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BACTERIAL WILT
SymptomsPlant will wilt and die
quicklyEarly on center of stem
appears water-soakedLater it stem appears
brown and may hollowAffects tomatoes,
potatoes, eggplants & peppers & cucumbers
Favorable ConditionsWarm, wet weather of late
spring & early fall
Management PracticesRotate CropsRemove and destroy plantsReplace soil surrounding
plant
BLOSSOM END ROT
Symptoms Brown to black,
leathery rot near the blossom end of the fruit
Lesion gets bigger as the disease worsens
Management Practices
Make sure plants are fertilized and watered properly
Mulch
Caused by lack of sufficient calciumMost severe following extremes in soil moisture (either too dry or too wet)Applying too much fertilizer at one time can result in blossom end rot
EARLY BLIGHT
Symptoms Spots are dark brown to black.
Concentric rings develop in the spot forming a bulls eye. Leaf eventually turns yellow.
Starts on the lower leaves Overwinters on old tomato vines Occurs during cool, rainy weather Also affects peppers
Management Practices Rotate crops Plant disease free seeds Use resistant cultivars At season end clean up garden
thoroughly Avoid getting the leaves wet Apply fungicides as
appropriate(before the disease first appears)
LATE BLIGHT
Symptoms Lesions that are large,
irregular and gray with white mold
Fruit will be firm and rotted Management Practices
Use disease free plants and seeds & resistant varieties
At the end of the season be sure to clean up the garden thoroughly
Apply fungicides containing copper as appropriate (before disease appears)
Thrives in cool, moist conditions, or high humiditylevels.
OTHER TOMATO PROBLEMS
Leaf Roll Happens when there
is a period of heavy rainfall that keeps the soil constantly moist.
Keep soil well drained & well aerated
Edges of leaves curl up to form cups; then the edges overlap & the leaves become firm & leathery to the touch.
Fruit with cracks Cracks radiate from stems
and around the shoulders Caused by hot, rainy
weather To avoid do not overwater
Blossom Drop Prevalent in cool rainy
weather or where soil moisture is low and winds are hot & dry.
Large fruited tomatoes are particularly vulnerable
ANTHRACNOSE
Symptoms Sunken, reddish to black
lesions on the bean pods, leaves & stems
Also affects peppers, cucumbers & squash
Management Practice Avoid working when
leaves are wet Avoid overhead irrigation Crop Rotation Destroy crop residue Encourage air movement Plant disease free &
resistant plants
BACTERIAL BLIGHT
Symptoms Large, brown, circular spots
on leaves & bean pods Lesions may be surrounded
by a yellow halo Management Practices
Avoid working when leaves are wet
Avoid overhead irrigation Crop rotation Destroy crop residue Encourage air movement Plant disease free &
resistant plants
POWDERY MILDEW
Symptoms Small, round & whitish
spots on the lower leaves Management Practices
Encourage air movement Plant resistant cultivars
Conditions Favorable for Development
Cool, moist conditions Time of Year it Appears
March thru September
DOWNY MILDEW
Symptoms Yellow to brown spots
on the upper surfaces of leaves
Fuzzy white patches on the fruit
Infected leaves may die
Effects beans, cucumbers & melons
Management Practices
Rotate Crops Plant resistant varieties Spray fungicides
FUSARIUM WILT
Symptoms Plants wilt, turn yellow
and die (starts from bottom)
Often confused with lack of water
Cucumber, squash, broccoli, & cabbage is also affected
Management Practices Plant resistant varieties Rotate crops Remove and destroy
plant
MOSAIC VIRUS
Symptoms Leaf blades become
long & skinny Leaves may be mottled Cucumbers, squash &
beans are affected Management
Practices Control aphids
JAPANESE BEETLE
Damage Adults
Eat flowers Skeletonize leaves of a broad
range of plants Larvae
Feeds on roots of lawn grasses & vegetable plants
Management Practices Hand pick and place in bottle
with soapy water Cover plants with floating row
cover Apply parasitic nematodes to
sod to kill larvae Parasitic wasps & flies
Grow borage as a trap cropWhite geranium, garlic & rue are RepellentsLarkspur not only attracts them, but it isFatal to them.Apply milky spore to your lawn to kill the grubs
REDBANDED LEAFHOPPER
Damage Adults & nymphs suck juices
from stems & undersides of leaves of most fuit & vegetable crops
Toxic saliva distorts & stunts plants
Causes tipburn & yellowed, curled leaves with white spots on undersides
Spread viral diseases as they feed
Wash plants with stiff sprays of water
Spray with insecticidal soap Last resort spray with neem
or pyrethrin
APHIDS
Usually green although some species are yellow, pink, brown or black.
Most prevalent during cool, dry weather on small plants.
They suck the plant sap, causing foliage to distort & leaves to drop.
Feeding spreads diseases. Treatments for aphid control
should begin at any time colonies are found.
Spray foliage with soapy water, then rinse with clear water or use insecticidal soaps.
Once the weather warms up, natural enemies usually control aphids
CORN EARWORM
Affects tomato, pepper, beans, cabbage and corn.
Plant corn as early as possible Apply mineral oil on corn silks
five to six days after silk emergence.
Mixing a Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) product with mineral oil can improve control of earworms. With liquid B.t. products, use a ratio of 1 part B.t.to 20 parts oil. One application of ¼ teaspoon or five drops of the oil mixture should be applied to the silk at the tip of the ear.
CUTWORM
They chew through stems at ground level
May completely devour small plants Most damaging in May & June Place a collar of stiff paper, cardboard,
or aluminum foil around each plant for protection after transplanting to the garden.
At the first sign of cutworm moths, spray the plant stems and leaves with Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) to kill the larvae.
A bait can be made by mixing B.t. with bran until the liquid is absorbed by the bran, and then adding a small amount of molasses. Crumbled pieces can be scattered around the base of the plants to protect them. Cultivating the soil can kill cutworms.
MEXICAN BEAN BEETLE
Adults and larvae chew on leaves from beneath, leaving a lacy appearance
Plants are defoliated & killed
Since most damage occurs during July and August, quick-maturing varieties of green beans planted very early or during late summer may escape damage.
Handpick and destroy beetles and egg masses.
Spray with neem
SPIDER MITE
Adults and immature stages appear as tiny specks on the undersides of leaves where they pierce the leaf surface and suck sap.
Lightly infested leaves develop tiny whitish speckled spots, while heavily infested leaves turn pale yellow or bronze-colored and dry up.
The undersurfaces of leaves usually are covered with silken webs over which the mites crawl.
Spider mites develop rapidly during hot, dry weather and one generation can be completed in as few as eight days.
Insecticidal soaps generally offer adequate control when applied before the numbers are too high. Mites can be removed with a strong spray of water. Natural enemies such as lady bugs are important natural controls.
STINK BUG
Stink bugs feed on over 52 plants, including native and ornamental trees, shrubs, vines, weeds and many cultivated crops
Nymphs and adults of both kinds of bugs pierce plants with their needlelike mouthparts and suck sap from pods, buds, blossoms and seeds.
The degree of damage depends, to some extent, on the developmental stage of the plant when the stink bug pierces it. Immature fruits and pods punctured by bugs become deformed as they develop. Seeds are often flattened and shriveled, and germination is reduce
Insecticides such as permethrin, effective in controlling stink bugs.
CUCUMBER BEETLE
Harmful to cucurbits (members of the gourd family, including cucumbers, melons, pumpkins and squashes), particularly young plants.
They feed on plants as soon as they emerge and either kill the plants or greatly slow their growth.
Transmits bacterial wilt of cucurbits.
Control measures include the use of fabric row covers.
Handpicking to remove the beetles is effective.
Eliminate weeds in and around the garden.
Last resort apply pyrethrins
FLEA BEETLE
Adults chew numerous small, round holes in leaves
Larvae feeds on plant roots Most damaging to young
plants Adults are very small (1/16
inch or so) black or dark brown insect
Severe infestations stunt plants and reduce yields
Apply floating row covers Apply parasitic nematodes to
soil Spray neem
CABBAGE LOOPER
Feeds on cabbage, broccoli & cauliflower
Young larvae feed between veins on the underside of the lower leaves. Large larvae make ragged holes in the foliage and move to the center of the plant.
Large loopers can also burrow through 3 to 6 layers of tightly wrapped head leaves in cabbage.
Plants can be severely defoliated and stunted, producing no heads or becoming unfit for consumption.
Large amounts of dark green pellets excreted by the feeding
Bacillus thuringiensis, Bt can be used along with row covers and diamaceous earth
HARLEQUIN BUG
Feeds on squash, corn, bean, asparagus, cabbage, okra, and tomato
Adults and nymphs pierce stalks, leaves, and veins with their needle-like mouthparts and extract plant juices.
Stems and leaves injured in this manner develop irregular cloudy spots around the puncture wound.
Control by handpicking or using insecticidal soap
WHITEFLY
Feeds on bean, melon, lettuce, cucumber, tomato, squash, potato, eggplant, strawberry
Nymphs and adults extract plant sap through their needle-like mouthparts, the adults preferring to feed on tender new growth.
Leaves turn yellow and drop from infested plants.
Spray with insecticidal soap Check plants bought from the
nursery Nasturtiums & marigolds repel
them
COLORADO POTATO BEETLE
Serious pest of tomato, eggplant, peppers & potatoes
Notorious for its ability to rapidly develop resistance to insecticides that are used repeatedly for control
Bacillius thuringiensis (Bt) is effective against small larvae (less than 1/4 inch) and should be applied at egg hatch or when larvae are first seen
Hand picking of adult beetles and immature stages is encouraged Hand picking can be particularly effective in reducing the numbers of overwintering beetles coming to the young plants in the spring
Floating row covers
SQUASH BUG
Radishes, tansy, marigolds & nasturtiums interplanted with squash help repel
Trellising gets foliage off the ground, reducing the moist, covered areas they seek
Squash plants frequently are killed by this sap-feeding pest. Leaves wilt rapidly and become brittle.
Adults and nymphs may be found clustered about the crown of the plant, beneath damaged leaves, and under clods or any other protective ground cover.
This can be used to your advantage in controlling these pests. Place a small, square piece of old shingle or heavy cardboard under each squash plant. As bugs congregate under it for protection, simply lift the trap and smash them with your hoe (or shoe).
Other control methods include early planting and removing eggs and nymphs by hand.
SQUASH VINE BORER
Radishes interplanted helps repel them
Damage is caused by larvae (immature forms) tunneling into stems. This tunneling often kills plants
Sudden wilting of a vine and sawdust-like insect waste coming from holes in the stem are evidence of attack
Till the soil in late winter to expose overwintering insects.
Rotate squash to another location in the garden each season.
Destroy vines that have been killed to break the life cycle.
Cut a slit along afflicted stem and remove the borer or inject the stem with Bt
LADY BUGS
Feed on small, soft pests such as Aphids Mealybugs Spider Mites
Purchase the larvae not the adult
LACEWINGS
Feed on the following: Aphids Caterpillars Small beetles Leafhoppers Thrips Mites and they
sometimes eat each other
PARASITIC WASPS
Injects its eggs inside host insects
Controls the following Aphids Whiteflies Caterpillars
SOLDIER BEETLE
Larvae feed on insects in the soil
Adults feed on caterpillars, aphids
And other soft bodied insects
PEST & DISEASE PREVENTION
Grow strong, healthy plants that can resist attack Starts in the nursery Pest & Diseases prefer plants that are weak and injured
Plant in fertile soil Plants are able to find the nutrients easily in healthy soil
Daily Vigilance Check your garden daily Be careful when handling plants. Do not damage the stems or
leaves. This will stress the plant and weaken them. Plants are like humans
Never let them go short of food or water Sanitation
Disease-causing organisms can live through the winter Equipment used on diseased plants should be washed with a bleach solution
PREVENTION CONT’D
Rotate Crops Avoid Monocultures
Don’t just plant one variety in a large area. Diversity
Encourage Natural Predators Plant Resistant Varieties Use Barriers
Floating Row Covers Bird Netting
ORGANIC CHEMICALS FOR PEST CONTROL Even though they are organic follow the instructions on
the label Spray when bees are not active Types:
Insecticidal Soap Potassium-salt soap Control can only be achieved by hitting the insect
Bt (bacillus thuringienses) Bacteria that produces crystals & spores that paralyze the digestive
tract Nontoxic to mammals
Neem Broad spectrum Nontoxic to mammals
REFERENCES
Southeastern US 2011 Vegetable Crop Handbook www.utextension.utk.edu http://vegetables.tennessee.edu Organic Gardening
Geoff Hamilton Bugs, Slugs, & Other Thugs
Rhonda Massingham Hart All-New Encyclopedia of Organic Gardening
Rodales The Organic Gardener’s Handbook of Natural Insect & Disease
Control Barbara W. Ellis & Fern Marshall Bradley
Rodale’s Garden Problem Solver Jeff Ball