New Utrecht H.S.Global History & Geography 4

Mr. M. Stratis, Esq.

I~n: Origins of the Indusn-ial R evolu tion

Aim: How did the Industrial Revolution change the face of Western society?

I. How did the Agricultural Revolution of the Eighteenth Century bring about theIndustrial Revolution?

A Enclosure Movement1. Increase in landholdings enabled cultivation of larger fields2. New seeding and agricultural methods produced greater crop

yields (e.g. Jethro Tull's Seed Drill)3. Large landowners forced small farmers to become tenant

farmers or caused their unemployment and migration to the cityB. Crop Rotation

1. Rotating types of crops from year to year2. Proved more effective than medieval three field system3. Impacted livestock breeding methods (Robert Blakewell's use of

best sheep for breeding purposes)

II. Why did the Industrial Revoution begin in Great Britain?

A Industrialization: development of machine produced goods1. Need for resources

a. Water power and coalb. Iron orec. River transportaiond. Ports of trade

2. Economic Strength and Political StabilityB. Factors of Production (3)

1. Land2. . Labor3. Capital (wealth)

III. What inventions were created in Britain and the United States?

A Flyingshutlle (John Kay, British inventor; 1733)1. Doubled the work that weaver could do in a day2. Heavily used in cotton industry

B. Spinning wheel [Jenny] (James Hargreaves, British inventor; 1763)1. Increased productivity of spinning machine

C. Water frame (Richard Arkwright, British inventor; 1769)1. Machine used water power from rapid streams to drive spinning

wheelsD. Spinning Mule (Samuel Crompton, British inventor; 1779)

1. Combined features of the spinning jenny and the water frame2. Made thread that was stronger, finer and more consistent than

early spinning machinesE. Power Loom (Edward Cartwright, British inventor; 1787)

1. Sped up the weaving processF. CottonGin (Eli Whitney, U.S. inventor; 1793)

1. Multiplied amount of cotton that could be cleaned2. Increased production from 1.5 million Ibs. to 85 million Ibs. in

18103. Important machine for Southern U.S. states' economies

G. Steam Engine (James Watt, British inventor; 1765)1. Made steam engine work faster2. American Robert Fulton ordered steam engine "Clermont"

(steamboat) down the Hudson RiverH. Road transportation (John McAdam, British inventor)

1. Equipped road beds with a layer of large stores for drainagecovered by smooth layer of crushed rock

I. Railroad Locomotive (George Stephenson, British inventor; 1821)1. Built some twenty engines for mine operators and then began

work on the world's first railroad line (27 miles)2. Based railroad on achievements of earlier British engineers3. Railroad opened in 1825; first locomotives used4. In 1830, Llverpool-Manchester line opened

•v

CONTRIBUTING FACTORSNew farm techniques

Rising populationAbundant natural resources

Overseas tradeGood banking system

Political stability

IMMEDIATE CAUSESNew inventions in textiles, steam engines, railroads .

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN BRITAIN

IMMEDIATE EFFECTSGrowth of new industries

Expansion of citiesAdvances in transportation

New jobs but poor working conditions

LONG-TERM EFFECTSSpread of industry to other nations

Expansion of middle classRise in class tensions

.... .

New Utrecht H.S.Global History &Geography 3

Mr. M. Stratis, Esq.

Lesson: IUunchester: £ase Study in IndustriuIizution

Aim: How did industrialization change the way of life of workers in Manchester?

o

I. The Effects of IndustrializationA Growth of industrial cities

1. Migration from rural areas to urban centers2. Emphasis on urbanization: increase in number of cities and

migration to them (e.g. Glasgow, Scotland)3. Development of factories by entrepreneurs (persons who

organize, manage and take risks of creating a business)4. Population explosion in major cities

a. London reached one million people by 1800b. Birmingham and Sheffield became iron smelting centersc. Leeds and Manchester developed textile manufacturing

i. Manchester (1760): 45,000 populationii. Manchester (1850): 300,000 population

B. Living Conditions1. Major problems affected life of city dwellers

a. No central planning, building codes and sanitationb. Lacked adequate housing, education and police protectionc. Outbreak of cholera epidemic broke out in slumsd. Social criticism of novelist Elizabeth Gaskell (1810-65)

i. Criticized living COnditions in "Mary Barton"ii. Realistic descriptions of dark dwelling places in

Manchester slums2. Life expectancy decreased

a. Seventeen years for working class in large cityb. Thirty-eight years for working class in rural areas

3. Working Conditionsa. Average work schedule: 14 hrs, 6 days a weekb. Class tensions developedc. Growth of the middle classd. Conflict between old money and newly riche. Disillusionment of lower classes

i. Luddltes: attacked factories and machines inprotests

f. Rising standard of living

II. The Case of Manchester

A Unique example of industrial city1. Access to water power2. Available labor force from coutryside

B. Rapid development made it a filthy sewer for labor class to inhabitC. Mill owners and new middle class became well off from high profitsD. Workers labored under miserable conditions

1. Child labor (as young as six years of age)a. Whipped by employers to keep them awake

2. Dangerous machines maimed them3. Lungs affected by fluff4. Worked for over 13 hours a day

E. First Factory Act (1819) restricted working age and hoursF. Pollution of the natural environment

New Utrecht H.5.Global History & Geography 4

Mr. M. Stratis, Esq.

Lesson: Phllosophies of the Industrial Age

Aim: How did the Industrial Revolution change the philosophies of Western Europe?

I. The Impact of Industrialization

2.

3.4.

A

B.

Rise of Global Inequality1. Gap between economies of industrialized states and the non­

industrialized (agrarian) states widenedIndustrialized nations pursued expansionist policies against poorcountriesIndustrialized states exploited poor countriesDevelopment of imperialist empires (e.g. Great Britain) around theworld

Transformation of Society1. Ability to produce faster and cheaper2. Revolutionized everyday life

a. Population increasedb. Health led to greater life expectancyc. Wealth in upper and middle classesd. Inspired greater democratic participation

II. Philosophers of Industrialization

b.

b.

3.

Laissez-faire Economics1. No interference in the market economy (free market)2. Stemmed from Eighteenth Century French economists

a. Government regulations only interfere with production ofwealth . .Governments that allow free trade will have prosperouseconomies

Adam SmiUl (1723-1790): Scottish economista. Wrote the Bible of capitalism, The Wealth of Nations (1776)b. Strenghtened belief in a free economy (concept of the

' lnvistbt« handn [law of suppy and demand])SOcial Philosophers1. Thomas Malthus: authored essay on "The Principle of Population v

a. Claimed that as population increases, it does so at a fasterrate than the production of food supplyWithout war and disease, more people will become poor

A

B.

c

o

c.

D.

E.

2. David Ricardo: wrote book "Principles of Political Economy andTaxation" (1817)a. States that a permanent underclass will always be poorb. In a market society, if there are many workers and

abundant resources, then labor and resources are cheap(in an opposite sense, they are expensive)

c. Wages would be forced down as population increased(law of iron wages)

3. All social philosophers opposed government efforts to help poorworkers (welfare)

Utilitarianism1. Jeremy Bentham

a. English philosopher who argued that people should judgeideas, institutions and actions on the basis of their utility(usefulness)

b. Government should try to promote the greatest good for thegreatest numer of people

c. Government policy is useful only if it promoted themajority's utility

2. John Stuart Milla. Englishman who believed it was wrong that workers

should lead deprived lives that often bordered on starvationb. Must have more equal division of profitsc. Favored cooperative system of agriculture and woman's

right to voted. Wanted reforms in legal and prison systems as well as in

educationUtopianism: Robert Owen - British factory owner who improved workingconditions for his workers1. Built low rent housing2. Provided free schooling3. Established a community on New Harmony, Indiana (1825) but it

failed three years laterSocialism1. French reformers Charles Fourier and Saint-8imon sought to

offset the effects of industrialization by turning over to the publicthe factors of production

2. Argued that government should plan the economy and not dependon free market capitalism to do the job

3. Government control of factories, mines, railroads and otherindustries would abolish poverty and.promote equality (publicownership)

F. Communism1. German journaHst Karl Marx promoted.radical type of socialism

called communism (also known as Marxism)2. In his book The Communist Manifesto (1848), Marx breaks society

into "haves" (middle class employers [bourgeoisie]) and "havenots" (workers [proletariats]) engaged in social conflict

3. Proletariats should overthrow the bourgeoisie and their capitalistsystems, seize control of all production and control government(dictatorship of the proletariat)

4. When this is done, complete socialism will be realized5. Together with Friedrich Engels, Marx penned work Das Kapital,

which explained the details of this communism system

Garden City High SchoolGlobal History & Geography III

Mr. M. Stratis, Esq.

Lesson: RO"lantieisnl, Reallsl" and IJnpressionisl"

Aim: What are the major concepts of the new trends in the arts?

I. What is romanticism?

A. Began as a reaction against the Enlightenment's emphasis on reason and order1. Artists emphasized human emotions and imagination over reason2. Freed themselves from the rigid forms and structures ofneoclassicism

B. Rejection of industrialization of society and its mechanization of societyC. Turned towards nature, supernaturalism, exoticism, heroic myths and legends

1. Struggle for personal freedom and heroic rebellion against the establishment2. German writers first accentuated the storminess of their new art style

in the Sturm und Drang (Storm and Stress) movement (c. 1760-1780)a Wilhelm Gottfried Herder became the father ofGerman folk

movementb. Students ofHerder's ideas spread belief in the special role ofthe

Germanic peoples (Norse legends and the Holy Roman Empire)D. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832) - greatest German writer

1. Wrote poetry, drama, novels, scientific treatises and essays2. Famous for his works The Sorrows a/Young Werther (lovesick young

man's unrequited love leads to his tragic suicide), and his poeticmasterpiece, Faust, Parts I & IIa Dr. Faust, a tired, old and depressed scholar, makes a deal with a

demonnamedAdeph~wpheks

b. IfFaust is satisfied with his new life as promised by the demon,then his soul would be taken by the demon upon Faust's death

c. Faust falls in love with the maiden Margarethe (lovingly calledGretchen) but he fails to appreciate the depth ofher love, neglectsher and causes her to go crazy (for which she is then executed)

d. Faust is upset and escapes to Greece, where he marries the famedHelen ofSparta and fathers a child with her, and becomes rich andmighty

e. Tragedy strikes again and he is torn; Faust dies, but at the momentofhis soul's escape, angels snatch it before the demons can (he issaved by the prayers of the saintly Gretchen)

3. Considered the counterpart of the German poet, Friedrich Schiller(1759-1805) , famous for his plays ( "Die Rauber") and his poem "Ode toJoy" (An die Freude)

1

E. The element of mystery and horror (Gothicism) also captured the minds of manyartists1. Brothers Jakob and Wilhelm Grimm (fairy tales)2. English novelists Mary Shelley ("Frankenstein") and Emily Bronte

("Wuthering Heights") succeeded in their genresF. Romantic Musical Compositions

1. Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827)a. Began as a Classical composer but developed into a transitional

composer in his later years of complete deafnessb. Wrote Nine Symphonies, an opera, concerti, overtures and

piano worksc. First public performer to achieve superstardom

2. Franz Schubert (1797-1828): Austrian symphonist and pianista Wrote nine symphonies in tribute to Beethoven's outputb. Wrote haunting lieder (songs) based on poems of Goethe

3. Hector Berlioz (1803-1869): French composera. Used exotic themes and subjects for his music, especially in his

overtures ("The Corsair, " "Benvenuto Cellini" and "Rob Roy")b. Mesmerized audiences with his Symphonie Fantastique, composed

while under the influence ofopium and failed romantic liaisons4. Felix Mendelssohn (1809-1847): German composer

a. Composed symphonies inspired by locales (Symphony NO.2"Rhenish, " Symphony No.3 "Italian," Symphony No.4"Scottish") and events (Symphony No. 5 "Reformation')

b. Famous for his wedding march from Shakespeare's A MidsummerNight's Dream

5. Robert Schumann (1810-56): German composera. Composed five symphonies and countless piano piecesb. Married to the inspiring Clara Schumann, a composer in her own

right (the muse of German composer, Johannes Brahms)c. Schumann went insane and died young, like others ofhis time

G. Romantic Poetry1. Lord Byron [George Gordon] (1788-1824): English poet

a Bold and passionate Byron wrote some of the most inspiringpoems of the age and personified the model ofRomantic excesses(Byronic legend)

b. Created characters, like Chi/de Harold, The Corsair and Manfred,very much in his own likeness

c. Died fighting for Greek Independence in 1824 at Messolonghi2. John Keats (1795-1821) and Percy Shelley (1792-1822): other two

great English poets ofRomanticism2

a Keats' poems ("The Nightingale" and "Ode on a Grecian Urn")became standard school classics while Shelley's controversialideas (atheism) and themes ("Ozymandias") broke new ground

3. Older generation ofEnglish Romantics included William Blake (1757­1827) William Wordsworth (1770-1850) and Samuel Coleridge (1772­1834): conservative in comparison to younger poets

4. Other Romantic writers in Europe were Francois Rene Chateaubriand(French memoirist, 1768-1848), Alexander Pushkin (Russian poet,1799-1837), Victor Hugo (French author, 1802-1885) and George Sand[Aurore Dupin] (French novelist, 1804-1876).

5. Sir Walter Scott (1771-1832) created marvelous historical novels basedon medieval themes ( "Ivanhoe") and legendary heroes ("Rob Roy")

H. Romantic Paintings1. Francisco Goya (1746-1828) Spanish painter

a. First to attack political, social and religious abuses throughpopular imagery ofcaricature (e.g. "Los Caprichos, " 1799)

b. Portrayed the ugliness and vulgarity of the Spanish royal family("Charles IV and his Family") and the violence ofFrench-occupiedSpanish society ("The 3rd ofMay, 1808")

c. Opened door to erotic sensualism in his famous "Maja desnuda"2. Kaspar David Friedrich (1774-1840) German painter

a Reflects Romanticism's profound emphasis on natureb. Transforms nature with a supernatural qualityc. Famous painting 'The Wayfarer" reflects Man's insignificance

in the cosmos but also his longing for eternity3. J.M.W. Turner (1775-1851) English painter

a. Noted for his landscapes and his dramatic paintings of the seab. Used watercolors and captured nuances oflight and colorc. His painting "Fire at Sea" reflects the fascination with the total

impact ofa scene on the viewer and not on objective detail4. Eugene Delacroix (1798-1863) French painter

a. Sensitive to the relationship between poetry, music and the visualarts (color harmonies comparable to sounds ofan orchestra)

b. Drew themes from Shakespeare, Byron and historical eventsc. Known for his glorious "Liberty Leading the People"

(commemorating French Revolution of 1830) and his "Massacreat Chios '' (showing Turkish atrocities in 1824 during the GreekWar ofIndependence), examples ofOrientalism and theatricality

II. What is realism?

3

A.

B.

c.

Art style that showed life as it really was in everyday settings1. Rejection ofthe sentimentality ofromanticism2. Avoided escapist tendencies and focused on realityInfluenced by the development of the daguerrotype (invented by LouisDaguerre)1. Protophotography used in Europe at middle of Nineteenth Century2. Influential portrayal ofthe American Civil War (Matthew Brady)Artists ofRealism1. French painter Gustave Courbet focused on the less fortunate members

ofsociety, as did his colleagues Jean-Francois Millet (themes from thefarming life) and Honore Daumier (themes from the legal system)

2. In literature, realism flourished in the writings ofHonore de Balzac ("TheHuman Comedy ') ,Gustave Flaubert ("Madame Bovary"), CharlesDickens ( "Hard Times'), Leo Tolstoy (t'War and Peace ') and EmileZola ("Nana")

III. What is impressionism?

( -

--

A.

B.

C.

D.

Abandoned traditional rules of painting and based their works on color and light,and the capturing of momentary impressions a subject makes on the sensesMostly painters who left the studios and chose to work outdoors1. Pierre Auguste Renoir (1841-1919) painted idealized portraits of

women and children, and outdoor scenes2. Claude Monet (1840-1926) painted series of paintings on the same

subject to show variations in light and color during various times ofdayand the year

3. Edouard Degas (1834-1917) focused on the world of performance art,particularly the ballet world, and Parisian outings

Protests against realism in literature appeared in the writings ofthe Symbolists1. Created a world of shadowy images evoked by symbols2. Movement was first led by the poet Stephane Mallarme (1842-1898)3. Also included Paul Verlaine (1844-96) and Arthur Rimbaud (1854-91)Those who turned away from Impressionism were calledpostimpressionists1. Paul Cezanne (1839-1906) and Georges Seurat (1859-1891)

experimented in new ways (e.g.pointillism) to show objects and bodies2. Paul Gauguin (1848-1903) moved to the Pacific island ofTahiti and

painted natives free from industrial culture3. Vincent van Gogh (1853-1890) turned to brilliant colors and distorted

forms to make intense statements4. Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec (1864-1901) used the Paris nightlife as a

major subject in his paintings, and used bright colors and vivid details(posters of the Moulin Rouge)

4