In This Issue - NUI Galway · 2007-10-24 · Limnology In Developing Countries Volume 4..... 6 The Lakes Handbook, Volume II. Lake Restoration and Rehabilitation..... 9 Phosphates

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Volume 48 - May 2006

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Returning to the Wild:Creating Lakes on Industrial Cutaway Peatlands in IrelandBy Tara Higgins

Ireland’s extensive boglands have beenintensively harvested for various peatproducts since the founding of thePeat Development Board, Bord na Móna,in 1946. As a result, the country will behome to in excess of 80,000 hectares ofredundant, worked-out bogland, referredto as ‘cutaway peatland,’ by 2030. Bordna Móna first began investigating alterna-tive uses for this land in the 1950s and1960s. The research identified seriousproblems associated with the two tradi-tional and economically attractive post-harvesting uses of commercial forestryand agricultural grassland; these in-cluded water-logging, nutrient deficien-cies, weed invasion and soil subsidence(Egan, 1999).

In recent years, the focus in Ireland hasshifted towards rehabilitating cutawaypeatlands for wildlife conservation andpublic amenity uses. In fact, Bord naMóna now proposes to flood andrevegetate 40,000 ha ofits cutaway peatlands,resulting in the forma-tion of a semi-naturalwilderness mosaicextending throughoutthe Irish Midlands(Egan, 1998). The rangeof ensuing habitats willbe diverse, encompass-ing numerous stands ofshallow open water,some of which will bedesignated as anglinglakes, large areas ofmarsh and fen, expan-sive tracts of naturallyregenerating grassland,smaller pockets of scrubwoodland and localised

nuclei of regenerating sphagnum bog(Rowlands & Feehan, 2000). The scale ofthe proposal is vast, representing one ofthe largest habitat creation opportunitiesto emerge in Europe in modern times.

Lough Boora Parklands ProjectA taste of what is to come in Irelandis exemplified in a pilot scheme calledthe Lough Boora Parklands. This is a2,000 ha cutaway peatland rehabilitationproject located in County Offaly in theheart of the Irish Midlands (07º43’W,53º13’N), which is being viewed as ablueprint for the future large-scaledevelopment of integrated land-uses onIreland’s cutaway peatlands (Egan, 1999).

Within the Lough Boora Parklands, Bordna Móna has created 400 ha of experi-mental waterbodies since 1991, using avariety of construction approaches. Somelake creation projects involve a consider-able level of on-site development work;

Photo 1: Aerial photograph of an Irish industrial cutaway peatland which hasbeen flooded.

“Aquatic Invasions” e-journalestablished by SIL Working Groupon Aquatic Invasive Species ....................... 4

9th European Workshop OnPhysical Processes In Natural Waters ........ 4

Book Reviews .......................................... 6-11

Limnology In DevelopingCountries Volume 4 ................................. 6

The Lakes Handbook, Volume II.Lake Restoration and Rehabilitation ..... 9

Phosphates In Sediments ...................... 10

Lake Hiidenvesi - Studies Ona Clay-turbid and EutrophicMulti-basin Lake .................................... 10

Calendar of Events .................................... 11SIL Officers ................................................ 12

2 SILnews 48: May 2006

prior to flooding, most of the residualpeat deposit is removed by land-movingmachinery to create a lake basin, in theprocess exposing the underlying mineralsub-soils such as silty clays, glacial tillsoils, gravel and calcareous shell marl.Embankments are formed around thenew lake basin using the excavated peat,artificial drainage channels are in-filledand the basin is allowed to flood to adepth of 1-2 m from a combination ofprecipitation, groundwater springdischarges and surface drainage(McNally, 1999). In some cases, waterlevels are supplemented by an intro-duced piped inflow diverted from anearby natural stream. In deeperlakes designed specifically for anglingpurposes, pioneering aquatic plantsand macroinvertebrate species areintroduced to initiate and assist naturalcolonisation. The areas surroundingthe lake are landscaped, seeded andplanted with trees and pubic facilitiessuch as walkways, picnic tables andbird hides are provided (Photo 2).Examples of lakes constructed usingthese approaches are Finnamore,Tumduff and Turraun (Table 1).

In more recent years, less site prepara-tion has been conducted prior to flood-ing and lake creation projects have beenconcentrated on sites that are naturallylow-lying (Photo 3). Peat excavation isminimal and sites are flooded to depthsof about 1 m by simply blocking thenetwork of drainage ditches that wasconstructed prior to the commencementof peat harvesting. Lakes, such asClongawny (Table 1), created according

to this strategy recolonised naturally withminimum human interference.

Limnological CharacteristicsIndividual cutaway lakes differ markedlyin their water chemistry and trophicstates, as the values presented in Table 2illustrate. The current data were gath-ered during a 3-year study at the NationalUniversity of Ireland, Galway, conductedbetween August 2001 and September2004. Physicochemical differences reflect,to a large extent, the strategy adoptedduring the lake construction process,which determines the degree of peatremoval, basin construction, hydrologicalmanipulation and post-flooding manage-ment carried out.

The exposure of minerotrophicsediments such as alkaline fen peats, bluesilty clays, and calcareous marls atFinnamore, Tumduff and Turraun,coupled with the presence at these sitesof telluric hardwater influxes, resulted inhigh pH, high alkalinity and low tomoderate colour. Clongawny, in contrast,was an acidic, poorly buffered, darklystained lake. These properties, as ex-pected, reflect the peaty nature of thelake substratum, which included depositsof highly humified sphagnum peat,coupled with the absence of hardwaterinflows at the site, which was fed exclu-sively by precipitation and associatedrunoff from the surrounding actively-milled peatfields.

Nutrient concentrations in cutaway lakesare strongly influenced by catchmentlanduses (Higgins & Colleran, in press).

In Finnamorelake, forexample, theelevated meandissolvedinorganicnitrogen (DIN)concentrationsreflect thepresence ofnitrate runofffrom the lakecatchments; thepiped inflow atthis site isdiverted from astream thatdrains inten-sively-grazedagriculturalland. Such

trends give a clear indication of the effectof stream water quality on cutaway lakesthat receive piped surface inflows.

Based on their mean total phosphorusand chlorophyll-a data, both Finnamoreand Tumduff are mesotrophic, Turraunis mesotrophic-eutrophic, and Clongawnyis eutrophic-hypertrophic. The latter wasstrongly affected by phosphate-richfertiliser runoff from adjacent coniferousforestry plantations (Higgins et al., inpress). Many industrial cutaway peatlandsare particularly susceptible to phospho-rus leaching due to their low content ofchelating iron, aluminium, and carbon-ate ions and high rates of erosion causedby unconsolidated sediments and oftenlow-lying topography (Renou et al.,2000). Moreover, the absence of vegeta-tion on recently abandoned cutawaypeatland sites, such as Clongawny,removes an important biological buffer-ing mechanism. Collectively, these abioticand biotic characteristics make lakescreated on bare, unconsolidated cutawaypeatland, such as Clongawny, extremelyvulnerable to nutrient runoff from thecatchment area. The very strong responseof the algal population in Clongawny tothe increased phosphorus input wasenhanced by a lack of top-down controlby invertebrate grazers in the lake,reflecting both the young age of the lakeand the paucity of vegetation at the site,which provides essential refugia and foodfor recolonising invertebrates in cutawaypeatland lakes (O Connor et al., 2000).

Lessons LearnedLake creation on industrial cutawaypeatland is a major post-harvesting land-use option in Ireland. A number ofsimple, cost-effective lessons can belearned from the existing experimentallakes within the Lough Boora Parklands,to ensure that the wildlife conservationand public amenity value of futurecutaway peatland lakes is maximised.

· The current study demonstratedcategorically the direct and indirectbenefits of revegetating cutawaypeatland designated for lake creation.Higher vegetation increases thesediment stability, thus reducing watercolumn turbidity and nutrient recy-cling from the sediments; filtersnutrient runoff from the catchmentarea; competes directly with algae fornutrients within lakes, thereby restrict-ing algal biomass; provides habitat,

Photo 2: Bird hides, such as this one at Tumduff lake, are among the publicamenities provided by Bord na Móna within the Lough Boora Parklands.


refuge and food availability forrecolonising invertebrates and soincreases algal losses by grazing.Natural plant recolonisation oncutaway peatlands intended for lakecreation should be expedited by activemanagement such as seeding andcreating small changes in the surfaceelevation or texture of bare, uniformcutaway peatfields, which encouragesnatural plant establishment.

· Cutaway peatland lakes should bedesigned with an irregular shoreline,involving bays, inlets and islandregions, in order to maximise habitatdiversity. Lake shores should be gentlysloping, to encourage the establish-ment of littoral aquatic plants. Remov-ing sufficient peat to expose theinorganic subsoils is desirable, inorder to both increase physicochemi-cal variability and to enhance phos-phorus losses by co-precipitation withcarbonate. These measures willprovide a diversity of microhabitatswithin individual lakes, in turn pro-moting higher biological diversity andspecies richness

· An integrated, holistic approach toplanning that balances economic,practical and technical concerns needsto be adopted if the conservation valueof cutaway peatlands is to be maxim-ised. In particular, vegetation bufferzones should be established betweenexisting, intensively cultivated terres-trial areas and the new waterbodies.The vulnerability of particularsediments to nutrient leaching, based

on soil sorption properties and theextent of revegetation, should beidentified so that post-harvestinglanduses of cutaway peatlands can bedesignated in an appropriate,site-specific manner.

· Lakes created by reflooding areas ofindustrial cutaway peatland are new,essentially artificial phenomena andno true basis in experience exists onwhich to predict their development.In view of the considerable timescaleinvolved in ecosystem establishmentand stabilisation, it is essential thatmonitoring of the existing cutawaypeatland lakes continues in orderfor long-term trends to be assessed.

AcknowledgementsThis research was made possible throughfunding from Bord na Móna (the IrishPeat Development Board) and assistancefrom the Environmental Change Instituteat the National University of Ireland,Galway.

Related Web Resourceshttp://www.nuigalway.ie/eci/report/higginsreport.pdf (non-technical re-search report) and http://www.loughbooraparklands.com (LoughBoora Parklands official website)

Table 1: General characteristics of four artifical lakes, Finnamore, Tumduff, Turraun and Clongawny, created onharvested cutaway peatlands in Ireland.

Year created

Size(ha)Mean

depth (m)Sediments Inflows Post-flooding management

Finnamore 1996 4.8 1.5 Silty clays, gravel, glacial till Piped inflow, Precipitation,Environs landscaped & seeded;

invertebrates, fish & aquatic plants introduced

Tumduff 1995 6 1 Phragmites peat Piped inflow, Precipitation, Environs seeded,trees planted

Turraun 1991 60 0.5 Phragmites peat, shell marl gw springs, Precipitation, Environs seeded,trees planted

Clongawny 2001 12 1 Sphagnum & woody fen peat Precipitation, surface runoff None

Table 2: Physico-chemical and nutrient characteristics of Finnamore, Tumduff, Turraun and Clongawny cutaway lakes.Values shown are mean from August 2001 to September 2004 (n=53).

pHAlkalinity

(mg CaCO3 l-1)

Colour(Pt. Co.)

Turbidity (NTU)TP1

(mg l-1)

DIN2

(mg l-1)

Chl-a3

(mg l-1)Trophic status4

Finnamore 8.1 181 19 1.9 12.2 1.56 5.2 Mesotrophic

Tumduff 8.1 127 74 2.4 15.6 0.24 3.3 Mesotrophic

Turraun 8.2 140 48 6.4 26.7 0.15 12.7 Mesotrophic-eutrophic

Clongawny 4.6 1.6 159 12.9 39.1 0.09 52.5 Eutrophic-hypertrophic

1TP: total phosphorus; 2DIN: dissolved inorganic nitrogen; 3Chl-a: chlorophyll-a; 4Based on classification of Vollenweider & Kerekes (1982)

Photo 3: The industrial cutaway peatland landscape inIreland, pre- and post-flooding.

References Cited

Egan, T. 1998. A pilot project for theutilization of cutaway boglands inWest Offaly. In: O’Leary, G. andGormley, F. (eds.) Towards a Conser-vation Strategy for the Bogs of Ire-land; pp. 119-126. Irish PeatlandConservation Council: Dublin,Ireland.

Egan, T. 1999. A Landscape Uncloaked:Lough Boora Parklands, The NationalCentre of Cutaway Boglands Rehabili-tation in Ireland. In: Policies andPriorities for Ireland’s Landscape; pp.119-132. The Heritage Council:Dublin, Ireland. http://www.heritagecouncil.ie/publications/landscape/p11.htm

Higgins, T. and Colleran, E. in press.Trophic status of experimentalcutaway peatland lakes in Ireland andimplications for future lake creation.J. Environ. Sci. Health, Part A. 41(5).

Higgins, T., Colleran, E. and Raine, R. inpress. A transition from P-limited tosecondary N-limited phytoplanktongrowth in an artifical wetland createdon flooded cutaway peatland inIreland. J. Appl. Veg. Sci.


McNally, G. 1999. Peatlands, power andpost-industrial use. In: Parkyn, L.,Stoneman, R.E. and Ingram, H.A.P.(eds.) Conserving Peatlands; pp.245-251. CAB International:Wallingford, UK.

O’Connor, Á, Kavanagh B & ReynoldsJD 2000. Corixidae (HemipteraHeteroptera) in two artificial lakeson Irish cutaway raised bog. Verh.Internat. Verein. Limnol. 27:1670-1674.

Renou, F., Jones, S. and Farrell, E.P.2000. Leaching of phosphorusfertiliser applied on cutaway peatlandforests recently established in centralIreland. In: L. Rochefort and J.Y.Daigle (eds.) Sustaining OurPeatlands, Proceedings of the 11thInternational Peat Congress, Quebec,Canada, 6-12 August 2000; pp. 984-990. International Peat Society:Edmonton, Canada.

Rowlands, R.G. and Feehan, J. 2000. Theecological future of industrially milledcutaway peatlands in Ireland. AspectsAppl. Biol. 58: 263-270.

Vollenweider, R.A. and Kerekes, J. 1982.Eutrophication of Waters: Monitor-ing, Assessment and Control. Organi-zation for Economic Cooperation andDevelopment: Paris, France.

Working Group News

“Aquatic Invasions”e-journal is establishedby SIL Working Group onAquatic Invasive SpeciesSIL Working Group on Aquatic InvasiveSpecies has established a new Europeane-journal ”Aquatic Invasions”. AquaticInvasions is a rapid on-line journalfocusing on biological invasions inEuropean inland and coastal waters andpotential donor areas of aquatic invasivespecies for Europe. The journal provides

the opportunity for timely publication offirst records of biologicalinvaders for consideration in risk assess-ments and early warning systems. Also,the journal provides opportunity topublish relevant technical reports andother accounts not publishablein regular scientific journals. AquaticInvasions is a part of the developingEuropean early warning system onaquatic invasive species, with animportant service of protection ofauthor’s rights on primary geo-refer-enced information on species records.The first issue of AI is available online at

http://www.aquaticinvasions.ru . Manu-scripts relevant to inland waters invasionscan be submitted to Dr Vadim E. Panov([email protected]) and manuscripts relevantto invasions in coastal waters to DrStephan Gollasch ([email protected]).

Vadim E. PanovZoological Institute of the RussianAcademy of SciencesUniversitetskaya nab. 1199034 St.PetersburgRussiaE-mail: [email protected]

Announcements

9th European WorkshopOn Physical ProcessesIn Natural WatersContributed by Andrew Folkard, LancasterUniversity, United Kingdom,[email protected]; Alfred Johny Wüest,EAWAG, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland,[email protected]; Bertram Boehrer, UFZ,Magdeburg, Germany, [email protected];and Sally MacIntyre, UC Santa Barbara,California, USA, [email protected]

In the first week of September 2005, anenthusiastic group met in Lancaster,England to present and discuss work onphysical limnology and a wide range ofcognate areas. This was the ninth in thisseries of workshops that have been heldat locations throughout Europe since the

first in Kastanienbaum, Switzerland in1996. The intention of the workshops isto provide a forum for scientists toexchange ideas and discuss ongoingresearch on topics related to physicalprocesses in inland and coastal waters.A key aspect of the workshops is that, ineach half hour time slot, equal time isgiven to presentation and to subsequentdiscussion. This allows for a lively,thorough and uninhibited exchange ofviews and ideas.

This year forty-four participantsattended the three days of theworkshop, and sessions were held oninternal waves and mixing, riverine andshallow waters, atmospheric influences,biogeochemical-physical interactions andmixing and cold water. Particularlyvaluable were the invited presentations

given by Hans van Haren (Royal Nether-lands Institute for Sea Research), TomRippeth (School of Ocean Sciences,Bangor, Wales), Heidi Nepf (MIT) andSally MacIntyre (University of California,Santa Barbara), which offered excellentspringboards for discussion of their andothers presentations.

A notable element of the majority of thepresentations was the importance ofcoupling of the physical processes thatwere their primary focus with biological,chemical and geological processes thatco-occurred. In some cases, acknowl-edgement of this coupling took the formof motivation for studies that were thenexecuted with a purely physical focus,whereas in others it formed an integralelement of the science.

Continued on page 6.


Ancient LakesDr. Oleg A. Timoshkin, ChairpersonLimnological InstituteSiberian BranchRussian Academy of SciencesUlan-Batorskaya, 3P.O. Box 4199664033 IrkutskRUSSIAPhone: 3952 42 82 18; Fax: 3952 46 54 05E-mail: [email protected]

Aquatic BirdsDr. Joseph J. Kerekes, ChairpersonEnvironment CanadaCanadian Wildlife Service45 Alderney DriveDartmouth, N.S. B2Y 2N6CANADAPhone: 902 426-6356; Fax: 902 426-4557E-mail: [email protected]

Aquatic Invasive SpeciesDr. Vadim Panov, ChairpersonZoological Institute of theRussian Academy of SciencesUniversitetskaya Nab. 1199034 St. PetersburgRUSSIAPhone: 7 812 3233140; Fax: 7 812 3282941E-mail: [email protected]: http://www.zin.ru/rbic/projects/sil_wgais/

Aquatic Microbial Ecology(Formerly: Microbial Activities and the CarbonCycle in Fresh Waters)Dr. Meinhard Simon, ChairpersonInst. of Chem. & Biol. of the Marine Env.University of OldenburgP.O. Box 2503D-26111 OldenburgGERMANYPhone: 49 441 970 6361;Fax: 49 441 798 3438E-mail: [email protected]

Aquatic Primary Productivity (GAP)Dr. John Beardall, Co-chairpersonSchool of Biological SciencesPO Box 18, Monash UniversityWellington RoadClayton, VIC 3800AUSTRALIAPhone: +61 3-99055611; Fax: +61 3-99055613E-mail: [email protected]

Dr. Vivian Montecino, Co-chairpersonUniversidad de ChileFaculltad de CienciasDept. de Ciencias EcologicasLas Palmeras # 3425Casilla 653, SantiagoCHILEPhone: +56 271-2049; Fax: +56 272-7363E-mail: [email protected]

BiodiversityDr. Hiroya Kawanabe, ChairpersonLake Biwa Museum1091 Oroshimo, KusatsuShiga 525-0001JAPANPhone: 81 775 68 4812; Fax: 81 775 68 4848E-mail: [email protected]

Biological MonitoringChairperson to be determined.

Conservation and Managementof Running WatersDr. Philip J. Boon, ChairpersonScottish Natural Heritage2/5 Anderson PlaceEdinburgh EH6 5NP, ScotlandUNITED KINGDOMPhone: 44 131 446 2412; Fax: 44 131 4462405E-mail: [email protected]

EcohydrologyProf. Maciej Zalewski, Co-ChairpersonInternational Centre for EcologyPolish Academy of Sciences90-364 Lodz Tylna St.3POLANDPhone/Fax: (+ 48 42) 681 70 07E-mail: [email protected]

Dr. Richard D. Robarts, Co-ChairpersonNational Water Research Institute11 Innovation Blvd.Saskatoon, SK S7N 3H5CANADAPhone: 306 975-6047; Fax: 306 975-5143E-mail: [email protected]

Working Groups of SIL and their Contact Persons as of May 2006MacrophytesProf. Jacques Haury, ChairpersonAgrocampus RennesLab. Ecology and Crop Protection UnitUMR INRA-Agrocampus RennesBiology, Ecology & Qualityof Inland Water Bodies65, rue de Saint-Brieuc, CS 84215F-35042 Rennes CedexFRANCEPhone: +33 02 23 48 55 39Fax: +33 02 23 48 51 70E-mail: [email protected] or [email protected]

Periphyton of Freshwater EcosystemsChairperson to be determined.

Physical LimnologyDr. Sally MacIntyre, ChairpersonUniversity of California-Santa BarbaraMarine Science InstituteSanta Barbara, CA 93106-6150USAPhone: 805 893-3951; Fax: 805 893-8062E-mail: [email protected]

Plankton Ecology (PEG)Dr. Miquel Lürling, ChairpersonAquatic Ecology and WaterQuality Management GroupWageningen University, P.O. Box 80806700 DD WageningenTHE NETHERLANDSPhone: +31-317-482689 or 483898Fax: +31-317484411E-mail: [email protected]

Saline Inland WatersDr. Brian V. Timms, ChairpersonSchool of Environmental and Life SciencesUniversity of NewcastleCallaghan, NSW 2308AUSTRALIAPhone: 61 2 4921 7229; Fax: 61 2 4921 6914E-mail: [email protected]

WetlandsDr. Brij Gopal, ChairpersonSchool of Environmental SciencesJawaharlal Nehru UniversityNew Delhi 110067INDIAPhone: 91 11 617 2438; Fax: 91 11 616 5886E-mail: [email protected]


Two of the invited speakers – Hansvan Haren and Tom Rippeth – areoceanographers working mainly inshallow seas and presented an oceano-graphic perspective on internal waves,stratification and mixing, emphasisingthe crucial importance of physical mixingprocesses for plankton populationdynamics and carbon budgets. Thisprovided a fascinating comparator forstudies of the same phenomena in lakes,which reflected these linkages and inaddition demonstrated the importanceof internal waves for inter-basin exchange(Umlauf, Rao) and littoral zone mixing(Lorke, Hofmann).

A number of talks presented new resultsfrom numerical modelling studies ofinternal waves, focussing in particular onthe mixing caused by their breaking asthey shoal (Lamb, Vlasenko, Stashchuk).These demonstrated significant recentimprovements in models’ ability tocapture the full physics of these proc-esses, which are central to accuratequantification of lake mixing.

Sally MacIntyre’s invited talk provided anexcellent summary of our knowledge ofthe implications of hydrodynamic mixingand internal wave processes for biogeo-chemistry and in particular focussed onthe importance of spatial and temporalvariability of this linkage. Taking up thistheme, a number of other speakersreported work which highlighted theimportance of short term atmosphericforcing (Bormans) and spatially variablephysical structure of the water column(Persson) in determining planktondistributions. In particular, our increasedunderstanding of the often complex

lake-atmosphere interactions on lakedynamics. The importance of limitedfetch on transfer coefficients (Jones), therestructuring of the wind profile at theland-water transition (de Marchis) andthe complex influence of weathervariations on lake stratification (Closter)and bed sediment re-suspension (Serra)were all discussed. Implications ofvariability if surface energy fluxes on lakecirculation were addressed by (Ibrayev).New methodologies presented included3D tomography, for determining basin-scale stratification (Falourd) and a novelstrategy for estimating bathymetry oflarge basins which also included remotelysensed data (Zola).

A number of studies of unusual mixingand stratification phenomena observedin specific lakes were presented, includ-ing double diffusive staircase formationdriven by temperature and CO2 concen-trations in Lake Nyos (Wuest), coherent,cold filamentous structures in themixing layer (Ozen), high vertical modeinternal waves (Ilmberger), a gyre inquasi-solid body rotation driven by aninternal surge in a small lake (Golosov)and changes in mixing due to freshwaterinfluxes in Lake Van – the world’s largestsoda lake (Kaden).

Finally, two presentations reported newefforts at modelling all these coupledphenomena in a coherent fashion(Terzhevik, Deydier-Stephan).

The tenth workshop in this series will beheld in Granada, Spain in late June 2006.Anyone interested in attending shouldcontact Dr. Francisco Rueda([email protected]) or see http://www.ugr.es/~iagua/PPNW10.htm.

influence of fluvial inflows (Boehrer,Finger, Kay) was demonstrated.

Several presentations focussed explicitlyon interactions between hydrodynamicsand ecology. These considered primarilyflow-vegetation interactions and impactsof mixing on the plankton. Heidi Nepf’sinvited talk provided a comprehensiveoverview of current understanding of thephysics of flow in aquatic vegetation, andits similarities and differences withterrestrial canopy flow, which has beenmore fully studied. Further presenta-tions reported recent numerical(Dijkstra), flume (Maltese, Folkard) andfield studies (Ciraolo, Lovstedt) in thisarea. Key points requiring more researchthat emerged were the importance ofspatial heterogeneity in vegetated cano-pies in determining their impact on flowand transport, and the importance oftheir ability to affect stratification (byshading or attenuating wave fields) inaddition to their hydraulic drag function.

New understanding of the influence ofhydrodynamics on sediment processesand lake chemistry were also reported byseveral speakers. Talks in this areaspanned the influences of groundwater(Sanchez) and fluvial inputs (Boehrer,Finger, Kay), internal mixing (Miller,Singleton) and atmospheric forcing(Soler), demonstrating that muchremains to be understood about thecomplex coupling of physical processesto these aspects of limnology. Prandlepresented a longer term view of theimplications of modified water cycle andfluvial dynamics on estuarine function.

Presentations on atmospheric influenceson lakes focussed on current limitationsin our understanding of the effect of

Book ReviewsLimnology In DevelopingCountries Volume 4Edited by B. Gopal and R.G. Wetzel244 + viii pp., 2004. A SIL book printedby International Scientific Publications,New Delhi, India. ISBN: 81-86047-23-9

I approached this review with a mix ofcuriosity, nostalgia and apprehension. Asa past resident of a developing country,Zimbabwe (where I was born), and now aresident of a so-called developed country,

Australia (where I have lived for some 29years), I was curious to compare myexperiences as a limnologist in bothregional categories with those of otherlimnologists. Frankly, I had not foundmuch qualitative difference betweenlimnological knowledge and understand-ing in Zimbabwe and in Australia and Iwas interested to know how typical myexperience was. My feelings of nostalgiawere aroused by memories oflimnological studies in the biologicallydiverse tropical waters of Africa, crystal-

lised for me in the unforgettable call ofthe African Fish Eagle and the unmistak-able grunting of hippos at night. But,perhaps most powerful of all, I wasapprehensive that I would read of watersthat were once relatively pristine andvalued for that, which have latterlybecome polluted, or over exploited bywell-intentioned developers with highengineering skills and laudable economicmotives. Unfortunately, too many suchdevelopers have little awareness of thesensitivity of the living ecosystems they

Continued from page 4.


seek to exploit and of the extent to whichthe continued existence of the remark-ably thin mantle of life surrounding theEarth ultimately depends on the healthyresilience of such systems.

South AfricaThe account given of “Limnology inSouth Africa: Past and Present Status andFuture Needs” by Brian Allanson isexemplary. It is both thorough andthoughtful, covering an intensity andextent of limnological studies that couldstand comparison with that of any‘developed country’ in terms of bothquality and relevance for the ongoingmanagement of the country’s waterresources. The account demonstrates amaturity of understanding and applica-tion of knowledge to management ofwater resources across a subcontinent ofvarying climate and ecology. This is alsoreflected in the bureaucratic structures ofgovernment that span the related andhighly relevant endeavours of research,conservation and utilisation that contrib-ute to overall management of the re-source.

The wide range of freshwater bodies inSouth Africa is well represented inAllanson’s account. These include twonatural inland lakes (Fundudzi andSibaya), a number of coastal lakesformed by the transgression of the sea atthe end of the last Ice Age, and some 520large dams (i.e., dams which are 15m ormore high, as defined by the WorldCommission on Dams), which have beenconstructed to store water for subsequentuse, independently of the highly variablerainfall. There is also a wide range ofwetland systems, such as the extensivedeltaic system of the Okavango Swampsin neighbouring Botswana, on the onehand, and a number of relatively smallephemeral systems, known locally as vleisand pans, on the other. River flows arehighly variable, but remain important asa means of conveying water into naturallyarid areas. These features closelyparallel the situation in Australia and it isremarkable how many of the authorslisted in the references have drawn on, orcontributed to, studies in both countries.

Investigations of the limnological phe-nomena and the nature of the biota,which characterise this wide range ofecosystems, are provided in sufficientdetail for the reader to obtain a good

understanding of the structure andfunction of these systems backed by aselection of references to an extensivebody of publications, from which furtherdetail may be obtained. These accountsare complemented by an interesting andthought provoking review of the signifi-cant human impacts on southern Africanlandscapes, including afforestation, riverregulation, interbasin transfer and“pollution” of fresh waters, includinginvasion by alien plants and animals.Increasing experience and analysis ofthese impacts clearly provide an in-formed basis for sustainable managementof the water resources on which thefuture of the sub-continent depends.

ZimbabweLimnological studies in land-lockedZimbabwe were initiated in the 1950s, theearliest publications in the list of refer-ences being those of fisheries biologistsIan van der Lingen from Harare (van derLingen 1960) and Derek Harding fromZambia (Harding 1961). Prior to that,scientific interest in the country’sfreshwaters appears to have beenfocussed on collections of flora andfauna, most notably fish. Subsequentgrowth in knowledge and understandingof freshwater ecosystems from the 1960sto the present is outlined in “Limnologyof Zimbabwe” by Rudo Sanyanga andLindah Mhlanga, their account being setin the context of the country’s geogra-phy, climate and natural resources.

As in neighbouring South Africa, muchof the impetus for limnological researchwas the need to monitor, understand andmanage artificial reservoirs, which werereported to number 10,747. Theseranged in surface area from less than ahectare (mostly catchment dams onfarms) to Lake Kariba, which was createdby a dam across the Zambezi River andwhich impounds 160,000 m3 with asurface area of 525,000 ha. A graph ofthe rate of dam construction from 1900to 1980 demonstrates a remarkableexponential growth in these, particularlyfrom the 1950s. Most of these reservoirswere constructed to provide water foragriculture or urban and industrial use,with the notable exception of LakeKariba, which was constructed to providehydroelectric power. Of the rest, 80% ofabstracted water is used in agriculture,9% by industry and mining and 11% inurban settlements. However, the 69% of

the population who live in rural areas aremostly dependant on groundwater forreasonably reliable supplies of usablewater, since many of the surface waterbodies, including the rivers, are pollutedand unreliable.

Sanyanga and Mhlanga provide clear andconcise accounts of the quite extensivestudies carried out on Lake Kariba andon Lake Chivero (formerly LakeMcIlwaine), which was constructed in1952/53 to provide water for the capitalcity, Harare. The creation of Lake Karibais particularly noteworthy, since it pro-vides a significant example of a majormodification of natural systems with theintent of furtheringthe economic and social development ofa hitherto relatively undeveloped countryon a national and even internationalscale. Plans to deal with the inevitableimpacts on local ecosystems and socialstructures were largely secondary andsomewhat ad hoc, as exemplified by theresponse to the rapid spread of the alienweed, Salvinia and the “Operation Noah”campaign to rescue wild animals thatwere in danger of being drowned by therising waters of the newly forming lake.

However, studies of the limnology of thenew lake were commenced as it filled anddeveloped lacustrine conditions. Theseare briefly described by Sanyanga andMhlanga and set out in more detail inthe book on Lake Kariba by Balon andCoche (1974), to which they refer. Thesestudies were accompanied by the devel-opment of exploitable fisheries on thelake which produces some 90% of thecountry’s fish production.

The limnology of Lake Chivero providesa classic example of the impact of a cityon its basic water source, when the city isplaced within a major portion of thecatchment of that water source. The lakewas formed by a dam across theManyame River. The presence of the cityin the catchment has resulted in itssignificant nutrient enrichment, the mainfactor being the inflow of effluent fromthe city’s sewage treatment works downthe Mukuvisi River, a tributary of theManyame, which enters upstream of thedam. This has resulted in continuingsevere blooms of toxic cyanobacteria andthe periodic development of excessivegrowths of the floating alien water weed,Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth).


The account of the limnology of Zimba-bwe concludes with a thoughtful outlineof perceived gaps in knowledge, largelyresulting from an understandable focuson Lakes Kariba and Chivero. In particu-lar, Sanyanga and Mhlanga point out theneed for more studies on the ecology ofriverine systems and the management ofpotential pollution problems. They alsoidentify some important needs in relationto the collection and analysis of waterquality data and appropriate catchmentcontrols in view of the continuing growthin demand for reliable supplies of waterand in recognition of the finite nature ofthe resource.

Turkey“Limnology in Turkey’ by Nuray (Emir)Akbulut provided an interesting contrastwith the preceding accounts of limnologyin South Africa and in Zimbabwe. Thedifferences in topography, geographyand climate were immediately apparent,but there were also other factors whichwould affect the nature of thelimnological studies required for themanagement of the country’s inlandwaters. First, the range of landforms andtypes of natural water bodies in Turkeywere different from those in southernAfrica. Second, there were profounddifferences in the breadth and depth ofunderstanding of the biology andlimnology of the inland water bodies.Yet there were very similar social impera-tives with respect to the needs forwell-informed, sustainable managementof water resources in the long-terminterest of the welfare of the nationand its people.

In contrast with southern Africa, Turkeyhas some 200 natural lakes with a totalsurface area of about 5,000,000 ha and794 reservoirs with a total surface area ofthe order of 150,000 ha. The AtaturkDam across the Euphrates River in thesouth-eastern part of the country im-pounds water with a total surface area of817 km2 and a volume of 48.5 km3 and isone of the 10 largest dams in the world.Since the Euphrates and Tigris riversdrain into Iraq and Syria, where they areimportant sources of water, such develop-ments have required consultation leadingto development of protocols and agree-ments between these neighbouringcountries. However, these have proveddifficult, though progress continues tobe made.

Investigations of the inland waters ofTurkey have focussed more on establish-ing the nature of their flora and faunathan on developing an understanding ofthe physico-chemical limnology. How-ever, physical and chemical parametersfor some of the important lakes inCentral Anatolia were recorded in thelast couple of years of’the last centuryand investigations of the water quality ofsome of the major river systems have nowcommenced. It is acknowledged thatsuch investigations need to be intensifiedand continued so as to provide a strongerbasis for informed management of thenation’s water resources. This is borneout by evidence of pollution from avariety of chemicals used in agriculture,industry and domestic situations leadingin some cases to bioaccumulation inecological food webs. Such studiesshould include some of the salinewaters that provide important habitatsfor water birds and a number of rareand endangered species.

Akbulut concludes his account of thelimnology of Turkey with a list of 10conclusions and recommendations whichfocus on the need for more monitoringof the country’s water bodies leading toclear and comprehensive descriptions oftheir ecological and social assets. Thereis a need for research to provide a firmbasis for management of the nation’swater resources that is balanced andsustainable. Information and under-standing gathered in this way should thenbe shared and communicated through avariety of internal workshops and train-ing programs, reinforced by participationin appropriate international interactionsas opportunities occur.

The Sultanate of OmanThe final article in Volume 4 of“Limnology in Developing Countries”consists of an account by Reginald Victorof the current status of limnology in theSultanate of Oman on the south-easternend of the Arabian Peninsula. Thecountry is arid or semi-arid and freshwater is a precious commodity. Theintroduction of desalination technologyhas alleviated some of the pressure forreliable supplies of water for humansettlements but three important forms ofland use: oil and mineral exploration,agriculture, and urban development havepotentially adverse impacts related towater. Thus, production water from oil

wells is difficult to dispose of, modernagricultural technology has causedsalinisation and rapid urban growth hasincreased demand for fresh water.

In Oman, a wadi (plural – wedian) is aseasonal river, flowing only for somemonths when it is manifested as a “mo-saic of habitats”, which are structuredand restructured by tranquil or cata-strophic flood events. Water is alsoharvested from natural spring-streamstermed aflaj. Reservoirs, ponds andpools are present, but there are no largenatural freshwater lakes. Retentionreservoirs in the mountains are ofteneutrophic as a consequence of contami-nation by faecal matter from goats.Recharge reservoirs in the foothillsimprove groundwater recharge but oftenreceive sediment loads from upstream.There are only a few natural ponds inOman, but temporary ponds can fillbriefly with rainwater. Groundwaterecosystems have been studied onlyrecently, primarily with the intent toprotect them from pollution from sewageeffluent and other aquatic waste waters.

There has been considerable interest instudies of biodiversity in freshwaterecosystems, primarily to compile lists ofspecies from a taxonomic perspective.Many gaps remain in terms of both taxaand ecosystems. Not surprisingly, in theabsence of such information there are anumber of threats from uninformedhuman interference with aquatic ecosys-tems and from the unthinking introduc-tion of potential weeds and animal pests.Aquatic habitats are also being modifiedto suit human objectives or are beingsubjected to pollution.

Such perturbations are likely to persist inthe absence of understanding andknowledge about possible unwantedimpacts. The key to the prevention ofthese is the establishment of educationand training courses on limnology andwater management. These need to beaccompanied by structured researchprograms to address important gaps inunderstanding so that management andconservation of water resources in theSultanate of Oman may be put on asound progressive basis.

Some Final CommentsScience is a truly international endeavourand water is universally necessary for thecontinuation of life as we know it.


Territorial boundaries between nationsshould not be barriers to the sharing ofwater resources and knowledge andexperiences of their management. Yetthis is often the case! Indeed, it ispredictable that the continuing growth inhuman population and increasingdevelopments in the skills of managingnatural resources will lead to increasingcompetition for supplies of fresh water.

The series of publications on limnologyin developing countries by the Interna-tional Association of Theoretical andApplied Limnology provides a laudableexample of an effective means of for-merly sharing information about thescience and use of water among scientistswho can benefit directly and who can actas conduits for sharing such benefitsamong the nations to which they belong.As the series continues, it is likely thatthe distinction between “Developing”and “Developed” countries will becomeincreasingly blurred, though the basicdistinction in relation to national wealthis likely to remain. This situation willcontinue to challenge humankindand emphasises the need, and indeed,the responsibility to continue this seriesof publications.

Finally, the enormous debt the science oflimnology owes to Robert Wetzel for hiscontribution to the science is demon-strated yet again by his co-editorship ofthis series prior to his untimely passing.It is gratefully acknowledged!

References:

Balon, E.K. and A.G. Coche. 1974. LakeKariba: A man-made tropical ecosys-tem in Central Africa. Dr. W. JunkPublishers, The Hague, 767 pp.

Harding, D. 1961 Limnological trends inLake Kariba. Nature, London 191:119-21.

Van der Lingen, M.I. 1960. Some obser-

vations on the limnology of waterstorage reservoirs and natural lakes inCentral Africa. Proceedings of theFirst Federal Scientific Conference,1-5.

David MitchellCharles Sturt [email protected]

The Lakes Handbook,Volume II. Lake Restorationand RehabilitationEdited by O’Sullivan P.E. and ReynoldsC. S. (2005). Blackwell Science Ltd.Oxford, UK. 560 pp. Price £125.00. ISBN0-632-04795-X

Volume II of the Lakes Handbook setsbefore itself the admirable goal ofproviding “an up-to-date overview of theapplication of ecologically sound ap-proaches, methods and tools usingexperience gained around the world foran understanding of lakes and theirmanagement …”. Divided into fivesections (General Issues, RegionalStudies, Human Impact on SpecificLake Types, Lake and Catchment Models,and Legal Frameworks) this bookachieves this goal in many respects,but falls short in others. Certainly thereis a niche for this type of book in thelimnological literature - although thereare a number of lake restoration andmanagement books written primarily fora less scientific audience, few exist thatsummarize the complexities of theseendeavours from more global andecological perspectives.

The General Issues section (which mayhave been more appropriately titled“Societal Issues”) makes its contributionwith two chapters that deal primarily withthe human valuation of lakes. This topicis generally not well-covered forlimnological audiences and its inclusionby the editors is an excellent choice for arestoration text. These chapters give adetailed, somewhat theoretical, socialscience perspective on human percep-tions of lakes and our anthropogenicimpacts – information that is importantfor our understanding of the couplingsand feedbacks between humans andlakes. However, one aspect lacking wasany real discussion of the notion ofecosystem services as they apply to lakes.Although the concept’s utility is some-what controversial among social scien-tists, the valuation of ecosystem serviceshas received considerable attention oflate and this section would be improvedby its inclusion.

The second and third sections of thisvolume offer useful reviews of regionallake types as well as their associatedanthropogenic impacts. The chapters

covering our much-neglected tropicallakes and reservoirs are particularlyinsightful as is the chapter on LakeWashington, the latter not regional, but anice summary of research that illustratesthe interplay between policy, manage-ment, and science. Issues associated witheutrophication are deservedly empha-sized in essentially all the papers in thesesections given the global nature of thisproblem. Stressors like acidification,metal contamination, and exotic speciesare mentioned as well, but the readerseeking a greater coverage of humanimpacts may want to look elsewhere.Given the individual nature of thecontributions and this common themethere is some redundancy among thesechapters in terms of introductory mate-rial on eutrophication - with mostauthors opting for inclusion, this processis very well-defined.

The last two sections are dedicated tomodeling and policy. The modelingsection provides a good overview ofmodels pertinent to lake function andrestoration, again with an emphasis ontheir application to enriched systems. Onthe whole, models are very well-describedwith accompanying consideration of theprocesses affecting model inputs, but lessattention is given on model comparison,choice, or application. The policychapters are welcome additions to a textdealing with restoration and rehabilita-tion. They present useful summaries oflegislation from a number of differentregions which allow easy comparisons,but with the exception of a brief discus-sion related to developing countriesthere is little advice to guide limnologistsin how to better communicate ourscience and help effect the changes inpolicy that are desperately needed inmany regions.

Overall, the review of literature in thechapters was very thorough, particularlywith respect to the inclusion of seminalpapers and many lesser known Europeancitations, however many recent papers onvarious topics were not as evident.Despite its limitations, Volume II: LakeRestoration and Rehabilitation accomplishesits goal of providing an overview ofapproaches, methods and tools forunderstanding lakes and their manage-ment and deserves a place onlimnological bookshelves. To spend a bitmore time off the shelf and in the hands


of students and researchers, this bookmight have increased its coverage ofdifferent stressors and even furtherenhanced its modeling and policytoolboxes. The editors should becommended for their recognition of theneed for this collection of research.

Jim RusakTrout Lake Station,Center for LimnologyUniversity of Wisconsin-Madison, USA

Phosphates In SedimentsProceedings of the 4th InternationalSymposium, Carmona (Spain), 9-12September 2003. L. Serrano and H.L.Golterman (eds.) 202 pp., 2005,paperbound. Backhuys Publishers.ISBN 90-5782-154-0. €88

The book “Phosphates in sediments” is acollection of papers presented at the 4th

International Symposium on phosphatein sediments held at Carmona (Spain)from 9 to 12 Sept. 2003. The bookopens with a preface, which brieflydocuments the history of the symposiaand provides a concise description of thesession themes, which form the basis forthe organization of the book.

The book, which contains interestingdata and a wealth of information, isorganized into six sections, preceded byan editorial written by Golterman whosecareer in limnology spans 50 years. Thisarticle, with a truly engaging title Chemis-try and Limnology: A “Marriage de Raison”,lists problems (just like the title prom-ises) encountered in themultidisciplinary and largely empiricalfield of limnology, particularly in theinvestigations of sediment-water interac-tion. Somehow, however, I failed to getout of it why this marriage of limnologyand chemistry is a must for its offspring.The challenges and contentious issues,advanced in this paper, set the stage forthis book.

The introductory article is followed bythe first section whose topic is exchangeand release processes. The first article ofthis section compares sampling tech-niques and equilibration times of meth-ods used to determine the porewatercomposition, one of the key factorsregulating sediment-water exchange.Two contributions assess efficiency of

phosphate and metal removal by sedi-ment in a small-scale constructedwetland. The importance of microbialinfluence on nutrient (P and S) dynam-ics, as related to the type of the sedimentorg-C, is discussed in one paper, whichcontests current models of P-cycling.Importance of microbial processes on Prelease through its influence on thebreakdown of organic matter is alsodiscussed by another contribution, whichstresses the importance of biologicalactivity on the chemical equilibriumbetween sediment and overlying water inhighly eutrophic waters of coastal lagoonsof Spain. Lastly, a comparison of variousfactors affecting the phosphate adsorp-tion of sediments under laboratoryconditions and the problems associatedwith estimating P-binding capacity ofsediments is discussed. The influence ofsalinity and sediment composition on P-binding capacity in an estuarine environ-ment is also discussed in a paper fromthe last section of the book.

The second section entitled Verticaldistribution in sediment/Composition/Availability contains several short ab-stracts and a paper on the spatial andtemporal variability of water and sedi-ment P as it relates to land use andsediment P transport in cascadingreservoirs on the Paranapanema Riverin Brazil.

Information on the mobility and biologi-cal availability of sediment P is a valuabletool in lake management. Some forms ofP are better predictors of its mobility andbioavailability than others. Phosphorusspeciation, which is discussed in theMethodology section, is valuable forassessment and quantification of P forms.The contributions in this section evaluateutility of bioassays and various extractionprocedures for determination of variousforms of P, particularly as it relates to itsshort and long term bioavailability.

Algal decomposition and the importanceof phytate to the pool of bioavailable P insediments is discussed in the Transforma-tion section, which also examines fluvialprocesses and sediment transport inthree South American rivers. A paper onpotential P remobilization, resultingfrom decreasing acidity in an acid minepit lake, highlights the importance ofmetal-organic complexes for P adsorp-tion in sediments.

The Transport and Fluxes section coverstopics related to the importance of in-lake processes (e.g., diffusive flux,sedimentation) for P dynamics duringlate stratification and early mixingtransition, impact of macrozoobenthoson pore water heterogeneity, and nutri-ent dynamics in streams draining agricul-tural catchment in Argentina.

The last section discusses how somemacrophyte species adapted toP-limiting conditions are capable ofutilizing sediment P even from lesslabile fractions through symbiosis withmycorrhizal fungi or exuding organicacids present in their roots.

Overall, this book is an exhaustive reviewof current research on sediment phos-phate biogeochemistry. It is not in-tended for a general audience, but is avaluable reference material forbiogeochemists, limnologists and otheraquatic scientists involved in studies ofnutrient dynamics in aquatic ecosystems.I would strongly recommend it as anacquisition for a library of any institutioninvolved in research and management ofwater resources.

Tatiana MayerNational Water Research InstituteEnvironment Canada, CanadaE-mail: [email protected]

Lake Hiidenvesi - StudiesOn a Clay-turbid andEutrophic Multi-basin LakeEdited by S. Repka and coordinated byJukka Horppila 232 pp., 2005 Advances inLimnology 59, E. Schweizerbart’scheVerlagsbuchhandlung,GermanyISBN 3-510-47061-3, € 54.00

This special issue summarises resultsfrom a comprehensive cross-institutionaland multi-discipline five year study of theFinnish Lake Hiidenvesi - headed byJukka Horppila, University of Helsinki.Included are 13 original papers by anumber of authors and an introductionand summary, the latter two authored bythe project leader. The topics includedare diatoms in inlet streams (perhapssomewhat misplaced in this issue), in-lakestudies of sedimentation andresuspension, bacterial production,


comprehensive studies on zooplanktonand pelagic invertebrate predatorabundance and behaviour, and fishabundance, distribution, behaviour anddiet choice. Special focus is on thetemporal variation on a diel scale of fish,fish diet and plankton. This study is ofparticular interest as it deals with trophicdynamics in a special lake type – clay-turbid lakes – and provides fresh and newinsight into the growing body of studiesof trophic dynamics of lakes. It showshow the higher background turbidityfavors invertebrate predators (at leastduring part of the season), such asChaoborus and Leptodora as they can usethe turbidity as a refuge against theirpredators (fish), with cascading effectson zooplankton. For example, Chaoborusoccurs in high densities in the waterduring daytime despite high densities offish. It also shows how clay turbidityaffects the fish community, disfavoringroach and enhancing cannibalism. Alsothe dynamics and mortality of fish duringwinter are studied in detail. The issuefurthermore includes interesting studieson the role of emergent and floating-leaved plants as a refuge for zooplanktonand lake stability, these plants being thedominant vegetation as the high turbidityprevents extensive growth of submergedmacrophytes. It appears that emergentand floating-leaved plants act as a refugefor zooplankton and substrate for plant-associated forms with lowerphytoplankton biomass as a result andthat they further reduce resuspension,promote sedimentation and lead toreduced phosphorus release from thesediment. The study further deals withmanagement aspects and it is concludedthat biomanipulation is likely a less usefulmethod to restore clay-turbid lakes thanlakes where turbidity is dominated byphytoplankton. In summary, an interest-ing set of papers (well synthesized byJukka Horppila) - worth reading forscientists interested in trophic dynamics,fish, plankton and management of lakes.

Erik JeppesenNational Environmental ResearchInstitute and University of Aarhus,Denmark

2006

Calendar of Events

54th Annual Meeting of the NorthAmerican Benthological Society4 - 9 June 2006Anchorage, Alaska, USA

Additional information is posted onSociety website: http://www.benthos.org

The 5th Conference of the AquaticBirds Working Group of the Interna-tional Association of Limnology“Limnology and Waterbirds 2006”26 - 30 August 2006Eger, Hungary

Web site: http://aquabird.ektf.hu/

Contacts:Sándor AndrikovicsDepartment of ZoologyEszterházy College of EducationH-3300 Eger Leányka utca 6., HungaryPhone: 36 36 520-462; Fax: 36 36 520-462E-mail: [email protected]

Joseph KerekesEnvironment CanadaDartmouth, Nova Scotia B3M 2X9CanadaPhone: 1 902 426-6356;Fax: 1 902 426-4457E-mail: [email protected]

2007SIL2007 in Montréal.Preparations for the next SIL Congressin Montreal are continuing. The localorganizing committee is workingtowards an exciting scientific programwith several special sessions as well as aseries of excursions. Please visit thecongress’ website for more completeinformation and updates at http://www.uqam.ca/SIL2007

Symposium for European FreshwaterSciences 5 (SEFS5)July 8-13, 2007University of PalermoItalian Association for Oceanologyand LimnologyFreshwater Biological Association

SEFS is Europe’s largest forum forfreshwater science, which brings togetherscientists from numerous aquatic disci-plines. Symposia are held every two years,in a different European city on eachoccasion. The series is coordinated by theFreshwater Biological Association (FBA)in collaboration with other limnologicalAssociations of European countries.Congress’ website at http://www.sefs5.it

Contact:Luigi Naselli-FloresDepartment of Botanical SciencesUniversity of PalermoI-90123 Palermo, ItalyPhone: +39 091 6230244Fax: +39 091 6238203Email: [email protected]

Speciation in Ancient Lakes - 4(SIAL-4)4 - 8 September 2006Berlin, Germany

Contact:Prof. Dr. Frank Riedel,Chairman and [email protected]: +49-30-838-70-283

The Tenth International Symposiumon Aquatic Oligochaeta16 - 26 October 2006The Institute of HydrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesWuhan, China

Inquiries should be sent to both of thefollowing email addresses:[email protected] [email protected]

Official symposium website: http://www.ihb.ac.cn/isao2006/index.htm;Mirror: http://www.inhs.uiuc.edu:80/~mjwetzel/ISAOBdir.html

Contact:Dr. Hongzhu Wang, D.Sc.Associate ProfessorInstitute of HydrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesHubei, Wuhan 430072People’s Republic of ChinaPhone: +86 27 87647719Fax: +86 27 87647664E-mail: [email protected]


SIL OfficersPRESIDENT

Gene LikensInstitute of Ecosystem Studies

Box ABMillbrook, New York 12545, USAE-mail: [email protected]

EXECUTIVE VICE-PRESIDENTS

Winfried LampertMax-Planck-Institut für Limnologie

Postfach 165D-24302 Plön

GermanyE-mail: [email protected]

Brian MossSchool of Biological Sciences

Derby BuildingThe University of Liverpool

P.O. Box 147Liverpool L69 3BX

Great BritainE-mail: [email protected]

Chris GordonDepartment of Zoology

University of GhanaLegon, Accra

GhanaE-mail: [email protected]

ACTING GENERAL SECRETARYAND TREASURER

William M. Lewis, Jr.Professor and DirectorCenter for Limnology

216 UCB, CIRESBoulder, CO 80309-0216, USA

E-mail: [email protected]

EDITOR-IN-CHIEF

John R. JonesFisheries and Wildlife Sciences

School of Natural Resources302 Natural Resources Building

University of MissouriColumbia, Missouri 65211-7240, USA

E-mail: [email protected]

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Documents

In This Issue - NUI Galway · 2007-10-24 · Limnology In Developing Countries Volume 4..... 6 The Lakes Handbook, Volume II. Lake Restoration and Rehabilitation..... 9 Phosphates