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IN THE LABOUR COURT OF SOUTH AFRICA
HELD AT JOHANNESBURG
Case no: J 420/08
In the matter between:
SOUTH AFRICAN MUNICIPAL
WORKERS UNION Applicant
And
NORTH WEST HOUSING
CORPORATION 1st Respondent
MEC FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT,
HOUSING, PLANNING AND
DEVELOPMENT (NORTH
WEST PROVINCE) 2ndRespondent
JUDGMENT
MOLAHLEHI J
Introduction
[1] On the 31st March 2008, this Court issued an interim order interdicting the
first and second respondents from terminating the employment of the
applicant’s members for operational reasons. The factual dispute that had
arisen from the papers before the court was referred to oral evidence. The
nature of the dispute to be determined was as follows:
“Whether the first respondent intends to transfer its powers, functions,
assets and liabilities to the Department of Development and Local
Government and Housing”.
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[2] The applicant had also prayed for a declarator on the following terms:
“ Declaring that the winding up of the first respondent and the
transfer of its powers, functions assets and liabilities to the North west
Province Department of Development Local Government and Housing
or any other statutory body constitutes a transfer of a business, or part
thereof, as a going concern as contemplated in section 197 read with
section 197A of the LRA.”
[3] The return date for the interim order was the 15th
April 2008. On that day
although the former acting Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of NWHC, who
was subpoenaed by the applicant, was in Court he was not called as a witness
by any of the parties.
[4] Mr Van Der Riet SC, counsel for the applicant, indicated that it had been
decided not to call the former acting CEO because he was uncooperative. He
accordingly closed the case of the applicant without leading any oral evidence
on the disputed fact. The respondents also closed their case without calling
any witness.
Background facts
[5] The first respondent, North West Housing Corporation (NWHC) is a statutory
body established by the North West Housing Corporation Act of 1982. Its
portfolio consists of instalment sale and rental housing. Presently it employs
about 105 employees of whom 92 are members of the applicant. It is
governed by a board of directors which reports to the second respondent, the
Member of the Executive Committee (MEC) for Local Government Housing
Planning and Development.
[6] At some point in the late 90’s the Provincial Legislature began in a substantial
way reducing the funding of the NWHC, and advised during that period that
NWHC should develop strategies to ensure that it is selfsustainable.
Following this announcement, the Provincial Legislature expressed a desire to
disestablish the NWHC and this was to be done through the North West
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Repeal Bill of 2001. To date this has not been carried forward.
[7] Subsequent to an audit and investigation into the financial affairs of NHWC,
the MEC issued a policy statement in the Provincial Legislature in terms of
which he indicated that NHWC would be wound up because of its precarious
financial position.
[8] The financial situation of the NWHC became worst resulting in it not being
able to pay its employees on time. During May 2007 the department of
housing planning and development (the department) began channelling money
to the NHWC to ensure payment of future wages.
[9] During June 2007 the NHWC established a task team consisting of employee
representatives, union delegates, including the applicant and senior
management, for the purpose of finding a solution to the challenge facing the
NHWC.
[10] After its formation, the task team requested and NHWC agreed to the
appointment of an independent facilitator to facilitate the process of
engagement between the parties with the view to finding an amicable solution
to the challenge facing the NHWC.
[11] The task team under the facilitation of the independent attorney appointed by
consensus focused on the possible retrenchments. In this regard by the end of
2007, NWHC had secure alternative jobs of 18 (eighteen) employees with the
North West Provincial Government but 8 (eight) of these employees declined
the offer.
[12] A meeting was convened between the parties during January 2007, the main
agenda item being, and severance packages for the employees who were to be
retrenched. The parties were unable to reach an agreement on this issue. This
was then followed by a letter dated 18 February 2008 where in the applicant
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requested certain information including copies of the resolution regarding the
winding up of NHWC. This included information concerning which company
or institution would perform the statutory duties of the NHWC after the 31
March 2008.
[13] The issue of the requested information regarding the transfer of the powers,
functions, assets and liabilities of the NHWC was raised again by the attorneys
of the applicant on the 21 February 2008 after the NHWC failed to respond to
the letter of the applicant dated the 18 February 2008.
[14] In as far as this matter is concerned the key paragraph of this letter is
paragraph 4.4 which reads as follows:
“4.4 Is it intended that the powers, functions, assets and liabilities will
be transferred to the Provincial Government, local authority or a
housing infrastructure and delivery company that has been or will
established? If so, kindly provide us with the full details of such
transfer”.
[15] The NWHC, responded to the applicant’s letter on the 26 February 2008
where in amongst others the then acting CEO said:
“4 It is intended that the powers, functions, assets and liabilities will
only be transferred to the department of developmental local
government and housing at the time the corporation is wound up”.
[16] The letter also indicated that the Act that established the NWHC would be
repealed.
[17] The applicant’s attorneys sent another letter to the respondent dated 27
February 2008, wherein it demanded that:
“5 Accordingly, we are instructed to demand an unconditional written
undertaking by 12:00 on 3rd
March 2008 that non of the
corporation’s employees will be retrenched but transferred to
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the department.
6 If we do not receive the undertaking reflected in paragraph 5
above, we are instructed to apply to the Labour Court for an
urgent interdict to seek an order, amongst other things,
interdicting the corporation from dismissing its employees”.
The interim relief
[18] The test to be applied in an urgent interdict is to establish on the papers
before the court a prima facie right, which may though be in doubt, see CB
Prest, Law and Practice of Interdicts, Juta 1996 Page 57.
[19] The requirements for an urgent interdict are: a well grounded apprehension of
irreparable harm to the applicant if the interim relief is not granted and he or
she ultimately succeeds in establishing the right; and the balance of
convenience favours the granting of interim relief and the applicant has no
alternative remedy. For details consideration of this requirement see LF
Boshoff Investment (Pty) Ltd v Cape Town Municipality 1969 (2) SA 256
(LPD) at page 267 AF.
[20] In the present case whilst I was mindful of the dispute of fact which had
arisen as a result of the averment in the respondents’ papers and conceded to
by the applicant, I was satisfied that the applicant had established a prima
facie case warranting the granting of an interim relief. I did have some doubts
in my mind about the rights that were sought to be protected by the applicant
but what tilted the case in favour of the applicant for an interim relief was the
contents of the letter from the then acting CEO. In this letter as indicated
above he stated that the assets and function of NHWC would be transferred to
the department.
[21] Although the phrase “as a going concern” was not used in the letter this is
not conclusive that business would not be transferred as such. Based on the
objective facts, and circumstances of the case, this Court was satisfied that
prima facie there existed a reasonable apprehension on the part of the
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applicant that the respondent intended to retrench its members by the end of
31st
March 2006 and thereafter transfer the assets and functions of NWHC as
a going concern to the department.
[22] Whilst mindful of the dispute of fact that had arisen I was of the view that the
balance of convenience favoured the granting of the interim relief taking into
account the fact that the disputed fact would be resolved through the referral to
oral evidence. In taking this approach, the Court was influenced more
particularly by the contents of the letter written by the then acting CEO who at
the time was the most senior employee of the NWHC who was also an ex
officio member of the board. Failure to respond to the letter of demand tilted
the scales even further at the level of the prema facie case.
[23] In summary the interim relief was granted for two basic reasons. The first
being that a prima facie right which admittedly had some doubts was
established, largely because of what was said by the then acting CEO and
failure to respond to the letter of demand by the respondents. There was
secondly a manifestly serious question to be tried and could only be resolved
through oral evidence.
Final interdict
[24] In the case of a final interdict the onus of showing on a balance of
probabilities the existence of a clear right which is sought to be protected rests
on the applicant. The other prerequisite for the granting of a final interdict is
for the applicant to prove that there is no other satisfactory remedy available.
See Numsa & Others v Comark Holdings (Pty) Ltd (997) 18 ILJ 516 (LC).
[25] As indicated earlier on the return day the issue of the disputed fact remained,
both parties having closed their cases on this issue without calling any
witnesses. In this regard this Court found itself in no different position then it
was when it considered the urgent application. Thus in absence of oral
evidence the rights which the applicant sought to protect remained in doubt as
they were at the end of the urgent application.
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[26] The applicant argued that in the absence of evidence rebutting its averments,
set out in its papers, the court must accept its version and grant the final relief
prayed for. It argued further that the issue arising from the letter of the then
acting CEO was not whether he had authority to write the letter but whether he
had the requisite knowledge about the information which he provided
regarding the transfer of functions and assets of NHWC to the department.
[27] Before dealing with the issue of the dispute of facts and failure to address it
through the oral evidence, I need to point out that I agree with Mr van der Reit
SC that the fact that a business is insolvent does not mean that it cannot be
transferred as a going concern.
[28] In relation to the issue of leading witnesses to deal with the disputed fact, Mr
van Riet argued that a negative inference should be drawn from the fact that
the respondent failed to call witnesses, either the then acting CEO or the acting
Deputy Director General (DDG), now the acting Director General (DG), to
rebut the averment in the applicant’s papers that the respondent intended to
embark on a transfer of business as a going concern in terms of s197 of the
LRA.
[29] The respondents in their answering affidavit contended that it was always
envisaged that after the process of placement of employees and the
retrenchment of those that they could not place the second respondent
depending on the legal advice, would either wound up or disestablish the
NWHC by liquidation or by legislative disestablishment. The applicant’s
application came before this stage was reached.
[30] The respondent further contended that it is not the intention of the second
respondent to take over the affairs of NWHC after the disestablishment or
liquidation. The second respondent being the main shareholder is according to
the respondents responsible for liquidating or disestablishing the NWHC and
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ensuring that creditors are paid whatever is due to them.
[31] In as far as the contents of the letter written by the then acting CEO during
February 2008 the respondents contended that the interpretation of the letter
that the transfer will take place as a going concern was incorrect as this was
never the intention of the second respondent.
[32] Mr Vally, counsel for the respondents argued that the assessment whether or
not there exists an intention to transfer a business as a going concern must be
done within the context and the circumstances where parties had engaged in
extensive consultation which had reached a stage where a draft agreement had
already been prepared and sent to the applicant for consideration.
[33] In support of his argument regarding failure to present oral evidence by the
respondents, Mr Van der Riet relied on the decision in Galante v Dickenson
1950 (2) SA 460 (A) 465 where in dealing with failure of a driver of a vehicle
to testify in an action resulting from an accident in which he was involve in,
Schreiner JA said:
“In the case of the party himself who is available, as was the defendant
here, it seems to me that the inference is, at least, obvious and strong
that the party and its legal advices are satisfied that, although he was
obviously able to give very material evidence as to the case of the
accident, he could not benefit and might well, because of the facts
known to himself, damage his case by giving evidence and subjecting
himself to cross examination.”
[34] The approach which was adopted in Galante’s case does not constitute a rule
which should be followed in every given situation where a party fails to give
evidence on the issues that are within his or her knowledge. In relation to the
facts of this case Mr van der Riet relied on that part of the dicta in Galente’s
case which says:
“That it seems fair at all event to say that in an accident case where the
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defendant was himself the driver of the vehicle the driving of which
the plaintiff alleges was negligence and cause the accident, the court is
entitled, in the absence of evidence from the defendant to select out of
the two alternate explanation of the cause of the accident which are
more or less equally upon on the evidence, that one which favours the
plaintiff as opposed to the defendant”.
[35] I understand the argument of the applicant to be that an adverse inference
should be drawn because the respondent has failed to call either the former
acting CEO or the acting DG both of whom were available to testify about the
fact in dispute on the day this matter came before this court. In essence the
argument was that the respondents should have presented oral evidence to
rebut the version of the applicant that they intended transferring the assets and
functions of NWHC as a going concern.
[36] I do not with due respect agree with this approach. The facts and
circumstances of the present case are distinguishable from those in Galante’s
case and as Zeffert et all in the South African Law of Evidence (5th
edition
Juta) page 129, cautioned that the fundamental consideration as set out in
Titus v Shield Insurance company Ltd 1980(3) 119 (a) 133 EF was that:
“It is clearly not an invariable rule that an adverse inference be
drawn; in the final result the decision must depend in large measure
upon: the particular circumstances of the litigation in which the
question arises. And one of the circumstances that must be taken into
account and given to weight, is the strength of weaknesses of the case
which faces the party who refrain from calling the witness”.
[37] The key difference between Galente and the present case is that in that case
the matter came before the court as a trial case and the defendant failed to call
the driver to refute the evidence of the plaintiff. In the present case on the
other hand the matter came before this court on motion proceedings. Thus, the
evidence of the parties was by way of affidavits and other supporting
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documentation.
[38] The aspect of these motion proceedings which would have taken the form of
trial proceedings failed when the parties closed their cases without calling any
witnesses. As indicated earlier the issue which was referred to oral evidence
arose when the respondent in the answering affidavit categorically denied the
intention to transfer the assets and functions of NWHC as a going concern.
[39] The allegations that the respondents intended to engage in a transfer of
business as a going concern in terms of s197 of the LRA was made by the
applicant and therefore the burden of proof rested with it.
[40] The fundamental question that has arisen in this matter is whether the
applicant at the point of closing its case (regarding the oral evidence) had
discharged its onus or it had made a prima facie case which called upon the
respondent to reply.
[41] The Galente’s principle as explained in Zeffert (at page 129) includes the
notion that:
“The failure of the respondent to reply or lead evidence in rebuttal of a
fact peculiar within his knowledge is taken in account when one
decides whether the prima facie case has been made out”.
See Hasselbacher Papier Import & Export “Body Corporate” & Another v
Staff Stavroul 1987 (1) SA 75 9(C) at 79 F. In the present case the issue
must be understood within the context in which the applicant stated in his
heads of argument that:
“9 It is respectfully submitted that there is (sic) clear dispute of fact
between the parties relating to whether the first respondent intends to
transfer its business within the contemplation of section 197 (read with
section 197A) of the LRA. In the circumstances, this issue should be
referred to oral evidence so that the matter can be resolved after the
relevant witnesses have been cross examined”.
[42] In my view at the time the applicant closed its case it had not discharged the
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onus which rested on it in the sense of showing the existence of the intention
on the part of the respondents to engage in a transfer of business as a going
concern. Therefore there was no case for the respondent to answer or explain
its failure to lead evidence on this issue.
[43] In the light of the above what remains before this court for consideration is
what the parties have pleaded on their respective papers. Thus as the saying
goes, the parties must stand or fall on their own papers. The dispute of fact
which had arisen as a result of the answering papers of the respondents and
conceded to by the applicant, still remains.
[44] The approach to be adopted when confronted by a dispute of facts in motion
proceedings was set out in Plascon Evans Paints v Van Riebeck Pains 1984
(3) SA 623 at page 634 HI by Corbett JA as follows:
“It is corrected that, where in proceedings on notice of motion disputes
of fact have arisen on the affidavit, a final order, whether it be an
interdict or some other form of relief, may be granted if those facts
averred in the applicant’s affidavit which have been admitted by the
respondent, together with the facts allege by the respondent justify
such an order. The power of the Court to give such final relief on
papers before it is, not confined to such a situation. In certain instances
the denial by respondent of a fact alleged by the applicant may not be
such as to raise a real, genuine or bona fide dispute of fact.”
[45] In the light of the above I am satisfied that a genuine dispute of fact exists. It
is for this reason alone that the application of the applicant stands to be
dismissed.
[46] I accept that should the respondents fail to comply with the provision of s197
of the LRA the applicant’s members may suffer financial harm. The Court in
University of the Western Cape Academic Staff Union & Others v
University of the Western Cape (1999) 20 ILJ 1300 (LC) at 1304, the case
11
which Mr Van der Riet relied on in seeking to pursued this Court that special
circumstances exist in this case for an interdict, Mlambo J as he then was, held
that:
“With regard to the notion of irreparable harm it needs to mentioned
that loss of income as a result of dismissal is inevitable consequence
and as such provides no good ground for granting of urgent interim
relief. Special circumstances must be advanced to persuade a court to
oblige. Loss of accommodation has been found to be a special feature
accepted by the courts in order to grant urgent interim relief. …In
considering the issue of irreparable harm the court will also consider
the adequacy or not of any alternative remedy that may be available.
[47] In the first instance I am not persuaded that special circumstances exist in this
case requiring the granting of the interdict and secondly the applicant’s
members would have alternative remedies should the respondents act in
breach of the provisions of s197 of the LRA.
The declarator
[48] The applicant prayed for a declarator that upon the transfer of a business by
NWHC to the department or any other statutory body the applicant’s
members’ contracts of employment be regarded as automatically transferred to
the department or any other statutory body.
[49] In my view what the applicant seeks to achieve with this prayer is already
provided for by the law. The determination whether a transfer has taken place
in terms of s197 read with s(1) (g) of the LRA, entails both a legal and factual
enquiry. order to ascertain whether a dismissal constitutes an automatically
unfair dismissal in terms of s187 of the LRA, one must ascertain the true
reason for such a dismissal. See Kroukam v SA Airlink (Pty) Ltd [2005] 12
ILJ 2153 (LAC) at 2162F; .NUMSA & Others v Driveline Technologies
(Pty) Ltd & Another 2000 ILJ 142 (LAC) at 152J; SA Chemical Workers
Union (SACWU) & Others v Afrox Ltd 1999 ILJ 1718 (LAC) at 17260;
Van der Velde v Business Design Software (Pty) Ltd & Another (2) 2006 ILJ
12
1738 (LC) at 1745 I; Jabari v Telkom SA (Pty) Ltd 2006 ILJ 1854 (LC) at
927AB.
[50] The approach that has been adopted in dealing with automatically unfair
dismissal is one in which an objective inquiry is conducted into the reasons
for the dismissal. This inquiry as stated above entails both a factual and legal
causation. See Kroukam(supra) and SA Chemical Workers Union & others
v Afrox Ltd (1999) 20 ILJ 1718 (LAC) (at para 32),
[51] The starting point in this inquiry according Davis AJA, Kroukam(supra) is
to determine whether the employee has produced sufficient evidence to raise a
credible possibility that an automatically unfair dismissal has taken place.
Having discharged the evidentiary burden of showing that the dismissal was
for an impermissible reason, it is upon the employer to discharge its onus of
proving as provided for in terms of s192 of the LRA that the dismissal was for
a permissible reason as provided for in terms of s188 of the LRA.
[52] The employee discharges his/her evidentiary burden by: (a) advancing
evidence pertaining to the existence of the dismissal in terms of s192 (1) of
the LRA; (b) showing that the transfer of the whole or part of the business
was a going concern in terms of s197 and; (c) presenting evidence that points
to a causal connection between the dismissal and the transfer.
[53] All relevant facts and circumstances must be taken into account in
conducting the objective test of determining the causal connection between
the dismissal and the transfer as a going concern, and the enquiry into the
factual causation entails answering the question; would the dismissal have
taken place but for the transfer as a going concernthe “but for” test. In the
absence of cancellation by the employer, this enquiry can only be conducted
through hearing of oral evidence.
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[54] The legal causation is applied once the factual causation is satisfied. The
legal causation is established through an objective test of determining whether
the transfer is the “main,” “dominant,” “prominent,” “proximate likely
cause” of the dismissal.
[55] In my view granting a declarator in the circumstances of this case would not
only amount to anticipating and probably prejudging the above enquiry but
also would deny the respondents an opportunity to ventilate their case once the
transfer has taken place if it ever does. It would seem to me also that the
applicant would be given an unfair advantage in that its evidentiary burden
would be discharged through the declarator.
[56] It is evidently clear from the papers that NWHC is bound to be liquidated or
disestablished through legislation in the near future. What remains uncertain
is how the respondents will deal with the function, assets and liabilities of
NWHC. It can only but be expected that when such an event occurs, the
respondents as government and as a statutory body will lead by example by
ensuring compliance with the law. Should there be failure to comply with the
law as stated earlier the applicant would have alternative remedies to
challenge such unlawful conduct.
[57] In the light of the above reasons I am of the view that the applicant’s
application stands to be dismissed. I do not however believe that it will be fair
to allow the costs to follow the results. In this regard I am of the view that this
matter would not have gone so far but for the failure of the respondents to
respond promptly to the applicant’s letter of demand.
[58] In the premises the following order is made:
1. The interim order issued on the 31st March 2008 is discharged.
2. The application for a declarator is dismissed.
3. There is no order as to costs.
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______________
Molahlehi J
Date of Hearing: 15 April 2008
Date of Judgment: 29 April 2008
APPEARANCES
For the Applicant: Advocate J G Van der Riet SC
Instructedby: CHEADLE THOMPSON & HAYSON
For the Respondent: Advocate B Vally
Instructed by: THE STATE ATTORNEY
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