Advancementin

The Next Really BIG SMALL Thing

D. JAGAN MOHAN

New Technology Research Centre

University of West Bohemia

Plzen, Czech Republic

OUTLINE

Nano..History

Nano..Technology in today’s life

Nano..Materials

Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)

Applications

Advantages/Disadvantages

Physics

Chemistry

Molecular Biology

Material Science

Engineering

NANOSCIENCE…..

……Incorporation of many disciplines

Nanotechnology is the creation and use of materials or devices at extremely small scales.

Nano is Greek for “dwarf”Manipulation of matter < 100nm (1 10,000th the size of a bacterium)80,000X smaller than a human hair10 hydrogen atoms lined up measure about 1 nmA grain of sand is 1 million nm

1 nm = 0.000000001 m

Human hair

Approx. 1 X 10-5 nm

DNA Sample

Approx. 2 nm

A nanometer is…

………one billionth of a meter

How small is Nanoscale……..?

Cutting down a cube of gold

If you have a cube of pure gold and cut it, what color would the pieces be..?

Now you cut those pieces. What color will each of the pieces be?

If you keep doing this - cutting each block in half - will the pieces of gold always look “gold”?

Is Gold Always …….“Gold”…..?

Nanoparticles of gold can appear red, orange

or even blue depending on size.

Nano-Gold colloids exhibit different colours

at different sizes and concentrations

Well… strange things happen at the small scale

If you keep cutting until the gold pieces are

in the nanoscale range, they don’t look gold

anymore… They look RED!

Nano-Gold

Are You a Nano……bit curious…..?

Nano…sized particles exhibit different properties than larger particles of the same substance

Learn more about the nature of matter

Develop new theories

Discover new questions and answers in many areas, including health care, energy, and technology

Figure out how to make new products and technologies that can improve people’s lives

“Why cannot we write the entire 24 volumes of the Encyclopedia Britannica on the head of a pin?”

Dr. Richard P. Feynman (1918-1988)

1959 R. Feynman Delivers “ Plenty of Room at the Bottom”

1974 First Molecular Electronic Device Patented

1981 Scanning Tunneling Microscopic (STM)

1986 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) Invented

1987 First single-electron transistor created

1991 Carbon Nanotubes Discovered

History

0.1 nm 1 nm 10 nm 100 nm 1 m 10 m

Nanocluster

Biomolecules

Nanoscience is about the phenomena that occur in systems with nanometer dimensions.

top-downPhotolitographyMicroprinting

bottom-upOrganic synthesisSelf-assembly

Bonding

Melting / Boiling

Structure

Rea

ctiv

ityC

omposition

Nanoparticle Properties

Nanoscale Size Effect

Realization of miniaturized devices and systems while providing more functionality

Attainment of high surface area to volume ratio

Manifestation of novel phenomena and properties, including changes in…

Physical Properties (e.g. melting point)

Chemical Properties (e.g. reactivity)

Electrical Properties (e.g. conductivity)

Mechanical Properties (e.g. strength)

Optical Properties (e.g. light emission)

(magnification up to 1000x)

Light microscope

Red blood cells (400x)

The naked eye can see to about 20 microns

A human hair is about 50-100 microns thick

Light microscopes let us see to about 1 micron

Bounce light off of surfaces to create images

Light to See

Scanning electron microscopes (SEMs), invented in the 1930s, to see objects as small as 10 nanometers

Bounce electrons off of surfaces to create images

Higher resolution due to small size of electrons

Electrons to See

Greater resolution to see things like blood cells in greater detail

Blood Cells

Scanning probe microscopes, developed in the 1980s, give us a new way to “see” at the nanoscale

We can now see really smallthings, like atoms, and move them too!

This is about how big atoms are compared with the tip of the microscope

Touching the Surface

Types of Nanomaterial

Nanopowder

Building blocks (less than 100 nm in diameter) for more complex nanostructures.

Nanotube

Carbon nanotubes are tiny strips of graphite sheet rolled into tubes a few nanometers in diameter and up to hundreds of micrometers (microns) long.

Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)

100 time stronger than steel and very flexible

If added to materials like car bumpers, increases strength and flexibility

CNT is a tubular form of carbon with diameter as small as 1nm.Length: few nm to microns.

CNT is configurationally equivalent to a two dimensional graphene sheet rolled into a tube.

Can act as both thermal conductors and thermal insulators

Efficient electrical conductors

Single Wall CNT (SWCNT)

Multiple Wall CNT (MWCNT)

CNT

More resistant to chemical changes than SWNTs

Multiple rolled layers of graphene sheets (5-50 nm)

SWNT can be conceptualized by wrapping a one-atom-thick layer of graphite called graphene into a seamless cylinder. (diameter ~ 1nm)

Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube (MWNT)

[ Sumio Ijyma (Nature,1991)]

Single-Walled carbon Nanotube (SWNT)

[ Ijyma, Bethune et al. (1993)]

Single Crystals of SWNT

[ R.R.Schlittler et al. (Science, May 2001)]

Discovery of CNT

Nanotube

Incredible strength due to their bond structure and “soccer ball” shape

Could be useful “shells” for drug delivery

Are nonreactive (move safely through blood stream)

Can penetrate cell walls

Carbon Buckyballs (C60)

Medical

Industrial

Nanomaterials

Stronger Lighter Cheaper

Durable

Precise

Advantages

End of Illnesses (i.e. cancer, heart disease)

Universal Immunity (i.e. aids, flu)

Body Sculpting(i.e. change your appearance)

Computers can become a billion times faster and a million times smaller

Automatic Pollution Cleanup

Manufacturing at almost no cost

Applications

Electronics

Nano Transistors

Nano Diodes

OLED

Energy

Batteries

Fuel cells

Solar cells

Materials

Nanotubes

Aerogel

Nanoparticles

Life Sciences

Targeted Drug Delivery

Artificial Retina

Tissue RegenerationElectronics

Plasma Displays

Quantum Computers

The perfect match for the power tie? Meet the "Power Shirt," a piece of nanotechnology-infused clothing that will be able to generate enough electricity to power small electronic devices for soldiers in the field, hikers, or just about anyone whose physical motion can be harnessed and converted to electrical energy.

Concept: Backed by Thin-film nanotechnology, super thin battery is capable of generating power up to 10-20 times more than regular batteries. Boasting of merely 200 microns thickness, it is thinner than a sheet of paper. It consists of lithium phosphorus oxynitride (LiPON) that imparts it with its flexible quality and increased storage capacity. In addition, it gets charged up to 80% in just 15 minutes.

Power shirt Super thin battery

Nano-development

Smaller, faster, more energy efficient and

powerful computing and other IT-based

systems

Information Technology

Cancer treatment

Bone treatment

Drug delivery

Appetite control

Drug development

Medical tools

Diagnostic tests

Imaging

Medicine

Solar cells

Fuel cells

Batteries

Bio fuels

Energy

Foods and beverages

Advanced packaging materials, sensors,

Appliances and textiles

Stain proof, water proof / wrinkle free textiles

Household and cosmetics

Self-cleaning and scratch free products, paints

Consumer Foods

Nanotechnology

in Every field

Loss of jobs (in manufacturing, farming, etc)

Carbon Nanotubes could cause infection of lungs

Oil & Diamonds could become worthless

Atomic weapons could be more accessible and destructive

Disadvantages

Nanotechnology is an enabling technology that will change

the nature of almost every human-made object in the next

century.”

The Beginning…

CONCLUSION…..

Thank You