung, S. H. Zaw, S. Kim, M. Miyamoto & M. Koshihara

Seismic damage and vibration properties of cultural heritage buildings in Bagan archaeological zone, Myanmar

165

N. Takiyama, S. Kim, H. Sato & A. Martinez

Evaluating the appropriateness of new development introduced inside ensembles of modern heritage to their heritage qualities

166

A. G. A. Tawab

Surveying a monument: the Eski Imaret Camii in Istanbul 167G. Uner, M. Esmer & U.Almac

Changes in vernacular houses varied by user needs: case studies of Karacakaya, Ustundal, and Dirlik in Trabzon

168

E. B. Var & H. Kobayashi

Two instruments to preserve the Heritage: historical-constructive study and reuse 169M. C. Vílchez Lara

HERITAGE 2018 R. Amoêda, S. Lira, C. Pinheiro, J. M. Santiago Zaragoza, J. Calvo Serrano & F. García Carrillo (eds.)xxii

xxii

Local community and authorities’ role on architectural preservation: a study of rock-hewn churches preservation in Eastern Tigray, Ethiopia

170

E. T. Weldegiorgis & T. Ozawa

Chapter 8 - Heritage and cultural tourism

Hermopolis and intellectual tourism - itineraries of the mind 173M. Abdel-Nasser

The authenticy of the historic unauthenticity: the restoration of the Portuguese monuments in the 20th Century on the quest for a national identity

174

R. Amoêda

Reading the urban historical sedimentation throughout the eyes of a novelist. A digital tool to raise tourists awareness of cultural heritage

175

L. Bollini

Contributions of creative tourism to sustainable development: the CREATOUR research and incuba-tion project

176

S. M. Cabeça, A. R. Gonçalves, J. F. Marques & M. Tavares

The Montado Great Route Sustainable tourism: threats and opportunities 177C. Carriço, T. Batista, P. Mendes & J. M. Mascarenhas

Cultural Tourism vs. Binge Drinking – lack of management and conflicts in the inner city of Buda-pest

178

A. Csizmady, G. Olt, M. K. Smith & I. Sziva

Cultural heritage and strengthening of local image: Golubac in Iron Gates Region, Serbia 179A. Djukic, B. Antonic, T. Radic & J. Jokovic

Exploring the cultural tourism potential of the company town’ heritage in Friuli Venezia Giulia Re-gion (NE Italy)

180

A. Frangipane & M. V. Santi

Accessibility of the Tourist Information Office in Pavia: a contemporary ramp for a medieval buil-ding

181

A. Greco, V. Giacometti & G. Pietra

Efforts concerning the safeguarding of the forest-related biocultural heritage in Europe 182E. Johann

Inter-relationship between Heritage & Cultural Tourism: experiences from Slovenia & Ireland 183M. Koš ak & T. O’Rourke

Towards a new computational approach to conserving the spatial authenticity of historic towns within a heritage tourism framework

184

P. Liao, M. Rofe, C. Brisbin & N. Gu

The vernacular architecture as a potential element for the development of cultural tourism 185A. P. Machado, C. Baptista, F. S. Salvador & L. M. Figueira


xxiii

Staging monuments. How the cultural tourism could affects the conservation strategies 186C. Mariotti & A. Zampini

Conditioning factors of the social impacts on local communities within cultural destinations 187J. M. Martín Martín, J. A. Salinas Fernández & J. A. Rodríguez Martín

Brasília and the Orla Project (from 1992 to 2017) an insight from the point of view of the cultural landscape and the cultural tourism: The Concha Acústica Cultural Pole

188

A. E. Medeiros & O. L. Ferreira

Aiming at a sustainable tourism management: infield study of the indoor environmental conditions of two heritage libraries

189

L. D. Pereira, A. R. Gaspar, J. J. Costa & F. B. Lamas

Achilles and the Tortoise: a paradox between authenticity and cultural tourism 190V. Pracchi

Urban sustainability through economic activities: Cathedral area in Granada 191J. M. Santiago-Zaragoza

Landscape values for tourists in traditional Silesian health resorts. Szczawno-Zdrój, Jedlina-Zdrój and Soko owsko

192

M. H. Skomorowska

A Study of villa design approaches related to Hindu philosophy in space since the late 90s in Bali 193S. P. S. Soegondo, T. Ozawa & H. Ping

Cultural heritage, tourism and the sustainable development of the local communities: the case of the manor houses in Romania

194

C. Veghe

Tourist imaginaries of Mexico: particularities of the Architectural Heritage visited by tourist cruise ships in the City of Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico

195

L. S. Zamudio Vega

Chapter 9 - Muslim heritage Preserving and valorizing the settlement system of Southern Morocco 199A. Bertini, C. Cuturi, I. Caruso & T. Vitolo

Augmenting the art of the Alhambra: a digital perspective for al-Andalus heritage sustainability 200E. La Duca

The graphic survey as a basis for the intervention on historical heritage. The case of a dwelling in the medina of Chefchaouene

201

C. Luque Campaña, J. Calvo Serrano, C. Malagón Luesma & F. García Carrillo

Pathology and memories of the pantheons within the Jesus cemetery of Murcia 202J. Marín & M. P. Sáez

Almohad sebka as a reference element in the Gothic-Mudejar architecture of Seville: analysis thro-ugh digital models

203

J. F. Molina Rozalem & A. Atanasio Guisado


xxiv

Masjid Jamek: Kuala Lumpur's important Muslim heritage; a case study on the challenges and sus-tainability in the development of its surroundings

204

H. J. Ng & R. A. Rashid

The detached farmstead towers from 12th-century Sierra de Segura (Jaén, Spain): contributions to the territorial settlement of the al-Andalus period. Results of the R&D&I project #ProyectoSegura

205

S. Quesada-García & G. Romero-Vergara

Reconsidering Islamic art and Muslim heritage: migration, cultural exchange and the dominance of the Arab-centric aesthetic

206

L. F. Ryan

The Islamic heritage in the Palace of the Infantado of Guadalajara 207A. M. Trallero Sanz

Chapter 10 - Sacred spaces and religious heritage Tracks on landscape 211D. Besana

Sleeping beauties. Ancient princesses in developing municipalities 212D. Besana & A. Chiesa

Little gems carved in the city: the new life of the abandoned sacred spaces 213D. Besana & S. Matranga

An intangible cultural heritage turned to tangible. Music, literature, moral and faith. The case of the Spanish Chant of the Sibyl

214

M. Á. Ferrer-Forés

The reuse of former ecclesiastical buildings as university 215S. Lucenti

Historical climate assessment of a baroque Portuguese church towards the design of an appropriate heating system embracing heritage conservation

216

L. D. Pereira, A. R. Gaspar, J. J. Costa & F. B. Lamas

The sacred in religious architecture trough history 217L. M. L Sêrro

Interpretation of sacred sites: methodological challenges in balancing materiality and spirituality 218A. Thouki

A forgotten religious heritage in the north of Apulia 219C. Verazzo & M. Bitondi

Index of Authors 221


xxv


xxvi

Chapter 1

Heritage and governance for sustainability

Impact of politics on heritage conservation – a case study of Pakistan

A. Aqdus Pakistan Council of Architects and Town Planners, Karachi, Pakistan

ABSTRACT: The paper looks at the Preservation and Protection of the Archaeological Heritage of Pakistan, specifically focusing on management, preservation and conservation of these sites which is a condition for their sustainability by examining the impact of politics on heritage conservation. The Orange Line Metro Train Project being built in Lahore, has been taken as the subject of this case study. It aims to find out how preservation, conservation and management of heritage can be affected by decisions taken by the ruling politicians in power. Lahore is rich with tangible heritage with countless remains from the Mughal era, Sikh period and the British rule. The city has one of the strongest infrastructures in the country. A major rapid mass transit system (RMTS) is now being developed in Lahore. The RMTS is a network of buses and trains to connect the entire city. The master plan consists of four routes, one has been built, and the second route i.e. the Orange Line Metro Train is a project of PML-N, the ruling party. Different professional forums and sections of the civil society have shown hostility towards this project because of displacement of a large number of people from their homes and relocation of many businesses. The project has drastically affected some 22 heritage sites and structures, of which 11 have been accepted by the courts as being affected including UNESCO’s World Heritage Site – The Shalimar Gardens. The Orange Line Metro Train Project is still being pushed by the government. This paper looks further into many other aspects related to effected heritage sites, their conservation and preservation.


3

Management models for public cultural heritage: a comparison between the Italian and Russian approaches

C. Boniotti, A. Sedova, V. N. Pracchi & G. Ciaramella Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy

ABSTRACT: Both the Russian and Italian governments are currently promoting a business-oriented approach for the management of cultural heritage and the cooperation between public and private parties. The comparison of the adopted management models could foster the exchange of knowledge between the two different countries, recognize the weak and strength aspects of the governance and identify which can be appropriate solutions for each specific context. The proposal tries to demonstrate that these policies can support the conservation and valorization of the built cultural heritage, encouraging an holistic approach in sustainable development from the economic, social, environmental and cultural perspectives.


4

Environmental governance possibilities: a sase from Canada's mining sector

B. Bradshaw Department of Geography, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada

ABSTRACT: The means by which Canadians are seeking to address environmental sustainability challenges are transforming. Since the early 1990s, the state's monopoly over governance has been challenged by the efforts of non-state actors including civil society organizations and local communities. This phenomenon is especially evident in Canada’s mining sector, where novel governance processes have emerged thathave enabled mining projects to proceed with reduced impacts upon environmental and cultural heritage, and with the collective consent of indigenous communities within whose traditional territories the minerals lie. This possibility is well exemplified by the development of the Voisey’s Bay mine, the deposit of which was first identified in the early 1990s in traditional Labrador Inuit and Innu territories. For the Labrador Inuit, the proposed development had the potential to create socioeconomic benefits at a time when opportunities in the fishing industry were in decline. At the same time, the proposal generated several concerns for the Labrador Inuit, such as sea ice breakage as a result of winter shipping, and the possible erosion of traditional subsistence lifestyles, especially given the potential for further loss of culturally significant species like caribou. Given this, the Labrador Inuit sought to find a path that would maximize local socioeconomic benefits and minimize ecological and cultural impacts. They did so through a variety of means including state-led Environmental Assessment, litigation, and the pursuit of a Modern Land Claim Agreement. However, the governance instrument that ultimately allowed them to address their most critical needs was a private agreement struck with the mine developer, with no oversight from the state. This case study offers useful insight on the potential of non-state governance to achieve ends that have not always been achieved through regulatory systems alone, including with respect to heritage conservation.


5

What sustaining heritage really does

J. Carman Ironbridge International Indstitute for Cultural Heritage, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, U.K.

ABSTRACT: Increasingly across the globe, heritage agencies have taken on board the critique of heritage management enshrined in Smith’s (2006) argument about the dominance of an ‘authorised heritage discourse’ and the way this has been developed by other writers in the field. To this end, they are increasingly engaged in extending their work towards working with communities. This is highly commendable and contributes towards the sustainability of heritage as a category. What gets lost in the debates about community engagement and involvement, however, is any consideration of the nature or role of the heritage agency as a type of institution; and yet an understanding of the role of these institutions in the process is essential if we are truly to break away from limited, top-down, highly managerial conceptions of what heritage is for. It is not just a matter of organisations doing what they do in a more inclusive manner; it is more than them moving from positions of authority to acting as facilitators. There needs to be a clear understanding by all involved in the heritage process – including those who work for institutions – of how institutions function in relation to the object of their attention and others who have an interest in that object. The question arises, what is it that efforts to create a sustainable heritage actually sustain? This is similar to Foucault’s comment that individuals have a good understanding of what they do, have a fairly good understanding of why they do it, but lack a clear conception of what they do does. Taking this as a starting-point, and drawing upon work from sociologists, anthropologists and others, this paper will outline an approach to gaining the necessary insights by an examination of heritage bodies as particular types of bureaucracy. The object is not to dismiss or denigrate the work of heritage bodies but to demonstrate and highlight the particular role they play in relation to maintaining heritage as a sustainable resource for the future. Bureaucracies function in particular ways: heritage agencies inevitably also do so. The ultimate consequences which derive from sustaining heritage therefore derive from the work of these bureaucracies and we need to understand what they are. This paper addresses this question.


6

Tourism sustainability indicators for governing urban destinations

J. Cordero Fernández de Córdova & A. Torres-Delgado University School of Hospitality and Tourism, CETT-UB, Barcelona, Spain

ABSTRACT: Today, tourism is generating a degree of social conflict in certain cities, The im-pact of tourism therefore needs to be quantified: to do this, instruments must be designed to fa-cilitate good decision-making and governance. The objective of this study was to create a sys-tem of sustainability indicators able to support urban destination governance. A mixed methodology was applied: first, we conceptualized urban sustainable tourism to obtain an initial list of theoretical indicators. These indicators were then applied to four pilot cities: Barcelona, Tarragona, Lleida and Girona. Based on this analysis, we proposed a validated Sustainable Tourism Indicator System that incorporated 26 indicators structured into four dimensions (so-cio-cultural, economic, environmental and institutional). We conclude by emphasizing that gov-ernance must aim at sustainable tourism: to prevent the deterioration of residents’ quality of life, loss of heritage and environmental degradation. In this process, indicators are essential to gener-ate data and to help monitor and validate policies implemented in destination cities.


7

Finding a sustainable solution to Chinese street shops redevelopment

V. K. Go The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

ABSTRACT: This paper presents with the help of two case studies a humanistic and hence sustainable approach to heritage conservation in face of government-led urban redevelopment that has affected family owned street shops in Hong Kong. The cases studied show an odd disparity of heritage conservation and redevelopment criteria. In one case, such redevelopment displaced street shops, their families and business to produce high-end commercial/residential buildings despite public protest. In another case, similar street shops were spared after a film publicized the street. Both places should be considered heritage sites because of the existence of at least three generations of family owned street shops. A humanist approach predicated on the principles of subsidiarity and solidarity rooted in respect for the human person, as informed by the integral approach of Aguirre (2013), is offered. This approach should provide a more internally consistent way to heritage conservation in redevelopment (i.e., a win-win scenario informed by the model of Yu et al (2000) that does not insist on all or nothing).


8

Architecture of emptiness: green walls and indigenous at favelas, Brazil

D. P. Guimaraens Graduate Program of Architecture and Urbanism-PPGAU, University Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

ABSTRACT: The project emphasizes a critical urban reading that elects the city as a laboratory of digital green cities’experimentation. Experiences of changing public spaces from new interventions in empty spaces emphasizes the interpretation of reflexive exercise in critical self-assessment through microplanning prototypes, and typical constructions of Brazilian indigenous cultures (‘ocas’ or longhouses) by focusing on the appreciation of cultural diversity in megacities.


9

Building typology, energy efficiency and historical preservation: a literature review

M. Lei & A. P. Roders Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands

ABSTRACT: Energy efficient renovations are considered effective to improve the energy efficiency of existing buildings. Existing buildings of similar typology can, in principle, apply similar renovation strategies to improve their energy efficiency. That enables an urban-based approach to renovation strategies, rather than a building-based approach, with tailored surveys applied per building. Urban-based approaches are considered more resource-efficient, for taking less time, human resources and budget – as one assessment can be valid to buildings of alike typology. Building typology as a clustering principle of buildings to further understanding on the existing building stock and its diversity, has been widely theorized in earlier studies. However, its implementation to standardize renovation strategies among buildings of typologies alike is a far more recent field of research. Scholars often rank renovation strategies based on cost-benefit analysis, assuming energy efficiency and costs are the only criteria influencing the selection of renovation strategies. That is not the case for all buildings, and surely not for historical buildings, where a combination of strategies might be a better option, than one single very effective one, if this same strategy is proven to have negative impact on the cultural significance of the historical building. This paper presents and discusses the results of a review on the literature focused on energy efficiency and building typology, comparing aspects such as the theoretical framework, methods, tools and key findings, between studies with and without a focus on historical preservation. Results reveal the state-of-the-art and its knowledge gaps, and guide future research in further understanding on the application of buildings typologies to better match renovation strategies to historical buildings. Moreover, results are expected to enable the contribution of historical buildings to improve the energy efficiency of the existing building stock, now often assumed as unsustainable, and therefore excluded from energy efficiency programs.


10

Controversies in heritage governance: the dynamics of multilevel stakeholders

G. Manal LEMA, Urban and Environmental Engineering department, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium

F. Jihad Department of Urban Planning, Lebanese University, Hadeth, Beirut, Lebanon

T. Jacques LEMA, Urban and Environmental Engineering department, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium

ABSTRACT: This study focuses on the dynamics of heritage governance’s controversies incities characterized bypost-conflict tensions. In these cities, the regulatory and institutional system is somehow challenged byhighly structured community-based initiatives and organisations. An analytical framework that assesses both the regulatory system and urban conservation and development practices is applied. Two case studies on heritage management in Tripoli (Lebanon) are compared at this respect. Results focus on the dichotomy between decision makers’ and communities’ approaches to the definition and management of heritage, and the struggle over public spaces and the reclaim of heritage values that arise around and in these spaces. The discussion highlights how controversies emerge from the physical material assets that are claimed as heritage and the range of values associated with these tangible assets, and how the local community develops local science and keeps finding a way to co-produce heritage knowledge and democratize heritage.


11

Management system of the Amazon cultural landscape and the challenge for sustainable development

J. A. Marta Green Municipalities Program – State Government of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil

K. N. Penna Transformative Learning Research Centre, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia

ABSTRACT: The interaction between the environmental and cultural heritage of a site is a result of a unique model that is, the cultural landscape of a place. In the case of the Brazilian Amazon, this interaction presents itself in the eyes of visitors and its inhabitants as a complex object of desire, which for some must be preserved and for others must be explored. The question is how to manage this unique multidimensional landscape that is socially and environmentally diverse and composed of material and immaterial assets. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the Brazilian cultural landscape management system, evaluating to what extent the cultural and human dimensions are being contemplated in this system. Considering that the concept of cultural landscape includes, among others, the sense of belonging, meaning, value and uniqueness of the place, this paper brings observations from insiders that can contribute to the management of cultural landscapes similar to the Amazon context.


12

Transformation of cities in the urban context of heritage care in the Czech Republic

I. Merunková National Heritage Institute, Prague, Czech Republic

V. Merunka Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic

ABSTRACT: The paper summarises the forms of protection of cities and settlements (e.g. urban conservation areas, urban conservation zones and adjacent protection zones, conditions of UNESCO heritage registration ...), including the recapitulation of the history of heritage protection in the Czech territory (the Czech Republic and former Czechoslovakia). We will describe and analyse what social and legislative factors influenced the urban structure and the overall picture of the cities and settlements during the last century and will bring the concrete examples of the changes of exteriors as well as the interiors of the selected cities and settlements with the institutionally defined heritage protection of the historical centres of described urban units in the Czech territory.


13

Wasted heritage. Between policies for urban heritage and land consumption

P. Pellegrini Department of Urban Planning and Design, Xi’an Jiaotong - Liverpool University, Suzhou, China

E. Micelli Department of Architecture, Construction, Conservation, Universita’ IUAV di Venezia, Venice, Italy

ABSTRACT: Italian historic centres have been at the centre of cultural debate and administrative action for decades, leading to extensive planning and regulation activities. However, the interpretation of demographic movements and property dynamics over the past thirty years reveals that properties have been progressively abandoning the centres, population has shrunk, businesses are significantly reduced and institutions have opted for new locations. The extensive planning and regulation activities have neither registered these phenomena nor reacted to them. This approach has an impact on the sustainability of the planning choices, in fact plans fail to propose the empty inner cores as opportunities to reduce land consumption and recycle valuable assets. The paper presents the extensive contribution to conservation of urban heritage of the Italian design culture, counter-poses it to the statistical findings on abandonment and critically discuss three relevant case studies, concluding that new policies must be conceived and regulations reframed.


14

Protocol of integrated sustainable interventions for historic small smart cities: the mitigation of disaster risk

V. Pica & M. Cerasoli University Roma Tre, Rome, Italy

ABSTRACT: The paper focuses on the mitigation of disaster risk in the “internal” (or peripheral) areas of the Italian peninsula and in other countries of the Euro-Mediterranean zone, through the protocol “Historical Small Smart Cities”. Aiming to raising their attractiveness and according to the recent upgrades in the field of Heritage Protection in terms of integrated interventions and risk management, the protocol "Historical Small Smart Cities" is a smart governance tool for the sustainable recovery, that includes social participation and the “modulation of the protection” of urban built heritage. In particular, this protocol can provide promoters a direct listening to the real needs of the citizens, without wasting money on less effective works. This factor could be of great impact on the economic aspect of the Risk Management and Reduction financing policies, by enhancing the involvement of private investors in the special plans. At the same time, the institutions must also assume the responsibility of creating a conscious, informed community, more prepared for uncertainty and aware of the criticalities of their territory.


15

Proposal of geothermal energy to a single family house in Montefrío (Granada)

F. Rodriguez Fajardo, D. Hidalgo García & J. Arco Díaz Higher Technical School of Building Engineering, Granada, Spain

ABSTRACT: With the entry into force of the European Directive 2010/31 an important field is opened for the improvement of the energetic efficiency of existing buildings and those of new construction. In Spain, most of the energy produced is through coal and oil, very polluting elements and generators of the known "climate change". It is necessary to modify these approaches and change to "sustainable or renewable" energy sources or also known as "Clean" since they do not pollute and are inexhaustible. One of these sources of energy is Geothermal. Geothermal energy is one of the least known renewable energy sources; it is stored under the earth's surface in the form of a constant temperature throughout the year. It has a great potential of utilization, for the generation of electrical energy, since the thermal demand of the energy consumed in the residential and services sector is relatively low. This paper aims to study the application and implementation of a geothermal energy system in a single-family home in the municipality of Montefrío (Granada). We will study a series of factors: the land, the parts of the installation, the cost of its implementation and, above all, the amortization period for the owner. As a possible conclusion we can advance that the amortization period for the owner will be relatively short, obtaining an important benefit.


16

1 This paper is largely based on the case-study, thematic and country reports produced as part of the JPI-supported PICH project (for more information see the project’s website, URL https://planningandheritage.wordpress.com/pich-2/).

Beyond historic urban cores: moving from Conservation planning to heritage policies in Italy1

R. Wacogne IUAV University of Venice, Venice, Italy

ABSTRACT: Italy’s contribution to the conservation of historic urban cores at the international level is widely appreciated both in theoretical and practical terms, as much as its rich urban heritage. But after decades of experiments and reforms in the field of planning, new policies appear necessary. Various phenomenons, including economic recession, mass tourism, climate change and demographic evolutions have had a strong impact on Italian cities and towns, emphasising a critical relationship between their inhabitants and fabric. Meanwhile, policies originally unrelated to urban heritage meddled with this relationship. Conservation areas and listing now appear as inefficient tools, and only recently has sustainable development been seized as an opportunity for historic cities and towns. Is a new approach imposing itself? After a short illustration of the urban heritage governance framework in Italy, this paper will expose and discuss recent policies introduced at the national and local level, including in particular the design of a ‘Landscape Charter’ (Carta del Paesaggio) promoted by the Ministry of Culture in occasion of the ‘Landscape States General’ (Stati Generali del Paesaggio, held in Rome on October 25-26, 2017).


17


18

Chapter 2

Heritage and Society

Asmara. History and contemporary effects

D. Abraha & B. Teame Asmara Heritage Project, Asmara, Eritrea

L. Callea Department of Architecture, Design and Urbanism of Alghero, University of Sassari, Alghero, Italy

N. Cattaneo Department of Architecture and Urban Studies, Polytechnic University of Milan, Milan, Italy

ABSTRACT: Established from the union of four original villages that developed in the current form from the early 1900s, the city of Asmara presents itself as a special case where local and western Italian culture are fused to form a unicum in the global architectural landscape. In the first stage of development, the construction industry has grown according to different styles. In the first urban core space are found neo-classical, neo-baroque and eclectic, liberty and art deco elements, included in the urban plans that periodically have regulated the development of the city. Until the Thirties, architectonic expressions which have characterized the urban plot of Asmara have been autonomous compared to references of cultural and nationalist feelings, and marked by free use of characters and styles. In 1936, with the “Appeal to the architects”, the fascist regime has imposed to overseas engineers that the production respects the ideological principles of segregation of the Empire, marking the monumental and authoritarianism that have given as a result the use of proportions and volumes austere, impressive, from essential decorations, that express strength, stability and safety attributed to the same Regime. At the urban level this resulted in the separation of functions and social compartments, which was rejected by the local government defending instead the mixing of Europeans with the natives that, in fact, animated the life of the city. As a result of the directive destined to architects, gradually, production moved from that of regime mould purist and rationalist to a modernist, again with characters and hints autonomous and independent than the West, favoured by the distance from the architectural context western plural-layered. Open spaces, both physical and cultural that the new Asmara granted, have allowed experiments which resulted in the recognition of World Heritage Site by UNESCO in July 2017. The working of Eritreans and Italians alongside each other allowed sharing professionalism, building knowledge and techniques which became an integral part of construction practice that is local and cultural heritage autonomous in the modernist production. Eritrea has chosen to store and protect its history built with the commitment and the work of the Eritrean people that is part of its identity and bridge communication between cultures.


21

Documents of the municipal public policy for protection of cultural heritage: the consequences of non-use and new proposal for simplifying the information understanding

R. M. A. Baracho & K. J. Dutra UFMG, Minas Gerais, Brazil

ABSTRACT: This paper proposes to do a critical analysis of the mechanisms of public politics of cultural heritage protection of Minas Gerais State, and to indicate possible solutions based on some tools of the information science. A qualitative methodologywas used, substantiated on the documental research and analysis, to observe some difficulties found by the councils. As a final consideration it’s possible to say that: the documents generated for the IEPHA are very important, because they are largely used in this paper as a source of research. And it is expected that through the dialogue started in this paper, the information science, architecture, library science and other sciences can start new researches related to the documents.


22

Designing for the built heritage: the Art as a trigger of urban regeneration process. From the inside to the outside

M. Borsotti & S. Pistidda Department of Architecture and Urban Studies, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy

ABSTRACT: Abandoned buildings in our cities today represent a great problem: these have lost stable functions, doomed to progressive decay and often cause of social tensions. Abandoned areas are urban and architectural breaking points not encouraging the social use of spaces, becoming a denied resource to the community. Often, besides the difficult environment, a high socio-cultural mix makes this complexity even more difficult to face. This unused built heritage and great diversity can represent an extraordinary opportunity, where proper reactivation strategies can be a trigger of new relational systems. While an abandoned building is waiting to be reintegrated in urban lifecycle, it is possible to act with temporary initiatives able to trigger the re-appropriation processes. In the territory, there are many stratifications with intrinsic cultural and symbolic value, able to define the place and the identity. Art represents an interpretative practice of local identity factors, able to promote inclusiveness and to generate recognition of abandoned places. Art triggers temporary transformations, thanks to collective performances able to transform abandoned spaces in enhanced places, giving them new and innovative inhabited dimensions. Artistic actions are the opportunity to rehabilitate the perception of community, where the sharing experiences strengthen the link with the territory, becoming the trigger of re-appropriation process and the filter for the re-colonization of places. The paper wants to retrace some of the most interesting experiences, national and international, that have used the Art as element of regeneration, comparing goals and results.


23

Syrian heritage and memory: present, past and future

Z. Elcheikh Institute for History of Architecture, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany

ABSTRACT: The entire world is talking about saving Syria’s heritage; this is not an overstatement. Initiatives have been pacing worldwide to document heritage damages and to plan for its future conservation and reconstruction ahead of time. With the protracted conflict, the country's cultural heritage is still believed to be a panacea for unity, collective memory and reconciliation. Yet, the destruction that inflicted the country since 2011, affecting large parts of Syria's cities and historic sites, has not only been physical; societal devastation has also occurred, raising question marks about what Syrian identity truly means nowadays. So why would the relics of the past of a country with pressing humanitarian needs warrant such a major international concern? To owns this heritage belongs anyway, to determine its future? This paper looks at heritage as a "process" produced and reproduced with the passing of time, attributed to changing tangible and intangible aspects, and constructed within a social framework. Conflicts release new spaces of memory, where views of the past would be, or remain, contested. Devastation is now a part of the history of many places of heritage in Syria. It is impossible to undo the damage and act as if the event that caused it did not take place. Reconstructing conflict-damaged heritage does not follow a predetermined model; it is a decision-making process that affects the intimate relationship between heritage and memory. What holds for the future of Syria remains questionable, and despite the actual divergences and clashes, the Syrians share commonalities that cannot be ignored. The country's heritage is definitely a responsibility and a commitment. Yet, safeguarding Syria's heritage is not solely about saving material relics of the past. It is about sustaining a response to these relics, mainly by those who ethically own this heritage. However, given the protracted conflict, this response is not (yet) determined.


24

The role of material cultures in the production of Chinese-Indonesian identities. Case study: Chinese Indonesian in Lasem, Indonesia

A. Februandari Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle Akademi Pariwisata Dharma Nusantara Sakti, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

ABSTRACT: This ethnographic research explores the role of material cultures in the formation of Chinese Indonesian identitiesin Lasem. In this paper, I argue that Chinese Indonesian material cultures play a significant role in the production of Chinese Indonesian identity. Foucault’s concept of self-governing and Bourdieu’s notion of the habitus are employed in this research in order to understand the role of material cultures in producing Chinese Indonesian identities.The empirical results demonstrate that in general, material cultures act as self-technologyand regulate the subjects’ behaviors by creating behavioral patterns; moreover, as I shall suggest, material cultures also act as cultural capitalin theinternalization of social norms within subjects. To sum up, material cultures play a significant role in three aspects of identity production. Firstly, material cultures contribute to the identity production of Chinese Indonesians through the lens of memory. Secondly, through material culture, Chinese Indonesians produce their identity by creating a hybrid culture. Thirdly, through material culture, Chinese Indonesians maintain their position in local social hierarchies since they believe that being ‘equal’ with locals is crucial to their being accepted ethnically as Indonesian.


25

Re_conditioning: a sustainable life project

A. Gaiani Department Architecture, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy

ABSTRACT: Sustainable development today is a mix between social, economic and urban growth. It is supported by a technological system that increases changing human relations in ways that individuals interact. The city and its architecture become an instrument for work mediation and contribution towards the pre-existing, its heritage, its identity and new ways of enjoying, organizing and participation of communities. It starts with the analysis of typical elements for new forms providing for the community and society involved. The objective is to define a system of readying a project for cities by the re-conditioning and redetermination towards a value of what is labeled "urban scrap." The most appropriate strategy in response of reconciliation towards urban and social needs. New technical tools are introduced with a contemporary hybrid design adapting changes in a social context, grafting onto what exists with a valuable outcome to community developmental questions.


26

Wikipromotion?: The use of Wikipedia to spread the World Cultural Heritage in Spain

L. García-Santiago & M. D. Olvera-Lobo SCImago Research Group, Associated Unit of the Spanish Higher Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Madrid, Spain Department of Information and Communication, University of Granada, Granada, Spain

ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study is the analysis of the potential of Wikipedia as a key tool for the dissemination of information (Pentzold et al., 2017) on Unesco World Culture Heritage from a multilingual perspective.This study proposes a framework that allows us to identify in what way a Unesco World Heritage asset is well represented in Wikipedia to favour its dissemination. Design and methodology– An empirical study was carried out on the Wikipedia entries relating to World Culture Heritage Assets identified by Unesco in Spain. Descriptive statistics were applied to describe structural differences. Wikipedia articles were researched taking into account aspects such as presence on the encyclopaedia, authority and accessibility Finally this study sets out a checklist (García-Santiago & Olvera-Lobo, 2017), which allows the identification of how the image of the Cultural Heritage assets can be improved in Wikipedia and, as a result, benefit their spread and visibility. Besides, entries in the encyclopaedia in languages other than English could be rated. This framework facilitates the quick identification of those articles that show weaknesses or a lack of exploitation of resources available via Wikipedia, which permit a better dissemination of the information on the cultural asset or to be adapted to other thematic domains.


27

Exploring value-creating processes within the Post Industrial periphery. The case of Poblenou in Barcelona

M. Guirnaldos Díaz Welsh School of Architecture, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

ABSTRACT: Since the 2008 global crisis, due to the lack of public investments and the lack offeasible urban conservation policies feasible within social demands, a significant quantity of abandoned industrial heritage has increased in many European cities. Although industrial heritage is widelystudied; little attention is paid to the modificationof heritage values of Post- industrial and how they are absorbed by the contemporary city To reflect on that, the research is inspired by the shift in the perception of industrial landscapes provoked in the 60’s by Robert Smithson with his essay ‘Monuments of Passaic’. Through the presentation of new understandings of interacting with the industrial heritage in Poblenou (Barcelona), the most industrialized area of Spain at the end of the XIXC and the one that has suffered more changes in the last 50 years, this paper intends to deep in the tangible/intangible value creating process and the implementation of innovative conservation practices.


28

The Qatar-Sudan Archaeolgical Project: in support of the future of the past

T. Leisten Qatar Museums, Qatar

ABSTRACT: Established in 2012 as a 5-7 year project, the Qatar-Sudan Archaeological Project (QSAP) was designed to lend tangible support to Sudan’s heritage sector by supporting a significant number of domestic and foreign archaeological excavations and surveys, conservation projects and linguistic studies. This also included the creation of site-management plans, tourism concepts and touristic infrastructure, including the building of visitor centers, the rehabilitation of museums and their didactics. This was to be accompanied by a third element, i.e. community outreach, capacity training, school visits, the creation of teachers’ materials and printed site guides. QSAP currently serves as an umbrella for 42 scientific missions hailing from 25 institutions from the twelve countries: i.e. Sudan, Qatar, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Poland, Switzerland, Denmark, the United Kingdom, Canada and the United States of America. The paper will argue that QSAP’s primary role is that of a catalyst that creates the ability for the heritage sector in Sudan to galvanize fragmented expertise into a cohesive and sustained effort for the future benefit of the country’s extensive heritage. It will show that the project provides sustained support to help the complicated process of creating, growing and implementing regional strategies of heritage management and that it advocates a proactive inclusion of communities that live near archaeological sites and which stand to benefit economically from a thriving cultural tourism. Moreover, it will argue, that in a time in which global institutions such as UNESCO or the World Heritage Fund have financial issues which are seriously impeding their work and the enforcement of their standards, a project such as QSAP could serve as a future model by which the efforts of international NGOs invested in heritage protection, management and cultural tourism could be vitally aided.


29

What runs under your skin – the monastic link to co-housing

K. Lens University of Hasselt, Hasselt, Belgium

ABSTRACT: Individual housing is no longer the only ideal contemporary way of living because of cost, loneliness and environmental footprint in Western Europe. As a consequence, cohabitation projects become popular tools to the adaptive reuse of underused heritage sites. However, besides creating the best material context, different intangible factors are decisive in their fragile development process. Another hopeful insight is that collective housing is part of our Western-European DNA (De Bruyn, J. & Malliet, A., 2015). At the same time, a traditional cohabitation typology struggles to get by. Despite their survival of many past storms, monastic communities face one of their greatest challenges in present Western Europe: disinterest. They are enclosed islands of peace and quiet, but they also demonstrated flexibility and resilience during their 1.700 years of existence. A historical and spatial study, on both local and international level, indicates a hybrid living concept, which is the subject of continues monastic experiments with 6 intangible characteristics in a identifiable frame: spirituality, hospitality, servitude, logistic assistance, cultivation of the open space and above all, permanent residence of a community (Lens, K. 2014). Our almost finished dissertation about adaptive reuse of monasteries identifies the wide variety of monastic cohabitation examples as vital instruments to revalue both the intangible heritage of co-housing and the monastic heritage sites. We are consulted to implement these statements in the real-life complex contexts of actual cases in Belgium and the Netherlands, which are integrated in our (interior) architecture studios. We want to stimulate our students in the adaptive reuse studio during the 3rd bachelor and master (interior) architecture to develop complex sustainable heritage concepts in discussion with concerned (potential) inhabitants with a focus on contemporary needs of society in general in order to propose a personal and customized design answer.


30

Building for working class after Spanish Civil War. Single-family houses versus isolated buildings blocks, the experience of Sabadell

L. Marín-i-Sellarés University Rovira i Virgili, School of Architecture of Reus, Reus, Spain

ABSTRACT: The article analyses the construction system that used load-bearing walls asstructural elements in housing sponsored by public policies in Catalonia during the period after the Spanish Civil War when there was a shortage of material as well as a lack of specific codes. The focus is on the developments carried out in Sabadell, an industrial city near Barcelona with its own identity. Special attention is given to the dwellings promoted by local businessmen such asthose in the District of Sant Oleguer. These dwellings are compared to areas of multi-family dwellings that were developed in many cities and promoted by public entities. The objective is to provide present-day technicians with the guidelines for intervening in the load-bearing wall construction system composed of ceramic construction brick when initiating rehabilitation in this 60-year-old building type.


31

Between social cohesion and social distinction: intangible cultural heritage and sustainable social development

M. Meissner Brandenburg University of Technology, Brandenburg, Germany

ABSTRACT: The interrelation between intangible cultural heritage (ICH) and social sustainable development is often emphasized but rarely empirically proven or theoretically elaborated. In this contribution, both is pursued by using a Bourdieusian approach for the conceptualization of ICH as cultural capital and by introducing a case study in which the social effects of ICH practices are assessed. It turns out that heritage communities consist of individuals who possess the same type of heritage-related cultural capital which they acquire through processes of incorporation.This means, by practicing ICH, external social structures are internalized,through whichindividual and group identities are formed and social cohesion is fostered.Beyond that,the individuals of a heritage communityform several sub-groups who distinguish themselves from each other in their ways of practicing, valuing and interpreting ICH.The different ways to appropriatea heritage element are associated with the social backgrounds of the heritage practitioners. In combination, the theoretical approach and the case study show that ICH practices can contribute to both, social cohesion and social distinction. Therefore, it is suggested to integrate this twofold social effect into development strategies in order to systematically utilize ICH for the advancement of social sustainability.


32

From the problem of squatting to a new living model

M. Molinari Department of Architecture, Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy

ABSTRACT: On October 2013, 81 families decided to occupy an abandoned building in the neighborhood of San Giovanni in the center of Rome; today 123 families live inside it.The Builiding, a former INPDAP (IstitutoNazionale di Previdenza per I Dipendentidell'AmministrazionePubblica, National Pension Scheme for Public Administration Employees) head office, located in Via di Santa Croce in Gerusalemme 55-57, was abandoned in 2011 following the D.L. 6 December 2011, n 201 the so called “salvaitalia”, since INPDADwas merged with INPS (IstitutoNazionalePrevidenzaSociale, National Social Security Institute) with a view to reduce the costs of public spending. Today the building is known as Spin Time Labs, in which can be found a lab of ideas, a center with services for the city and a series of squatted spaces.The scope of this research, is to find a replicable living model, through which this form of squatting can be stabilized in a state of legality and build a solution to the problem of public housing and Caat (CentriAssistenzaAbitativaTemporanea, TemoraryHosuing Assistance Center). The latter being, an alternative solution to the uncontrolled expansion of the suburbs trough satellite towns with no services, a solution that allows the State to use the public assets today abandoned or squatted.


33

Performance of conservation and preservation of street artworks

L. Nomeikaite Norwegian Institute for Cultural Heritage Research, Norway

ABSTRACT: In recent years, individual street artworks have been framed as cultural heritage. However, attempts to integrate street art and graffiti into formal heritage frameworks have not provided answers to the philosophical and practical problems of the preservation of street artworks. Instead of focusing on street artworks as passive objects to be conserved, preserved or managed, this research, applying non-representational theory, cultural and heritage studies, to an empirical case study from Bergen (Norway) analyses conservation and preservation of Dolk’s street artworks as lively theatrical performance emerging out of embodied actions, lived processes and social practices. This research argues that conservation and preservation of street artworks is not passive process, but an active process where both humans, technologies and street artworks are active, relational and equally important actors contributing to a ‘heritagization’ process of street art. This case study illustrates that a destruction process, but also social media debates and street art performances, which have evolved against tangible preservation and commodification process, can be not only the source for reconsidering the meanings and values of street art. It can also be a condition for protecting those values of street art related to ‘everyday’, illegality, anti-commercialism and transience.


34

Digital tools and participatory design methodologies applied to heritage sustainability

C. Rico Ramírez, F. Chacón Chacón & S. Uribe-Pérez University College Cundinamarca, Bogotá, Colombia

ABSTRACT: Achieving heritage sustainability requires enormous efforts on the part of the public institutions responsible for managing it, as well as clear policies and guidelines and adequate decision-making. If we want to promote effective strategies that allow the protection and safeguarding of cultural and natural properties, it is essential to incorporate the conciliation and inclusive participation of citizens and communities in these decisions, along with the various actors and agents involved, such as the academy, non-governmental organizations, cultural agents, state entities and the private sector, among others. Based on the above, this paper seeks to identify some tools and methodologies of participatory design that could be effective if they focus on heritage management and its sustainability, taking advantage of the potential of digital tools and information and communication technologies (ICTs) to enrich dialogue and debate with citizens. As a result, and from a pedagogical exercise of social appropriation and democratization of the heritage, it is possible to define citizen work schedules and priorities, build significant synergies and agreements around the shared responsibility for tangible and intangible assets, identify needs and opportunities for improvement, formalize actions that allow us to add solutions and proposals, as well as to expand the capacity for action and intervention of the State. In addition, this favours social cohesion and prevents participation from remaining only on a discursive level, transforming society's dynamics in an important way and, at the same time, approaching the concept of "intelligent territories".


35

Beyond tourism: contributions of heritage to the local economy

D. D. Rypkema Heritage Strategies International, Washington, DC, USA

B. Grosicki Heritage Strategies International, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

ABSTRACT: Not the richest countries in the world have enough available financial capital and political will in the public sector to preserve and protect all of the built heritage that merits conservation. The Third Sector (non-governmental organizations, foundations, non-profit institutions, community-based organizations) are often strong advocates for heritage conservation and some have the financial resources (the National Trust of England, Wales, and Northern Ireland for example) to make significant investments. But in most countries, if all the built heritage that deserves to be saved is going to be saved, it will require the investment by the private sector. In Western Europe and a few countries elsewhere, the regulatory framework for heritage may be strong enough that the private sector makes heritage investments because there is no alternative. But in North America, with a weaker regulatory environment, and in much of the later developing world, in order to attract private capital there needs to be “carrots” of incentives to parallel the “sticks” of regulations. This paper will examine three recent efforts to develop a “tool kit” of incentives, strategies, and tools to attract private capital. The three case studies will be the Emirate of Abu Dhabi and the US cities of Raleigh, North Carolina and Miami-Dade County, Florida. In all three cases public authorities requested assistance in developing the requisite tools. The recommendations, methodology for reaching the recommendations, and the limitations and constraints will all be discussed.


36

Infill projects and sustainable land use in heritage zones: how to reconcile competing interest sets

E. Stachura PWSZ University in Raciborz, Konin, Poland

ABSTRACT: Sustainability and heritage are inextricably linked. Heritage conservation helps to build and maintain cultural identity and social cohesion of the city community, especially amongst indigenous residents. Sustainable development is raising awareness about this process. Heritage zones in European cities and towns over time have suffered destruction and undesirable urban transitions that alter or remove heritage urban fabric. It could be argued that infill projects that retain the integrity of the original structure, building volumes and lines will enhance the city’s character and form. This might be a strong argument for infill projects that bring back the original structure of development, recreate building volumes and lines. Residents’ aspirations have significantly increased over the last decades to the extent that communities now demand active participation in city management where they propose a variety of uses for undeveloped and vacant pieces of land in heritage areas. For example, proposed land uses could be local markets, performance areas, common gardens and playgrounds and other forms of land’s permanent or temporary use. While architecture and urban heritage aims are generally to promote infill development, communities tend to argue for social values that emphasise the retention of vacant land even if it was originally part of the heritage built form. Hence, the aim of this paper is to identify city residents’ aspirations in relation to vacant land and spaces in heritage city centres. The paper will investigate the case of Raciborz, a medium-sized city in Southern Poland. It will seek to answer the following questions: 1) Are heritage urban composition and principles of its protection antagonistic to the residents’ aspirations? 2) What are the criteria for classifying and valorising vacant land within a heritage city centre? 3) What is the most appropriate way for city administrations to engage with communities to reconcile competing interest sets? What might be possible educational actions addressed to the communities? In the paper the procedure of identifying and evaluating empty sites in the heritage city centre will be presented as well as the results of survey presenting residents’ ideas of optimal way of use of empty city spaces.


37

Ethics of reuse – the reuse of modern slaughterhouses and the Shanghai Municipal Abattoir, 1933

Y. Wang Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China

ABSTRACT: Reuse, a subject matter that has been little explored by heritage studies and hardly compelled the hard-core conservationist’s attention has always been a type of practice that fascinates architectural professionals. Often captivated by the patina of age and the challenge of functional conversion, architects and the like have seen obsolete structures as a site of potential – where contemporary design intervention can achieve a particular aesthetic quality only made possible when juxtaposing the old and the new. Among numerous successful conversion projects, we may however occasionally enter a repurposed building whose new use appears to be dissonant with its original function, despite its architectonic, structural or aesthetic qualities carefully preserved and brilliantly accentuated. Such dissonance between the past and present use appears to be more commonplace for some modern building types originally designed for very specific function but now become redundant, such as psychiatric asylums, slaughterhouses and prisons, which are termed ‘uncomfortable heritage’ hereinafter. The Shanghai Municipal Abattoir is a case in point. This modernist concrete structure, purposely built for the bloody business of slaughter, has been turned into an upscale commercial venue, now known as 1933 Shanghai. The uncomfortable nature of the building’s past has been carefully negotiated through the architectural and aesthetic strategies deployed in the reuse and in its subsequent on-site presentation and marketing. With a focus on the reuse of modern slaughterhouses, this paper questions: what conversion approaches and aesthetic strategies have often been employed in repurposing modern slaughterhouses; how the new use may have been dissonant from or clashing with what the building was originally designed for; and what have been, or should be, the normalised principles of good practice in architectural conservation for reuse. Following a case-study design, it examines the conversion of the Shanghai Municipal Abattoir and conducts empirical research to capture visitors’ on-site perception and experience in the converted slaughterhouse. The paper aims to address the issues of reusing uncomfortable heritage so to conceptualise the rationalisation process and theorise ethical considerations of reuse.


38

Snippets from the north: rchitects in Durban and their response to identity, common culture and resistance in the 1930s

D. Whelan School of Architecture and the Built Environment, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln, UK

ABSTRACT: Previously colonized by both Holland and Britain, South Africans have been great borrowers taking aesthetic clues from memories of the motherlands, as well as engaging with discourse emanating from the ‘home’ countries. These ‘clues’ were applied seemingly irrelevantly, and at the same time flew dangerously close to the production of pastiche. Pre and post Union in 1910, the British-controlled colonies of Natal and the Cape which comprise contemporary South Africa, absorbed these imported architectural influences. Not only did they bring in Arts and Crafts as a layer over the Victorian neo-Gothic and Classical revivals, but they also introduced important new ideas, namely Art Deco and Modernism. Implausibly, into this polemic crept another revival: that of a melange of Tudor and Elizabethan, focusing on detail, craftsmanship and reference to a bygone era. Further, the ‘Tudorbethan’ Revival occurred at a vital point in the inter-war era, and it is contended that the application of the style spoke more to a calculated resistance to the hybrid ‘Union Period’ architecture, and the forging of a common, diasporic identity and common culture in the 1930s, than it did to a mere unthinking application of the fashionable. This paper will begin by describing the Tudorbethan Revival against the common architectural themes of the time in Durban, South Africa. It will contextualise the production of buildings with the political and social situation in the inter-war years, before examining the works of prominent architects, in conceiving of this well-crafted, nostalgic and irrelevant architecture. It will conclude pitting this complex aesthetic against a similar Revivalist thread popular at the time, ‘Gwelo’ Goodman’s Cape Dutch Revival suggesting at the unconscious role that domestic architectures play in supporting political positions in contested societies.


39

Conserving the significance of a changing modern transport service: the effect of Crossrail on Isambard Kingdom Brunel’s Great Western Railway

T. R. G. Wilson Stonebow Heritage Ltd, London, UK

ABSTRACT: Crossrail is a major new railway line across and under London, which passes through several important historic sites. Crossrail wasconsidered essential to keep the city functioning, but accommodating new larger trains and overhead lines necessitated some hard choices concerning how to adapt old sites to new uses. Crossrail follows part of the Great Western Railway, constructed from 1835 and running west from Paddington Station to Bristol. Several bridges and stations affected by Crossrail relate to that highly significant railway, and archaeological remains lay beneath the tracks. Railway heritage prompts some questions regarding what makes an historic site significant: what to keep, what to change, and how much these decisions relate either to the nature of significance or to other, more practical issues. This paper addresses how the history of the railway affects decision-making, and how issues relating to safety, programme, buildability and economics can affect heritage objectives and outcomes.


40

Exploring a design strategy of socially sustainable development for traditional village protection

F. Xu University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia

X. J. Tao Guangxi Arts University, Nanning, China

ABSTRACT: Traditional villages are an extremely important part of the Chinese cultural heritage, which has been a carrier to maintain a harmonious relationship among agriculture, rural areas and peasants based on the trinity of production structure, social structure and environmental structure. However, the past 30 years of urbanization and modernization have been breaking this coordination, the tangible and intangible cultural heritage that developed through hundreds of years is dying out. This paper examines the practice and limitation of the protection of current traditional villages, and investigates the traits of villages that are usually mistreated. Through identifying their internal logics associated with agriculture and production factors, peasants and life factors, rural area and survival factors, it rediscovers the meaning of their connotations. The paper proposes a design strategy for the protection of traditional villages to create a shift towards social sustainable development, by re-establishing new coordinated relationships among those revitalized traits and factors of the times.


41

The vernacular features of the built heritage of Zile (Tokat/Turkey)

C. Yücel & A. Erkara City and Regional Planning Department, Faculty of Architecture, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey

ABSTRACT: Zile that is a small-scaled city in the upper-central Anatolia in Turkey, showed a modest development until the 80’s. Recently, Zile presents slow population decrease in its urban and rural settlements. The lifestyle, cultural and geographical background and spatial formations in the built heritage of Zile show a proper unity in urban and architectural forms creating a distinguished example of a living vernacular heritage. In this context, this paper primarily aims to explore the link among the cultural origins of inhabitants and spatial formation of that vernacular urban heritage of Zile thorough spatial surveys and interviews with the inhabitants who has diverse cultural origins.


42

Chapter 3

Heritage and Environment

Revisiting the Alhambra architecture: Biophilic Design approach

A. al-Rhodesly, K. al-Hagla & T. Farghaly Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt

M. el-Gamal Center for Islamic Civilization Studies, Bibliotheca Alexandrina (Library of Alexandria), Egypt

ABSTRACT: During the past few decades, researchers and designers have been working to recognize aspects of nature that most affect human satisfaction within the built environment. As new evidence arises, the connections between nature, science and the built environment are becoming easier to comprehend old wisdom and new prospects. Thus, a set of distinctive approaches emerging from diverse domains were integrated and formulated, initiating a new space of research -the environmental psychology- into the fields of design, psychology and anthropology. However, these approaches are not usually applied to understand historic buildings from a broader architectural perspective. Hence, the paper attempts to rethink the Alhambra architecture in Granada, Spain (a World Heritage site) by analyzing its composition through an innovative concept mainly established from contemporary methodologies. This emanates from the observation that abundant analyses have focused much attention on the Alhambra’s historical, stylistic or constructional aspects without sufficient examination of its relationship with the twenty-first century architecture. Accordingly, the aim of the paper is to verify that the Alhambra architecture manifests a successful biophilic design, which may allow for a positive impact on human health and well-being. Besides, the scope of the paper focuses on analyzing the architectural configuration of the Alhambra through biophilic design patterns by exploring the biophilia hypothesis and biophilic design; identifying six of the “14 Patterns of Biophilic Design” proposed by Terrapin Bright Green consulting firm; highlighting the impacts of these six patterns on human health and well-being; and observing their appearance in the Alhambra.


45

The perception of heritage values and their analysis by using GIS tools in vernacular heritage landscapes

P. Altaba Tena Technical University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain

J. A. García-Esparza Jaume I University, Castellón, Spain

ABSTRACT: Present paper is related to the rural Mediterranean mountain landscapes. The communication aims to focus on two areas: the use of GIS tools applied to a specific rural landscape and the analysis of concepts such as perception, authenticity, integrity and other values that its heritage have conveyed through time. Through GIS it is determined which values are perceptible depending on the terms of proximity and distance. Thus, 5 criteria have been set to analyze these values: 1. The overall vision of the landscape, 2. The dominance or intensity of elements, 3. The aesthetic composition of the space, 4. The selective interpretation of the visual variables and 5. The fragility or alterations induced in the landscape. Ultimately, the criteria are discussed from the dynamic and static domains of the authenticity and integrity of the landscape and how abandonment affects them.


46

Wildfires in Portugal and the loss of rural heritage – Álvaro village case study

M. L. Belgas & J. Mascarenhas Polytechnic Institute of Tomar, Tomar, Portugal

F. G. Branco University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal

ABSTRACT: Forest fires are a recurring event in Portugal. However, in 2017 they have reached catastrophic size and proportions, resulting in heavy losses of human, social, economic and cultural lives. This paper aims at addressing the consequences and impacts of the fires related to the loss of rural built heritage. A case-study was selected to illustrate these impacts: the village of Álvaro, located in the district of Oleiros, classified as “Aldeias brancas de Xisto”, with a privileged location marked by an outstanding landscape formed by the slopes of the Zêzere River. The urban settlement develops along a central street, at the top of the mountainous ridge, and is rich in rural and religious heritage. Álvaro was once an important settlement for the Order of Malta, which left countless testimonies of their presence. In October 2017, a severe fire affected this village, seriously damaging many of its buildings. This paper describes the buildings of Álvaro and their architectural characteristics as a memory of a lost heritage that will hardly be recovered.


47

Climate responsive strategies for industrial heritage: case study the “Reales Atarazanas de Sevilla”

M. V. Castilla, B. Sánchez-Montañés & L. González-Boado University of Seville, Seville, Spain

ABSTRACT: Control of solar radiation is a basic dimension of modern design in all different types of constructions. Many architects have recently observed that different phases of sustainable design require a set of calculations and simulations that are necessary as a new standard design. Many of the valuable contributions to the process of sustainable design has a common denominator: solar radiation and comfort. In this way, motivated by all these new strategies and concepts, the large number of papers published suggests that the work has not been finished. This work provides an analysis of the Atarazanas regarding to its climate responsiveness. Focusing specifically on daylighting and shading. The objective is to assess the design of the Atarazanas to quantify how it is impacted by solar insolation and to provide insights about design characteristics that influence efficiency and conservation.


48

Inclusivity in Cultural Heritage Sites; Topkapi Palace

E. Çekmecelio lu Mustafa Kemal University, Architecture Faculty, Antakya, Turkey

A. Sungur Yildiz Technical University, Architecture Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey

ABSTRACT: Cultural heritage sites are the common heritage of all mankind and have universal values. It is very important that these areas, which belong to “all” together with all their values, should be accessible to all. One of the fundamental requirements of inclusiveness is that; every-one can participate in and benefit from the social, economic and cultural assets of the communi-ty. However, it is an fundamental necessity and challenge to get the balance right between con-servation and accessibility needs during the development of inclusivity in the historical sites. In this context, the study aims to discuss inclusive design within the concept of architectural con-servation and the usability of the interventions via examplary practices and to develop sugges-tions for future design and practice.


49

Bicycle networks as a new ground project. The case study of Montesilvano

A. A. Clemente Department of Architecture, D'Annunzio University of Chieti–Pescara, Pescara, Italy

ABSTRACT: The Research Convention between the Department of Architecture of Pescara and the Municipality of Montesilvano has as its purpose the identification of a Agenda of Guidelines for the Qualification of Bicycle Routes. The first results suggest to conceptualize some issues differently. First, you have to define the terms correctly. In Europe, reflection on slow mobility is linked to the rationalization / reduction of traffic and is always linked to both sustainability and ecology. Multiple denominations: Soft mobility, Sustainable mobility, zero traffic mobility, dual mobility, durable mobility, Eco-movilidad. Each of these aims to highlight specific aspects and this, of course, is not without consequences, neither theoretically nor from the point of view of operational practice. Montesilvano's urban fabric was heavily influenced by the relationship with the large territorial infrastructures (Railway, StradaStatale 16, Highway A14) and urban (AsseAttrezzato). And it is part of a more general story: the one regarding traffic engineering which, since the postwar period, conceived the idea that only for large network infrastructures should invest in solving mobility problems. It is not enough. You need to come back to think about smaller networks and, in particular, on bicycle routes. Montesilvano is compressed between the coastal line, the large infrastructures and the Saline River and, with a superficial look, appears only as a compact figure. That is not the case. Working on the hypothesis that cycling mobility networks are the potential matrices of a new land project that regenerates urban space, triggering processes of retraining of crossed contexts, forces us to think differently. To be more careful about the specifics.To assume the notion of public space as central. These are the perspectives that the research intends to pursue. And which, in all probability, should be further reflected in order to broaden the look on policies for a still too much sectorial bicycle mobility.


50

Remembering San Juan: a post-disaster understanding of historic preservation

N. K. N. Correa Pratt institute, Brooklyn, New York, USA

ABSTRACT: Historic preservation has been a field traditionally concerned with the conservation of objects and places of historical significance. In the case of many cities, preservation has revolved around architecturally significant buildings that help tell an official narrative. San Juan has been one of those places where preservation has been concerned with highlighting the beauty of its old city built by the Spaniards centuries ago. Sixteenth century buildings, cobbled streets, and gravity-defying fortresses help transport visitors to a world long gone, but in times as complex as ours it is necessary to wonder who is this city for? Nostalgia is a powerful yet deceiving force that does little for a discipline that in today’s world should be more concerned with managing change rather than considering the future through the eyes of an idealized past. If preservation is to be truly forward-thinking it needs to prioritize managing change in the present with both an understanding of the past and a vision of the future. Hurricane Maria struck in Puerto Rico on September 20th forever altering the country and its people, destroying entire towns, and making the future look especially desolate. In light of recent events, it is necessary to rethink the role of preservation in Puerto Rico and to question what is the purpose of memory and whom does it serve? More than rebuilding things the way they were, could this be an opportunity for preservation to explore the intersections of participatory research and autobiographical spaces that honor both individual and collective memory in order to help rebuild a more inclusive city? This paper presents a design for participatory research focusing on autobiographical spaces, first presenting a conceptual framework considering community participation and memory as they become a significant part of historic preservation, and in the case of Puerto Rico, of reconstruction.


51

Muslim heritage and environment: the case of the watchtowers of the nasrid kingdom of Granada (thirteenth to fifteenth century)

L. J. García-Pulido & J. Ruiz-Jaramillo Department of Art and Architecture, High School of Architecture, University of Málaga, Málaga, Andalusia, Spain

ABSTRACT: This paper is devoted to the study of the different towersof the Nasrid kingdom of Granada (1232 to 1492) and their linked landscapes, as well as the evolution, preservation, resilience or transformation of their environment until present days. These late Islamic territories in medieval Iberia occupied the mountainous areas of the southeastern area of today’s Spain. There, a natural border was established between the Nasrid kingdom and the expansion of Castile during more than two centuries and a half. To control this frontier and establish visual communication between it and the Nasrid power centres lead by the Alhambra citadel, an extensive network of watchtowers and defensive towers linked to farmsteads was constructed. These towers are located in unique sites; being erected as reference landmarks of the territories on which they stand. These fortifications, with very diverse typology and morphology, are a faithful testimony to the different territorial structure that has taken place throughout history.


52

Enhancing the resilience of the urban system. A study for the city of Parma (I)

A. Gravante & P. Rota Municipality of Parma, Parma, Italy

M. Zazzi Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Parma, Parma, Italy

ABSTRACT: The eleventh objective of Agenda 2030, is to "make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable," combining protection and preservation of the cultural and natural heritage with citizens’ rights to livable conditions in Parma, especially the more at-risk populations. In a context of ongoing climate change, considering the city as a complex system, subject to endogenous and exogenous factors which determine situations of fragility, leads to conceive resilience as the recognition that the apparently stable state, both natural and social, can suddenly change. The cascading effects that result can lead to very different conditions from the original state. However, as recalled by the Recommendation on the Historic Urban Landscape (Unesco, 2011), it is necessary to safeguard the identity of the city, which derives from the commingling of the historical urban landscape and its immaterial value, placing on equal levels the historic and contemporary meanings of the built environment. The creation of green infrastructures and ecological networks to counter or reduce landscape fragmentation, is an important strategy for adaptation to climate change. It will become progressively more difficult to return connectivity and permeability to the environment, especially in urban areas. The adaptive solutions will need to be examined in depth and be differentiated with respect to the morphological characteristics of the urban environment and also be related to its immaterial value. The treated case refers to the city of Parma, where the delicacy of treatment that the historic city requires, is combined with the reconsideration of the large green spaces which characterized the popular economic housing districts, with strong planning intentionality and unitary design, realized after World War II.


53

A “smart” low-impact system for guaranteeing sustainable visitors’ access

B. Gregorini, G. Bernardini, A. Gianangeli, E. Quagliarini & M. D’Orazio Department of Construction, Civil Engineering and Architecture (DICEA), Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy

ABSTRACT: The tourism exploitation of Architectural Heritage generally leads to preservation issues. Human presences inside indoor spaces indirectly provoke sudden and high variation of environmental parameters: such hygrothermal fluctuations are responsible of hygroscopic materials decay. Our research defines a “smart” low-impact system for improving surfaces conservation in historical man-made underground caves, based on the hygrothermal load balance in real-time. The system is composed by interconnected devices which compare average real-time stationary conditions with monitored data in case of visitors’ presence. When monitored conditions are going to converge on critical ones, the system can start corrective actions. Usingminiaturized sensors allows maintaining a “low impact” action on the Heritage. This work provides the system definition, first implementation and capabilities demonstration in a significant scenario: Palazzo “Campana” underground caves (Osimo, Italy).The application of the proposed system could be extended to other significant scenarios to demonstrate its capabilities in a sustainable tourism exploitation.


54

A framework of sustainable architecture in housing design for heritage and environment

Y. Kuan School of Architecture, Faculty of Built Environment, Tunku Abdul Rahman University College, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

V. Menno Buro VLUGP Urban Planning and Landscape Architecture, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

ABSTRACT: Urban demolition, environment and climate issues have brought about a global concern for sustainable development. This concern has influenced heritage and environment across interrelated scales with cities, towns, neighborhoods, sites and buildings. Housing is required in cities worldwide throughout history, providing every one a home, cultural expression, social integration, and economic consideration. The preservation of sustainable housing is significant for heritage and environment. Sustainable housing should ensure a high quality of life, not just now but for future generations too. This paper is aimed at developing a framework of sustainable architecture in housng design for heritage and environment which includes social and economic wellbeing. This research was developed from literature review and case studies of tulou housing in China and the co-housing in Netherlands. The results demonstrated the framework of sustainable architecture for heritage and envrionment in housing comprising community-action, site-context, energy-efficiency, aesthetics, placemaking, function, materials, construction, socio-culture and economy.


55

Tocal Function Centre: new use for an old shed

E. Martin Eric Martin and Associates Architects Australian Institute of Architects, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia

ABSTRACT: This former hayshed on a very significant nineteenth century farm in the Hunter Valley, north of Sydney Australia was adapted to a Visitors Centre/Function Centre including many energy efficient and sustainable ideas. The adaptation has been used and an example of adaption of rural buildings by the New South Wales Heritage Office and Australian Institute of Architects in the book “New Uses for Heritage Places – Contribution of case study of Tocal Visitor Centre – Rural Agricultural Building to Function Centre”, Heritage Council of NSW and RAIA 2008. The facility has become very successful and is now booked out for functions well in advance. The paper will be a case study and illustrate what was done, the sustainable features, why it has been successful and an assessment of sustainably after 15 years of operation.


56

Mountain heritage in danger. The shelters of Sierra Nevada, Granada, Spain

F. Martín de la Torre, J. M. Santiago-Zaragoza & F. García-Carrillo University of Granada, Granada, Spain

ABSTRACT: The mountains have not been conquered by man until the end of the 19th century. In the case of the Sierra Nevada, there are some noteworthy constructions, and the Mountain Refuges can be highlighted due to their contribution to the recent history of the massif. However, their recent construction means that in many cases not enough attention has been paid to the patrimonial value they have, apart from dealing with some critical voices because of their location in an exceptional area and recognized environmental value. It is therefore essential a deeply study of these elements to recognize their value and promote their conservation and restoration.


57

Building a new natural environment/building a new identity. The case study of the natural and rural landscape of the Banditaccia necropolis at Cerveteri, starting from the ICOMOS's evaluation

P. Porretta Department of Architecture, Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy

ABSTRACT: A reflection on the creation of the Banditaccia landscape of ruins was proposed at the previous REHAB 2017 conference, starting from the comments in the “Authenticity and integrity” section of the ICOMOS evaluation of the Cerveteri and Tarquinia necropolises for the nomination to the World Heritage List (2004). The main elements of non-authenticity now present within the archaeological area were highlighted in the previous paper. Most of these elements were due to a radical transformation by Raniero Mengarelli, Director of Excavations from 1908 to 1933, and include the systematic planting of vegetation and the restored and reconstructed monumental structures. These two aspects have contributed jointly to the current “flora-ruins combination” that over time has in itself become one of the most qualifying and identifying features of the modern site. Since the architectonic restoration was analysed in the previous paper, this one suggests a synthetic interpretation of the green system inside the Monumental Enclosure compared to the Ager Caeretanus environmental surroundings.


58

Nature Based Solutions to adapt cities to climate change

R. Rey Mellado CEU San Pablo University, Madrid, Spain

F. Moreno Vargas University of Granada, Granada, Spain

T. Franchini Alonso CEU San Pablo University, Madrid, Spain

C. Pozo Sánchez University Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain

ABSTRACT: Cities have to be more resilient by establishing adaptation strategies to climate change. Firstly, we will explain how climate change will affect cities and why there is a need to adapt to it. In view of this situation, Europe signs the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), committing itself to take measures to limit the increase in temperatures. After it, the Adaptation Strategy is elaborated and the economic capacity for researching, studying, etc. is strengthened, helping to obtain results that allow the adaptation. Secondly, we show how Europe works to respond to climate change through Nature Based Solutions (NBS), setting objectives and proposing solutions. Thirdly, an approach is made to biomimetic interventions that respond to the impacts of climate change. Finally, a brief conclusion is drawn from the analysis of the selected projects where the main objectives are explained and several intervention axes are established through biomimetic solutions.


59

Rehabilitation of industrial heritage as sustainable strategy: keys for the case study of “La Trinidad” Glass Factory

B. Sánchez-Montañés, B. Rey-Álvarez, M. V. Castilla & L. González-Boado University of Seville, Seville, Spain

ABSTRACT: There is no need to insist on the huge importance of re-inhabiting the industrial heritage that has been bequeathed to us and we continue to accumulate at the rate of an increasingly rapid industry obsolescence. This phenomenon takes place in a present-day society andglobal community that demand urgent sustainability mechanisms or beyond together with the necessary resilience to face mutations that may be looming on all orders. Fortunately, these two statements resonate since, with a conscious approach, industrial retrofitting can become a great strategy for sustainability, as it is proportional to the size and impact of its building stock. In this research, we will propose some work keys that will be exemplified with the case of “La Trinidad” Glass Factory in Seville. It will be used as a starting point augmented by the detailed case study of the work presented at an international workshop on industrial heritage, called ReFact. The present paper is elaborated as a result of this field work plus the theoretical investigation that goes on.


60

Built environment of Curonian Spit as UNESCO world heritage site: recent changes and perspective

D. TraškinaitVilnius Gediminas Technical University, Faculty of Architecture, Vilnius, Lithuania

ABSTRACT: In the case of the area in question, contemporary architecture does not always have the features of contemporary contextual architecture. The buildings located in the Curonian Spit can be categorized into: imitative ethnic architecture; contemporary interpretations of context/surroundings, i.e. ethnic architecture; the reconstruction of Soviet buildings (changing the architectural expression of a building or replacing only a material solution). The main objective of the article is to review the Curonian Spit (within the territory of Lithuania) buildings/architecture built since 2000 - the year they were added to the UNESCO World Heritage List, revealing/exploring their aesthetics and relationship with the surroundings, landscape, architectural objects, and, to analyze and reveal the possible trajectories for future change. The work investigates the instruments of harmonization, considering the means of architectural expression, relationships between separate architectural parts, scale, current trends, and ethnic architecture elements in the buildings.


61

The Sustainable Garden of Pirámides de Güímar

D. Valcárcel Ortiz Ethnographic Park & Botanical Garden Pirámides de Güímar, Tenerife, Spain

ABSTRACT: Pirámides de Güímar is a museum and botanical garden in the Canarian island of Tenerife. Within its 67.000m2 we find the Sustainable Garden, a recreation of a typical Canarian ravine, including the representative flora and fauna associated with such environments. The garden, developed in collaboration with the University of La Laguna (Tenerife), is separated into a dry area and awatercourse area, where one can find specimens of European eel and many endemic aquatic plants. The watercourse, which includes a self-cleaning, closed circuit system, also allows us to stress the importance of water as a vital and scarce resource. The garden was developed following the main environmental, economic and social principles of Sustainability, its purpose being to become a model of how to develop gardens in the Canary Islands in a sustainable manner.


62

The urban dimensions of historic sizes with heritage protection in the Czech Republic

J. Zdráhalová, J. Jehlík & V. Rýpar Department of Urban Design, Faculty of Architecture, Czech Technical University, Prague, Czech Republic

ABSTRACT: This paper presents a part of an ongoing research project addressing urban heritage values of settlements with areal heritage protection in the Czech Republic. The aim of the project is to analyse and define the urban dimension of the protected parts of towns.Today, there are 40 urban heritage reservations with areal protection in the Czech Republic. The towns have been added to the heritage protection list since 1958 when the legal act was declared. The reason for each decision was the existence of a well-preserved urban structure and architectural and historical condition of the objects. Usually, the protected area is specified for the very town centre. Typically, the town centres include houses from the medieval period, churches, schools, and housing in combination with production and trade. The nowadays protected parts of towns have become naturally surrounded by follow-up urban development. The areal heritage protection of the centres deals with the overall character of the site. It particularly controls the urban characteristics of the existing heritage site, such as the use of historical material on the pavement, the volumes of buildings, the size of building plots, the shape and covering material of roofs or the sightline from important buildings in the town towards the countryside or vice versa. We claim that the existing approach to areal heritage protection doesn’t make full use of the urban values of the sites. Compared to the medieval period, when all the protected towns were founded, the historical centres have dramatically changed their relationship with their surroundings. We focus on the network of paths and places, their significance and quality. Often the main roads that connected the settlement with the countryside and other towns and villages were interrupted by the 19th century development, transport roads built during the second half of the 20th century or large transport bypasses built in the post-socialist period. We state that the urban dimension of heritage protection should not be limited only to the existing area but it should also understand the towns as a single unit and analyse the urban structure of the whole settlement. In this paper, we present Pelhrimov, a 16-thousand-inhabitant town, and its spatial transformation. We analyse maps of the town in three historical stages, in the 1850s, in the 1950s and today. We use the Space Syntax approach and introduce the concepts of permeability, spatial integration, and connectivity of the public space in the individual historical stages. The results of the analysis show the changing spatial characteristics of the town in different historical periods.


63


64

Chapter 4

Heritage and economics

Cinque Terre: terraced landscape preservation and tourism sustainability

S. Acacia DAD - Department of Architecture and Design, University of Genova, Genova, Italy

M. Casanova, E. Macchioni, F. Pompejano & C. Repetti DAStU - Department of Architecture and Urban Studies, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy

ABSTRACT: Cinque Terre terraced landscape represents an extraordinary example of the peculiar relation between humankind and nature. For centuries its inhabitants shaped the territory, building a farmed terraced system that has characterized the image and identity of this land until today. This territory, extremely vulnerable to natural disaster and anthropic degradation, has been involved in several actions aimed at its protection and safeguard since the 1980s, through regional laws supporting local agriculture and terraces preservation. The site was inscribed in the World Heritage List as a cultural landscape in 1997 and Cinque Terre National Park was established in 1999. Through the analysis of the existing regulations context and related requirements, touristic data, promotion and strategies, this paper aims to explore the relationship between mass tourism effects and landscape vulnerability, focusing on the conflict existing between sustainability declared, or sought, by the authorities and the risks related to land consumption.


67

1 With support from Grup de Recerca en Patrimoni Cultural de Catalunya. Grup de Recerca preconsolidat (GRPRE) (2017 SGR 835) and CERCA Programme / Generalitat de Catalunya.

Reviewing the definition of museum. The not for profit statement in Catalonian museums1

A. Laporte, J. Bobes & X. Ulled Bertran Observatory of Audiences of the Cultural Heritage of Catalonia, Catalonia, Spain

ABSTRACT: According to ICOM, a museum is a non-profit, permanent institution in the service of society and its development. The non-profit aim of the museum is an aspect currently under debate. Thus, new private for-profit players have been setting up and managing new museums, which certainly calls into question the non-profit aim of museums in the 21st century. One of the projects of the OPPCC (Observatory of Audiences of the Cultural Heritage of Catalonia) consists of counting visitors to museums and heritage centres. In the 2016 survey, a question on the ownership of these institutions was included. Even though private ownership also includes non-profit entities, in recent years privately owned museums have been set up that also consider heritage from a commercial perspective and as a source of revenues. The aim of this paper is to present empirical evidence on indicators that clearly distinguish the performance of privately owned museums from publicly owned ones.


68

Beyond tourism: contributions of heritage to the local economy

D. D. Rypkema Heritage Strategies International, Washington, DC, USA

B. Grosicki Heritage Strategies International, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

ABSTRACT: Until recently much of the academic research on the relationship between heritage conservation and the economy fell into three categories: 1) theoretical constructs; 2) localized case studies with limited applicability elsewhere; and/or 3) a focus entirely on heritage-based tourism. With the publication of Heritage Counts for Europe that pattern has begun to change, with applied rather than theoretical research and metrics beyond just tourism. In the past three years impact of historic preservation analyses have been conducted in seven US cities: Raleigh, North Carolina; Savannah, Georgia; San Antonio, Texas; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; New York City, New York; Indianapolis, Indiana; and Miami, Florida. This paper will review those studies and discuss four features: 1) the expanding areas of heritage contributions; 2) the use of geo-spatial data to provide credible evidence of heritage contributions; 3) the points of agreement (and divergence) of the findings in these seven very different American cities, and 4) the positioning of the findings within a public interest framework beyond just heritage conservation and in a language geared to elected officials and the general public rather than academic scholars.


69

The role of a music archive in the sustainable development of rural communities based in the Eastern Cape, South Africa

L. Watkins International Library of African Music (ILAM), Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa

ABSTRACT: In the past few years museums and archives have increasingly been interrogating their previous statuses as the repositories of ill-gotten gains. The International Library of African Music (ILAM), for instance, has been at the receiving end of such criticisms but these criticisms are opportunities for looking at how the collections could contribute to the social and economic welfare of rural based communities in our province. We hold that ILAM’s blighted past can be redeemed by collaborating with stakeholders who share our vision for sustainable practices emanating from the archive. These projects deal with repatriation, as an exercise where interest in the recordings are revived with a view to providing young artists with the means to economic independence; with the establishment of satellite archives where local stakeholders become involved in developing an interest in the music heritage of local communities, thereby creating an income for these stakeholders; and, a partnership with the Ntinga Ntaba kaNdoda Development Centre, which has become a key partner in our efforts at combining heritage with development. This paper will focus on the nature of these collaborations and how they may have an impact on the possibilities for the relationship between music heritage and sustainable development.


70

Authenticity as the first condition of the value of artworks and heritage. Modern forensic sciences methods in the authentication process of artworks

D. Wilk Department of Forensic Science, Faculty of Law and Administration, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland

ABSTRACT: Authenticity of the artwork is the first condition for proper valuation of the object. It can be verified through historical and stylistic analyses and by using forensic science methods. Advantages and limitations of different forensic methods are assessed in the paper. The most important and presently developing physicochemical techniques for art work investigations, such as LA-ICP-MS and synchrotron radiation based methods, are discussed. Subjects with the appropriate knowledge and skills necessary for art valuation are identified. The activities of the appraisers of the Ministry of Culture and National Heritage and forensic experts in Poland are especially highlighted. Additionally,utilization and perception of different forensic methods and evidences used within authenticity investigations of artworks are studied through analysis of files from court in criminal cases.


71


72

Chapter 5

Heritage and culture

Bullfight of the sea: fishing gears and artefacts in Algarve (Portugal) between the 30 and 60s

N. Batista & M. M. Gonçalves University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal

ABSTRACT: This article describes the gears and artefacts used in the tuna fishing, in a short-term community settled in Faro Beach, in Algarve, Portugal, between the 30s and 60s. Also describes the role of the various fishermen at sea and onshore, in a hierarchical and structured way, during tuna fishing period, from March to June. This paper was based on interviews with people involved in this art, and photos provided by those, complemented by documentary analysis and bibliographic research. Limitations to the development of this work were found due to the scarcity of available information under this point of view, and to the advanced age of the people involved, now with around 90 years old. That’s why is so important the awareness of this heritage, which is being lost, and the consequent urgency to an adequate registration and disclosure to the valuation of such sustainable asset, that is scarce.


75

Community crafts and culture: empowering indigenous communities

K. Brown & J. A. Brown University of St Andrews, Scotland, UK

T. Muñoz Brenes & A. Soto Chaves University of Costa Rica, San Pedro Montes de Oca, San José, Costa Rica

ABSTRACT: Community Crafts and Culture (CCC) is a collaborative research project working in Costa Rica that,recognising the essential nature of intergenerational transmission of collective knowledge, sets out to create an online community map of local artisan workshops and to document significant sites in the landscape. A website is being created in collaboration with the local community as part of a local development strategic plan to increase sustainable tourism, using the physical eco/community museum as the administrative hub. Working with existing groups and respected women leaders, the programme also empowersyoung people by engaging them with their indigenous heritages. Given the opportunity to assume leadership roles and gain skills, young people’spractical experience can contribute towards a more equal and fair community that respects their ancestors’ landscape and safeguardstheir distinctive ecology for future generations.


76

Death of the intangible: a case study of heritage loss in Japan

V. Cang & Y. Kitamura RINRI Institute, Tokyo, Japan

ABSTRACT: Japan has a long history of cultural heritage preservation and legislation that strongly influenced the establishment of the cultural heritage system in the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); the Intangible Heritage system especially was formed mainly through Japanese initiative and support. However, many forms of intangible heritage are endangered or disappearing in Japan today, notwithstanding the protections afforded to them by the national system and the law. One critical cause is demographic: Accelerating ageing and diminishing population rates have resulted in the loss of specialised techniques in a significant number of heritage traditions due to the deaths of holders and the lack of successors. A great majority of Japanese intangible heritage, particularly art and craft traditions, is organised around a conglomeration of craftspeople each with their own indispensable niche in the production process and the corresponding specialised techniques. The permanent loss of a single technique, therefore, can and does result in the death of the whole heritage or craft tradition. This paper is a study of such phenomenon of loss in Japanese intangible heritage. It particularly looks at the case ofm ru, a traditional silk textilethat uses fine silk and gold/silver wire wound over silk threads that are woven into distinct and lavish patterns. Recently, the last craftsperson in Japan who made the metal wire threads essential to m ruproduction passed away without leaving any heirs, perhaps expediting the death of m ruweaving tradition. The case of m ru, including this recent loss, reflects some of the more critical aspects in the situation of intangible heritage in Japan today.


77

Requalification for tourism: the ancient palmenti around Etna as attractors

F. Cantone DICAR, SDS Architecture of Syracuse, University of Catania, Catania, Sicily, Italy

ABSTRACT: Re-qualification and re-use are processes referred to the "formation of new, to reproduce" and in particular to the "process that restores a previous condition of dignity, glory, greatness, returns initial properties"; it becomes a scenario of action based on the commonality with other disciplines, most notably sociology. The field of action is the existing buildings that was constructed through the overlap of cultures, native also: to restore what Salvatore Settis called the sick man: the Italian building heritage. The concept of re-qualification also includes the idea of continuity, to prolong the useful life of an asset or urban building, by returning the values lost in time. It means, above all, restore the quality of urban life and social relationships that define a built environment. Re-qualification process put into play the user requests, to involve them in decision-making, to share and discuss with them the architectural and redevelopment choices. This is not to be sub-jugated by the will of the users but use their experience, their knowledge of the place as a living space for the definition of the scenarios project. The task of re-qualification is to improve the quality of the urban environment and return to the place its identity, restore a lost soul in time, through forms of association and social experimentation, areas of innovation and research. In this sense, the project intervention productions a decisive role in the process of developing a strategy: you have to work for projects, to identify local factors, for the decay of urban quality. The case study is a large area around Ragalna, an interesting town in the foothills of Etna, a place rich in tradition and rural buildings of cultural and artisan value, such as the millstones, factories where wine was produced. It is a wide area that contains more than thirty palmenti, built between the nineteenth and twentieth century, around woods or in the town. The palmenti, made of lava stone and mixed masonry, are evidence of a rich and wide productive past, made of places where quality wine was produced and shipped abroad. The research aims to identify retraining strategies for a policy of re-qualification of the area, for tourism purposes, for the improvement of the built, linked to the recovery of buildings and spaces. It is considered essential to preserve these unique testimonies of a very interesting and particular productive past, in a climatically, culturally and historically rich area of attractors.


78

Burning the ships: the edge of maritime heritage

E. Carbonell University of Girona, Girona, Spain

ABSTRACT: This paper deals with the loss of maritime heritage. It is important to distinguish between heritage per se and heritage recreations. In the milieu of maritime heritage, we can find few well-preserved original elements, but many recreations. Tangible and intangible heritage of maritime cultures has many serious conservation problems associated with it. First, natural hazards in the marine environment accelerate the degradation of materials. Second, tourism, demographic pressure, and urban growth have led to the disappearance of many elements of coastal heritage. Third, traditional lifestyles linked to maritime crafts, such as traditional shipbuilding, artisanal fishing or coastal trade, have disappeared or are in the process of disappearing due to the ecological crisis and modernity. There is a final element that I would like to highlight in this paper. Heritage understood as a contemporary action is linked to cultural leisure, education, tourism, local development, governance, national identity and sustainability, among other factors, but not to the working world. A vessel is probably the most characteristic element of maritime heritage. But it is, above all, a working tool. The trade was very hard and risky. Here there is a contrast between the vessel as an experience of life and as cultural heritage that we should not forget. What we know today as "maritime heritage", was often abandoned by the communities that lived in it, and has only been recovered by subsequent generations, moved by the nostalgia of a past that they did not really experience. I intend to analyse this question through some specific case studies relating to the disappearance of maritime heritage on the Catalan coast of the Mediterranean and the St Lawrence River estuary in Quebec.


79

Cultural heritage and territorial development: a comparative analysis between Italy and Morocco

I. Caruso, T. Vitolo & A. BertiniInstitute of Studies on the Mediterranean Societies (ISSM-CNR), Naples, Italy

ABSTRACT: Etymologically, the word culture derives from "cultivating", particularly when referred to a territory; on the semantic level, referred to people, it expresses the essential care to develop the system of values that are part of the culture. On the other hand cultural heritage, which is currently subject of an intense academic debate, must be interpreted as the sign of the cultural identity of a people, as a testimony of its history and its art. In this definition cultural heritage, inserted in the natural environment of the landscape, underlines the global and unitary nature of the concept of "Environment", referring to its components presented both in interaction and in interdependence, and, consequently, considered essential for its very existence. At the same time landscape and cultural heritage, within the framework of this definition, become an economic, ecological, political and social resource, the foundation of a collective identity. In this context, the present study using an interdisciplinary methodology, focus on the historical stratification, considered as a fundamental characteristic of Mediterranean cities, in order to develop a path of analysis and experimentation able to combine knowledge, communication, use and enhancement of places and of the tangible and intangible cultural assets present in them. Specifically, starting from a research experience on the urban landscape aimed at telling the story of the city of Naples, we propose an innovative comparative analysis on the enhancement of the cultural heritage of the holy city of MoulayIdriss in Morocco. In both places in fact, the understanding of the urban systems’ historical stratification makes it possible to bring out elements of quality and development of the overall urban environment and of the communities that inhabit it.


80

Historic Sites as a system for the preservation of architectural heritage: the case of Granada

A. Castellón Valderrama Departament of Art History, University of Granada, Granada, Spain

ABSTRACT: In the year 1929 Granada was declared as Artistic City, an act that served as an acknowledgement to conserve its architectural heritage, however, the lack of effective cultural management up until the 70s effectively allowed urban regulations to control any attempt to protect the Historic Site. Nowadays, heritage laws and innovative urban planning have been proposed as methods to solve this problem in order to work towards a common objective of preservation. In this sense, it is remarkable, the importance of the Historic Site as a legal instrument that regulates interventions in the cities and that facilitates the implementation of sustainable measures. In the context of Granada specifically, two lines must be taken into account, the difficult to combine the urban regulations of the city with the conditions of the Historic Site and the labor of the Provincial Councilor of Fine Arts during the 70s, who expressed an integrating vision of the cities and defended the Historic Site as instrument of protection.


81

Goiás State University as locus for heritage preservation: genesis of a memory center

P. R. Chagas, M. A. Cunha Torres & A. C. Filgueiras Goiás StateUniversity (UEG), Anápolis, Brazil

F. R. Gouveia University Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal

ABSTRACT: Goiás StateUniversityhas been executing isolated actions for heritagepreservation. However, since 2015, the institutional direction has relied on systematizing and organizing historical documentcollections, with the purpose of making this information available to the community in general, with a special focus on educational actions.The objective of this article is to discuss the genesis and development of a recently created learning environment called Goiás Memory Center. It complies with UNESCO updated guidelines, which advocates that development hinges on sustainable and cultural inclusion. The management and organization of this heritage – whether tangible or intangible – has been done by the establishment of an organized digital collection system, where people can remotely access required materials. Thus, the information will be properly catalogued and will be structured in an intuitive way, contributing to the study of Goiás History.


82

Historical re-evaluation in central European capital cities

H. Clancy University of Birmingham, Birmingham, U.K.

ABSTRACT: The cultural heritage landscape of any town or city will change over time; new monuments appear, old ones are taken down and others neglected. This is often in relation to political change or significant events in a country’s history when heritage is used as a tool for countries to present a particular version of the past or political thought. This paper presents an exploration of the cultural heritage of Central European capital cities, in order to understand the processes at work behind the treatment of heritage that led to the landscapes we see today.Six field trips across three Central European capital cities, Berlin, Budapest and Zagreb were undertaken, with the heritage sites visited built into a database. This is complimented by a methodology that explores these sites further through a variety of lenses. The paper will show that by viewing heritage sites through these lenses, it can provide us with a deeper understanding of the processes at work within societies in relation to their cultural heritage. Using examples across each of the three case studies, it will be seen that the treatment of cultural heritage within capital cities is a physical dialogue. It is another tool that governments, groups, and individuals use to portray a particular history, image or ideology both internally and externally. The paper concludes with a discussion ofa number of themes emerging from the analysis that help to inform us of the treatment of cultural heritage in Central European capital cities, as well as providing insight into the cities themselves.


83

Future heritage. Starting again from culture

A. A. Clemente Università degli Studi “G. d’Annunzio”, Dd’A - Dipartimento di Architettura, Chieti-Pescara, Italy

ABSTRACT: On the occasion of the 150th anniversary of Unification of Italy (2011), a survey revealed that among the “reasons of national pride” was our artistic and cultural heritage (74.9%). It was possible to expect a resumption of interest (and conscience), about the im-portance of protection. That was not there. It is evident from the collapse of important archeo-logical areas, the lack of maintenance of cultural assets and, above all, the absence of a serious safeguard policy. What is the reason for this gap so wide between reality and potentials too of-ten unexpressed? Several parties have referred to the lack of adequate funding. That is not the case. The causes are multiple and interdependent. Three main ones. The first is of a cultural or-der. Culture comes from the latin colere which, before cultivating, means taming a place to live there. Otherwise, it is the conscious choice of “embodying the sign of man on a landscape that will be altered forever” (Yourcenar, 1974). The second corresponds to the fact that each design-ing act must be able to relate to the context not only as a space of proximity but also as a focus on relational and topological values. This implies the ability to refer to a precise ethical founda-tion: to nourish “a profound feeling for the beauty of the soil [...] looking for the beauty of the landscape not so much to build on it as to serve it in construction” (Wright, 1991). Lastly, per-haps the most serious risk. The ruling of the Council of State no. 4614 of 3 October 2017 pro-vides that the public administration may entrust the task of drafting an urban plan free of charge (by public invitation). Is it a professional category problem? No, it is about everyone: environ-ment, territory, and landscape are common goods par excellence. Failing to take an interest in it means to go helpless to a “illusory progress” (Zanzotto, 2009), which will be difficult to go back.


84

Cultural heritage as a comprehensive evolutionary perspective on regional resilience of the Bedouins of Nuweiba in South Sinai, Egypt

A. M. Elnokaly University of Lincoln, Lincoln, Lincolnshire, England, UK

ABSTRACT: Today, the concept of regional resilience has drawn scholar’s attention in the context of the current global economic crisis. This has brought about more clarity on the definition and meaning of resilience, however, no global consensus, as ‘One size fits none’. In the built environment, there is a tendency to negate the engineering, equilibrium concept of resilience, in which resilience is regarded as a response to external disturbances and a move back to a steady state and the ability of a community to bounce back after a major disturbance. This paper instead advocates an evolutionary approach to regional resilience, in which the focus is on the long-term capacity of regions to reconfigure their socio-cultural and socio-economic structure is adopted. In a large country like Egypt with long standing culture, heritage and civilization on one hand and the governmental pressure for rebuilding communities and providing long-term strategies for sustainable development. There is a pressing need to advocate a holistic integrative approach to regional resilience instead, where socio-cultural aspects vary intensely, and the focus should be on the long-term capacity of regions to reconfigure their socio-economic structure. However, Martin (2012) argues that the long-term adaptive capacity of regions is still ‘largely unresearched’. As such, an evolutionary perspective on regional resilience is still work very much in progress and this research is part of work done with reference to the South Sinai region in Egypt. The paper discusses a timely topic addressing the vulnerable Bedouin communities in South Sinai. South Sinai is a well-known international tourist destination. Bedouin tribes in the area add a distinctive cultural component to the natural attractions. As tourism is the main economic sector in this area, the Bedouin commonly rely on it as the main source of livelihood, thus, finding themselves vulnerable in front of external investors and general recession. Invasion of external developments on local settings and contexts of various remote societies in Egypt has been evident in many cases, as in South Sinai. This in turn risks a potential loss of distinctive indigenous cultures and identities. The paper is part of continued work of the researchers on cultural heritage in Egypt and presents part of their work of an international research-funded project by the British Council Newton Musharafa Researcher Link Fund between the School of Architecture and the Built Environment, University of Lincoln in the UK and Integrative Urbanism and Sustainable Development (IUSD), Ainshams University, Cairo, to develop a sustainable resilient framework for local community resilience that conserves the cultural heritage of the Bedouins and sustains their livelihoods. The work presented in this paper stands as a catalyst for generating new sustainable strategies and approaches that will be of utmost importance to the socio-cultural and socio-economic welfare of low-income communities in Egypt and the benefit of other stakeholders at large.


85

Ancient bridges of Sicily: punctual signs of a past that disappears

T. Firrone, C. Bustinto & A. Zappa Department of Architecture, Polytechnic School, University of Palermo, Italy

ABSTRACT: The contribution is the result of a study conducted at the Department of Architecture of the Polytechnic School of the University of Palermo about ancient masonry bridges in the Sicilian territory which, due to their historical and morphological characteristics and the constructive materials and techniques they represent, are a historical testimony of our past. The analysis conducted, supported by photographic and architectural reliefs and by information obtained in archives, libraries and sometimes by the inhabitants of areas visited, also allowed to study the technological evolution linked to these structures, both in the use of materials, both in construction techniques and formal expression.


86

Water, wells, wheels and wealth

M. M. Gonçalves University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal

M. T. Pérez-Cano University of Sevilla, Sevile, Spain

S. Rosendahl Lusófona University, Lisbon, Portugal

ABSTRACT: Water, essential to life, is also fundamental to the economy of the rural territories, originating innumerable vernacular heritage. Throughout the investigation carried out on the heritage of the parish of Cernache do Bonjardim, Portugal, it was verified that its water-related heritage was numerous and diversified, having a lot of potential in several ways. The paper’s scope is the description and dissemination of this type of vernacular heritage, recording this information so that it can be used for later actions. Often, the attitude of the inhabitants became proactive, as they didn’t wait for local power’s initiatives to carry out maintenance of some places, demonstrating pride and social responsibility. This paper also enables the knowing of this subject, making it an element of work for decision makers, allowing the improvement of several aspects of the Planning of this Territory.


87

Ecocriticism: declination of a complex memory

C. Grandi Department of Sociology and Social Sciences, University of Trento (I), Trento, Italy

ABSTRACT: Ecocriticism is a polysemous word, which represents well the complex issue that I aim to face in this paper: the sustainable future of the Earth is organized with a transdisciplinary method, a field of disciplines that converges in a pluri factorial analysis of a society that asks itself about its hazy future between pollution and cultural amnesia. But future has a long history, “What’s past is prologue”, and we only need philosophy to explain the gap in meaning which makes the connection between history and reality uncertain, and this gap is the one that produces ecocriticism in the complex memory of our time. This is not a new question in the history of humanity, even if the answer is not to be delayed in such a contemporary epochal crisis that we have been living in for many years. In this dominating scenery , emphasised after the recent Expo Milano 2015, where the concept ‘Feeding the planet, energy for life’ was considered as an essential human experience, it is to rediscover that the power of human beings above the Earth is not unlimited, and to understand that our limits can be pushed in order to feed the future generations. In the light of new global scenarios and emerging issues, focusing on the right to have the security of having efficient amount of food, increases uncertainty. This is the perspective that I have faced in my transdisciplinary reflection, organized along the time axis of historical consequential acts, and structured between origins and consciousness of events. Transdisciplinary understanding such as collaboration between different disciplines, aiming to exchange and integrate conceptual, methodological and epistemological levels, is a prismatic problem we have been facing. Now we talk about geo-economics or Great Food Game as a syncretic problem, in a world that considers food as more important than any other commodity, in a global oligopolistic market, dominated by advanced countries, and considers food export not only of economic value but also as an instrument of national and international politics. And food means life for human beings. Globalization induces us to face wide contexts, and environmental history is expanding in larger and larger international dimensions, and all this often brings us to generalize, forgetting that the genesis of events is always micro: today its comprehension imposes a correct comparison of micro-macro that crosses territories and political borders. The problem is important, especially because we do not have the cultural mentality yet to surpass nationalism and to see one human being in his territory. The factors that could break this mentality are the climatic consequences of globalization, pushed by famines which have been provoked by the human being who has no hope in future. Even if we had many cases of famine in our past, we have forgotten them by now, probably because these kind of memories that were between profane and sacred, and not only statistical, were not properly documented. In these documents, and in the frame of environmental history, an interaction between human beings and environment over time is an excellent instrument of analysis, even if historians have to face the difficulty of bad documentation, as most documents are not direct and sufficient enough. So, contemporary society has been living in a context of uncertainty and global changes, where the rapidity of happenings cancel real experiences in this virtual culture of Internet. Therefore, today’s people need to be helped by conscious facts in order not to become unaware protagonist of their lives. The dialogue with territory in this case isn’t a


88

demagogical label, but a necessity of having the capacity to see things in their real dimension. Human beings need to understand how to deal with the right instruments in order to transfer the acquired knowledge of decades to the future, and to adapt them to the necessities of the present. Only this way it will be possible to transfer material and not material cultural heritage to future generations. This is our biggest “ecocriticism” of food, identity knowledge of populations that lived their own territory, in time elaborated the knowledge of obtaining food, according to the old principles of sustainability, which were understood as a respectful dialogue with the Earth. The lives of human beings and their nutrition are a complex strategy, which have been built through many generations and much experience in tradition, and finally, our sustainable future is the only one that we can have, by following a traditional respect of cultivations that became culture. This is the aim of my topic: to understand ecocriticism in society that is looking for a coherent translation of traditions in order to have future again.


89

Buildings tell the truth: Fener-Balat as a case of vernacular in the midst of Istanbul

. Ö. Gür & S. Y. Erdinç Beykent University, Istanbul, Turkey

ABSTRACT: As all cultural artifacts, architecture is the result of the dialectical interrelations between temporal codes and social experience. Cultural accumulation, social relations and individual identity concretize and materialize in buildings, and at this point architecture starts talking; expresses itself in formal tectonic and spatial organization with abstract-concrete, hidden-clear signs, reveals its origins and causalities. In order to hear the buildings and understand their language, authors, bear the traces through the civil architecture in Fener and Balat districts in Istanbul ranked in UNESCO World Heritage List by a dual reading on architecture and social life. These districts are not onlytwo adjacent historical neighborhoods; they particularly accommodateunique samples of vernacular architecture, which are the schemes of a very genius interpretation of an architect with participation of the local ethnic groups. The distinctive features of the vernacular have been uncoveredafter random observations on various buildings in the research area and the specific gaze-windowsare identified as character-defining elements. As entrance alcoves also represent an affective domain, these windows are considered as a measure that is the result of the security concerns and needs of the ethnic groups living in these districts due to social unrest and their minority positions in society. Gaze-windows illustrate the socio-psychological subtext of the vulnerability of the ethnic groupsand whole Ottoman society as they were built to see the person at the door before welcoming and serve as the measure for potential intruders. In this context, main focus of this paper is the gaze-windows while bearing the trace of social life and relations in the exclusive heritage in Istanbul. The paper is designed through a case study on the purpose of determining the repeating language of mentioned residential identity and revealing the social inferences of their architectural essence.


90

Old factory - new Cultural Centre: Historical Bomonti Beer Factory in Istanbul

G. K. Heinz Istanbul Gelisim University, Istanbul, Avcilar, Turkey

ABSTRACT: In the 1850s, factories increasingly spread across the world just as they did in the Ottoman State, especially in Istanbul. However, by the end of the 20th century most of these factories were empty and dilapidated. Due to the city’s growth, the factories that had once been built on large premises at the peripheries have now become dysfunctional industrial heritage sites in the city center. It is important to reintegrate these sites to society. While the city’s rapid growth and lack of resources render the re-functioning of existing buildings meaningful and necessary, it is also crucial to preserve the left traces that document the factory’s production and development processes. This paper studies the historic development and re-functioning process of the Bomonti Beer Factory based on visual and written sources and on-site observations, while discussing the re-functioning of industrial heritage sites as educational, social and cultural spaces with contributions to the city’s sustainability and preservation.


91

Colonization villages: urban trace and arquitectural typology. The case of Peñuelas

A. I. Jiménez-Sánchez, F. J. Lafuente-Bolívar, G. Fernández-Adarve & J. M. Santiago-Zaragoza University of Granada, Granada, Spain

ABSTRACT: In 1939 the National Institute of Colonization (INC, from its Spanish initials) launched the new agrarian policy of the regime that came out of the Spanish Civil War: The objective of putting into operation large extensions of the territory was achieved by the construction of dams, channels and networks of canals which watered those fields. This ambitious plan of colonization brought with it the construction ex novo of the small urban area in which the population that cultivated these new irrigations settled. The teams of architects who worked for the INC designed throughout the Spanish geography a brilliant sample of new urban plans in which they constructed simple and effective architectural typologies. Urban design and architecture that today deserve admiration and study. The town of Peñuelas (1962) is an example of this urban and architectural heritage developed by the INC. The analysis of the relationships designed in its urban plan from the original project, combining plot and architectural typologies, is compared with the finally constructed one and its evolution until today. That analysis may serve to define strategies for their conservation and respectful development in the future. Therefore, basis for urban and even protection planning that should be written to preserve the historical, urban and architectural values that are already being recognized. The lack of awareness of these values among the population has meant that neither the type nor the form are respected and that the essence of the colonization village is being lost. Hence, it is necessary a first work of rediscovering these values aimed at its neighbours, led by the municipal government. This was understood by its mayor and the result of this is the work developed by students from last year of Building Degree at the UGR, within the Heritage and Environment Research Group.


92

Changing representations of heritage in Kings Park, Perth, Western Australia

R. Jones Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia

ABSTRACT: As its name implies, Kings Park has an imperial provenance. The first memorial there commemorated Western Australian servicemen who had died fighting in support of the British in the Boer War. The state Cenotaph was constructed there and opened in 1929 as part of the celebrations marking the centenary of the claiming of the western third of Australia by Britain. In subsequent decades, however, the heritages celebrated in Kings Park have gradually become less male, militaristic and imperial and more diverse and inclusive. These shifts cover gender, the Western Australian natural environment, Indigeneity, multiculturalism and non-military tragedy and death. This paper will use the frameworks of authorised heritage discourse and heritage from below to consider the largely peaceful and consensual evolution of Kings Park’s heritage role(s) and contrast this with the more antagonistic labour, environmental and Indigenous heritage contestations that have taken place on the park’s boundaries in recent decades.


93

Spatial identity and cultural heritage hidden in mundane street objects

M. Juvancic Faculty of Architecture, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia

ABSTRACT: Spatial identity is an intangible part of cultural heritage, constituted ofthe amalgamation of objects, buildings, landscapes, their use and their reshaping through the centuries, and unique appearances at specific points in time resulting from them. Heritage by appropriation is of particular interest in this paper as it focuses on vernacular and mundane street objects, such as, waste bins, benches, signage, bus stops, and the like. They are often overlooked in our urban spaces and rarely considered of relevance in the debate on cultural heritage and other elevated notions. Whilst being increasingly generic and globalised in their design, they do occasionally clearly express local character and act as carriers of cultural and spatial identity; moreover, they have evolved and represent unlisted, yetquite tangible heritage. Seeing a silhouetted group of such elements might achieve instant recognition of thecity they belong to, such as, London and Paris ofthe more recognisable ones, but thisalso occurs forless known cities, such as Ljubljana, Klagenfurt and Szczecin. This paper seeks to identify mundane artefacts, explain their role in spatial character building and, through examples, expose three recognisability instances or mechanisms, that is, where such objects can be considered carriers of spatial identity and classified as part of the unlisted cultural heritage vernacular.


94

Pop-up heritage: conservation of temporary architecture – a case study of Bamboo Theatres in Hong Kong

T. Y. Man University College London, London, UK The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

ABSTRACT: Heritage is often explicitly and distinctly defined as “tangible” or “intangible”. In Hong Kong, despite broader research and documentation of permanent built heritage and intangible cultural heritage, little addresses the heritage significance and conservation of hybrid of the two categories. A notable example of tangible and intangible heritage composite is Temporary Architecture, which forms a cultural space and facilitates modification in cities without making any permanent change to existing building fabric or urban setting. Inspired by the idea of Temporary Architecture as part of urban and cultural heritage, this paper discusses the conservation of Temporary Architecture through a case study of Bamboo Theatres in Hong Kong. This study includes a heritage value assessment of Bamboo Theatres, as well as an exploration of the vulnerabilities and opportunities in conserving Bamboo Theatres. This research also gives a future reference for understanding the conservation of Temporary Architecture as pop-up heritage.


95

From rejection to consecration. Italian key culture elements in Montreal sustainable solutions

A. Masson-Labonté Storica, Montréal, Québec, Canada

ABSTRACT: Montreal is one of the largest French-speaking cities in the world, but also an emblematic North-American metropolis and above all, a city of migrants. Between 1910 and 1920, a growing Italian community starts to settle in a Montreal neighbourhood surrounding the Canadian Pacific Railway Mile End Station. As early as 1910, the first Italian community of Canada obtains the establishment of the Madonna della Difesaparish and the construction, eight years later, of a church, designed by architect Louis-Roch Montbriand and the famous artist Guido Nincheri. La piccola Italia is born and quickly becomes an effervescent neighbourhood, with a growing number of Italian cafes, groceries, specialised stores and the Jean-Talon Market. By cultivating the land, selling fresh and new vegetables and nurturing tight community values, the Italians of Montreal were definitely pioneers of sustainable development.


96

The management of municipal property castles: an impossible challenge? Analysis of the Castalla Castle Heritage Site (Castalla, Spain)

J. A. Mira Rico ICOMOS-ICOFORT, Castalla, Spain

ABSTRACT: The Iberian Peninsula has an important set of castles because of its historical vicissitudes, an important set of castles. They are a few fortifications of public property belonging to the city councils of those municipalities where they are placed. One of the most privileged Spanish administrative divisions, in this respect, is the Province of Alicante, in the south-east of the Iberian Peninsula, which has 46 fortifications of municipal property. Actually, they present different degrees of management with a bad, regular and good condition of preservation. Taking as a starting point the Castalla Castle Heritage Site, between whose cultural and natural assets is Castalla Castle, its management is announced on the part of the City Council. This is the reason to study different crucial aspects in order to understand their management within the councils of the pro-vince of Alicante, such as the historical context and the Spanish and Valencian legal context.


97

River recovery: strategies to improve the heritage in order to plan a sustainable city. The case study of Rio Darro in Granada

F. P. Mondelli Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy

ABSTRACT: This work was born as research for my thesis carried out with the support of Prof. Maria Grazia Cianci and the Prof. Francesca Geremia of Roma Tre University, and with Prof. Francisco Javier Gallego Rocha of the ETSAG. Starting from an analysis of the transformations relating the historic centre of Granada following the covering of its river, the Darro, the study is based on the reserch of new strategies to return to the city such an important part of its heritage, in order to use it to make things better for the present day city. The case study of the city of Granada and Rio Darro was the starting point for a research that is going on, expanding to the study of the landscape project and focusing on the theme of rapprochement between cities and rivers, central in the urban regeneration programs of recent years.


98

S. D. Paich Director and Principal Researcher, Artship Foundation, San Francisco

Visiting Professor, Anthropology-Cultural Studies Section, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania

ABSTRACT: Understanding of importance of heritage and continuity as necessity for sustaina-ble psychological development are the motivational impetus for this paper. Interpreting The Past as one of the basic human traits is the main thread. The need and desire to understand and re-spond are explored. Communicating the meaning, usage and construction methods of Cultural Landmarks provides information and knowledge to everyone, regardless of their schooling level and qualifications. Divrigi Great Mosque and Hospital in Sivas, Anatolia (1228/29CA), is the principal Heritage Example and case study. The complex is a nexus of Seljuk Medicine using therapeutic music and imagery offering material for the discourses here on the ecology of mind and the inner psychological landscape and its heritage. In creating coalitions and methodologies of maintaining inherited wisdom there is necessity of informed portrayals of ancient people as differently cultured, ingénues and refined rather than primitive.


99

Patrimonialisation processes in the mining landscape of the Montes de Triano and Galdames (Bizkaia, Spain): methodological proposal

M. C. Porcal-Gonzalo & O. Ormaetxea-Arenaza University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain

ABSTRACT: Cultural landscapes constitute an emerging category in the field of heritage. Thiswork focuses, by way of a case study, on historical mining landscapes, understood as cultural landscapes capable of harbouring heritage values. Their role is considered as one of territorial inheritance that reflects a way of life and, therefore, as landscapes full of meanings and witnesses to the collective memory. But when, how, why and for what are heritage values assigned to mining landscapes? To try to answer these questions, in order to analyse the patrimonialisation processes of these landscapes, a methodological proposal is designed, connected in four substantial aspects: the identification of its actors, the definition of the tangible and intangible attributes that sustain and induce social and institutional recognition, the clarification of its temporal and spatial coordinates (local, regional, national or international) and the evaluation of its results (evident, for example in the levels of protection and forms of management). This conceptual and methodological approach is applied to a specific landscape understood as a laboratory: the mining landscape of the Montes de Triano and Galdames, the result of a millennial cultural action on a territory whose main resource has been iron. Herein a presentation of the territorial keys is conducted using bibliographic, cartographic and field work sources. The most outstanding patrimonial values are identified, also by engaging these methodological resources and through interviews. Likewise recognition and protection figures that have an effect are also analysed. The investigation ends with a diagnosis about the patrimonialisation processes of this landscape. Ultimately, the aim is to contribute to the understanding of the patrimonialisation processes and the definition of keys to identify historical mining landscapes with Outstanding Universal Value through a methodological procedure that can be extrapolated to other territories.


100

Politics and memory: nationalism revisited

C. Ramos CLEPUL, School of Arts and Humanities, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Potugal University Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal

S. Lira CLEPUL, School of Arts and Humanities, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Potugal

ABSTRACT: This joint paper aims at bridging the academic fields of politics and museum studies in addressing a common subject: nationalism and the discourses on nationalism. Because the heydays of nationalism are now gone, this is also a paper on the memories of nationalism; but because neo-nationalism has reintroduced the topic, this is a text on the (re)construction of memories at present. In politics there are often two major movements concerning the uses of the past: either it is considered worth being preserved and brought back to life, eventually for attaining a present days’ objective; or it is deliberately erased, for being antagonistic or pointless, vis à vis current political projects. History has often addressed these processes, namely when used as underpinnings for state propaganda, or as a way to erase embarrassing memories. History has also theoretically addressed them, by establishing the differences between the normative aims of such approaches and academic discourses on the past. However, our aim is not to address both memory preservation and amnesia, from the perspective of the historian. We aim at understanding how in the present memory is being used, in the context of major contemporary political debates. For the purpose, and as a case study, we use as time frame a three step process – from nationalism, to post-nationalism, to neo-nationalism; and, as spatial frame, the Portuguese case, inserted in the multidimensional framework of contemporary politics. Political and museological discourses are used as empirical data. Our aim is to understand how, in the context of a consolidated democracy, memory can act as a longitudinal pillar, either for stability or for change.


101

Characterization of the lime mortars of Rui Barbosa House Museum in Rio de Janeiro - Brazil

R. C. C. Ribeiro, D. P. S. Dalto & L. C. R. Moura Centro de Tecnologia Mineral – CETEM, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

ABSTRACT: The aim of this research is to characterize the mortars of the Rui Barbosa House Museum, built in 1850, in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, using X-ray diffraction (XRD), gel-CSH determination, Fourier Transform Infrared spectrometry (FTIR), Wavelength-Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence spectrometry (WDXRF), Thermo gravimetric analysis (TG-DTG) and granulometric analysis. Also, petrographic and physical characteristics such as porosity, water absorption and apparent density of the mortars were used to identify the raw materials employed in their preparation. Mineralogical associations found are similar (quartz, calcite, kaolinite, microcline, muscovite and albite) for the majority of samples and only vary in their proportions; the most prominent phases are quartz and calcite. The collected data, indicating that the binder is hydrated lime, lead us to conclude that the analyzed samples are lime mortars, discarding the possibility of cement as the binder material. Two samples, located on the corner of the building, which underwent repairs, present a differentiated behavior, with high levels of dolomite and the presence of pozzolanic material, with greater water absorption and higher density, indicating the use of a different mortar type. In addition, it was verified that the WDXRF and XRD methods are able to determine the trace element composition with comparable precision with respect to the methodological approach proposed by Teutonico (1988). In addition, it has been verified that the major pollutant causing degradation of building are sulfur emitted by the vehicles and saline spray.


102

Re-enactment and living history events as a tool for community projects: the role of museums

A. Rojas Rabaneda Catalan Institute for Cultural Heritage Research, Girona, Spain

ABSTRACT: This article is focused on the analysis of the role of museums in re-enactment events held in Catalonia, highlighting the dissemination strategies they use. Faced with the need to reach all kinds of audiences, several Catalan museums have perceived the re-enactment events as an opportunity for promoting its collections and the local cultural heritage. The research identifies museums using re-enactment events as a tool for communication strategy as an option for creating community projects.


103

The urban evolution of the surroundings of the Palacio de los Enríquez de Baza (Granada)

F. J. Salas-Martínez & J. M. Santiago-Zaragoza University of Granada, Granada, Spain

ABSTRACT: In 1489, in the middle of the Granada War, the Catholic Monarchs conquered the city of Baza, a decisive event of that War. For this they were supported by numerous nobles, among them Don Enrique Enríquez. This noble, with his wife Doña María de Luna, ordered the construction a residence in the city what is now known as the Palacio de los Enríquez de Baza. This building was initially located outside the city walls, in an area of orchards, and which, together with the Church and Convent of San Jerónimo, also promoted by the Enríquez-Luna family, gave rise to an interesting historical, artistic and monumental complex. This palace is a unique example of heritage in Andalusia, although the evolution and urban growth experienced by the city have ended up drastically changing the original environment of this monumental complex declared of Cultural Interest (BIC) for its great value.


104

Health and cultural heritage: tracing the perceptions of the role of architectural heritage in health and wellbeing

H. H. J. Sektani Salahaddin University (SU/e), Erbil, Kurdistan, IraqEindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), Eindhoven, The Netherlands

A. P. Roders & M. Mohammadi Department of Built Environment, Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), Eindhoven, The Netherlands

M. Khayat Department of Architecture, Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), Eindhoven, The Netherlands

ABSTRACT: The interdisciplinary character of cultural heritage fosters interdisciplinary studies. In cultural heritage studies, the individual and societal perceptions of the environment and the self, are starting to grow in importance. The relationship between health and environment is today mostly investigated in terms of measurable environmental factors, according to the biological definition of human health. Consequently, there is a lack of understanding how health, well-being and cultural heritage relate. However, this relation is most important as according to the United Nations Health Organization (WHO) the definition of health holds more than just the physical absence of disease, referring to the metaphysical features of health and wellbeing. In 2015, WHO acknowledged the importance of culture to health and wellbeing. The aim of this research is to explore the new emerging concept of relationship between health and cultural heritage towards inductive assumptions about what these relations will be with regard to perception. The main objective is to develop a theoretical framework that can be used for further research in the field of cultural heritage preservation, namely on architectural and urban level with emphases on promoting policies and education of healthy development of the built environment. This paper presents and discusses a systematic literature review, using qualitative data-analysis methods, on existing literature. The perception of the role of cultural heritage in health and wellbeing is traced throughout relevant literature concerned with the architectural environment, as well as, the psychological and philosophical literature revealing the essence of culture and architecture in health.


105

Comprehensive approach to preventive care of cultural heritage objects (a case of cuneiform collection)

P. Štefcová, O. Kohout & L. Polák National Museum, Prague, Czech Republic

J. Valach Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics of AV CR, Prague, Czech Republic

P. Zemánek Faculty of Arts, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic

ABSTRACT: The article is a brief description of a comprehensive approach to the preventive care of the cultural heritage objects, which is an important area for the implementation of the principles of sustainable development. The aforementioned approach to the problem of preventive care of movable cultural heritage objects was applied during the research project «Analysis, description and archivation of comprehensive information about objects of cultural heritage and implementation of this information in restoring, conservatory and research praxis» carried out by three research institutions from the field of technical and art sciences (Academy of Science of Czech Republic, National Museum and the Charles University in Prague, research grant no. DF16P02M022). Partial results of this approach will be demonstrated using the documentation and analysis devices / system by applying them to the collection of cuneiform tablets of the Czech orientalist B. Hrozný (provenance Kültepe, Turkey) as a special case of cultural heritage objects.


106

Conservation and valorization strategies for the recovery of Vulcania shopping centre in Catania

A. Versaci, L. R. Fauzìa & G. Ferrini Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, University of Enna ‘Kore’, Enna, Italy

A. Cardaci Department of Engineering and S.A., University of Bergamo, Dalmine, Italy

ABSTRACT: Nowadays we are witnessing more and more frequently the phenomenon of abandonment or dismantling of large commercial buildings created within the consolidated city and made obsolete by the creation of new shopping malls in the suburbs, such as the Vulcaniadepartment store established in Catania, Italy, in 1987. The complex – considered by the municipal administration of the time as a powerful catalyst of economic resources - following the crisis that hit the country in the 90s, has fallen into a state of growing neglect. The excessive costs of maintenance and rent of the shops have caused the closure of the commercial activities transforming the interesting and innovative reinforced concrete structure into a degraded skeleton. For its architectural and environmental interest and for the role that this place could still play from the social and relational point of view, this work intends to propose new forms of revitalization and regeneration.


107

Heritage exhibition and preservation based on cultural identity cultivating: a case study of Ecomuseum on Mosuo Minority, Lugu Lake, Yunnan, China

Q. WeiYunnan Provincial Museum, Kunming, China

ABSTRACT: Mosuo Minority Folk museum, which is located in Mosuo people’s community around Lugu lake, Yunnan, China, is sponsored and constructed by local people. Since 1990s, Lugu lake started to attract a great number of visitors with its beautiful landscape and unique custom of maternal family, and then became a famous place to travel. After more than twenty years, Mosuo people earned a lot of money and became rich by opening hotel, restaurant, boating, campfire party, etc. However, tourism industry caused commercialization and disappearance of Mosuo cultural heritages. There are more than twenty years since the idea and theory of ecomuseum has been introduced into China, most of practices ended in failure. The practice of comuseum in China tended to select those villages in which the cultural heritages are preserved well. However, under the special background of Chinese society and history, well preservation mostly means poverty. Cultural heritages are inevitably commercialized leading by cultural industrialization. So, how about if ecomuseum is practiced in a well-developed place where traditional culture is disappearing but the cultural elites still working to exhibit and preserve? According to the field work, based on the good economic situation, the local elites raised money to construct the folk museum spontaneously in order to exhibit and preserve their cultural heritages. Young people do not have to work outside because of the high income from the local tourism operation. Some young people go to the museum and join in the group of heritage preservation. In the space of museum building, the cultural elites and the young local interact with the visitors through presenting and displaying the heritages. In the space of ecomuseun community, local people who are gradually conscious of their culture begin to show and present their cultural heritages. Is there any feasibility to carry out the idea of ecomuseum in Lugu lake, and where the practice will going? The paper would attempt to explore how the idea of ecomuseum can be practiced in the context of China based on the case study of Mosuo ecomusem, Lugu lake.


108

Arctic shipwrecks as heritage icons and ships as symbols of cultural identity

S. Wickler Department of Cultural Sciences, Tromsø University Museum, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway

ABSTRACT: This paper reflects on the status of three Arctic shipwrecks currently being reclaimed through salvage or excavation. Two are historical icons of polar exploration. Maud was built for Roald Amundsen’s failed attempt to reach the North Pole (1917-25) and Belgica was used for the first Antarctic overwintering expedition, led by Adrien de Gerlache (1897–99). The ships ended up as wrecks in Cambridge Bay, Canada and Harstad, northern Norway, respectively. Maud was raised in 2017 by the Maud Returns Home project and salvaging Belgica is the goal of the Belgica Society International. The third wreck is a late medieval cargo vessel from Lovund, Norway whose excavation and reconstruction is being financed by a community interest group. The role of each ship as a heritage icon, their recruitment to expresssocio-cultural values among specific groups, and the extent to which they are viewed as archaeological entities is discussed and evaluated.


109

Furniture and other household objects as integrative elements of the indigenous house in East Mexico

L. F. Zapata Montalvo Leicester School of Architecture, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK

ABSTRACT: The Papaloapan River in East Mexico is a rich region historically, culturally and naturally. These characteristics are also reflected in the region’s vernacular architecture. This fascination with the built environment led me to carry out research on the indigenous houses there, based on the historical, physical and cultural evidence that still exists in most of these indigenous communities, which is manifest in the architecture, the simplicity of the forms of the houses, the construction of the spaces and even the furniture arrangements and other household items.The idea of observing furniture and household objects as integrative elements of the vernacular house is discussed by Amos Rapoport as “an approach to understand the link between human behaviour and house form”, and brings up the question of “how much one can tell from an examination of artefacts, when no written records exist, and when there may not even be a detailed knowledge of the way of life, the only evidence being the object, building, or settlement itself”.With this idea in mind, I went to live with the Mazatec people settled along the Papaloapan River for a total of six months between 2012 and 2013, an experience which allowed me to understand how the design of their houses are grounded in many traditions. Therefore, one part of the research primarily involved: understanding the relationship between the Mazatec people and their dwellings and the influence that furniture arrangements has over the design and construction of their houses.


110

Chapter 6

Heritage and education for the future

Education to cultural heritage survey and representation for preservation: the case study of Jodhpur the “blue city”, India

E. Borin CEREN, Burgundy School of Business, University of Burgundy, University Burgundy France-Comté Community, France

F. Maietti & L. Rossato Department of Architecture, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy

ABSTRACT: This paper aims to address educational and representation issues by means of a case study analysis of an initiative based on survey techniques of both tangible and intangible cultural heritage of the “Blue City of Jodhpur” (Rajasthan, India) implemented over a period of five years (2013-2017) as a collaboration between the University of Ferrara, Department of Architecture (Italy), CEPT University of Ahmedabad (India) and the Mehrangarh Museum Trust (India), with the support of the Municipality of Jodhpur. The impact of the initiative, analysed using mixed research methods, provides interesting insights on the potential of implementing educational ecosystem approaches for cultural heritage survey and preservation in India.


113

Built heritage and development cooperation. Study, preservation and rehabilitation of built heritage in medinas of northern Morocco

J. Calvo Serrano, C. Malagón Luesma, F. García Carrillo & C. Luque Campaña Higher Technical School of Building Engineering, University of Granada, Granada, Spain

ABSTRACT: This study gathers the activity developed about built heritage in medinas of north Morocco through Final Degree Projects carried out by students of the Degree in Building of the Higher Technical School of Building Engineering in the last five years. In the two last ones, it has been developed under the agreement signed between the University of Granada and the Mediterranean Medinas Network. A first phase, developed through workshops, has a two-pronged approach; on the one hand, it is about experimenting with other pedagogical strategies aimed for the integral formation of students, with special emphasis on the attitude towards understanding and respect of a foreign culture, through the knowledge obtained from direct contact with it. On the other hand, to inquire about the opportunity to open and develop new avenues for research is desired, based on university cooperation and from the perspective of safeguarding and enhancement of a traditional architecture with high heritage value. In this way, the works carried out by the students, originated in the workshops, held in the different medinas, proposed by local authorities and approved by the tutors, were made available to the counterpart, this is, to local initiatives aimed at a development sustainable. The background, the program, the work developed in Morocco and the results of the workshops as pedagogical experience and its direct impact on the area make up the structure developed below.


114

‘Astitva’ – a case study on preserving heritage and culture

V. Deshpande & R. Gokhale Brihan Maharashtra College of Commerce, Pune, India

ABSTRACT: Heritage has always been a part and parcel of how the world perceives a nation, and India embodies a multifarious yet comprehensive culture and heritage. India is a land of stories. These stories stem from traditions, deep-rooted history and mythology, ancient scriptures, monumental structure, dynamic experiences and beliefs. Mr. Shashi Tharoor, an Indian politician and former diplomat, in one of his most famous Ted Talks said, “India is fast becoming a superpower, not just through trade and politics, but through 'soft' power - its ability to share its culture with the world through food, music, heritage and Bollywood”. This paper is a case study to understand how students and faculty can play an important role in creating awareness of the rich heritage in their respective educational institutions, irrespective of the stream or discipline of the same. It tries to display the role that Heritage and Culture and its many strands play in development of an individual and collectively, a society through our personal experience of hosting, and observing the reactions of youth and elderly alike, through the heritage event named “Astitva”. Astitva, an inter-collegiate event, conducted successfully for last several years in an undergraduate business studies college aims at celebrating and preserving Indian Heritage and Culture by spreading cognizance and augmenting inquisitiveness in people through thematic competitions, exhibitions, sessions and other events. Esteemed personalities from various fields visit and share their thoughts and ideas, initiating a spark in young minds. Having hosted over 2000 students at one go, Astitva has been growing ever since, starting a revolutionary concept of acknowledging the roots of an individual.


115

The importance of education in heritage valorisation: the case of Aspiring Geopark Estrela

M. Fernandes, E. de Castro, F. Loureiro, F. Patrocínio, H. Gomes & G. Firmino Associação Geopark Estrela

ABSTRACT: The preservation of the natural and cultural heritage, tangible and intangible, is of the utmost importance, since if this heritage is not preserved we run the risk of being destroyed or lost in time, preventing the knowledge and enjoyment of this heritage by future generations. In this context, Education constitutes a fundamental tool for the dissemination of heritage, since it stimulates the sense of belonging in the populations. The Aspiring Geopark Estrela, which has an area of approximately 2216 km2 and includes 9 municipalities around the Estrela, is a territo-ry where sustainable development is sought in an integrated way, based on its geological and geomorphological heritage, of national and international relevance, its biodiversity and its cul-ture, a reflection of the secular adaptation of its communities to this mountain territory. Here we can find important marks of the last glaciation that occurred about 30,000 years. The Aspiring Geopark Estrela is promoting multidisciplinary educational programs, which include indoor and outdoor activities, aimed at different levels of education (Basic, Secondary and Higher Educa-tion), in order to foster direct contact with the geological heritage, thus contributing to the recognition of its importance and consequently to the need for its conservation, since it is only possible to value and preserve what is truly known. This Geopark also has interpretive pro-grams, in the field of non-formal education, aimed at the general public, thus contributing to the dissemination and preservation of the valuable natural and cultural heritage of Estrela, as well as its use of sustainable way. This article intends to demonstrate the importance of education in the valuation of existing heritage, as well as the role of the UNESCO Global Geoparks in its inter-pretation. The Geoparks should be spaces for multiple learning, knowledge of pedagogical and didactic experiences, where the natural or cultural heritage is a living testimony to the dynamics of its landscape.


116

Innovative training for development cooperation projects. Technical improvements in construction techniques from vernacular architecture

R. A. Jiménez-Expósito, A. Barrios-Padura, M. Molina-Huelva & G. Stasi University of Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain

ABSTRACT: Nowadays there are large areas of poor inhabitable settlements with a low quality of living conditions. In these regions, vernacular architecture persists.The population continues to use local materials andhouses are self-built with construction techniques which were learnt from their ancestors. We can find areas in Latin America or Asia where bamboo is used to build houses, or even entire villages built with adobe in Africa. In these contexts it is a common practice that unqualified people build their own houses, but it is carried out without appropriate technical inspections and without further improvements. As a consequence, buildings have substandard habitable conditions and natural disasters are a great risk for the population.Thereforeit is necessary to promote the trainingtolocal populations about construction technologies. Recognized experts and institutions have researched, tested and improved these techniques from vernacular architecture. Now it is necessary to transfer the advances to a wide area to regain confidence in these technologies and to preserve traditional architecture. From the University of Seville-Spain, we are working on a training project focused on innovation regarding traditional construction techniques. The course is aimed at builders and professionals who are working on development cooperation projects, and people interested in this topic. In the course, different innovative teaching methods will be used. The contents includes a theoretical part focused on traditional construction techniques and their advances; a practical part where prototypeswill be built; case studies and web seminaries. With this project, we hope that students extend their field of professional opportunities and contribute to guarantee the permanence of vernacular architecture. In our presentation, we will show different routes of knowledge with examples of courses held in Africa and Latin-America, the course contents, the most relevant references and evaluation techniques to measure the efficiency of innovative teaching methods.


117

Methodological strategies used in the conservation and restoration of wall paintings subject

T. López-Martínez, A. I. Calero-Castillo, A. García-Bueno, V. J. Medina-Flórez Department of Painting, University of Granada, Granada, Spain

ABSTRACT: Despite the great importance always given to Cultural Heritage and its preservation, it has not been until the last decades that greater attention has been paid to the regularisation of teaching in this sector. One of the changes introduced is the implementation of the Degree in Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage, in which theoretical and practical courses are run in order to train students and provide them with the required competences for their future professional work. This study provides an overview of the work carried out by the wall painting department of the University of Granada. Throughout three courses, and by means of practical simulations and the final restoration of real artworks, students learn both the constituent materials and the execution techniques of artworks, as well as the treatments to be applied for their restoration.


118

Cultural heritage as an educational base for the traditional pillars of sustainable development

K. N. Penna Transformative Learning Research Centre, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia

ABSTRACT: Sustainable development is a pluralist, interdisciplinary topic, encompassing aspects that are complex to understand, learn, and teach. In this paper, I explore how new educational methodological approaches to cultural heritage preservation may contribute to education for sustainable development. In facing the challenges of achieving sustainable development, I feel as a cultural heritage professional and educator that using cultural heritage education as a base for the three traditional pillars of sustainability can be a helpful new approach. For me, it is necessary to reconceptualize contemporary education preservation to go beyond the traditional teaching and learning processes that today permeate the cultural heritage education process, especially in developing countries such as Brazil. More important than a framework that may convey technical and managerial skills, a new understanding of sociocultural learning that focuses on the emotional intelligence of students can help in developing empathy, building relationships, and reconnecting people with others and with their cultural and natural environment.


119

World Cultural Heritage from the perspective of young people - preliminary results of a qualitative study

V. Röll & C. Meyer Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hanover, Germany

ABSTRACT: The transformation towards a sustainable society requires a change of current lifestyles which puts the negotiation of values and attitudes at the core of Education for Sustainable Development. World Cultural Heritage Sites can be a resource for gaining knowledge, skills, values and attitudes that are needed to empower individuals, especially youths, to act as sustainability change-makers. To facilitate transformative learning experiences, World Heritage Education needs to be connected to the reality of youths. The research project tackles the current research gap by exploring existing perceptions, meanings, attitudes and values of teenagers aged 15 to 17 towards World Cultural Heritage using focus group discussions and hermeneutic photography. An exemplify analysis of one participant group from Alfeld uncovered an object-centered understanding of cultural heritage and changing perceptions of the local World Heritage Site (Fagus Factory) during the course of the study.


120

A catalogue of interest elements of a colonized settlement in the province of Granada

S. Téllez García, F. J. Lafuente Bolívar, G. Fernández Adarve & J. M. Santiago Zaragoza University of Granada, Granada, Spain

ABSTRACT: The current laws of Spanish historical heritage (state and regional), have overcome the monumental trend of the early twentieth century. They have a broad vision of the concept of “architectural heritage”. The values of rural architecture are recognized thoroughly. However, the efforts that are being made to make this type of architecture known, respected and protected are far from sufficient. In the middle of the 20th century, a very important process was developed in Spain. It can be considered a milestone in rural architecture: the ex novo construction of small urban centers where a population settled, which was entrusted with the exploitation of their lands. These lands were cultivated thanks to new irrigation systems, which were designed by the National Institute of Colonization. Although submitted to a series of standards and recommendations, the architects responsible for their design were free to work. Those projects were raised with theoretical bases of European architectural rationalism of the early twentieth century, which were reinterpreted in light of sociopolitical circumstances derived from the Franco Regime. The result was a constructive efficiency and its brilliant architectural plasticity. The present study focuses on colonization villages of the province of Granada designed by the architect José García-Nieto, and has its concretion, in those singular buildings, which are landmarks and are considered a hallmark of nuclei such El Chaparral, Peñuelas, Fuensanta… The lack of awareness of these values has led to its transformation and the destruction of part of this heritage. It is necessary a first work of rediscovery and cataloging, which is already being carried out by the council and a group of last year students of the Degree of Building through their respective Final Project, within the Research Group “Heritage and Environment”. The objective is to create a catalogue of elements of interest that is incorporated into municipal urban planning, thus ensuring its conservation and good us.


121

Towards a new future: the San Francisco Legacy Business Program as a model for intangible heritage preservation

B. R. Turner National Trust for Historic Preservation in the United States, San Francisco, California, USA

D. Aggarwal B. A. Yale College, New Haven, Connecticut, USA

ABSTRACT: Policy tools to protect cultural heritage in the United States have traditionally focused on safeguarding its physical assets. While this approach has often yielded the successful protection of historic sites, architecture and artefacts, it overlooks the intangible contributions that define American life. This paper will first survey the traditional regulatory approach to protecting heritage in San Francisco, California. With this background in mind, the second part will illuminate how the City’s Legacy Business Program, adopted in 2015, reflects a critical shift from the traditional policy approach to the preservation of cultural assets. Based on these findings, we will introduce a roadmap for the future that takes into account abroader definition of “cultural heritage”.


122

Chapter 7

Preservation of historic buildings and structures

The uniqueness of Erbil Citadel Buffer Zone as compared to the general theory of Buffer Zones

A. Abbas Faculty of Architecture and Arts, University of Hasselt, Hasselt, Belgium

ABSTRACT: Buffer Zone is a concept introduced in the literature of heritage conservation as an important tool for conservation of artifacts or sites inscribed on the World Heritage List. It is based on the argument that the context surrounding the artifact is an essential component of its conservation strategy. The changes made and the interventions pursued on the environment may have a direct impact on the quality of World Heritage Site itself. Buffer Zones which may not be in themselves of exceptional world value are intended to protect those sites from the negative influences of their contexts. Based on these arguments, the definition of a Buffer Zone for Erbil Citadel and the introduction of specific regulations for this area were the conditions to add Erbil Citadel to the World Heritage List in July 2014. Adaptive Re-Use was recognized and adopted as a principal strategy in the revitalization of Erbil Citadel and its Buffer Zone. The current research intends to focus on Erbil Citadel Buffer Zone. It aims at defining and evaluating a particular way of approaching this area within the framework of the general theory of buffer zones surrounding World Heritage Sites. This is to be made in relation to the strategy of Adaptive Re-Use adopted for revitalization processes. The method consists of the following stages: 1.Introducing the general theory of Buffer Zones surrounding World Heritage Sites by reviewing theoretical statements about the concept of buffer zones and its applications within various professional practices in different world contexts; 2. Analyzing and evaluating Erbil Citadel Buffer Zonewith a focus on the potentials ofadaptive re-use as a protection strategy; 3.Defining the uniqueness of Erbil Citadel Buffer Zone and the implications of this for theadaptive re-use of this zone.


125

Conserve not conserve: vulnerabilities and opportunities in sustainable conservation of Tong Laus in Hong Kong

C. H. Angus The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

ABSTRACT: Tong Laus are the tenement buildings for residential cum commercial uses mostly built in early to mid- 20th century in Hong Kong, and is one of the most prominent typologies of urban heritage in Hong Kong. The different generations of Tong Laus signifies the societal development, and the responses to the drastically increasing housing needs upon population expansion of Hong Kong over the past century. Nevertheless, conservation of Tong Laus in Hong Kong often faces various challenges, such as the failure to match modern building regulation requirement and compatibility of new uses. And thus, many of the owners would either give way for demolition and redevelopment, or massively alter the Tong Laus to “conserve” in matching of modern building codes and new uses. While these seem to be the best outcomes for the property owners, they fail to sustainably conserve these ordinary, yet important, urban heritage of Hong Kong. The paper draws in local examples to discuss on different issues encountered in conserving Tong Laus in Hong Kong, ranging from simple maintenance issues to the philosophy in its conservation. Case references of considerably sustainable conservation of tenement houses in Southeast Asia are also introduced to give insights on approaches in conserving Tong Laus in response to the issues arose. This also leads to the advocation of incorporating conservation as part of the development cycle of Tong Laus, and in a greater scale of the development of Hong Kong.


126

Contemporary conservation methods reflections on human ehavior “applications in adaptive reuse of heritage spaces”

A. M. A. E. Azim & N. M. A. E. Moneim Department of Architecture and Environmental design, Faculty of Engineering, Arab Academy for Science, Tech. & Maritime Transport, Cairo, Egypt

ABSTRACT: Egyptian Heritage is one of the oldest and significant in history. Heritage sites are found alsl over Egypt yet deserted and unused disregarding the significance and value of these spaces.Understanding local socio-cultural contexts and cultural differences allow heritage places to be read and understood, revealing the cultures in which they were created and maintained. On the other hand, change is constant in our time; thereby it is adequate to rehabilitate our heritage to accommodate our modern needs ensuring the sustainability of the place. Safeguarding our heritage is a necessity and a responsibility as it is considered our country’s legacy. Contemporary rehabilitation as a conservation method is tested, in this research, at Old Cairo. The research aim is to analyze human behavior interaction with the suggested method through critical observations of the context proposed. The research outcomes are a set of definitions for impact factors of contemporary rehabilitation on human behavior.


127

The need for innovation in historical building restoration projects

B. Balaban-Okten Department of Architecture, Fatih Sultan Mehmet Vak f University, Istanbul, Turkey

M. S. Okten Department of Architecture, Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University, Istanbul, Turkey

ABSTRACT: The restoration of historic buildings requires a comprehensive approach through a collaborative effort. Historic buildings have unique problems and sometimes it is hard to deter-mine the main causes of these problems. The main purpose of these restoration projects is to carry these cultural heritage monuments into the future with minimum changes to their struc-tures and characteristics. This is the main challenge. These unique buildings require innovative construction ideas for restoration. The aim of this research is to understand the causes of innova-tive solutions and the processes of creating new ideas in restoration projects. The creation of new ideas in restoration projects has been explored extensively from an “insider's” perspective in the following case study. A restoration project in Eyup/Istanbul is selected which one of the researchers takes a professional role in that project. Participant observations and semi-structured interviews were used to collect data. The results indicate that determining the problem on site is the key fact in the process of innovation. Secondly, the site conditions and the laborers’ capabil-ities also are significant factors for finding solutions. Thirdly, new ideas carry more risks and unknown construction processes create question marks in professionals’ minds. If it isn’t neces-sary, professionals don’t accept innovative ideas for restoration projects. Lastly, interviews have shown that researches on innovative construction techniques give construction professionals confidence to try novel solutions. Therefore, these results are encouraging for the researches in the area.


128

Cohousing as a model of sustainable rehabilitation and active preservation for small historical centers in Italy

A. Bellicoso, A. Tosone, P. De Beradinis & R. Morganti University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy

ABSTRACT: With the view to the sustainable rehabilitation and active preservation, that considers Italian small historical villages not only as a cultural heritage, but also as a building resource suitable to be refurbished from the social-economic and technological point of view, the selection of a compatible and attractive housing model is crucial. Cohousing overcomes traditional real estate development model which considers the “final client” as an undifferentiated user, excluded from design-building process and it proposes his direct participation to the design of future housing context according to patterns that are never rigidly preset. In response to the change of the residential settlement model and to the light of new life models and family organization, with the aim of redefining new types of housing, a methodological and operation approach has been defined, which allows the definition of morphological housing models and the evaluation of their compatibility, as well as need frame translated into technical requirements. The paper intends to present the results of a research applied tol case studies, exemplifying the housing model investigated.


129

Chromatic alterations by microalgae at National Mall fountains in Washington D. C. (USA)

F. C. Bolívar-Galiano & C. Abad-Ruiz Department of Painting, University of Granada, Granada, Spain

A. Yebra Department of Painting, University of Seville, Seville, Spain

J. Romero-Noguera Department of Painting, University of Granada, Granada, Spain

P. Sánchez-Castillo Department of Botany, University of Granada,Granada, Spain

ABSTRACT: The National Mall is the great promenade that connects the most important buildings of the capital of the United States: the capitol with the George Washington and Abraham Lincoln Memorials touring the Castle and the main Smithsonian museums and the National Gallery of Art. The fountains present inside and outside these museums suffer alterations of color and texture due to colonization of algal populations on the surface of their constituent materials. We have studied 9 fountain belonging to the National Gallery of Art, the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture, the Smithsonian Museum of Contemporary Art (Hirshhorn), the Smithsonian Arts and Industries Building, the Smithsonian Institution Building (the Castle), the Smithsonian National Museum of American History and the Smithsonian National Museum of the American Indian. In this work carried out by the national Project VIRARTE (UGR-MEC) at the Smithsonian Museum Conservation Institute (MCI-SI), the relationship between the diversity of the algal groups and the material composition and typology of the fountains is studied. We have studied the presence of different species of green microalgae, blue-green microalgae and diatoms that form pustules, films, mats and mineral crusts on fountains constructed with granite, limestone and various metals, and even upon sealant resins that are used to repair water leaks. The ultimate goal of this work in the control of these formations to avoid the aesthetic, functional and material damage that these photosynthetic organisms produce in the architectural heritage associated with water.


130

The geography of the military and its urban heritage: a case study in the city of Rio de Janeiro (RJ, Brazil)

D. S. Cardoso Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

M. S. Vieira University Severino Sombra, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

ABSTRACT: The purpose of this text is to explore the potential landscape and heritage of the buildings, artifacts, archaeological sites and other assets protected and administered by the Brazilian Army in the city of Rio de Janeiro (RJ). Of the assets of relevant historical interest to the facilities and equipment built, above all, at the end of the 19th century and throughout the previous century, the Army has a dense heritage network under its control whose complexity and management challenge requires interinstitutional tools and partnerships. A meaningful dialogue with local communities and other stakeholders, within the limits of military territoriality, to integrate them into the actions of preservation and use of cultural assets. The text is divided into two sessions: the first one will address the military urbanization in the city of Rio de Janeiro, with special attention to the North and West zones, which comprised the rural area, Sertão Carioca, according to the renowned writer Magalhães Corrêa. The second part will highlight the areas and institutions of the Army that act directly on the cultural goods under discussion. This short article aims to emphasize the importance of the Army as a vital institution for the maintenance of this valuable collection of the history of Rio de Janeiro, and the problems inherent to this socio-institutional and special context, where the Army fulfills simultaneously a social role and a particular strategy of safeguarding and power of the State.


131

The comparision of mechanical characteristic and estimation for restoring force of different SASHIGAMOI joint in traditional wooden residents

X. Chen & N. Takiyama Division of Architecture and Urban Studies, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan

ABSTRACT: According to regional characteristics and cultural differences, there are various specifications in SASHIGAMOI joint in Japan. In the limit strength calculation which is one of calculation methods used in the seismic performance evaluation of traditional wooden residents, the shear forces of all earthquake resistant elements are simply added and the restoring force is given for each seismic element without considering the different detail of SASHIGAMOI joint. In this study, to figure out thefracture mode and the restoring force characteristic, we performed cyclic loading test on 4 specimens with same external dimension method but different joint shape. Then, we quantify the dispersion of restoring force characteristic between each specimen. Moreover, based on theevaluation formula of the past, we also aimed to construct the evaluation formula to estimate the restoring force and compare with results of experiment.


132

Surveying and assessment of dry stone constructions by means of photogrammetry as a tool for conservation

A. Costa-Jover, S. Coll-Pla, C. Mallafrè Balsells, A. Saballs & D. Moreno Garcia School of Architecture, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Spain

ABSTRACT: The investigation focuses on the use of massive data capture techniques for the surveying of dry stone constructions as a tool for its documentation and conservation. Given the impossibility of preserving everything, cataloguing by means of photogrammetric techniques can be considered as a good alternative to the return to the nature of the stone structures. Thus, it is possible to survey these constructions with an easy, safe, low-cost and non-invasive technique which makes it possible to obtain a 3D model of the object with texture properties and a known metrical scale and coordinate system. Here it is presented the initial results of applying that technique.


133

Validation of a new non destructive test to assess the mechanical quality of new pieces of glass smalti from Murano (Italy) used in the trencadís cladding

M. Cuesta UPC Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Catalonia, Spain

J. L. L. Zamora LiTA (Laboratory of Innovation and Technology in Architecture), Polytechnic University of Catalonia, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain

J. Roset Department of Physics, Polytechnic University of Catalonia, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain

M. Vicente LiTA (Laboratory of Innovation and Technology in Architecture), Polytechnic University of Catalonia, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain

ABSTRACT: During the restoration of the cladding of a heritage building it was noticed that some of the recently added glass smalti pieces from Murano used in the trencadís (Catalan modernism style of mosaics) are deteriorating and cracking prematurely when they are exposed to weather and atmosphere changes. In contrast, the oldest pieces seem to have only minor de-cay problems, even though they were produced in the same glass workshop. Murano glass is produced in pieces called piastres following traditional procedures. Consequently, each piastre has different characteristics. The method used to assess piastres is by conducting a thermal shock test which is destructive and expensive. We developed a non-destructive, fast, cheap method to assess 100% of piastres, based on an analysis of the natural frequencies of vibration, to obtain the modulus of elasticity (MOE) of each piece. This article compares the results ob-tained by a standard thermal shock test with the non-destructive test that was developed.


134

The adaptive reuse of Palazzo Ardinghelli in L’Aquila

D. Di Donato, R. Morganti, A. Tosone & M. Abita DICEAA, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy

ABSTRACT: After the earthquake of L’Aquila in 2009, the University of the town was charged of an experimental project for the restoration of an eighteenth century baroque mansion. The research of a good balance between unpredictable conditions of use for the ancient building and the necessary respect of its historic details, has addressed design choices towards an adaptive reuse, looking for optimal and low impact features for transformative interventions. To reach this aim, the project concerns the introduction of new stairs, lifts and service blocks in order to allow original and multiple modes of space use. For the new inserted objects, which have to be lightweight, easy to install and reversible, the most suitable material is weathering steel, which is able to guarantee not only undeniable structural capabilities, but also high space configuration potentialities, so as to establish a contrast between the ancient and the new.


135

1 With support from Grup de Recerca en Patrimoni Cultural de Catalunya. Grup de Recerca preconsolidat (GRPRE) (2017 SGR 835) and CERCA Programme / Generalitat de Catalunya.

Spaces for socialising in contemporary Catalonia. Architectural heritage between disappearance and survival1

G. Domènech Casadevall University of Girona & Catalan Institute for Cultural Heritage Research (ICRPC), Catalonia, Spain

ABSTRACT: Casinos, ateneus and societats are different names for the same concept: the social venues that, upon private initiative, emerged in the late nineteenth century and instigated cultural, recreational and, often, also welfare activities in most of Catalonia’s towns. Their headquarters became essential meeting places for society a century ago and they have left an undeniably intense social, cultural and architectural imprint on Catalan society for over a century since they began operating. The legislative and social changes of recent decades have led these organisations to bring their founding principles up-to-date and adapt to the new social context. Today, their circumstances are not all alike. Our aim here is to analyse the architectural imprint they have left on many Catalan cities, where their buildings feature among the listed heritage and in some cases have full legal protection, while not neglecting some of the best-known buildings to have disappeared.


136

Pigment-binder interaction in calcium sulfate-based painting materials

K. Elert Department of Mineralogy and Petrology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain

ABSTRACT: Historically, gypsum has played an important role as white ground for panel paintings and for decorative plasterwork (e.g., “yeseria” of the Alhambra palace from the Nasrid period) in southern Europe. In white grounds gypsum (CaSO4 & #8729; 2H2O) or anhydrite (CaSO4) were commonly mixed with animal glue. Organic additives might have also been used to improve the gypsum’s water resistance and workability in the case of “yeserias”. A limited number of studies exits which investigated the hydration process of calcium sulfate phases and examined mineralogical changes undergone during setting. However, the effect of organic additives has only been evaluated with respect to industrial applications, using for example organic acids and synthetic polymers. Here the interaction between rabbit glue (i.e., rabbit glue was historically used as a binder) and calcium sulfate phases (different mixtures of gypsum, bassanite (CaSO4 & #8729;0.5H2O), and anhydrite) was studied to determine the influence of the organic additive on the mineralogical evolution and the mechanical strength development. Furthermore, possible conformational changes undergone by the rabbit glue in the presence of calcium sulfate were evaluated. One set of samples was exposed at the Alhambra monument for 36 months in order to study the long-term behavior of these binary systems under natural weathering conditions. Obtained results revealed a significant influence of the organic binder, impeding a complete hydration of calcium sulfate phases. Incomplete hydration will not only alter the mechanical strength, but also affect color and weathering resistance of the final product. These findings will assist in the interpretation of deterioration mechanisms undergone by historic grounds and decorative plasterwork and help in the selection of adequate materials for their conservation.


137

Historic earth roofing in Ibiza. A research of its performance in the rain

E. Escudero Lafont & S. García Morales Superior Technical School of Architecture of Madrid, Polytechnic University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain

S. Roig Planells Ibiza, Spain

ABSTRACT: Several authors have carried out works describing the earth flat roofing (terraces) of different geographical areas, identifying the local materials and the maintenance needs. In order to safeguard this constructive cultural heritage, we made a data collection of the terraces of Ibiza, we also made a comparison with other terraces of culturally related geographic areas, and quantified their response to rain. This study detects that the current state of the building legacy of these flat roofs requires urgent action to safeguard against the rapid disappearance of numerous examples. The terraces of Ibiza have some distinctive features such as: the materials used and their thickness and its waterproofing performance. Tests are carried out in the laboratory and the behavior of the materials of the last layer is analyzed, concluding that the marlstone used in the roofs of Ibiza have very good hydric behavior, being impervious.


138

The reuse of cultural heritage as an opportunity for urban regeneration

K. Fabbricatti, M. R. Pinto & P. Miano Department of Architecture, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy

ABSTRACT: Cultural heritage represents a strategic resource for the social and the economic development of territories. Today, the pressures facing urban areas require new approaches and tools for managing change, combining the objectives of cultural heritage conservation with those of socio-economic development. This paper deals with the theme of the reuse of contemporary relevant architecture, in which the choice of the new use and the design solutions are guided by the objective of generating opportunities for regeneration and enhancement of the historic urban landscape. The case study is an eclectic style building, called ''Il Capricho'', on the island of Ischia (Naples), built at the end of 50s and abandoned at the beginning of this century. Multidisciplinary research develops a methodological path that, starting from the construction of a shared urban regeneration scenario, develops a project of re-use of the building, aimed - on one hand - to enhance its performance and its identity - on the other - to interpret the need to improve the environmental, social and economic conditions of the urban context.


139

The relationship between conservation and protection in seismic risk sensitive areas

C. C. Falasca & A. Gigante Gabriele d’Annunzio University, Chieti-Pescara, Italy

ABSTRACT: With the progress of techniques for the prevention of seismic risk of the building heritage, the problem of how to reconcile the objective of conservation with the protection request in historic buildings is increasingly emerging. This can be seen particularly in the reconstruction works in high seismic risk areas such as in the Italian Center strongly affected by the recent earthquakes of 2016-17. First of all we need to clarify the use of the terms. With the term "protection" we mean the set of measures that have the pursue to safeguard the preservation of the building artifact so that the historical, architectural, cultural values contained in it can be preserved over time. Among these measures, above all, on one hand there are the seismic regulations that, with the advance of knowledge and with the increasing of the frequency of earthquakes, are becoming more and more restrictive and on the other, the use of consolidated techniques of intervention, coming from the manuals matrix, not always compatible with the goal of conservation. This lack of congruence between the aims and the means is often the cause of degradation, in the sense that it determines the loss of values that through the intervention itself we wanted to preserve. As part of this problem, the authors of this paper intend to take stock of the methodological aspects that this type of intervention entails. They do this through their direct experience, which is still ongoing, concerning the church of San Cristoforo in Moscufo in Italy, hit by the earthquakes mentioned above. It is a baroque church with a central plan of particular value that has been decreed unfit for the damages. The current Italian legislation on reconstruction imposes the obligation of seismic improvement, associated with the restoration of usability. For this aim the intervention project has adopted a methodological approach based on the criteria of minimally invasive techniques to be used in order to not compromise the integrity of the original baroque space.


140

The Albaycin in Granada: studies and research for the restoration guidelines

F. J. Gallego Roca, F. Geremia, G. Marino, M. Palma Crespo, R. Sposini, M. Zampilli & C. Zanin School of Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering, University of Granada, Granada, Spaim Department of Architecture, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, Rome, Italy

ABSTRACT: A team of professors, researchers and students from the Department of Architecture of Roma Tre University and from the School of Architecture of Granada University, are developing studies, searches and graphic surveys of the historical buildings of the Albaycin Arabic district in Granada.Based on the “Manuali del Recupero” and on the “Codici di pratica” experiences, started in Rome during the 1980's by Paolo Marconi and Antonino Giuffrè, the aim of the work is to produce a useful tool for the documentation, knowledge and safeguarding of the historical built environment. The pressure of mass tourism is rapidly altering the identity of the district, where heavy renovations of historical buildings cause the irreversible loss of sizeable parts of the urban fabric and of the traditional structural and decorative elements. Even when, to satisfy tourist demand, interventions are made reproducing architectural details or superficial finishes in keeping with the mudéjar architecture, the disappearance of traditional artisanship and the loss of pre-modern construction techniques result in uneducated and false reproductions, clearly far from the material and formal character of the original designs. It is, therefore, necessary to re-appropriate this knowledge, documenting what still exists to understand the original building techniques and the pre-modern anti-seismic measures. The research develops studies using archival, bibliographical and cartographical sources to decipher the typological and morphological urban evolution. The critical surveys allow the appreciation of the surviving elements, from the houses and palaces to the masonry and wooden structures, from the architectural details to the finishing elements. The drawings describe, with general axonometric views, sections and details, the complexity of the traditional building structures useful to safeguarding the historical built environment and preserving its identity and enable a suitable sustainable approach to seismic and other natural events. The paper reports the current progress of the work.


141

The reality of the Cortijo del Fraile. A possible intervention

L. M. García Ruiz, E. Puertas García & M. P. Sáez Pérez University of Granada, Granada, Spain

ABSTRACT: Recovering and reusing heritage buildings allow to extend their lifetime and the conservation of social and cultural values at their surroundings. The interventions will be based on sustainable construction systems which will ensure emissions reduction. This communication tackles the study of the Cortijo del Fraile, in the municipality of Níjar (Almería), within the Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park. It means an exceptional sign of the vernacular architecture from the eastern coast of the province. In 2010, it was declared “Bien de Interés Cultural” under the category of “Historic Site”. The aim of the investigation is making known the analysis of its deteriorated state and real conditions, as well as establishing an intervention project which is viable in its context. It is also intended to highlight that the development of activities different from originals in historic architectures, attempting to maintain structural features, providing a bigger accessibility and entering in its use.


142

Veteran trees in Melbourne's urban landscape under threat: the case of St Kilda Road Boulevard

R. J. Green Melbourne School of Design, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

ABSTRACT: This paper explores the threat of removal of over two hundred mature trees from Melbourne’s St Kilda Road Boulevard, one of the city’s most iconic historic landscape features. It includes a brief history of the St Kilda Road Boulevard, the community’s reactions to the slated removal of the trees, the potential impacts this action will have on the city’s residents and tourists, and the values people associate with these veteran trees and the boulevard of which they are an integral part. The announcement that these treeswere to be removedprovoked a flurry of public protests, petitions and political lobbying focused on trying to “Save the Trees” - the rows of over 100-year-old Elm and Plane trees that currently line St Kilda Road and create the boulevard effect for which this road is recognized. The trees are being removed to extend a train line and build a new under-ground railway station. They are, however, of great heritage value and even the threat of their removal has been met with strong community resistance. The many tangible benefits these trees provide, such as the shade they provide, as well as their intangible benefits, particularly their contribution to the character of St Kilda Road and the surrounding neighborhoods as experienced by the people who live and work nearby or walk, cycle or drive along this road, are immense. The strong public reaction elicited by the threat of removal of these stately street trees, and recognition of their importance in maintaining the integrity of this iconic Boulevard, reveal a lot about the values people place on veteran street trees in urban settings and the boulevard type tree planting design of which they are an integral part. Heritage Victoria is the Victorian State Government's principal cultural (non-Aboriginal) heritage agency concerned with the conservation and management of places of cultural heritage value. Their stated aim is to “conserve and enhance places of aesthetic, archaeological, architectural, cultural, scientific or social significance, or otherwise of special cultural value” (Heritage Victoria, 2018). They are tasked with identifying, protecting and interpreting the State's most significant cultural heritage resources and providing advice to private land owners, local and State government and the general community on heritage matters. Heritage Victoria defines an area of land that can have heritage value as containing “…water, building, archaeological site, tree, garden, geological formation, fossil site or other place of natural or cultural significance…”. In 2016 the Victorian Heritage Council determined that St Kilda Road Boulevard was “…of cultural heritage significance to the State of Victoria and…should be included in the Victorian Heritage Register in accordance with s42(1) and (4) of the Heritage Act 1995” …subject to the ex-tent of protection determination by the Heritage Council’s Registrations Committee. Despite this recognition,Heritage Victoria granted approval for the removal of 223 veteran trees and other features (e.g. heritage bluestone curbs) along a 770-meter length of this magnificent and culturally significant boulevard, despitethe severe negative impact this action is predicted to have on the heritage value of this important landscape feature and adjacent areas.


143

Port heritage in city-port transformations: opportunities or constraints?

A. L. Grindlay Department of Urban and Spatial Planning, University of Granada, Granada, Spain

I. Bestué-Cardiel Department of Department of Architectural Graphic Expression, University of Granada, Granada, Spain

M. I. Rodríguez-Rojas & E. Molero-Melgarejo Department of Urban and Spatial Planning, University of Granada, Granada, Spain

ABSTRACT: In the framework of the international movement of waterfront redevelopment and the opportunities which port heritage presents for cultural tourism, the role of the ports’ historical buildings and structures in several cases of port-city transformation in Spain is presented. These heritage elements are usually controversial subjects in port expansion and transformation processes, and they are usually perceived both as an opportunity for their conservation and value increase and as development constraints. The maritime traffic associated with these operations is the cruise-ship, which has experienced an explosive growth linked to the evolution of cultural tourism. The preservation of old port buildings and structures represent an interesting opportunity, including their value increase as attractive elements of the port transformation close to cruise-ship terminals, but not always exploited. In this sense, several cases are presented showing the different treatment possibilities of these elements in urban port transformation operations. From the recuperation and maintenance of the old port infrastructures as an opportunity for its value and integration in redevelopment process, or their conservation but displaced from their original site or regrettably their complete demolition as an incompatible element for the redevelopment model. In this case the old port structures and buildings are being considered as development constraints and offering serious difficulties for their preservation. Some cases of the historical Mediterranean ports are studied with their recovered heritage buildings and structures as attractive elements for the cruise-ships passengers and the port visitors, such as Malta or Alicante, and particularly the cases where the old structures have been displaced from their locations but ultimately preserved, such as Almeria. The remarkable case of Malaga is presented where the final result of this city-port operation has been very successful from the urban point of view, having recently been awarded the Regional Urbanism Award (2016), but where the central historical silo was eventually demolished in the face of conservation and reuse difficulties. However the remains of the historical dock and the eighteenth century bulwark, which were found during the construction work on the parking facilities near the iconic and historical lighthouse, have been adequately integrated in the parking structure. All these experiences show the diversity of the possible treatments and the difficulties for the preservation of ports’ historical buildings and structures in their urban transformation, but also their extraordinary value for the success of city-port operations.


144

Application of environment friendly halogen-free flame retardant in the rehabilitation of historic wooden buildings

N. Guo, W. Ji, E. H.-W. Chan & E. H. K. Yung Department of Building and Real Estate, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China

ABSTRACT: Different from the masonry structure of western ancient architecture, most important feature of Chinese and other East Asian ancient architecture use wooden structure. This material-selection method determines Chinese ancient unique architectural style with elegancy and delicacy, but also it has brought the inevitable flaw of inflammable. --Fire prevention has become an urgent need to solve for ancient architecture. Historic cities, historic districts and ancient buildings are valuable and non-renewable cultural heritages and they contain a wealth of cultural values and historical information, once being destructed, it will produce irreversible huge losses. In order to reduce the threat of fire, this study introduces an Environment Friendly Halogen-Free Flame Retardant, a new product for rehabilitation which can be widely used in wooden historic buildings and structures. The new product with simple preparation process, cheap raw materials, low cost, non-polluting and preservative function has already granted to national patent. This paper reviews the fireproof principle for historic wooden buildings and introduces this flame retardant material, with theoretical backup for treating the original materials in historic buildings. It compares the effects of wood fire prevention before and after using the retardant through experiments. In addition, this paper analyzes the advantages of environmental halogen-free flame retardant materials in practical use and any possible difficulties. Through a series of analysis, this paper aims to present a new material for the rehabilitation of historic buildings and structures with the improved building fire rating, so that historic wooden buildings can be protected from potential fire hazard.


145

An evaluation of the use of reality technologies in conservation of cultural heritage

A. U. Hamurcu & A. Hamurcu Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey

ABSTRACT: Reality technologies (virtual, augmented and mixed reality), as today's technology trends, are drawing attention from different fields of studies. Statistics show that they will be used more and more in upcoming years, as they will be cheaper and more accessible. Concordantly, in the field of conservation of cultural heritage, some companies, museums and foundations have already started using these technologies in order to offer more realistic experience besides promoting production of data to be used in conservation of cultural heritage. For these reasons, first of all, via literature review, it is justified whether reality technologies can be considered as media for sustainable conservation and documentation. And then, by document analysis, the administrations’ awareness of reality technologies’ potentials in terms of sustainable conservation of heritage is discussed. The main aim of the study is to draw attention to the opportunities and challenges of reality technologies in the area of sustainable conservation.


146

Structural characteristics of traditional thatched Chumon-Zukuri houses in the old mountain village of Maesawa, Japan

K. Kawashima Division of Architecture and Urban Studies, Faculty of Urban Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan

X. Chen & N. Takiyama Department of Architecture and Building Engineering, Graduate School of Urban Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan

ABSTRACT: The Maesawa preservation district of the inland Fukushima prefecture contains many traditional thatched Chumon-Zukuri houses, which have an L-shaped plan. Despite the many earthquakes in the past, there has been no damage to any of the houses. In this study, we estimated the seismic performance of a thatched house in the Maesawa preservation district, Fukushima prefecture, through a field survey to understand its structural and vibrational characteristics. First, we carried out a field survey of an L-shaped Chumon-Zukuri thatched house and a rectangular Sugoya thatched house to understand their construction and maintenance methods. Moreover, we conducted microtremor measurements for these houses and the nearby ground to analyze the vibrational characteristics. Finally, we calculated the yield base shear coefficient as an indicator of seismic performance.


147

Portuguese state-subsidized housing projects. A general overview of a recent heritage

G. Lameira & L. Rocha Centre for Studies in Architecture and Urbanism (CEAU-FAUP), Faculty of Architecture, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

ABSTRACT: In Portugal, although the single-family housing model remained a preference for most state-provided housing initiatives until late into the 20th century, in the 1940s it became obvious that this housing model would be unable to resolve the lack of housing. Between the 1920s and the early 1970s, this fact brought about the emergence of various types of multifamily housing buildings, constructed by different types of promoters, such as private individuals, real estate developers, and public and cooperative housing initiatives, the latter being more constrained at an economic level.This article proposes a panoramic overview regarding the state-subsidized housing programmes built in Portugal until the early 1970s, focusing specifically on multifamily housing built by Casas de Renda Económica [CRE], the ‘Affordable Rent Houses Programme’, with funds from Social Security via HabitaçõesEconómicas - Federação de Caixas de Previdência [HE-FCP]. The ‘Affordable Rent Houses Programme’ rested on a specific regulation framework, namely Law nº2007, dated 7 May 1945, which allowed for the construction of housing blocks of up to four-storeys high, intended for rent or sale, according to the option selected by the promoting organisation. The aim is to identify the main characteristics of this housing stock as well as their impact on the cities’ expansion. The housing estates built during these decades brought new housing types, in many ways radically different from the most current solutions that characterised the single-family models: the access systems, the organisation of the functional programme, the design of the façades and also the materiality of the buildings. Thus, this study will focus on an analysis of these architectural principles, aiming to support further actions on both the transformation process and preservation of the buildings.Although not referring to a particular historic structure, we believe that this large set of buildings, constructed over several decades, representsmodern heritage that in many ways triggers the need for reasonedconsideration on strategies for valorisation, rehabilitation or reuse as well as an analysis of the buildings’ adaptability to the requirements of contemporary living.


148

Postwar recomposition: Warsaw

J. M. López Jiménez, J. C. Gómez Vargas & F. Moreno Vargas University of Granada, Granada, Spain

ABSTRACT: The liberation of Warsaw from the yoke, in one hand, of Nazi´s occupation and in the other one, of the Soviet allied siege, in the year 1945, entailed a process of rapid recomposition of the city. The inheritance during years was fulminated in five years causing the social collapse by the urban disidentification of the inhabitants. After the catastrophic destruction of the emblematic monuments and buildings of its historic center, the situation was addressed through three methodologies: historical, renovating and innovative. Therefore, those urban processes that followed the lines that the memory had drawn for them were used to carry out an involutive and regressive interpretation, in the historical recomposition of fragments, monumental pieces and embers of the ruins, with references to the value of its memory, of its identity, reworking the same historicist discourse. Under the command of Reconstruction´s Office for Warsaw Capital, and forming a multidisciplinary team led by the conservative Jan Zachwatowicz, there were discussions on how to address the reconstruction and reconfiguration of the damaged urban center. To this end, the intervention showed a green ring around the old urban center, founding the basis for the implantation and integration of the projects bordering the area and its traces, many of them disconnected from the historicist, eclectic and fragmentary drawing of the compact pre-war urban mesh. Supported by emblematic actions on patrimonial elements and infrastructures, a city was conceived behind the scenes during the Nazi domination, which was later diverted to the influence of a socialist political ideology whose future would mark the relationship between the city center and the perfipherical areas.


149

Italian encounters around the notion of the sustainable restoration (2015 - 2017)

R. Martino University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy

ABSTRACT: Sustainable Restoration is a notion relatively recent, organized around the concepts of minimum consumption of matter, soil and territory, use of materials preferably of regional origin or in any case local, not yet fully investigated and accepted by all the operators in the field, entering in the current debate as the third way try to contemplate the Italian instances of “pure conservation” and “maintenance-restoration”. On the subject, recently, they tried to discuss an international round of meetings distributed between 2015 and 2017 in several Italian cities, such as Rome, Matera, Venaria Reale, Venezia, l'Aquila, Peschiera del Garda, involving authoritative figures in the field of restoration to build debates around the themes of restoration as a common good, training and teaching, ancient and new in comparison, restoration as an urban project, the stratigraphy of pre-existence, according to a multidisciplinary approach and looking for a shared modus operandi. This paper, through the close examination of all the interventions and case studies presented, will propose an assessment of the initiative, serving scholars, architecture and art historians, architects, engineers, restorers, institutions and entrepreneurs, associations.


150

Patios and Vilas of Lisbon, an empirical and rational construction

V. P. Matos Faculty of Architecture, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal

ABSTRACT: At the end of the 19th century a new rental market appears in Lisbon: the Patios and Vilas. They are a rational and empirical construction. This heritage can be seen as a case of traditional architecture. The plans,façades and descriptive memories of Vila Queiros, Vila Gomes, Vila Guilherme Rodrigues, Vila Saraivaand Vila Maria,showed a programmed and rigorous construction in accordance to the architectonic language and construction materials of the epoch. The Ilhas (Islands), groups of dwellings identical to the Patios, have a different expression, thus we characterized them, based on the work of Teixeira (1994). This heritage is a built resource that must be reused. The Patios and Vilas are dwelled by the new inhabitants of Lisbon. They are fundamental to give them purpose and sense.Thesebuildingsare a heritage of cultural value that urges to be preserved and requalified.


151

BIM - based decision - making process for resilience assessment in adaptive reuse

M. Morandotti & C. Cecchini University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy

ABSTRACT: In the field of architectural enhancement through adaptive reuse, the theme of resilience assessment is crucial to understand the impact of each project action, monitor the transformability thresholds and achieve more sustainable restoration projects. The presented research is a further step of an on-going study developed in the STEP laboratory of the University of Pavia: a quantitative methodology able to evaluate, in the early stages of design, the residual performances of existing buildings and their suitability to transformation. In this phasethe implementation of the method in a BIM-based workflow is developed and validated on a case study. The definition of a simplified informative model allows, with the use of Visual Programming Language (VPL), to retrieve all the data and to define the calculation rules to activate the defined method, with the advantage of ensuring time-saving, certainty and transparency in the process.


152

Recycling of Roman bricks from Romula

M. Negru University of Bucharest/Spiru Haret University Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania

P. Badica National Institute of Materials Physics, Magurele, Romania

D. Batalu University Politehnica of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania

F. Mihu & I. Poll University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania

ABSTRACT: Romula was the main town, economic, commercial and cultural center of Dacia Inferior (Malvensis) and also it was the residence of the Governor of this Roman province. In the northern area of this town a large ceramic production center was identified. Some of discovered kilns were used for fired bricks production. Most of the constructions from Romula, namely public and private buildings, defence walls, pluvial chanells, floors, and others were built with fired bricks. The first recycling of Roman bricks was encountered still in the Roman Period. Almost half of sesquipedales bricks were recycled for hypocaustum pillars of a building from late 2nd century discovered in 2017. In the same hypocaustum, the floor made of cocciopesto indicates the recycling of small fragments of bricks. Later, at the middle of 3rd century AD, fragments or bricks were recycled for foundations of new buildings, or for the defensive Wall of Philip the Arab. Over centuries, in the Middle Ages, close to the archaeological site, the Roman bricks from Romula, there were re-used for building of two churches in Caracal and Hot rani, which at present are also historical monuments. Recycling the Roman bricks for a long time since the Roman Period to Middle Ages is a strong argument concerning their special properties and cost reasons. These are durability, mechanical resistance, thermal insulation, humidity resistance.


153

The history of Gediz Houses, survey work, and restoration projects

A. Özodabas Department of Civil Engineering, Bilecik eyh Edebali University, Bilecik, Turkey

D. Onsekíz Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Usak University, Usak, Turkey

ABSTRACT: The construction techniques of the traditional houses of Anatolia vary according to the regions. The coastal areas are two-storey stone houses, the north and interior of coastal areas are two or three storey timber framing houses, and Central Anatolia is one storey adobe houses. The area to be examined is the interior coastal area that Gediz is located in the Aegean (western) region of Anatolia. The Gediz district of Kutahya has a historical texture. Gediz traditional houses were made of timber framing technique. Most of these houses have been restored. The restoration work was carried out by the Regional Directorate of Conservation of Cultural Properties of Kutahya, which is affiliated with the Ministry of Culture. Kutahya Regional Directorate of Preservation of Cultural Heritage has decided that these historic houses should also serve as dwellings and restoration work have been done in this direction. In this study; the architectural and structural aspects of the traditional Gediz houses have been examined. Among the studies carried out one structure was chosen, survey and restitution work and restoration projects, pictures and information about the structure before and after restoration were given.


154

The baraccatoanti-seismic constructive system: enhancement and preservation of the existing heritage in southern Italy

E. Pagano, G. Salerno & M. Zampilli Department of Architecture, University Roma Tre, Rome, Italy

ABSTRACT: The baraccato constructive system represents one of the most emblematic examples of historical earthquake-resistant timber-framed constructions, widely diffused in all those territories with high seismic risk. It was defined by the Bourbon government through a specific anti-seismic code issued one year later the catastrophic earthquake that struck Calabria Ultra in southern Italy in 1783.Throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, the baraccato system represented the earthquake-resistant model in the post-seismic reconstruction plans for several Italian cities until the advent of reinforced concrete constructions in the early 20th century. To date, most of the baraccato housesidentifiedare lost or they are in a state of ruin. In addition, many others have been badly reused and modified not respecting the original technique. Recent surveys conducted in some Calabriancentres have allowed us to identify several surviving examples that, put together all with other onesindicated in previous researches(Allegra, 2008; Bianco, 2010; Bianco, 2017; Valtieri, 2008), provide a general overview of the extension and the state of conservation of the baraccato heritage. In this work a first effort to evaluate the baraccato heritagepresence in Calabria is conducted.The issues about preservation and enhancement of this heritage are also discussed. The emblematic case of Palazzo Vescovile in Mileto (VV) is presented in detail.


155

Design and inclusiveness in restoring cultural built heritage: 15th

century Hospital in Velez-Malaga

B. Pérez Doncel Beatriz Pérez Doncel Architects, Vélez-Málaga, Málaga, Spain

A. Galán González Building, Architecture and Town Planning (BATir), Université Libre de Bruxelles, ULB, Brussels, Belgium

H. Elkadi School of Built Environment, University of Salford, UoS, Salford, UK

ABSTRACT: The maintenance of Culture Built Heritage is essential, not only to safeguard the future of such wonderful assets but also to maintain the shell of memories encrypted in these assets. This paper presents the rehabilitation of San Juan de Dios Hospital in Velez-Malaga. This building represents a significant landmark in the history of the city and part of its intangible heritage. After many years of inadequate and partial renovations, the city Council, decided to approach a complete restoration to transform it in the City History Museum. For the ancient building, the selected use might be perceived like a reward to centuries of being the bastion of the identity and character of the city. The project was divided in two parts: the renovation of the ancient hospital facilities and church to allow the new City Museum (MMVEL) and the implementation of Dementia and Alzheimer care facilities in the 20th C pavilions.


156

The 19th century iron architecture of industrial buildings. A formal and constructive comparison between two case studies

R.Putzolu University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy

M. Bosch Polytechnic University of Catalonia, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain

ABSTRACT: The paper analyzes the features of the 19th century industrial architecture and the application of metallic structures combined with formal and architectural expressions that frequently concealed or mitigated their presence. The mix of engineering features for the industrial purpose and familiar perceptions of the traditional architecture is one of the characteristics of this typology. The cases – both belonging to the mining industry of the 1800s – feature both the structural innovations in the use of metallic - masonry structures and formalism that recall the Eclectic and aesthetic motifs as a mean to enhance the industrial function and the technological expression. The metallic elements are in fact frequently employed in the most important sections of the buildings and testify the influences of both the technical advance of the constructive theories and the stylistic formulas that, although belonging to a more aulic architecture, intensify the productivity and the performances. Finally a proposal of reuse for one of the case study aims to valorize the duplicity of the formal and the technological approach for this typology in order to give a new purpose to this symbol of the industrial epopee.


157

Guarding the border: watchtowers of the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada. Characterization and vulnerability assessment

J. Ruiz-Jaramillo Architectural Constructions Area, Art and Architecture Department, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain

L. J. García-Pulido Architectural Graphic Expression Area, Art and Architecture Department, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain

ABSTRACT: The Islamic Nasrid kingdom of Granada occupied the mountainous areas of the south-eastern of the Iberian Peninsula. The frontier between the Nasrid kingdom and the Christian kingdom of Castile from 1232 to 1492 was controlled by an extensive network of watchtowers built by Nasrid through the provinces of Granada, Malaga, Almeria and the eastern parts of Jaen, Cordoba and Cadiz. They allowed to control this frontier stablishing visual communication between them and the Nasrid centre at the Alhambra citadel. Even protected by Spanish Heritage law, many of these medieval towers and their cultural landscapes are in severe risk because of anthropic action as well as natural deterioration. Within the framework of the R&D project called ‘Las atalayas que defendieron el reino nazarí de Granada. Análisis y documentación científica (Nazalaya)”, the towers are being studied. As a complement of planimetry obtained by procedures as photogrammetry or terrestrial laser scanning (TLS), complete architectural surveys using non-destructive techniques are being performed as part of the analysis to obtain a global description of construction systems used.


158

A. Shaibah Zayed University, United Arab Emirates

ABSTRACT: Preservation of cultural heritage is among the primary concerns of contemporary societies. Its significance has both economic and cultural roots. Culture and heritage are meaningful for both personal and collective developments of an individual. Culture and heritage are necessary for satisfying aesthetic, spiritual, and cultural needs. Moreover, they convey some economic aspects. Cultural heritage mirrors the achievements of human civilization and wisdom of the generations. The protection of cultural heritage means protection of the human history and works of people created in its course. Researchers state that "historic structures and sites reveal the events, the problems, and the progress of the past (Yilmaz, Yakar, Gulec, & Dulgerler, 2007, p.428). In addition, those historic objects provide a possibility to visualize the events of previous generations. Despite many efforts to save historic cultural heritage, its objects vanish year after year due to natural or human factors thus depriving the coming generations of the opportunity to see them. In the recent decades, digital methods are suggested as the ways to document and thus preserve cultural heritage. The overview of digital heritage and its technologies, assessment of its opportunities for governmental and educational purposes, and analysis of its current projects can contribute to the understanding and development of digital heritage and the development of new frameworks and perspectives.


159

San Juan de Dios Church’s dome. Constructive andstructural analysis of a baroque vault in Granada (Spain)

J. Suarez, R. Bravo & J. A. González Department of Structures Mechanic, University of Granada, Granada, Spain

ABSTRACT: The Basilica of St. Juan de Dios in Granada was built between 1734 and 1757, by design of architect José de Bada y Navajas. The complexity and dynamism of its architectural forms, the richness of the ornamentation, the preponderance of colour and light, make of it one of the great works of the Spanish Baroque. In this paper, by thorough bibliographic and documental study, it presents the architectural analysis of the Basilica and the constructive description of the different elements, focused on the dome, built according to the characteristic model of the time, the timber vault, treated by Fray Lorenzo de San Nicolás. By a campaign of measurement on-site, with measuring tape and laser meter, it presents for the first time, the geometric modelling of the dome. It also includes hypothesis about the construction process. It presents the evolution and application of different methodologies of analysis of structural behavior of the timber vaults. The cohesive construction theory and the use of the experimental formulas of Rafael Guastavino.The membrane analysis from the Rankine-Schwedler formulation. The limit analysis applied to masonry structures based on the methodology developed by Professor Heyman and the analysis based on the Discrete Element Method (DEM). The calculation of working stresses in wood joints and elements. The application of the different methodologies allows the contrast of the obtained results. Finally, it presents conclusions on the stability of the different elements, as well as suggestions for constructive conservation measures.


160

Encarnación Church’s dome in Montefrío. Constructive and structural analysis of a neoclassical dome in Granada (Spain)

J. Suarez, R. Bravo & J. A. González Department of Structures Mechanic, University of Granada, Granada, Spain

ABSTRACT: This paper presents a geometric, constructive and structural analysis, of the Encarnación church dome in Montefrío, Granada (Spain). It’s a hemispherical dome, built of stone in the 18th century; the result of the confluence of three trends at that time: Bourbon centralism, illustrated academicism and architectural neoclassicism. Its diameter is approximately 30m, it is considered to be a replica of the Pantheon in Rome, having been the largest stone dome in the world, since the bombing in 1943 of St. Hedwig's Cathedral dome in Berlin, until the construction in 2008 of the Global Vipassana Pagoda in India. We present for the first time, the geometric modelling of the dome, taken from three-dimensional scanning applied to architectural research. We also include the petrographic analysis of the material, and the stereotomy of the masonry, formulating hypothesis about the construction process. Finally an analysis of the mechanical behaviour of the dome is made, including detailed graphical diagrams, and determining their degree of safety after applying the Fundamental Theorems of Limit Analysis.


161

“Saints Justo y Pastor” church’s dome. Constructive and structural analysis of a renaissance dome in Granada (Spain)

J. Suarez, R. Bravo & J. A. González Department of Mechanical Structures and Hydraulic Engineering, University of Granada, Granada, Spain

ABSTRACT: We present a documentary study of the historical genesis, the constructive description, the geometric modelling, and the mechanical behaviour analysis, of a structural element in masonry located in the historical city centre of Granada, the church dome known as "Saints Justo y Pastor", an important reference in the artistic heritage of the city. The church, originally known as Saint Paul‘s Church, was built by the religious order of the Jesuits; its construction began in 1575. The closure of the church transept is carried out by a hemispherical dome supported on a drum of 12 metres in diameter, and four Tuscan columns, all built with ashlar; the dome was designed by Pedro Sanchez in a similar architectural style to the main dome of the Saint Lorenzo of Escorial Monastery; It was built by Alonso Romero between 1614 and 1621. This paper presents the geometric modelling of the dome through graphic documentation found in the historical records, contrasted with measures taken on site as well as those obtained through the application of new technologies in the field of three-dimensional scanning applied to architectural research; the study of the stone used, by investigating its origin, its petrographic analysis and its stereotomy; the pathological inspection of the building, and the modelling of its mechanical behaviour through application of the Fundamental Theorems of Limit Analysis, according to J. Heyman, including detailed graphical diagrams on the position of the thrust line. Finally, we make conclusions about its stability and security level.


162

Structural characteristics of remodeled traditional thatched houses in the old post town of Ouchi-Juku

N. Takiyama & X. Chen Department of Architecture and Building Engineering, Graduate School of Urban Environmental Sciences, Tokyo, Japan

A. Hirosue & K. Kawashima Division of Architecture and Urban Studies, Faculty of Urban Environmental Sciences, Tokyo, Japan

ABSTRACT: This paper reports the results of research on the estimation of the seismic performance of thatched houses, including remodeled houses, in Ouchi-Juku, Fukushima prefecture, Japan. The evaluation, which is a continuation of previous research, was carried out through a field survey in order to understand the structural and vibrational characteristics of the houses. First, a field survey of three existing thatched houses was carried out in order to understand their construction and maintenance methods. Second, microtremor measurements were performed for these houses and the ground in order to analyze vibrational characteristics. It was found that the house which was remodeled multiple times had complex vibration characteristics. Finally, the yield base shear coefficient was calculated as an indicator of seismic performance.


163

Material characteristics of masonry wall of cultural heritage buildings in Bagan archaeological zone, Myanmar

N. Takiyama, X. Chen & A. Yamaguchi Department of Architecture and Building Engineering, Graduate School of Urban Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan

W. Y. Aung & S. H. Zaw Myanmar Engineering Society, Yangon, Myanmar

S. Kim Hachinohe College, Aomori, Japan

M. Miyamoto Department of Safety Systems Construction Engineering, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan

M. Koshihara Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

ABSTRACT: The 2016 Myanmar Earthquake hit Chauk in the central Myanmar. In Baganarchaeological zone, there are more than 3,000 monuments, and more than 300 monuments suffer from severe damage from this earthquake. This paper reports the results of research on some material tests on brick units from many monuments and some brick prism specimens to understand traditional material characteristics. Firstly, we conduct compressive tests of many brick units from some monuments to understand the difference in material properties. Next, we conduct the compressive test of mortar cylinders and cubes to understand the property of the joint mortar. Finally, we conduct the compressive test, the diagonal compressive test, and the bending test of brick prism specimens.


164

Seismic damage and vibration properties of cultural heritage buildings in Bagan archaeological zone, Myanmar

N. Takiyama Department of Architecture and Building Engineering, Graduate School of Urban Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan

S. Kim Civil Engineering and Architectural Design Course, Hachinohe College, Aomori, Japan

H. Sato Department of Architecture, Kanazawa Institute of Technology, Ishikawa, Japan

A. Martinez Japan Centre for International Cooperation in Conservation, Tokyo National Research Institute for Cultural Properties, Tokyo, Japan

ABSTRACT: The August 2016 earthquake hit the town of Chauk in central Myanmar. In the Bagan archaeological zone, there are more than 3,000 monuments and over 300 of them suffered severe damage in this earthquake. This paper reports the results of research on the structural properties of damaged cultural heritage buildings. First, we investigated the behavior of these structures, as well as the extent and type of damage they incurred. Next, we conducted microtremor measurements on the ground across the entire Bagan archaeological zone and two monasteries and four temples to determine their vibration characteristics, such as natural frequency and vibration modes.


165

Evaluating the appropriateness of new development introduced inside ensembles of modern heritage to their heritage qualities

A. G. A. Tawab Faculty of Engineering, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt

ABSTRACT: The recent interest in the conservation of modern heritage has stimulated further debates on the notion of the authenticity of modern heritage undergoing major development. Due to the late recognition of modernism architecture as a pattern of cultural heritage and the need to sustain this heritage’s efficient functions, modern heritage has always been the subject of ongoing developments. This study aimed at scrutinizing the appropriateness of new development introduced inside modern heritage ensembles to their heritage qualities. This aim was achieved by analyzing the heritage values, authenticity and integrity of a single case study of modern heritage, Seinäjoki’s cultural and administrative centre in Finland, and the contribution of its new library to the ensemble’s level of significance, authenticity and integrity. The findings revealed the diverse values the property enjoys and the high level of authenticity and integrity of these values. Most of these values, particularly the townscape value, contribute to the property’s outstanding significance. The findings emphasized the contribution of the new library to the significance of the ensemble and its townscape qualities. The study suggests that the reference to evaluate the appropriateness of new development introduced inside modern heritage properties should be the agreement of new development to the principles of modernism and its contribution to sustain those properties’ significance and authenticity.


166

Surveying a monument: the Eski Imaret Camii in Istanbul

G. Uner GözeÜner Architects, Istanbul, Turkey Istanbul Kültür University, Istanbul, Turkey

M. Esmer Faculty of Architecture and Design, Fatih Sultan Mehmet Waqf University, Istanbul, Turkey

U.Almac Faculty of Architecture, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey

ABSTRACT: The Eski Imaret Camii was initially constructed in Constantinople as a typical example of the cross-in-square plan type churches, which characterize the Mid-Byzantine Period ecclesiastical architecture.The monument is threatened withloss of historic and architectural details due to careless and unskilled interventions on various scales. In 1990’s the courtyard was illegally excavated during an attempt to decrease humidity problem on the walls and architectural decoration on interior moldings isonly partiallyvisibledue to thick layers of paint. Preservation problems connected with maintenance of the function of the monument should be engaged in coherence with conservation solutions and aim at improving the state of preservation of this significantbuilding. Authors of this paper contributedto the preparation of the restoration project of the monument during 2014-2016, thus had the opportunity to examine the building in detail during architectural and structural survey and throughcomparative historical research. The practiceof this multi-disciplinary process is discussed in this paper to highlight the common issues regarding the protection of Byzantine monuments in Istanbul.


167

Changes in vernacular houses varied by user needs: case studies of Karacakaya, Ustundal, and Dirlik in Trabzon

E. B. Var & H. Kobayashi Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

ABSTRACT: This study aims to find out spatial, functional or material changes made by users of vernacular houses in three case study areas in Trabzon, in the northeastern part of Turkey. Two field works are conducted and non-participatory observation, semi-structured questionnaire, photographical and architectural documentation methods are utilized. It is found out that despite differences in sociocultural backgrounds, changes in the vernacular houses in three villages indicate similarities proving commonality of user needs. This study also arises the question “How could a balance be provided between architectural conservation and good quality of life without negatively affecting authenticity of vernacular houses?” for future studies.


168

Two instruments to preserve the Heritage: historical-constructive study and reuse

M. C. Vílchez Lara University of Granada, Granada, Spain

ABSTRACT: The historical-constructive study of a building is a key instrument that allows to establish the evolutionary sequence of its uprising, taking care of all the historical facts related to the building and identifying its constructive phases. This study, in which the bibliographicaland documentary sources are interwoven with the visual analysis of the real estate and its surroundings, offers data of absolute chronology and the possibility of establishing hypotheses as truthful as possible, which help to interpret the building and its evolutionary periods. The concept "reuse" implies the recovery of a historic building, his putting in service and value, to reuse it granting a habitability and functionality to its spaces. In this research has been analyzed, as an example of application of these two instruments, the Historical Heritage of the University of Granada.


169

Local community and authorities’ role on architectural preservation: a study of rock-hewn churches preservation in Eastern Tigray, Ethiopia

E. T. Weldegiorgis & T. Ozawa Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan

ABSTRACT: The study investigates the rock-hewn churches in Eastern Tigray of Ethiopia. The local community role in the preservation efforts, the authorities’ engagement, the clergies’ opinion and the conservation approach in the conservation of the rock-hewn churches are the focuses the study. Literature research, observation, and interviews were major data gathering methods used. Strong engagement of local community, genuine concern and willingness of local craftsman and the negligence of the regional and the national authorities coupled with the financial and manpower shortcomings are the major manifestations of the preservation challenges in Tigray. Following the regime change in 1991, the dynamics in the entire socio-economic landscape brought change in the relationships of the church, local community, and state. Hence, preservation efforts become more of government’s role than the local communities’ burden. As a consequence, local communities’ role has been undermined and traditional conservation know-how and traditional conservation skills have been underutilized.


170

Chapter 8

Heritage and cultural tourism

Hermopolis and intellectual tourism - itineraries of the mind

M. Abdel-Nasser New Hermopolis, Minya, Egypt

ABSTRACT: Hermopolis is the name given by the Greeks to the city of ‘Thoth’ that lies in El Minia governorate, middle Egypt. It was named after ‘Hermes’, the Greek equivalent of ‘Thoth’, the lord of time, the guardian of thought and the ultimate communicator of art and knowledge. The sum of knowledge produced by the ancient Hermopolis (Hermetica) was brought to Florence from Alexandria in the 15th century and had a great influence on the philosophy of Europe from the renaissance till our present time. However, this was not the only route that this knowledge had travelled, some of the Hermetic scholars headed instead for the newly emerging Ar-ab Moslem World and were the intellectual force behind the famous ‘ House of Wisdom’ that epitomised the great days of Islamic learning and scientific achievement. The focus of this paper therefore is on the pathways of human thought and the various routes travelled by this Hermetic idea. The intellectual heritage of this Egyptian site clearly goes beyond the terri-torial specificity of this site to include all the minds that were inspired and influenced by it and whose creativity informed and developed this tradi-tion and contributed to its continual regeneration and reproduction. Those intellectuals need to be seen as carriers and transmitters of this heritage and their cities should be regarded as important landmarks on the map of ‘World Memory’. This carries the potential of uniting different sites across the globe showing how knowledge was produced and trans-mitted across time and place thus creating new tourist attractions and al-ternative itineraries based on these routes of ideas and the centres credit-ed with generating them.


173

The authenticy of the historic unauthenticity: the restoration of the Portuguese monuments in the 20th Century on the quest for a national identity

R. Amoêda School of Architecture and Arts, University Lusíada Norte, Portugal

ABSTRACT: Authenticity is a narrow concept as it may be a vision of an unauthentic object that makes sense in a broader cultural and historic context. Local inhabitants and foreign tourists make their interpretation guided by a set of cultural and historic expectations that are related to an idea of a historic authenticity. This idea is in many cases the result of a misrepresented idea of the history, sometimes rewritten, or a misrepresented vision of the architectural object that both makes sense in a certain cultural context, place and moment in time. Because of several interventions of stylistic restoration taken by the regime in the 40's to 60's of the 20th Century, on searching for a national identity by rewriting the narrative of architectural monuments, many architectural elements were removed and lost forever, as other new were added to make stylistic corrections. Some examples of the interventions made on this period are here analysed and brought back in the real cultural context confronting the real meaning of the objects that are envisioned.


174

Reading the urban historical sedimentation throughout the eyes of a novelist. A digital tool to raise tourists awareness of cultural heritage

L. Bollini Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy

ABSTRACT: The urban structure that a tourist explores during a tour is the result of a historical evolution where spaces have been shaped by events, planned activities and every day life. The identity of the place is a mixed brand composed by material objects, symbolic values and social experience layered on the physical environment. The risk for mass-tourism is to remain on the surface of this historical sedimentation unable to discover, recognize and appreciate the inner soul – the genius loci – of the place in itself. On the other hand,visual artists, writers, novelist, musicians and other cultural protagonists can give a powerful and deep insight of a city life and personality. The paper proposes an experimental project that tries to read the secret life of Milan through the eyes of one of its most famous novelist and intellectual leader of the XIX century, the well-known author Alessandro Manzoni. The time machine, a features of the mobile app The Betrothed 2.0, presents the evolution of the city following the itineraries made by one of the main character of the novel. That allows to show different periods (XVII, XIX centuries and the contemporaneity) and places geo-referenced on historical maps using a multimodal and augmented reality story telling approach. The app, tested with real people among tourists, city-users and inhabitants, is the driver to discover the urban space and its intimate soul.


175

Contributions of creative tourism to sustainable development: the CREATOUR research and incubation project

S. M. Cabeça, A. R. Gonçalves & J. F. Marques CIEO | Research Centre for Spatial and Organisational Dynamics, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal

M. Tavares CIAC | Research Centre in Arts and Communication, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal

ABSTRACT: Creative tourism is helping to revitalize local economies. By offering “visitors the opportunity to develop their creative potential through active participation in courses and learning experiences which are characteristic of the holiday destination” (Richards and Raymond, 2000), creative tourism promotes the tourist immersion into the local culture, and the active participation in cultural and creative activities. In such a touristic experience, the place of destination, and local communities are determinant to lead tourists to an “engaged and authentic experience” that “provides a connection with those who reside in this place and create this living culture” (UNESCO, 2006). The cultural heritage, the cultural values, and local identity of a given community, are, therefore, important placed-based assets that capture visitors. Tourists search authenticity, human interaction, cultural immersion, arts and crafts... There is a spatial dimension of creativity that relates to specific features of territorial capital and, in this territorially based view, the value proposition of culture stands out. The sense of place and cultural assets are basis for creativity. Creative tourism offers, deeply rooted in territorial conditions, link creativity to places, providing unique cultural experiences that can help to preserve local heritage, identity, and culture, generating economic and social value to regions. In Portugal, the project CREATOUR - Creative Tourism Destination Development in Small Cities and Rural Areas - is working with a range of cultural/creative organizations in order to implement new creative tourism offers that might contribute to the social and economic development processes and sustainability of the places and regions where they take place, focusing on cultural resources and community involvement. This paper intends to present the project and to discuss the role of creative tourism in sustainable development by introducing the initiatives held by the project and its partners from Algarve’s region towards a diversified offer; and skills, knowledge, and practices valorization.


176

The Montado Great Route Sustainable tourism: threats and opportunities

C. Carriço CIMAC (Comunidade Intermunicipal do Alentejo Central), Évora, Portugal

T. Batista CIMAC and ICAAM (Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas), Department of Landscape, Environment and Planning, University of Évora, Évora, Portugal

P. Mendes CIMAC (Comunidade Intermunicipal do Alentejo Central), Évora, Portugal

J. M. Mascarenhas CIDEHUS - University of Évora, Évora, Portugal UNESCO - Intangible Heritage, Évora, Portugal

ABSTRACT: Montado landscape is a highly valuated agro-forestry-pastoral system protected by law and integrated in the Portuguese Nacional List for Cultural Landscape World Heritage of UNESCO. It provides important environmental and cultural functions and services. These types of multifunctional landscapes are very attractive for sustainable tourism, like walking, birdwatching and other leisure activities. Alentejo Central is covered by montado landscapes (cork oak and holm oak trees) in about 50% of its area. In 2016, the Comunidade Intermunicipal do Alentejo Central (CIMAC), decided to implement a walking path network that connect the main villages and rural landscape and their cultural and natural heritage. The Montado Great Route (GRM), is planned for more than 1.000 km and connects natural, scenic, architectural and cultural values that everyone can enjoy walking through the landscape. These paths connect also with the contiguous regions namely to Alto and Baixo Alentejo, Vicentina Coast and Spain.


177

Cultural Tourism vs. Binge Drinking – lack of management and conflicts in the inner city of Budapest

A. Csizmady, G. Olt & M. K. Smith Centre for Social Sciences Institute for Sociology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary

I. Sziva Department of Tourism, Corvinus Business School, Institute of Marketing and Media, Corvinus University of Budapest, Budapest, Hungary

ABSTRACT: In an earlier account by two co-authors of this paper we presented the processes that risk the 19th century built cultural heritage of the inner city of Budapest. We focused on the real estate market processes and their effects on the built environment. However we could only refer briefly on the everyday conflicts caused by the urban changes that resulted in the emergence of the so called ‘ruin bars’ and other hospitality venues in a densely populated inner city area. Although cultural heritage sites and a rich cultural offer are already present in this part of the city, binge drinking tourism and stag and hen parties overshadow these options. Public bodies – such as the local authority of the city and the district and the national level tourism management agency - however have not really reflected on this problem yet. In Western examples there were attempts to ameliorate the problem of night noise caused by tourism with cultural offers reorienting the consumption habits of visitors. In this paper we present new research data concerning these issues: first we explain the failure of a cultural development initiative – the EU financed Street of Culture - that instead of enriching the cultural offer resulted in more bars and discos. Then we present the preliminary data of our quantitative survey (N=300) in the area about the consumption habits of tourists and guests from other parts of Budapest and the perception of the tourism development by local residents. With the help of the case study and the analysis of the survey data we draw attention on the possibilities and difficulties of cultural tourism management with special attention on the institutional background and the effects of the post-socialist context.


178

Cultural heritage and strengthening of local image: Golubac in Iron Gates Region, Serbia

A. Djukic, B. Antonic & T. Radic Faculty of Architecture, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia

J. Jokovic Faculty of Electronic Engineering, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia

ABSTRACT: During the last several decades, the nature of tourism has changed. Technological and social changes made tourism more affordable and accessible for people, and shift in tourism from leisure to self-discovery. Cultural tourism, oriented towards heritage and tradition, is one of the fastest growing markets in the industry today. It provides an opportunity for people to experience culture in depth, whether by visiting attractions, historic or culturally places, or by taking part in cultural activities. It could be the initiation and the main potential of the development of undeveloped regions and towns in its surroundings. Iron Gates or erdap in Serbia is the longest gorge and probably the most attractive scenery along the Danube. This region possesses many features to be considered as an exceptional cultural landscape. Many small towns along the Iron Gate are rich by valuable natural and cultural heritage and attractive for tourists thereof. However, due to limitations in their accessibility and infrastructure, they have faced many socio-economic challenges in the recent decades. A proper case is Golubac. Despite the facts that this town is positioned in the widest part of the Danube and has the notable medieval Golubac Fortress, it has been in decline for decades. Golubac is still marked with the acute problem with decreasing population, overall isolation and the weak accessibility. The newest incentives and investments have made influence enough to overcome these negative patterns. They are mainly based on conventional planning and strategic documents, which have not carried adequate on-site investigations on how people comprehend space as a potential to improve the offer of cultural tourism. Hence, the aim of this paper is to present how to use one such research to obtain the data that can be used to properly link cultural tourism with identification of the town image and identity. However, the methods that were used in analysis could be divided into two parts and include: (1) method of direct surveying of inhabitants based on the Kevin Lynch’s determination of the image of the city and (2) the method of mapping users on social maps (via social networks). This research has indicated the potential of the analysed area for the strengthening of the local image and connections between cultural heritage and town of Golubac.


179

Exploring the cultural tourism potential of the company town’ heritage in Friuli Venezia Giulia Region (NE Italy)

A. Frangipane & M. V. Santi University of Udine, Udine, Italy

ABSTRACT: The paper is aimed at exploring the tourism potential of company towns’ heritage in the region, related to the presence in its territory of three relevant assets: the mining village of Cave del Predil, the shipyard settlement of Panzano and the agricultural-industrial new town of Torviscosa, both dating the early 20th century. Up to now investigated singly, neglecting their connective significance, both from a logistic and thematic point of view, the three company towns, in their complementary essence, close to important tourist locations, represent for the authors a cultural tourism potential to be investigated. Having in mind the issues of a differentiated offer, meeting the needs of young and elder people, fragile stakeholders, soft mobility and slow tourism, the study defines opportunities of sustainable development, getting advantage from a unique geographical position, in the centre of Europe, at the crossroad of German, Italian and Slavic cultures and cultural routes.


180

Accessibility of the Tourist Information Office in Pavia: a contemporary ramp for a medieval building

A. Greco, V. Giacometti & G. Pietra University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy

ABSTRACT: The historical buildings of high quality are often redeveloped to hold Museums, Showrooms (more or less temporary) and Congress Hall, functions that support the cultural tourism, hardly increased in the last years. But in these buildings sometimes difference in height can be found, because they were not built following the principles of accessibility and of the Universal Design. The paper wants to stress how the ramps are the best solution to overcome the differences in height less than 1 m, they are universal and don’t depend on electricity or mechanic components. The final part of the paper presents a solution (designed by the authors) that allows to enter in the Touristic Information Office in Pavia (Italy) set at the ground floor of a Medieval Building.


181

Efforts concerning the safeguarding of the forest-related biocultural heritage in Europe

E. Johann Austrian Forest Society, Vienna, Austria

ABSTRACT: The new European Agricultural Policies 2014-20 promoting the diversification, rural practices characterized by lower greenhouse gas emissions, and the conservation of traditional landscapes, has clear potential for recovery of traditional forest-related knowledge and the safeguarding of the biocultural heritage in Europe. However, there is a need to develop appropriate tools for integrating environment and landscape into rural policies taking into account the cultural identity and heritage. The paper addresses efforts to merge the safeguarding of the forest-related biocultural heritage with projects concerning the development of remote areas. It addresses activities concerning the safeguarding of the intangible cultural heritage and traditional craftsmanship related to sustainable forest management.


182

Inter-relationship between Heritage & Cultural Tourism: experiences from Slovenia & Ireland

Koš ak & O’RourkeFaculty of Tourism, University of Maribor, Slovenia

ABSTRACT: In this paper we discuss the interrelationship between heritage and cultural tour-ism, within a local rural environment. This is based on two examples: Heritage Trails in SWSlovenia, Green Box network in NW Ireland. Both projects developed as a programme of actionfor rural regeneration through sustainable tourism - promoted at national and international lev-els - which at the same time retained local focus and personality. In the Slovenian example weview the experiences gathered over some 15 years of activity enabling taking an historic anddevelopmental viewpoint. In the Irish example, we show how a cross-border tourism initiative,with international support, created the possibility to overcome centuries of ethno-religious andcultural conflict. A beneficial methodology for growing and developing a level of sustainabletourism that enhances the totality of local and regional environments, is the multi-stakeholderapproach. A key feature is the need for small-scale tourism entrepreneurs to develop a promo-tional mechanism to market their product or service at a wider national and international level.The Slovenian experience (Koscak M., O'Rourke T., 2009) displays the critical success factorof co-ordinated action between local and regional stakeholders from public, private and NGOsector for common benefit. There is a shared opinion between tourism experts that cultural tour-ism involves four elements: overall tourism experience, application of cultural heritage assets,consumption of experiences and products, role of the individual tourist. It is obvious that cultur-al tourism offers an activity in which a destination's cultural and heritage assets are presentedfor the consumption of tourists - domestic or foreign. We present development of the herit-age/cultural tourism product in SE Slovenia and SW Ireland whilst critically evaluating resultsand impacts - positive and negative - achieved and reflected in the local/regional economic,social and environmental livelihoods over the past 20 years.


183

Towards a new computational approach to conserving the spatial authenticity of historic towns within a heritage tourism framework

P. Liao, M. Rofe, C. Brisbin & N. Gu School of Art, Architecture and Design, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

ABSTRACT: Increasingly, heritage tourism presents the socio-cultural assets of historic towns as being authentic. Although there are a wide spectrum of approaches for assessing authenticity, in regards to the spatial layouts of historic towns, they lack clarity and detail in formally conceptualizing and measuring spatial authenticity. Thus, as the first step, this paper presents a computational approach for understanding and conserving spatial authenticity. To achieve this, two integrated methods are explored and their ability to enable a more nuanced and critical understanding of spatial authenticity evaluated. The first of these methods is Space Syntax, a set of mathematical techniques for analyzing the spatial configuration from urban spaces to individual buildings, enabling the spatial pattern and functional change of historic towns to be computationally analyzed. The second method is a Case-based Reasoning (CBR) approach. CBR can be applied to the Space Syntax results enabling a comparative and evaluative approach resulting in a greater understanding of the spatial pattern in historic towns. This integrated approach holds great potential for the development of a standard template that contributes to generating guidelines on historic town conservation.


184

The ernacular rchitecture as a otential lement for the evelopment of ultural ourism

A.P. Machado & C. Baptista Lab.ipt, Instituto Politécnico de Tomar, Tomar, Portugal

F.S. Salvador ESTT, Instituto Politécnico de Tomar, Tomar, Portugal

L.M. Figueira L-tour, Instituto Politécnico de Tomar, Tomar, Portugal

ABSTRACT: The current study presents the vernacular architecture as a driving force to improve the sustainable tourism in a rural area in the Centre of Portugal. Conventional local building materials, techniques and resources were studied within the broader framework of territorial valorisation and social development. The knowledge of this "art of building" is essential to understand the local constructive history, to disseminate the environmental education, and can be easily transmitted by cultural tourism through the heritage routing. The field reconnaissance, sampling and laboratorial tests of the available material were carried out. Some routes have been drawn to allow the creation of micro-interpretation centres of vernacular buildings, integrating a rural museum (Museu Agrícola de Riachos - cultural tourism) and a Biosphere Reserve (Paul do Boquilobo marsh – nature tourism). Natural and cultural resources will be involved in the routes in order to generate profits following the dynamics of economic world tourism growth.


185

Staging monuments. How the cultural tourism could affects the conservation strategies

C. Mariotti & A. Zampini Alma Mater Studiorum, Bologna, Italy

ABSTRACT: In the contemporary society, not only the traditional fields, as for example history or art, are affirming theirselves as propulsive factors for cultural tourism, but also more popu-larly spread issues are revealing their force: myths, legends and above all cinema and TV shows. Therefore, it’s not coincidence that a lot of monuments and historical cities had suddenly become worldwide known and visited by the masses. It proves how these forces can hugely in-crease the tourist flows, modify the perception of these places and even influence the conserva-tion strategies. Starting from the analysis of some case studies, the paper would like to reflect upon the dynamics generated by this kind of tourism, evaluating its limits, looking for good management policies and trying to understand how the restoration approach could or should not answer this kind of tourists’ expectation, in order to establish a balance between conservation and economic issues.


186

Conditioning factors of the social impacts on local communities within cultural destinations

J. M. Martín Martín, J. A. Salinas Fernández & J. A. Rodríguez Martín Faculty of Econimics and Business, University of Granada, Granada, Spain

ABSTRACT: Usually, tourism developed in urban destinations shows lower levels of seasonality. This means that the flow of tourists does not suffer from sudden rises or drops throughout the year. The increase in the number of tourist arrivals at some cultural destinations has put a lot of pressure on the local communities of these historical city centers, which together with the lack of periods of seasonal rest, has caused social impacts or aroused movements of rejection towards tourism. With this work, I want to show a comparative evaluation of seasonality in each type of destination. Updated information about the social impacts derived from the increase in the tourist flows is gathered and presented jointly with evidence of the attitude of the residents. Doing so, we can reflect on the best way to unify interests in order to generate a stable economic activity that is also socially sustainable. The information is applied to the case of Spain.


187

Brasília and the Orla Project (from 1992 to 2017) an insight from the point of view of the cultural landscape and the cultural tourism: The Concha Acústica Cultural Pole

A. E. Medeiros Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, University of Brasília, Brazil

O. L. Ferreira Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, University of Brasília, Brazil

ABSTRACT: Brasília, inscribed on Unesco's World Heritage List in 1987, encompasses a so-cial, urban, and natural particular dimension. In 1992, the Orla Project proposed actions aimed at the bucolic scale materialized on Paranoá Lakeshores. In 2015, the edition of the Orla Livre Project can be understood as a resumption of the 1992 plan. Foreseen in both plans, the Concha Acústica Cultural Pole comprises 500m of public shore that the present article proposes to pon-der. Firstly, by presenting Brasília as a world heritage. Secondly, bringing to attention the Orlaprojects. Finally, reflecting on the possibilities of the area from the cultural tourism assump-tions, its relationship with the sustainable development, and the cultural landscape preservation.


188

Aiming at a sustainable tourism management: infield study of the indoor environmental conditions of two heritage libraries

L. D. Pereira, A. R. Gaspar, J. J. Costa & F. B. Lamas ADAI, LAETA, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal

ABSTRACT: In 2013, the historic centre of the city of Coimbra, including the University, was officially declared by UNESCO as a World Heritage site. Since then, the city become part of an important tourist circuit. The baroque library of the University of Coimbra is one the main attractions. Almost at the same time, in 2012, the catholic Seminary located in this city stopped giving spiritual and cultural formation to candidates. In mid-2017, the Rectorate of this institution decided to open the Seminary for visitors, including the Library, until recently accessible just for a few. Summarily, the indoor hygrothermal characterization of two XVIII century libraries is discussed based on infield environmental monitoring during the touristic high season in Portugal (July – October 2017). This analysis allowed to evaluate the indoor hygrothermal variation consequent on indoor-outdoor climate variation as well as the influence of visitors on the indoor environment, aiming at contributing to the definition of an appropriate HVAC system strategy.


189

Achilles and the Tortoise: a paradox between authenticity and cultural tourism

V. Pracchi Department. of Architcture, Built Environment and Construction Engineering Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy,

ABSTRACT: The aim of the paper is to analyze the relationship between authenticity and cultural tourism. In the field of restoration, the focus has solely been on the authenticity of “the objects” (their authenticity). However, the authenticity takes on so complex meanings in the domain of cultural tourism that one is compelled to ask what constitutes an authentic experience while encountering cultural heritage, tangible or intangible. Is realistic a new paradox of Achilles and the Tortoise referred to cultural tourism? I.e. is it impossible to have an authentic experience where tourism arrives? Is it possible to avoid a kind of masking effect in which the communities sing and dance in ethnic costumes in front of groups of tourists? All these aspects are related to themes not yet profoundly contemplated such as forms of cultural heritage’ communication, not in the sense of marketing, but in the definition of the role they play.


190

191

1The Urban Protection Plan catalogues buildings in 4 levels: BIC Monumental and outstanding buildings, included incatalogue by the Consejería de Cultura, A1 level for buildings with unique characteristics and high architectural, historical or cultural value, A2 level buildings with typological configuration of exceptional architectural, historical or cultural significance and Level B buildings of interest in the urban area.

Urban sustainability through economic activities: Cathedral area in Granada.

J. M. Santiago-Zaragoza University of Granada, Granada, Spain

ABSTRACT: The development and urban management carried out during the last years in a territory of great architectural and landscape value, which is necessary to preserve and revalue, joins the needs of a living city in a continuous process of transformation. In particular, the activities required and generated by tourism are essential in the new urban economy and must be compatible with the protection of urban heritage. The conciliation of these factors draws us clearly the complex and dynamic challenges facing our historic cities. This work tries to carry out in a specific territory the evaluation of the strategies and management of the urban policies contained in the Centre and Catalogue Urban Plan of Granada and its real effect when entering into play tourist pressures that were difficult to expect, something that has not been made to date.


Landscape values for tourists in traditional Silesian health resorts. Szczawno-Zdrój, Jedlina-Zdrój and Soko owsko

M. H. Skomorowska Faculty of Architecture, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland

ABSTRACT: The history of three Silesian spa towns: Szczawno-Zdrój, Jedlina-Zdrój and Soko owsko was great, but after II World War and political system changes in 1990, the future of those cities was uncertain. Despite all threats, they are still functioning and they have oppor-tunity to increase they status. For a town, which was designed to help people cure, the most im-portant values cannot be created by a man. Unique landscapes, beautiful forests and parks, natu-ral springs and clean air are uppermost. All those values can still be found in Silesian health resorts.


192

A Study of villa design approaches related to Hindu philosophy in space since the late 90s in Bali

S. P. S. Soegondo, T. Ozawa & H. Ping Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan

ABSTRACT: Bali, the Island of the Gods, is a place where modernity and traditional culture coexist. In the Dutch colonialization period, Bali became well-known all over the world, and the construction boom of villas played an important role in promoting Balinese Hindu philosophy, called Tri Hita Karana (a relation between human, God, society, and nature), which was applied in traditional Balinese Architecture. Since introduced the late 90’s, Minimalism becomes a new challenge for the Balinese traditional architecture. Standing on integrating rather than cloning the traditional architecture, Balinese architects attempt to deal with the high-end style. This research aims to clarify the characteristics of contemporary villa design and the thinking of the architects. Three well-known architects, specialized in villa’s design in Bali, were interviewed and their representative projects were analyzed in six aspects: Master Plan and Surroundings,

Zoning and Sequence, Structure and Material, Doors and Windows, Scale andMeasurement, and Decoration.


193

Cultural heritage, tourism and the sustainable development of the local communities: the case of the manor houses in Romania

C. VegheBucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania

ABSTRACT: The cultural heritage of Romania includes several hundreds of manors built between the 16th and the first half of the 20th century as residences of the families that played a notable role in the development of their communities, as well as in the country's history. Most of these are in an overall poor condition and represent a heritage that is unclear in terms of ownership, underrated in terms of value, and, definitely, less or even not capitalized. Examples of good practices, although not so numerous, are still supporting the idea that an appropriate rehabilitation, restoration, promotion and capitalization of this heritage may contribute to the sustainable development of the local communities. Using secondary data, as well as primary data provided by owners and managers, the paper explores the ways this heritage is capitalized by attracting cultural tourists to experience it and contributes to the sustainable development of the local communities.


194

Tourist imaginaries of Mexico: articularities of the Architectural Heritage visited by tourist cruise ships in the City of Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico

L. S. Zamudio Vega Autonomous University of Baja California (Universidad Autónoma de Baja California), Department of Engineering, Architecture, and Design. Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico

ABSTRACT: Mexico has a lot of heritage to offer tourists and it already has a substantial amount of followers, especially in the central and southern parts of the country. However, the northern border lacks buildings that possess, within themselves, the characteristics that are identified within the usual tourist imagery of Mexican heritage, which focuses primarily on pre-Hispanic and colonial buildings. Yet the existing tourist architecture shows signs of the aforementioned typologies in order to respond to what tourists expect to see and consume as Mexicans. And so, many buildings have non-structural arches, thick walls that are not adobe, portals, false domes and even pre-Hispanic decorative details, and sometimes these are all mixed to form structures worthy of being photographed. This is the case of Ensenada, also known as "The Cinderella of the Pacific". With more than 700,000 cruise passengers annually, it has established itself as the most visited tourist port in the Pacific. Its foundation is only 135 years old and its tourist vocation arises from the twenties, when in the neighboring country (USA) the Volstead Law (Prohibition) was declared, which encouraged many Americans to seek a place to have fun and consume alcohol freely, which they found in Mexico. It escapes the traditional topics of cruise tourism, as its climate (cold most of the year) and the high pollution rates of its beaches defeat the objectives of “sun and beach”. On the other hand, it lacks sufficient architectural richness to cultivate sightseeing, such as that offered by other tourist destinations where cruise ships dock, such as Venice, Greece or Barcelona. Within this context, the following paper seeks to identify the characteristics of significant cases of tourism architecture considered as heritage in the region, which is visited by tourist cruise ships. This is in order to understand how they respond to tourism imagery, and what impact, or traces, their architecture has to the fact that they belong to an area right next to the border.


195


196

Chapter 9

Muslim heritage

Preserving and valorizing the settlement system of outhern Morocco

A. Bertini ISSM (Istituto di Studi Sulle Societa' Del Mediterraneo), National Research Council, Naples, Italy

C. Cuturi University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy

I. Caruso & T. Vitolo ISSM (Istituto di Studi Sulle Societa' Del Mediterraneo), National Research Council, Naples, Italy

ABSTRACT: Earthen architecture, using different methodologies in various countries, is expression of diverse place identities and peculiar cultures. The system of ksour and kasbahalong the valleys, strictly linked to the oasis, and the fortified citadels in the mountainous areas, are typical in South Morocco. By the oases, since the Middle Ages, majestic fortified villages had been settled, entirely built in earth, basing their economy on trade, by caravans going through the desert to Central Africa. Every village was equipped with the well, the wash-tub, the barn, the mosque and the Koran school. Within some ksour, besides the ordinary houses, there were the fortified residences of the wealthy families (named Kasbah). Nowadays many ksour, among 250 ksour (and more) included in the census, are degraded or collapsed. The phenomenon is due mainly to the abandoning of resident population, since the middle 20th

century. Protecting and handing down earthen architectural assets are fundamental, not only for the preservation of the building culture, but above all as acknowledgment of one of the best sustainable ecological systems in the history of humankind. The aim of the paper is contributing to improve the poor knowledge of the huge architectural, planning and artistic heritage, in order to promote the conservation, protection and valorization of one of the most interesting expressions of past civilizations.


199

Augmenting the art of the Alhambra: a digital perspective for al-Andalus heritage sustainability

E. La Duca University of Granada, Granada, Andalusia, Spain

ABSTRACT: Virtual Museums and Augmented Reality apps are leading the development of a sustainable approach to cultural heritage, offering a less environmentally invasive alternative to traditional tourism, providing greater access to research material and engaging users through personalized interactive communication. Through the design and creation of a Virtual Museum and an Augmented Reality experience for the Alhambra, this project highlights the connections between the monument and the artists it inspired. The tridimensional reconstructions of the Alhambra and cultural heritage layers provide a direct comparison between the contemporary state of the complex and its representations. Intended for both the general public and the academic community, these tools seek to foster a deeper interest in the monument and to encourage research through easier on-site and remote access to archival and bibliographical documents. Moreover, they show the Alhambra as a cultural crossroads, aiding the interdisciplinary effort to protect and promote such unique heritage.


200

The graphic survey as a basis for the intervention on historical heritage. The case of a dwelling in the medina of Chefchaouene

C. Luque Campaña, J. Calvo Serrano, C. Malagón Luesma & F. García Carrillo Higher Technical School of Building Engineering, University of Granada, Granada, Spain

ABSTRACT: The protection and conservation of the Historical Heritage only makes sense if it leads to the service of society, therefore it is necessary to recognize the patrimonial nature and the need to safeguard both monumental and non-monumental architectures that are part of the cultural expression of the peoples. In this sense the line of work “Built Heritage and Development Cooperation” was born in the Higher Technical School of Building Engineering, whose main objective is the study, conservation and rehabilitation of the medinas of northern Morocco. For the enhancement of the heritage goods, it is necessary to carry out an architectural research based on material testimonies that have come down to us, and a very specific treatment in processes and intervention criteria. From this need arises the implementation of new methods and documentation techniques, such as photogrammetric survey, modelling and virtual reconstruction of buildings and urban centers, which have been a fundamental part of the project of reconstruction and rehabilitation of a traditional Arab dwelling in Chefchaouen, Morocco.


201

Pathology and memories of the pantheons within the Jesus cemetery of Murcia

J. Marín & M. P. Sáez University of Granada, Granada, España

ABSTRACT: The cemetery of Jesus of Murcia (Spain) have more than 600 pantheons, which converts it in a small funerary city whose buildings shows a large spectrum of architectural styles and materials, and also pathological manifestations. This investigation represents an ex-haustive study about the degradation state of the pantheons, highlighting the importance of knowing, among other things, their materiality and their damages. Before the methodology used and the results obtained, the evaluation of the degradation level of each pantheon is possible, and also the relationship between damages, causes and zoning. Thanks to this kind of research it is clear how to face similar studies.


202

Almohad sebka as a reference element in the Gothic-Mudejar architecture of Seville: analysis through digital models

J. F. Molina Rozalem & A. Atanasio Guisado HUM 799, Heritage Knowledge Stratagies, University of Seville, Seville, Spain

ABSTRACT: In 1248 Ferdinand III, the king of Castile and Leon, conquered the city of Seville from the Almohads. After the Christians settled in the city, it was sub-divided into twenty-five parishes. According to tradition, these parishes were initially formed around the city's old mosques, which because of the shortage of economic and human resources were only marginally altered for Christian use. However, the violent earthquake that shook the city in 1356 marked a turning point. Several parish churches had to be renovated or completely rebuilt, and the Hispano-Islamic movement seized this moment to make its presence felt alongside the Gothic architecture brought by the Christians. In any case, this was not a radical mutation but rather a gradual incorporation of a series of elements that reflected the union of two initially opposing styles. Based on surveys carried out using photogrammetric restitution, this paper analyses two aspects: the portals of the parish churches of San Marcos and San Esteban and the sebkas on the bell towers of San Marcos and the Giralda, pointing out the degree of affinity between them; and the references used and the degree of fidelity to the original prototype.


203

Masjid Jamek: Kuala Lumpur's important Muslim heritage; a case study on the challenges and sustainability in the development of its surroundings

H. J. Ng CGB Consultants Sdn. Bhd., Malaysia

R. A. Rashid National Heritage Department, Malaysia

ABSTRACT: Masjid Jamek (“Jamek Mosque”) is the most historical landmark of Kuala Lumpur. It is located at the confluence of the Klang river and the Gombak river. The recent development project, the River of Life project, is the largest river beautification of the nation which will see the major transformation of the surrounding landscape of Masjid Jamek site. Like most of the urban developments, the surroundings of a heritage site will most likely be succumbed to either threats of being demolished, or environmental changes that can cause adverse impact to the heritage place. The introduction of new design elements during and after the development will usually see some impacts to the cultural heritage. Therefore, the challenges and sustainability of the development which has transformed the surroundings of the Masjid Jamek into an urban heritage asset will be presented. Somebeneficiary aspects of becoming an urban heritage site will continue to see the Masjid Jamek the most important Malay Muslim Heritage in Kuala Lumpur.


204

The detached farmstead towers from 12th-century Sierra de Segura (Jaén, Spain): contributions to the territorial settlement of the al-Andalus period. Results of the R&D&I project #ProyectoSegura

S. Quesada-García & G. Romero-Vergara School of Architecture, University of Seville, Seville, Spain

ABSTRACT: On the border between the ancient garb al-Andalus and sharq al-Andalus lies the Segura de la Sierra valley (Jaén, Spain), an area in which the medieval ways from Seville and Granada came together on the way to the east of the Iberian Peninsula. Given its strategic position and fertile orography, during the 11th and 12th centuries, Saqura became an important Islamic cora (administrative division of al-Andalus). A complex system of towers still remains from this era, built using the rammed earth construction technique. With the aim of delving further into this rich heritage, the research project #ProyectoSegura is being carried out, designed to obtain details that provide more information about the implementation criteria, chronological dating, and construction techniques used by applying a methodology based on the use of new technologies. The description of this work process and the presentation of the main results are the contributions of this communication.


205

Reconsidering Islamic art and Muslim heritage: migration, cultural exchange and the dominance of the Arab-centric aesthetic

L. F. Ryan Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

ABSTRACT: There has been much debate over what constitutes ‘Islamic art’ and whether even the notion of a homogenous Islamic style is tenable. This paper questions a contentious practice: the tendency to exclude Southeast Asian Islamic-inspired artifacts from the category of ‘Islamic art’ as they fail to comply with an artistic canon that codifies works as ‘Islamic’ based on an Arab-centric aesthetic derived exclusively from artistic and cultural development in Western Asia and Northern Africa.This study challenges this limited view by demonstrating that reciprocal cross-cultural exchanges of arts, crafts, and technologies along the vast network of maritime trade routes traversing the Indian Ocean linking East and West prior to European colonization, contributed to the aesthetic evolution of Islamic art. Based on findings analyzing specific artifacts, historical records and data from curatorial interviews in Australia, this investigation aims to promote artistic/cultural legacies and enrich/extendMuslim heritage for diverse contemporary audiences.


206

The Islamic heritage in the Palace of the Infantado of Guadalajara

A. M. Trallero Sanz Department of Architecture, School of Architecture, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain

ABSTRACT: The Mudéjar art can be defined as a survival of the Islamic art in the Christian Spain. In it there are present two factors, the politician and the cultural one. On the one hand, it only occurs in reconquered land, which can not be considered as part of Islamic art but a survival of it, on the other hand, being the cultural manifestation of a plural society, its manifestations are very diverse, depending on several factors. The first one is the geographical,what it implies from the political, cultural or economic point of view. This means that there are important differentiating elements between the different regions. Secondly, as the cultural manifestation of a pluralistic society, there will necessarily be differences depending on the cultural load contributed. Another factor is the incorporation of the different systems and constructive technologies specific of every epoch. Finally, it is also necessary to speak of a survival of the Mudéjar throughout the centuries. In it is intended to show the Mudéjar influence in what is probably the main Gothic palace in Spain, the palace of the Dukes of Infantado in Guadalajara, in it, as in Islam, decoration plays a determining role. This building suffered major damages in 1936 during the Spanish Civil War, losing much of the Mudéjar constructive and decorative elements, elements which were almost completely dispensed with in the later restoration of the building, however, the preserved documentation allows its study.


207


208

Chapter 10

Sacred places and religious heritage

Tracks on landscape

D. Besana Univeristy of Pavia, Pavia, Italy

ABSTRACT: Despite the progressive secularization of society, continue to appear unforeseen currents of spirituality, witnessed by the various forms of pilgrimage that attract not only faithful people, but also citizens seeking new religiosity, health fanatic or nature and knowledge of places lovers through new forms of tourism. Through sustainable tourism (10YFP Sustainable Tourism Program UNWTO), is possible to contribute not only to the achievement of socio-economic and cultural objectives but also to the recovery of degraded areas and to the enhancement of natural resources and of local identities. This deep link between the tourist-pilgrim and the crossed landscape becomes an important theme of Architecture. The design project solutions of accommodation facilities and service for one of the most important religious and tourist pilgrimage routes, such as the Via Francigena, are presented. It’s a millenary road system that has been travelled in the centuries by merchants, sovereigns and religious.


211

Sleeping beauties. Ancient princesses in developing municipalities

D. Besana & A. Chiesa University of Pavia, Pavia, Italia

ABSTRACT: Nowadays, the churches abandonment is a visible phenomenon in many Italian and European cities. Architectural jewels are now closed and destined for ruin. The slow passing of the time and the lack of appropriate maintenance make urgent the need to recover it. For a better understanding of the phenomenon, the research has focused on cataloguing and comparative analysis of different European reuse case studies. The aim of the research is to read the abandoned ecclesiastical complexes in the contemporary urban context, in order to analyse their capacity of adaptation during the historical transformations of the surrounding urban environment. The idea is to show how the non-adaptation of such buildings throughout history is at the basis of new reuse operations. Among the various abandoned churches, in comparison to the principle aims of the research, the case study of the former Church of Santa Maria del Carmine in Piacenza has been chosen.


212

Little gems carved in the city: the new life of the abandoned sacred spaces

D. Besana & S. Matranga University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy

ABSTRACT: Sacred spaces are specific features of the presence of any civilizations. In Christian countries, churches are usually of antique foundation and located in central areas. However, due to social phenomena, churches have gradually been discarded, leaving behind outstanding heritage. The research aims to investigatethe permanence of thesebuildings that, even if abandoned, preserved the memory of the city and their reuse project in order to maintain the authenticity. This may be achieved with a regeneration project,respecting the history and understanding their relationship with the context. The case study focuses on the ex Santa Caterina church inCasaleMonferrato (Italy), discarded for over 50 years. Although the environments have been modified, the church has adapted wellwiththe public space. The idea is to investigate a reusestrategy in order to suggest a new function, respecting its authenticity andthe value,taking advantage of new technologies andmaterials.


213

An intangible cultural heritage turned to tangible. Music, literature, moral and faith. The case of the Spanish Chant of the Sibyl

M. Á. Ferrer-Forés University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain

ABSTRACT: The Chant of the Sibyl included on the UNESCO World Intangible Cultural Heritage List (2010) is one of the best Spanish examples of an intangible masterwork that has become tangible thanks to transcription in music notation, videos and discs recordings, concerts, studies, books and its long-lasting tradition held for more than 800 years. The Spanish Chant of the Sibyl on Majorca brings together heritage and society, oral tradition, culture, history, language, performing arts, sacred and religious aspects and, at the same time, promotes the enrichment of new performers and the global interest of more scholars. It has become a historical emblem and a cultural symbol of the island. In fact, the Majorca society guarantees the “safeguarding” of this Middle Ages masterwork, with its ardent defense and fervor towards itself.


214

The reuse of former ecclesiastical buildings as university

S. Lucenti University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy

ABSTRACT: Since the Middle Ages Church has influenced in various ways university architecture in Europe. Initially the lessons were held in noble palaces and urban monastery. Later in the Renaissance period first university buildings were built according to consolidated typological schemes (such as monasteries with cloister) due to the lack of proper university building typology. Meanwhile in England colleges were being built according to the quadrangle scheme, referable to ecclesiastical architecture. In the sixteenth century the phenomenon of reuse of former ecclesiastical buildings as higher education institution began. It is to be seen in the broader theme of the reuse of existing buildings in the urban fabric of historic cities in relation to the changing of urban dynamics (e.g. throughout Europe many monasteries were reused as hospitals and/or barracks and finally as universities. The paper discusses various strategies of the reuse of former religious buildings as university premises.


215

Historical climate assessment of a baroque Portuguese church towards the design of an appropriate heating system embracing heritage conservation

L. D. Pereira, A. R. Gaspar, J. J. Costa & F. B. Lamas ADAI, LAETA, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal

ABSTRACT: This paper presents the preliminary results of the study of the indoor environmental conditions (IEC) in a small baroque Portuguese church, located in a XVIII century Seminary (which lost its initial function in 2012). In 2013, the historic centre of Coimbra was officially declared by UNESCO as a World Heritage and the city has become part of an important touristic circuit. Recently, in June 2017, the Seminary opened to visitors. This new reality led the Rectorate of the Seminary to carry out significant refurbishment works.Aiming at the design of an appropriate HVAC system, a comprehensive study of the IEC of several spaces was initiated before any intervention, for detecting eventual risk situations and propose mitigating strategies. Herein, the early results of thestudy in the church – namely the analysis of the indoor air temperature and relative humidity – are presented and discussed, allowing to develop a series of valuable remarks, aiming also at improving thermal comfort conditions of churchgoers.


216

The sacred in religious architecture trough history

L. M. L Sêrro Fundação Minerva, Portugal

ABSTRACT: Architecture itself is not sacred, but can for itself induce the feeling of the sacred. The content of this article proposes to analyze the way in which this induction is produced, and it is therefore necessary to define and understand in what consists the sacred, the matter of architecture, its appearance, its substance, and the feeling of the sublime. On the sacred we refer to what it encompasses, that is, the concept of Numinoso; "Mystery Tremendum; the fascinating; " the Majestas" and the enormous. On the matter of architecture, that is the space, we will make a philosophical and succinct but objective analysis; On the substance of architecture which consists in its geometry, we will refer to its philosophical aspects and its concreteness in the regulatory layouts and in the "sacred geometry". On the feeling of the sublime which has a similar analogy with the "sacred", being however, differentiated from it, we will analyze this difference in relation to the content of the sublime in Kant and Hegel. But if in the theoretical scope the questions of lexicon and concepts are determinant, to understand the architectural appearance through the constructed form, it is necessary to analyze the evolutionary course of architecture through history. For this, in this article we will follow the division of art into three different periods, defined by Hegel in the second part of his work: "Aesthetics: the development of the ideal in particular forms of art." These three periods are denominated by Hegel in the following way: "symbolic art"; "Classical art"; and "Romantic Art". The architecture represented in them, expresses, in a proper and coherent way with the period in which it is inserted, the sacred and the sublime. As a conclusion, we find that the induction of these feelings places the human being in a position of profound humility and smallness in the face of a transcendence that surpasses it, which is part of it, and which, through awareness of its existence, surpasses it. It is in this biunivocal movement that our relationship with the sacred consists, that is, our integration into the "UNO" that we are a determination, and that we are substantially part of it.


217

Interpretation of sacred sites: methodological challenges in balancing materiality and spirituality

A. Thouki Sheffield University, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England, UK

ABSTRACT: This paper aims to problematize the efficacy of existing theoretical and methodological conceptualization of religious tourism education,to reveal the cognitive and affective aspects of Christian sacred sites. Deriving examples from the predominantly secular interpretative strategies encountered in English and Welsh churches and analysing the importance of theology through the demanding illustrative Cypriot byzantine churches,this paper investigates how the theories and methods, underpinning interpretative strategies, contribute to the secularization of the interpretations. This ongoing research concludes that the interpretative significance of religious value as an “illustrative component”should be reconceptualized to meet the challenges of post-secularism.Thus, spirituality will be elevated from a redundant attribute and an expression of religiosityto an integral part of religious tourism education. In this vein this paper advocates for thedynamic of visitors’ spiritual profileto unveil meanings and sematic connotations.


218

A forgotten religious heritage in the north of Apulia

C. Verazzo & M. Bitondi Department of Architecture, University of Chieti-Pescara, Pescara, Italy

ABSTRACT: The presence of historical itineraries of worship on the Italian territory gives attention to a very rich architectural and landscape heritage, mostly decommissioned or even completely neglected. Among the examples to be mentioned is the system of buildings linked to the cult of St. Michele Arcangelo and widespread in the Gargano since the 6th century AD to support the pilgrimage routes. What remains nowadays of that system is very little. The ancient routes have fallen into oblivion or have been used otherwise. Few buildings are still active and well-preserved, but many other are reduced to ruins due to the distance from the inhabited centers and to the traffic and communication flows. This work aims to trace the articulated history of these structures not only to network buildings but also to verify large-scale restoration projects, emancipated from the confusion between conservation and speculation and coinciding with actions of enhancement and virtuous recovery.


219


220

Index of Authors

Abad-Ruiz, C. 130

Abbas, A. 125

Abdel-Nasser, M. 173

Abita, M. 135

Abraha, D. 21

Acacia, S. 67

Aggarwal, D. 122

al-Hagla, K. 45

al-Rhodesly, A. 45

Altaba Tena, P. 46

Amoêda, R. 174

Angus, C. H. 126

Antonic, B. 179

Aqdus, A. 3

Atanasio Guisado, A. 203

Aung, W. Y. 164

Azim, A. M. A. E. 127

Badica, P. 153

Balaban-Okten, B. 128

Baptista, C. 185

Baracho, R. M. A. 22

Barrios-Padura, A. 117

Batalu, D. 153

Batista, N. 75

Batista, T. 177

Belgas, M. L. 47

Bellicoso, A. 129

Bernardini, G. 54

Bertini, A. 80, 199

Besana, D. 211, 212, 213

Bestué-Cardiel, I. 144

Bitondi, M. 217

Bobes, J. 68

Bolívar-Galiano, F. C. 130

Bollini, L. 175

Boniotti, C. 4

Borin, E. 113

Borsotti, M. 23

Bosch, M. 157

Bradshaw, B. 5

Branco, F. G. 47

Bravo, R. 160, 161, 162

Brisbin, C. 184

Brown, J. A. 76

Brown, K. 76

Bustinto, C. 86

Cabeça, S. M. 176

Calero-Castillo, A. I. 118

Callea, L. 21

Calvo Serrano, J. 114, 201

Cang, V. 77

Cantone, F. 78

Carbonell, E. 79

Cardaci, A. 107

Cardoso, D. S. 131

Carman, J. 6

Carriço, C. 177

Caruso, I. 80

Caruso, I. 199

Casanova, M. 67

Castellón Valderrama, A. 81

Castilla, M. V. 48, 60

Castro, E. de 116

Cattaneo, N. 21

Cecchini, C. 152

Çekmecelioglu, E. 49

Cerasoli, M. 15

Chacón Chacón, F. 35

Chagas, P. R. 82

Chan, E. H.-W. 145


223

Chen, X. 132, 147, 163, 164

Chiesa, A. 212

Ciaramella, G. 4

Clancy, H. 83

Clemente, A. A. 50, 84

Coll-Pla, S. 133

Correa, N. K. N. 51

Costa-Jover, A. 133

Costa, J. J. 189, 216

Csizmady, A. 178

Cuesta, M. 134

Cunha Torres, M. A. 82

Cuturi, C. 199

D’Orazio, M. 54

Dalto, D. P. S. 102

De Beradinis, P. 129

Deshpande, V. 115

Díaz, J. Arco 16

Djukic, A. 179

Domènech Casadevall, G. 136

Donato, D. Di 135

Dutra, K. J. 22

el-Gamal, M. 45

Elcheikh, Z. 24

Elert, K. 137

Elkadi, H. 156

Elnokaly, A. M. 85

Erdinç, S. Y. 90

Erkara, A. 42

Escudero Lafont, E. 138

Esmer, M. 167

Fabbricatti, K. 139

Falasca, C. C. 140

Farghaly, T. 45

Fauzìa, L. R. 107

Februandari, A. 25

Fernandes, M. 116

Fernández de Córdova, J. C. 7

Fernández-Adarve, G. 92, 121

Ferreira, O. L. 188

Ferrer-Forés, M. Á. 214

Ferrini, G. 107

Figueira, L. M 185

Filgueiras, A. C. 82

Firmino, G. 116

Firrone, T. 86

Franchini Alonso, T. 59

Frangipane, A. 180

Gaiani, A. 26

Galán González, A. 156

Gallego Roca, F. J. 141

García Carrillo, F. 114, 201

García Morales, S. 138

García Ruiz, L. M. 142

García-Bueno, A. 118

García-Carrillo, F. 57

García-Esparza, J. A. 46

García-Pulido, L. J. 52, 158

García-Santiago, L. 27

Gaspar, A. R. 189, 216

Geremia, F. 141

Giacometti, V. 181

Gianangeli, A. 54

Gigante, A. 140

Go, V. K. 8

Gokhale, R. 115

Gomes, H. 116

Gómez Vargas, J. C. 149

Gonçalves, A. R. 176

Gonçalves, M. M. 75, 87


224

González-Boado, L. 48, 60

González, J. A. 160, 161

González, J. A. 161

Gouveia, F. R. 82

Grandi, C. 88

Gravante, A. 53

Greco, A. 181

Green, R. J. 143

Gregorini, B. 54

Grindlay, A. L. 144

Grosicki, B. 36, 69

Gu, N. 184

Guimaraens, D. P. 9

Guirnaldos Díaz, M. 28

Guo, N. 145

Gür, S. Ö. 90

Hamurcu, A. 146

Hamurcu, A. U. 146

Heinz, G. K. 91

Hidalgo García, D. 16

Hirosue, A. 163

Jacques, T. 11

Jehlík, J. 63

Ji, W. 145

Jihad, F. 11

Jiménez-Expósito, R. A. 117

Jiménez-Sánchez, A. I. 92

Johann, E. 182

Jokovic, J. 179

Jones, R. 93

Juvancic, M. 94

Kawashima, K. 147, 163

Khayat, M. 105

Kim, S. 164, 165

Kitamura, Y. 77

Kobayashi, H. 168

Kohout, O. 106

Koš ak, M. 183

Koshihara, M. 164

Kuan, Y. 55

La Duca, E. 200

Lafuente-Bolívar, F. J. 92, 121

Lamas, F. B. 189, 216

Lameira, G. 148

Laporte, A. 68

Lei, M. 10

Leisten, T. 29

Lens, K. 30

Liao, P. 184

Lira, S. 101

López Jiménez, J. M. 149

López-Martínez, T. 118

Loureiro, F. 116

Lucenti, S. 215

Luque Campaña, C. 114, 201

Macchioni, E. 67

Maietti, F. 113

Malagón Luesma, C. 114, 201

Mallafrè Balsells, C. 133

Man, T. Y. 95

Machado, A. P. 185

Manal, G. 11

Marín-i-Sellarés, L. 31

Marín, J. 202

Marino, G. 141

Mariotti, C. 186

Marques, J. F. 176

Marta, J. A. 12

Martín de la Torre, F. 57

Martín Martín, J. M. 187


225

Martin, E. 56

Martinez, A. 165

Martino, R. 150

Mascarenhas, J. 47

Mascarenhas, J. M. 177

Masson-Labonté, A. 96

Matos, V. P. 151

Matranga, S. 213

Medeiros, A. E. 188

Medina-Flórez, V. J. 118

Meissner, M. 32

Mendes, P. 177

Menno, V. 55

Merunka, V. 13

Merunková, I. 13

Meyer, C. 120

Miano, P. 139

Micelli, E. 14

Mihu , F. 153

Mira Rico, J. A. 97

Miyamoto, M. 164

Mohammadi, M. 105

Molero-Melgarejo, E. 144

Molina Rozalem, J. F. 203

Molina-Huelva, M. 117

Molinari, M. 33

Mondelli, F. P. 98

Moneim, N. M. A. E. 127

Morandotti, M. 152

Moreno Garcia, D. 133

Moreno Vargas, F. 59, 149

Morganti, R. 129, 135

Moura, L. C. R. 102

Muñoz Brenes, T. 76

Negru, M. 153

Ng, H. J. 204

Nomeikaite, L. 34

O’Rourke, T. 183

Okten, M. S. 128

Olt, G. 178

Olvera-Lobo, M. D. 27

Onsekíz, D. 154

Ormaetxea-Arenaza, O. 100

Ozawa, T. 170, 193

Özodabas, A. 154

Pagano, E. 155

Paich, S. D. 99

Palma Crespo, M. 141

Patrocínio, F. 116

Pellegrini, P. 14

Penna, K. N. 12, 119

Pereira, L. D. 189

Pereira, L. D. 216

Pérez Doncel, B. 156

Pérez-Cano, M. T. 87

Pica, V. 15

Pietra, G. 181

Ping, H. 193

Pinto, M. R. 139

Pistidda, S. 23

Polák, L. 106

Poll, I. 153

Pompejano, F. 67

Porcal-Gonzalo, M. C. 100

Porretta, P. 58

Pozo Sánchez, C. 59

Pracchi, V. 190

Pracchi, V. N. 4

Puertas García, E. 142

Putzolu, R. 157


226

Quagliarini, E. 54

Quesada-García, S. 205

Radic, T. 179

Ramos, C. 101

Rashid, R. A. 204

Repetti, C. 67

Rey Mellado, R. 59

Rey-Álvarez, B. 60

Ribeiro, R. C. C. 102

Rico Ramírez, C. 35

Rocha, L. 148

Roders, A. P. 10, 105

Rodriguez Fajardo, F. 16

Rodríguez Martín, J. A. 187

Rodríguez-Rojas, M. I. 144

Rofe, M. 184

Roig Planells, S. 138

Rojas Rabaneda, A. 103

Röll, V. 120

Romero-Noguera, J. 130

Romero-Vergara, G. 205

Rosendahl, S. 87

Roset, J. 134

Rossato, L. 113

Rota, P. 53

Ruiz-Jaramillo, J. 52, 158

Ryan, L. F. 204

Rýpar, V. 63

Rypkema, D. D. 36, 69

Saballs, A. 133

Sáez Pérez, M. P. 142

Sáez, M. P. 202

Salas-Martínez, F. J. 104

Salerno, G. 155

Salinas Fernández, J. A. 187

Salvador, F. S. 185

Sánchez-Castillo, P. 130

Sánchez-Montañés, B. 48, 60

Santi, M. V. 180

Santiago Zaragoza, J. M. 57, 92,

104, 121, 191

Sato, H. 165

Sedova, A. 4

Sektani, H. H. J. 105

Sêrro, L. M. L 217

Shaibah, A. 159

Skomorowska, M. H. 192

Smith, M. K. 178

Soegondo, S. P. S. 193

Soto Chaves, A. 76

Sposini, R. 141

Stachura, E. 37

Stasi, G. 117

Štefcová, P. 106

Suarez, J. 160, 161, 162

Sungur, A. 49

Sziva, I. 178

Takiyama, N. 132, 147

163, 164,165

Tao, X. J. 41

Tavares, M. 176

Tawab, A. G. A. 166

Teame, B. 21

Téllez García, S. 121

Thouki, A. 218

Torres-Delgado, A. 7

Tosone, A. 129, 135

Trallero Sanz, A. M. 207

Traškinaite, D. 61

Turner, B. R. 122


227

U.Almac, 167

Ulled Bertran, X. 68

Uner, G. 167

Uribe-Pérez, S. 35

Valach, J. 106

Valcárcel Ortiz, D. 62

Var, E. B. 168

Veghe , C. 194

Verazzo, C. 219

Versaci, A. 107

Vicente, M. 134

Vieira, M. S. 131

Vílchez Lara, M. C. 169

Vitolo, T. 80, 199

Wacogne, R. 17

Wang, Y. 38

Watkins, L. 70

Wei, Q. 108

Weldegiorgis, E. T. 170

Whelan, D. 39

Wickler, S. 109

Wilk, D. 71

Wilson, T. R. G. 40

Xu, F. 41

Yamaguchi, A. 164

Yebra, A. 130

Yücel, C. 42

Yung, E. H. K. 145

Zamora, J. L. L. 134

Zampilli, M. 141, 155

Zampini, A. 186

Zamudio Vega, L. S. 195

Zanin, C. 141

Zapata Montalvo, L. F. 110

Zappa, A. 86

Zaw, S. H. 164

Zazzi, M. 53

Zdráhalová, J. 63

Zemánek, P 106


228