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Department of Wildlife ConservationNo. 811/A, Jayanthipura Road, Battaramulla, Sri Lanka.

Tel: +94 11 288 8585 Fax: +94 11 288 3355E-mail: director@dwc.gov.lk

www.dwc.gov.lk

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VisionConservation of wildlife heritage for present and

future generations.

Mission Working with others to ensure

conservation of wildlife heritage through professional management.

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{pÌþ tdtpyq;F December 2012 Vol. 8 No.1

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{pÌþ tdtpyq;F Wildlife »n~¥KtM 2012 »{†v 8 R¹Y 1 khu;fop 2012 8k; ,jopd; ,y 1 December 2012 Vol. 8 No.1

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The ‘Wildlife’ is the first journal to be published in tri-lingual Sinhala, Tamil & English in the area of wildlife conservation in Sri Lanka.i

MASW1 – Ministry of Agrarian Services and Wildlife | DWC2 – Department of Wildlife Conservation | DDVSM3 - Deputy Director Visitor Services Management | DDR&T4 - Deputy Director Research and Training

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A Peacock (Pavo cristatus) at Yala National Park

Ur»nŠ|Y vj‰hzx MNyhrid rig Advisory Board

Eng. Udeni Wickremasinghe – Secretary for MASW1

H. D. Ratnayake – Director General of DWC2

Saman Fernando – Director Administration of DWC2

H. D.Weerasiri – Director Finance of DWC2

W. S. K. Pathirathna – Director Operations of DWC2

Dr. Tharaka Prasad – Director Wildlife Health of DWC2

S. R. B. Disanayake – DDVSM3 of DWC2 P. M. Dhramathileke – DDR&T4 of DWC2

~¹~ˆY£yY Mrpupah; Editor

Hasini Sarachchandra

~¹~ˆY£yY vj‰hzx Mrpupau;fs; rig Editorial Board

P. K. P. M. Pradeep KumaraRohitha GunawardenaSamantha WickramaratnaSamantha Kumara GamageSandamal Rashmi Sri Buddhika

~¹~ˆY£yY Ur»nŠ|Y MNyhrf Mrpupah;; Consultant Editor

Vidya Abhayagunawardena

r‹frl‰ ~¹~ˆY£yY{y¥ ciu Mrpupah;fs; Copy Editors

Premakumara de Silva R. SrikanthanRukie Salgado Markus Seibel Fareena RuzaikChinthaka RanasinghaNimal GunathilkeM. A. M. IsthikarRomano Pereira

rù{MlY{y¥ nkhopngah;g;ghsh;fs; Translators

Niluka SubramaniamS. SivagurunathanA. M. M. Ziyad Sanath GunawardenaFareena RuzaikShyaman HemakodyPrashanthi Arampola

ëMv£j ~ƒ b£x£y¦rYyjx Gifg;glk; Photography and Design

Rohitha Gunawardena

Y£f§p‰ Çl² |Œzˆrš Nfypr; rpj;jpu tiuGdu; Cartoonist

Samantha Kumara Gamage

r²Y£|jx ntspaPL Published by

Publicity Unit Department of Wildlife Conservation of Sri Lanka

ISSN 1391-8761

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Understanding Crocodiles and their Behavior.By S.R.B. Dissanayake, S. Wijeyamohan & Charles Santiapillai

Väddas, Wildlife and Forest Resources: A Socio-Anthropoligical View.By Premakumara de Silva

Property Rights Perspective in Wetland Conservation: An experience from Bundala National Park (BNP) Ramsar Wetland, Sri Lanka. By M.G.C.Sooriyabandara

Sri Lanka’s Biodiversity. By Jayantha Jayewardene

A Model Patient–“Namal”. By Dr. B. Vijitha Perera

Global Climate Change and its Impact on Forest and Wildlife - A Reference to Sri Lanka. By Vidya Abhayagunawardena

The Art and Techniques of Wildlife Photography. By Rohitha Gunawardena

A Rare Sighting of a Sri Lankan Sloth Bear [Melursus ursinus]at Yudaganapitiya, Wasgomuwa National Park, Wilgamuwa, Sri Lanka.By Sumangala Rajapakse

“Journey Across Wilpattu Wilderness”. By Christy Kakuluthotuwage.

[²p‰m ývM|p Ehy; tpku;rdk; Book Reviews

{pÌþ tdtpyq;F Wildlife rf¨p cs;slf;fk; Contents»n~¥KtM 2012 »{†v 8 R¹Y 1 khu;fop 2012 8k; ,jopd; ,y 1 December 2012 Vol. 8 No.1

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The views expressed in Wildlife journal are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Department of Wildlife Conservation of Sri Lanka

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A popular wildlife tourist area called Patanangala overlooking the Indian ocean is located within the

Yala National Park in Sri Lanka.

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Dear Reader,

The Department of Wildlife Conservation (DWC) is one of the leading government institutions to protect the bio-diversity in Sri Lanka. The DWC is vested with considerable power under the Fauna and Flora Protection Ordinance No.2 of 1937 to protect and conserve the fauna and flora of Sri Lanka. The DWC has an utmost duty to utilize wildlife resources wisely for the needs of present generation, as well as to protect and conserve them for future generations. With the ongoing rapid development process in the country, the major challenge for the DWC is to engage in the maximum utilization of resources without any conflicting interests.

According to the development policy of “Mahinda Chinthana” of His Excellency the President of Sri Lanka, the hope of the DWC today is to create sustainable development bonding with soil, animal and trees. The DWC has developed its future plans accordingly.

Our ability to provide space to the elephant, the biggest animal on the land in a small island like Sri Lanka, can be considered as a gift of nature we received. We should be happy for our ability to provide a natural habitat for 10 percent of Asian elephant population. The DWC has drawn its attention to reduce the economic damage caused by wild elephants by creating a close relationship between the human and the elephant, and also to protect humans while conserving the elephant.

Wildlife conservation and nature is a mutual relationship; however, we cannot forget eco tourist activities. The DWC is able to regulate environmental tourism to an income generating avenue for the country and thereby give a new boost to the Sri Lankan economy. DWC is carrying out a vast national task by protecting the areas of water resource generation which are useful for hydroelectricity, irrigation and agriculture.

I take this opportunity to wish that the annual publication of the “Wildlife” Journal of DWC becomes an educational journal that receives the attention of local and foreign readers, who can thereby widen their knowledge of Sri Lanka’s wildlife conservation.

H. D. Ratnayake Director GeneralDepartment of Wildlife Conservation of Sri Lanka.

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Director General’s Message

Dear Reader,

Compared to other countries, Sri Lanka is a small island, rich with natural resources. Additionally Sri Lanka ranks high in rich bio-diversity in the world. Department of Wildlife Conservation (DWC) is one of the leading institutes to protect natural resources for future generations in Sri Lanka. And also DWC is a guardian for 14per cent of country’s land. DWC is carrying out a yeoman service for the country by protecting the Flora and Fauna Protection Ordinance No.2 of 1937 and one of the major goals of DWC is to protect the wildlife today for future generations through advocating and encouraging the younger generation. Under these circumstances, the “Wildlife” Journal is launched to achieve these goals.

“Wildlife” is published on an annual basis, and the current issue, Volume 8th includes more features when compared with the progress that has been made after the journal was launched and we can be proud of this achievement. Since Volume 7 of “Wildlife” is published tri-lingually (Sinhala, Tamil and English), the journal would undoubtedly be helpful for readers to gain awareness about the subject of wildlife in Sri Lanka. In this volume most of the articles are published with abstracts in the official languages of Sri Lanka (either Sinhala or Tamil), thus enabling many to read and understand the articles in the journal. “Wildlife” Journal is the only journal published tri-lingually in Sri Lanka in the area of wildlife conservation.

I take this opportunity to extend my gratitude and appreciation for the voluntary support rendered by the consultant editor Vidya Abhayagunawardena, and the copy editors and translators for their support to produce this attractive “Wildlife” journal.

I appreciate the support from the Director General H. D. Ratnayake and Deputy Director S. R. B. Disanayake of DWC who extended their fullest support as advisors to the Editorial Board of the journal. Your comments will be highly appreciated and it will help to improve the next volume of “Wildlife”.

Hasini Sarachchandra Editor “Wildlife”Department of Wildlife Conservation of Sri Lanka.

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~¹~ˆY£yY»[‰ rÚ{§hxMrpupaupd; nra;jp

Editor’s Message

{pÌý ~¹yY‰}j »nr£Ml»Kp‰lª{ xf»l‰ r{Üp yY‰}‹l r±»nŠ|.

tdrPtuhrpfs; ghJfhg;Gj; jpizf;fyj;jpw;F fPo; ghJfhf;fg;gl;l gpuNjrk;.

Protected Areas Under the Department of Wildlife Conservation.

ƒ¥q™p‰þv - Introduction

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1938 »rty{£ù v~ ~‹f ~¥l‰l¦ r~ˆ {~yY‰ Ü~ˆ»~ˆ ýY£|xf zY‰ {« |²š z¹Y£»N {pÌþ yY‰}‹l c£z»xˆ r±o£p ryv£Mm ƒ£ A v[Œp‰ Rr y»G c£ÜY R£MÞYxf zt£ »np àxYl‰{x ýv~šv »vv z‹r‹»xˆ Ryv¨j »{õ.

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{pÌþ yY‰}‹l{z r±o£p ryv£Mmxp‰ - The Main Objectives of the Wildlife Protected Areas

{p~l‰{ nhxv »Y£p‰»nŠ~‹ ~ƒŒl tzrl² Y²vxYf xfl‰ »Y£f ýévl‰ Ãúvï²l£p³ r£zp ~vx lª…, “Rp‰ly Yz£r” {M[xf Rxl‰ y¿}‹l »vv Ryv¨j R¥Ü{ r±Y£|f rl‰ »YùÚ. r~¨ Y»zY »vv {M[xf Rxl‰ {pÌþ y¿}‹l »{pl‰ {M[{zf »ryz£ {p ~lªp‰ nhxv ~qƒ£ tzrl² ëYªl‰ Ãúv v¨ûvëp‰v R»ƒ¤~‹ »Yy¥Ú.

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|²š z¹Y£»N Y¯}‹YMv£p‰lx, cz ýãz‹x ër¥x¨v, ~¹a£yY YMv£p‰lx

ƒ£ ~¥l‰l¦r~ˆ ýx ~r§yp {pÌþ y¿}‹l c£zx. [£ñÛ ýËl‰ ~vy»Y¤p‰

(Celebrating 75 Years of Wildlife Protected Network and it's Contribution to Agriculture, Hydro-electricity and the Tourism Industry in Sri Lanka. By Gamini Vijith Samarakoon)

Kanneliya Waterfall

,e;j fl;Liuapd; Nehf;fk;> ,yq;ifapy; ghJfhf;fg;gl;l tdrPtuhrpfs; tiyaikg;gpD}lhf tptrhak;> ePu; kpd; rf;jp kw;Wk; Rw;Wyhf; ifj;njhopy; eltbf;iffs; vd;gd vt;thW ed;ikaile;Js;sd vd;gJ gw;wp fye;JiuahLtJk;> gFg;ghuha;tJkhFk;. 1937 Mk; Mz;bd; jhtu> tpyq;F ghJfhg;Gf; fl;lisr; rl;lk; ghJfhf;fg;gl;l tdrP-tuhrpfs; tiyaikg;gpdJ Nehf;fk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;lijaLj;J> 1938 Mk; Mz;L ngg;utup khjk; Kjy;; ghJfhf;fg;gl;l tiyaikg;ghdJ ,yq;ifapy; tpupTg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,e;jf; fl;Liu NkYk; 'ghJfhf;fg;gl;l tdrPtuhrpfs; tiyaikg;G" ,d; ghJfhf;fg;gl Ntz;ba vQ;rpa gFjp njhlh;ghf Muha;fpdwJ. mj;NjhL ,J njhlh;ghf tdrPtuhrpfs; ghJfhg;G jpizf;fskhdJ ngUk;gzp Mw;wptUtjld;> ,NjNghd;W vjpu;fhyj;jpYk; njhlu;e;J jkJ Nritia Kd;ndLg;gjw;F rfyuJ cjtpi-aAk; vjph;g;ghh;f;fpd;wJ.

c£ÜY R£MÞYxf àxYl‰{x - Contribution for National Economy

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|²š z¹Y£»N {pÌþ y¿}‹l{z v¨û {r~ù»xp‰ 55% Y‰ c£ÜY Un³£p {p Rly Rux u®ñ ~‹xzˆz WY‰{ [l‰Y… 35% Ã. »vv {M[ »nYfv Rxl‰ {pÌþ y¿}‹l lª… ~¹a£yY YMv£p‰lx ~qƒ£ ìÜvx ShYh r{Üp Rly A Rp§{ {pÌþ y¿}‹l{z‹p‰ 90% Yv ~¹a£yY YMv£p‰lx ƒ£ Rà… »~ˆ{£ ~ƒ rƒ~¨YK ~¥rö»K R{~ˆm£{ r{Ý. {Mlv£p»xƒŒ c£ÜY Un³£p lª… rvjY‰ ~¹a£yY rƒ~©YK ~¥z~š R¥Ü Rly 2011 {M}x lª… Wõp‰ zn v¨û R£àxv y¥r‹xzˆ ñz‹xp 545 Ã.

Rp£[lx »n~ t¥zšv - Vision for the Future

Sƒl Yy¥j© ~zY£ t¥zš»K nŸ r¥ƒ¥n™z‹{p {¥n[l‰v Yy¥j {p‰»p‰ |²š z¹Y£»N {pÌý y¿}‹l c£zx ~ˆm£r‹l{ R¥l‰»l‰ {p~lªp‰f ƒ£ [~ˆ{¥zˆ{zf ÷Y{yjx ~¥rö»K ryv£Mm»xp‰v rvpY‰ »p£{, c£ÜY R£MÞYxf RÜ ý|£z àxYl‰{xY‰ zt£ »np »{pl‰ {¥n[l‰ ryv£Mm ÷~Y‰ n »Y‰p‰æ»Y£f »[p t{õ.

{pÌþ y¿}‹l Y…vp£Yyj»xƒŒ ƒ¥f{~yY‰ SY‰v{p rz r§y¥nŠnY‰ R¥Ü {pÌþ ~¹y¿}j »nr£Ml»Kp‰lª{ »{l Wv ryv£Mm ƒ£ [¥z»rp ýn³£l‰vY Y…vp£YyjxY‰ ~qƒ£ {§{vp£ ~‹xû áp§v ƒ£ Yª~zl£ r{Üp Rly ~‹ãýx x¨lª{ R¥l‰»l‰ A ~qƒ£ Sh ƒ~y zt£nŸvf Rà… R»pYªl‰ ~‹xû r£M|‰{ ëM»z¤u› þvõ.

Gamini Vijith Samarakoon is an Assistant Director at Wildlife Training Centre in Giritale of Department of Wildlife Conservation (DWC) of Sri Lanka. Samarakoon joined DWC in 1981 as a Trainee Range Assistant. He has served in Kumana,Yala and Wilpatthu major wildlife reserves in previously.

Samarakoon published several books and various articles related to wildlife and a regular contributor for the Wildlife journal. Samarakoon received a special diploma in Wildlife Management from the Wildlife Institute of India and also attended several training programmes in abroad. He can be reached at gaminievijith@gmail.com

ƒ¥q™p‰þv - Introduction

»z¤Y»xˆ r…v¨{p c£ÜY Un³£px »z~ S܃£~ [lþ R¥l‰»l‰ R¥vùY£»N »x»z¤~ˆ»f¤p‰ (Yellowstone) c£ÜY Un³£pxõ. »x»z¤~ˆ»f¤px c£ÜY Un³£pxY‰ {«»xˆ 1872 {M}»xˆ nŸ x. Wv c£ÜY Un³£px Yy R¥l‰»l‰ ƒ¨»nY‰ {pÌþp‰ ƒ£ ~¨ý»|‰}u®ýn³£l‰vY zY‰}j r£nY Yy[ëñë. W»ƒl‰ R{§y¥ã nƒ~ˆ [jpYf »ry£lª{v »z¤Y»xˆ r±mv Ruxu®ñx »z~ ñƒŒp‰lzx r±Y£|xf rl‰ Yyp§ z¥ð x. »z¤Y»xˆ r…v¨{p Ruxu®ñx, »nŠ{£pK r‹xÜ~ˆ~ yclªv£»[‰ ~v»xˆnŸ r±Y£|xf rl‰ Yyp§ z¥t¬ ñƒŒp‰lzxõ. A R£~p‰p {|»xp‰ ò~ˆlª r«M{ 247 nŸ rvjx. Wl¥p‰ rfp‰ t¨ãnƒv r£nY »Y£f[l‰ »vyf {pÌþ ~¹yY‰}jx ýýo yc{y¥p‰ xf»l‰ |Y‰Üvl‰ þx. W»ƒl‰ |²š z¹Y£»N yY‰}‹l r±»nŠ| ~Ktp‰o{ »ƒ¤ »K y»G ~¹yY‰}j S܃£~x tfƒŒy c£Üp‰f RvlY þ R¥l. »vyf {p£p‰ly ƒ£ {pÌþp‰ ýp£| þv R£yKu{«»xˆ xfl‰ ýËl ~v»xˆ nŸ x. {lª R£MÞYx ƒ¼ãp‰{£ »nñp‰ {p ýp£|x R£yKu Y… Rly {p~lªp‰ r…‹»t¤oYõp‰ »z~ ~¥zÃÚ. {p ýp£|»xˆ R£nŸp{ r~¨ Y»zY »FK~ˆ »fpp‰G {£Ml£»{p‰ ƒ¼ãp£[l‰ ~¨ã c£ÜY»x¤ Wxf ý~¼ãK {|»xp‰ Rjrpl‰ »[p R£ƒ.

|²š z¹Y£»N {p Un³£p ìÜ[l Ãúv R£yKux - Initiation of Legalising of Sri Lanka's National Parks

Wv Rj rpl‰ xf»l‰ |²š z¹Y£»N r…v¨{p c£ÜY Un³£px 1938 {M}»xˆ nŸ ìÜ[l Yyj© z¥t¬ x£z c£ÜY Un³£pxõ. »K {p ýf ý~‹ »n{p c£ÜY Un³£px »z~ Rp§y£or§y n™~ˆÜ²Y‰Y»xˆ »ƒ£»y£N»r£l£p c£ÜY Un³£px r±Y£|xf rl‰Yy R¥l. c£ÜY Un³£p ƒ¨»nY‰ r±Y£|xf rl‰ Yy[p¨»xˆ [ƒ»Y£… {p~lªp‰ ƒ£ ~l£ ~‹{§r£{£ R£yY‰}£ Yy[¥ì»K UlªK ryv£Mm»xë. 1992 nŸ r¥{¥Ü »z¤Y ñƒŒlz ~v¨†»N nŸ »z¤Y»xˆ ~‹xûv c£Ýƒ¨ Üy~£y ~¹{Mopx ~qƒ£ p{ r±ÐrˆÜxY‰ ~qƒ£ Rl‰~p‰ l¥t¬ƒ. A Rp§{ ~‹xû ycxp‰ yY‰}‹l r±»nŠ| Y…vp£Yyjx Y… x¨lª{p‰»p‰ ~¹yY‰}jx Üy~£y u£ýlx ƒ£ ~v£p »z~ r±Üz£u »tàƒà [¥ì»K Y²v»Nnxp‰ ƒyƒ£x. A Rp§{ »vlª{Y‰ Yzˆ c£ÜY Un³£p »z~ pK »p£Yy {§{n R{§y¥ã nƒ~ˆ [jpY ~¹yY‰}j ~¹~ˆY¯ÜxYf ƒŒñYK nY‰{p |²š z£¹ÃYxp‰f Üy~£y u£ýlx ƒ£ ~v£p »z~ r±Üz£u »tà ƒà [¥ì»K Y²v»Nnxp‰ r‹…‹tq{ Rv¨lª»{p‰ S[¥p‰ýx x¨lª p¥l. »Y»~ˆ {lª ã ýýo Rjrpl‰ ƒ£ ìÜúÝ ƒv¨»N »K {p ýf “~¹yY‰}jx” »{p§{f ~ˆ{u£ýY ~Krl‰ Y…vp£Yyj»xƒŒ ëx¨Y‰l ëzo£úp‰ ƒ¨»nY‰ “R£yY‰}j, Y£MxxY‰ rvjY‰ ~‹ãYyp ëzo£úp‰ t{f rl‰ þ R¥l.

rù~y ƒŒlY£ò ~¹a£yY {³£r£yx - Ecotourism Industry

xf Ä ñƒŒlz ~v¨†{ ƒ£ WƒŒ Ýyj ~¥zÄ»K nŸ c£ÜY Un³£p{z nŸ UàYy n™x ƒ¥Ã Üy~£y u£ýlx ~¹a£yY Yfx¨lª rv»jÃ. ~¹a£yY Yfx¨lª l{l‰ R£Y£yxf RMm [p‰{ñp‰ Wx ~qƒp‰ Yyp§»xˆ “rù~y ƒŒlY£ò ~¹a£yY {³£r£yx” (Ecotourism) {|»xë. rù~y ƒŒlY£ò ~¹a£yY {³£r£yx òx£l‰vY Ãúvf Rr ~vl‰ n ? A r‹…‹tq ãMvl Rrvjx, r±o£p Yªûj© lªpY‰ vl r£ù~ùY ~¹a£yY YMv£p‰lx »[£hp¥[› R¥l. WpK {[ÄvY‰ ~ƒŒl{ xK ~ˆ{u£{ ~ˆm£pxYf ~¹ayjx Ãúv, Wv ~¹ayjx ~ˆ{u£ýY ~Krl‰ ~¹yY‰}jxf àxY þv ƒ£ A R{f cpl£{»[‰ ~¨u~£opx ~‹ãþv R£nŸ {|»xë. »vƒŒ nŸ ý»|‰} {p‰»p‰ yY‰}‹l r±»nŠ|xY‰ R{f cpl£{»[‰ ~¨t~£opx ~¹a£yY Yfx¨lª ƒyƒ£ ~‹ãYyzšvõ. WpK X{§p‰ ~v[ ~¹a£yY YMv£p‰l»xˆ r±Üz£u »tà ƒà [l x¨lªx.

|²š z¹Y£{ lª… r±Y£|Œl c£ÜY Un³£p [jp ý~‹ »nYÃ. v¦l

~¹a£yY YMv£p‰lxY‰ ~qƒ£ R{|³ »~ˆ{£{p‰ ƒ£ rƒ~¨YK ~¥rõÚ.

• |²š z¹Y£»N Y¯}‹YMv£p‰lx, cz ýãz‹x ër¥x¨v ƒ£ ~£v£p³ cpÌýlx ~qƒ£ czx ~rxp r±o£pv [¹[£{p‰»[‰ Sƒ… cz£o£y r±»nŠ| n™[ª Y£zšp{ R£y¿}£ Yy[¥ìvvƒ{¥z‹, Y†, Y¥zÚ ƒ£ {z»N [¹[£{p‰»[‰ Sƒ… cz£o£y »r»n~ˆ »ƒ¤fp‰ l¥p‰p c£ÜY Un³£px ƒ£ |²š r£n Rhýx (ršY‰ ýzˆhMp~ˆ) ~ˆ{u£{ y¿}‹lx v[Œp‰ R£yY‰}£ »Y»M.

• |²š z¹Y£»N òx£l‰vY Yyp zn vƒ£rùv£p, tƒ¨Y£Mx ~¹{Mop »x¤cp£ Y²v xf»l‰ R¥ÜYyp zn cz£|xp‰»[‰ cz »r¤}Y r±»nŠ| R£y¿}£ Ãúv.»~ˆp£p£xY ~v¨æx R¥lª† [zˆXx ëKp»xˆ c£z£|, Uh{z{ {³£r£yx xf»l‰ Sn™ Y… cz£|, vƒ{¥z‹ cz£| ƒ£ vƒ{¥z‹ cz»xp‰ »r¤}jx {p cz£| R¥lª† Y¯}‹YMv£p‰lx ƒ£ cz ýãz‹x ë}‰r£npx ~qƒ£ czx ~rxp ý|£z cz£| 40 Y‰ {pÌþ y¿}‹l c£zx lª… r‹ƒŒfõ.

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• ãzt {p~l‰{ ý»|‰}xp‰»[‰ ~ˆ{u£ýY {£~~ˆm£p n™[ªY£zšp{ R£y¿}£Yy [¥ìv|²š z¹Y£»N r{Üp Sl£ Sƒ… ~¹a£yY R£YM}jxY‰ R¥Ü {p Rz‹ [ƒpx ~qƒ£ r±|~ˆm ~ˆ{u£ýY {£~~ˆm£p {¥Õ r±v£jxY‰ r{Üp‰»p‰ {pÌþ y¿}‹l lª…x. W»vp‰v {p Rz‹p‰»[‰ ~¯lª azpx ~qƒ£ Rl³£{|³ RZj‰h {p£p‰ly ~tql£{xp‰ r{l‰{£ [p‰»p‰ n {pÌþ y¿}‹l ý~‹ë.

• ~¹~ˆY¯ÜY Uy¥vxp‰ R£|²‹l ~ˆ{£u£ýY rù~yx R£y¿}£Yy [¥ìv~š[Œùx, »r£»z£p‰py¥{, Rp§y£or§yx, ùÑ[z {¥ë ~¹~ˆY¯ÜY Uy¥vxp‰ R£|²‹l ~ˆ{u£ýY rù~yx R£y¿}£þv »vp‰v A R{f ShK u£ýlx ýévl‰ þv ~‹ã{ R¥l‰»l‰ n Wv »W܃£~‹Y Uy¥vxp‰ R¥lª…l‰ r±»nŠ| {pÌþ y¿}‹l »z~ r±Y£|xf rl‰Yy R£yY‰}£Yy [¥ìv »ƒ‰lª»{ë.

•»[£ýr… »t¤[ ƒ£ ~lªp‰»[‰ {pc nM| R£y¿}£ Yy [¥ìv»[£ýr… »t¤[ ƒ£ ~lªp‰ {¥Õ n™x¨j© Yy [¥ìv ~qƒ£ Ur»x¤[› Yy [l ƒ¥Ã U~~ˆ r±»NÚ z¿}j ~¥`{ r{Üp‰»p‰ A{£»xˆ {pc nM|xp‰ lª…x. x£z, [zˆ Xx, ùÑ[z {¥ë {pÌý y¿}‹l{z‹p‰ W{¥ë {zˆ þ, [Kñù~ˆ R£nŸ |£Y ý»|‰} »t£»ƒ¤ [jpY‰ ƒ¼ãp£»[p R¥l. A{£»xˆ U~~ˆ r±»NÚ zY‰}j v¨ƒ¨p‰ Yy »[£ýrz »t¤[ {¥Õ n™x¨j© Yy [¥ì»vp‰ »t£»ƒ¤ R£MÞY r±Üz£u z¥ïx ƒ¥Ãx.

{p y¿}‹l c£z»xƒŒ {r~ùx - The Extent of Wildlife Protected Network

{Mlv£p»xƒŒ |²š z¹Y£»N {pÌþ y¿}‹l c£z»xƒŒ v¨û {r~ùx, y»G v¨û ïK r±v£j»xp‰ 14% SY‰v{õ. »vv r±Ü|lx nYªj© R£~‹x£ÜY yf{zˆ Rly Sƒ…v R[xY‰ [p‰p£ Rly ënƒ~‹p‰ r~¨ vƒ£ rùv£p ~¹{Mop »x¤cp£ Y²v R£yKu Yyp zn ~¦v R{~ˆm£{Y nŸv A xf»l‰ Sn™Yyp zn cz£|xp‰»[‰ cz »r¤}Y r±»nŠ| n™[ª Y£zšp{ R£y¿}£ Yy [¥ìv ~qƒ£ {pÌþ y¿}‹l »z~ r±Y£|xf rl‰ Ãúv Tf »ƒ‰lª þ R¥l. {pÌþ y¿}‹l c£zx lª… R£y¿}£{ ztp vƒ{¥z‹ cz£|{z‹p‰ rvjY‰ |²š z¹Y£»N {£M}‹Y ~ƒzˆ ë}ˆr£np»xp‰ 22% Y‰ ~qƒ£ R{|³ czx ~¥r»xˆ.

»x»z¤~ˆ»f¤p»xˆ ~‹f »ƒ£»y£Nrl£pf. {~p‰l yl‰p£xY

(From Yellowstone to Horowpathana. By Wasantha Ratnayake)

Y£z»xˆ nŸ r²Y£|Œl c£ÜY Un³£px {p‰»p‰ »ƒ£»y£Nrl£p c£ÜY Un³£pxõ. c£ÜY Un³£p r±»nŠ|xY R£MÞY vo³~ˆm£pxY‰ ýx x¨lªx xp lMY»xˆ ~‹f Rrf Yfx¨lª Y… x¨lªx. WƒŒnŸ ~¹a£yY Yfx¨lª ƒ¨»nY‰ ~¹yY‰}j Y²v»NnxY‰ »z~ ~¥zÄv {Ò.

|²š z¹Y£{ ~qƒ£ rù~y ƒŒlY£ò ~¹a£yY YMv£p‰lxY R{|³l£{x - Need of Ecotourism Industry for Sri Lanka

rù~y ƒŒlY£ò ~¹a£yY Yfx¨lª{z r±Üz£u R{v r±v£j{z‹p‰ Rr‹ uªY‰Üýq™v¨. c£ÜY Un³£p R£|²‹l ~¹a£yY Yfx¨lª R£yKu Y… n™p»xˆ rfp‰ »vyf c£ÜY Un³£p{z ~¹a£yY Yfx¨lª ýýo£¹[›Yyjx þv Rzˆr {|»xp‰ ~‹ã þ R¥l. W»ƒõp‰ ~¹a£yYxp‰ R£YM}jx ƒ£ X{§p‰ A ƒyƒ£ ~¹yY‰}j»xˆ »Y£f~ˆYy¥{p‰ t{f rl‰Yy [¥ìv Sl£v Rzˆr {|»xp‰ ~‹ã þ R¥l. Rr l{vl‰ R£yY‰}j v£p~‹Yl‰{»xˆ Ì{l‰{p Rly ~¹yY‰}j»xˆ r±Üz£u R{f r±c£{ »{l zt£n™»K vp‰»n¤l‰~£ƒ»xˆ r~¨»{v¨. R{f r±c£{f yY‰}‹l r±»nŠ|»xp‰ r±Üz£u »p£z¥»tpl£Y‰Yzˆ X{§p‰ ƒ£ {pÌþ ëzo£úp‰f »t£»ƒ¤ ýf ~‹ã{p‰»p‰ »ƒ£y »r£z‹~ˆ »~zˆzvY ëylþvfx.

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»x»z¤~ˆ»f¤p»xˆ ~‹f »ƒ£»y£Nr£l£pf 32 {pÌþ tdtpyq;F Wildlife • December 2012 Vol. 8 No.1

»ƒ£‰Mfp‰ l¥p‰p c£ÜY Un³£p»xˆ »[¤»pY‰

N`hl;ld; rkntspapy; kiu

Sambar Deer (Cervus unicolor) at Horton Plains

Ãúvf »vyf v£M»[¤r»nŠ|Yxp‰f ƒ¥Ãx£{ R¥l. R£»ýÚY ~lªp‰ ƒ£ [ƒ»Y£… R»rˆ Uy¥vxp‰ »N. Rr ý~‹p‰ »K ýu{xp‰ ~Ktp‰o{ Ro³xp ~‹ãYy »p£v¥l. ~¹yY‰}jx r‹…‹tq{ ýýo ãMvl R¥l. »x»z¤~ˆ»f¤px »vp‰v »ƒ£»y£N»r£l£p c£ÜY Un³£pxf n ~¹a£yY ýu{xY‰ R¥l. W»ƒl‰ Rr‹ Wv ~¹a£yY ýu{x u£ýl »p£Yyñp‰ ~‹Ñv¨.

[¥ñ cp Ìýlx p[£ ~‹f§þvf Rl‰{¥zY‰ þv - Improve the Quality of Life for Rural Folk

y»G ~¹{Mop»xˆ nŸ ~¹a£yY YMv£p‰lxf ý|£z Y£Mx u£yxY‰ ~‹ãY… ƒ¥Y. yY‰}‹l r±»nŠ|xY‰ »{l ~¹a£yYxp‰ R¥nŸ A»KnŸ ~¹ë»Nnp, r±{£ƒp, »~°Z³ ÷Ä yY‰}£, »{…q ƒ£ R£MÞY R£nŸ {|»xp‰ ýýo »Y‰}‰l²xp‰»[‰ n™x¨j©{Y‰ tz£»r£»y£l‰lª ýx ƒ¥Y. ën~¨p‰ »z~ ýzˆrl‰lª{ ë~£ »p£DÇx£[vl‰, x£z ë~£ Ü~ˆ~vƒ£y£vxl‰, {~ˆ[v¨{ ë~£ ýzˆ[v¨{l‰ R£nŸ {|»xp‰ p[y n™x¨j© þ R¥l. »vx ~¹a£yY {³£r£y»x‰ r±Üz£uxÃ. »vv r±Üz£u »p£z¥t¨»j‰pK yY‰}‹l r±»nŠ| »K {p ýf [ªj£l‰vY u£{»xp‰ »Y»z~š R¥l. Tf »ƒ‰lª{p‰»p‰ »K {p ýf xK r±v£jxY r±Üz£u z¥t¨j n »vyf yY‰}‹l c£zxf r{l‰p£ lMcp l{ãyfl‰ rƒ{ »[£~ˆ »p£v¥Ü t¥ýë.

~¹a£yY Yfx¨lª òx£l‰vY Ãúvf ~v[£ò{ ýýo {³£r¯Ü ƒyƒ£ cpýƒ‹ãKYyj (Community outreach) {¥h~fƒp‰ òx£{f p¥¹{§{ n Wv {¥h~fƒp‰ n òx£l‰vY {p‰»p‰ {³£r¯Ü R£o£y z¥»tp l£Y‰Yzˆ rvjY‰ t{ v¦l S܃£~x r{£ »rì xõ. cpýƒŒãKYyjx ƒ¼ãp‰{£ »np§ z¥t¨»xˆ X{§p‰f R£MÞY r±Üz£u ýýo Ì{»p¤r£xp‰ ƒyƒ£ ƒ¼ãp‰{£ nŸ yY‰}‹l r±»nŠ|»xˆ ~‰{u£ýY ~Krl‰ vl ìÜ ý»y¤ê »ƒ¤ ìp³£p§Y®z x¥ršv R{v Ãúvfx. R»pY‰ Rlf ~¥t¦{fv ~¹a£yY Yfx¨lª{z r±Üz£u R{f r±c£{f z¥ð R¥l‰pK cpýƒŒãKYyj {¥h~fƒp‰ R{|³ »p£{p§ R¥l.

Rp£[l áY‰v - The Way Forward

W»ƒõp‰ c£ÜY Un³£p R£|²‹l ~¹a£yY ýu{xp‰ ë~‹ ƒ£ Üy~£y vGfvÃp‰ Rr ý~‹p‰ u£ýlxf »p£»[p R¥Ü Rly, yY‰}‹l r±»nŠ| R{f cpl£{»[‰ ~¨t~£opx ƒ£ R{f r±c£{ yY‰}‹l r±»nŠ| ~¹yY‰}j»xˆ »Y£f~ˆYy¥{p‰ t{f rl‰Yy[¥ìvf r±Ürl‰Üvx Ýyj [¥ìvf Y£zx W…¥w R¥l. ý»|‰}»xp‰v ~¹a£yY Yfx¨lª ýýo£¹[›Yyjx, ~¹a£yY rƒ~¨YK {¥Õn™x¨j© Ãúv ƒ£ c£ÜY Un³£p r‹…‹tq{ r±a£yx zt£nŸv Sl£ {¥n[l‰ x. W»~ˆ {§{»ƒ£l‰ yY‰}‹l r±»nŠ| c£zx |Y‰Üvl‰ {p‰p£ »~ˆv ~¹a£yYxp‰ »x»z¤~ˆ»f£‰p»xˆ ~‹f |²š z¹Y£»N v¦lY nŸ r±Y£|Œl »ƒ£»y£N»r£l£p c£ÜY Un³£pxfl‰ r¥ñ»jp§ R¥l.

rù|›zp [²p‰m: References:Department of Wildlife Conservation (DWC), 1937. Fauna and Flora Protection Ordinance (FFPO), Government Press, Colombo, Sri Lanka

Diamond, J.M. 1984. Biological Principles Relevant to Protected Area Design in the New Guinea Region, In: McNeely, JA & Miller, KR (Eds), National Parks, Conservation and Development: The Role of Protected Areas in Sustaining Society, IUCN/Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.

Elper Wood, M. 2000a. The Ecotourism Potential of Sri Lanka, The International Ecotourism Society. Unpublished report.

Elper Wood, M. 2002 . Ecotourism: Principles, Practices and Policies for Sustainability. New York, United Nations Publications.

IUCN 1980. World Conservation Strategy: Living Resource Conservation for Sustainable Development, IUCN/UNEP/WWF, Gland, Switzerland. 48 pp

IUCN (World Conservation Union) 2002. Sustainable Tourism in Protected Areas, Guidelines for Planning and Management, Cambridge, United Kingdom.

Perera N. & Kotagama, S. 2010. Moving Beyond the CBD’s 2010 Target- A Review on the Effectiveness of Fauna and Flora Protection Ordinance I Protected Area Establishment in Sri Lanka, In Proceedings of the Fifteenth International Forestry and Environment Symposium, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka. 26-27 November 2010, Published by Department of Forestry and Environmental Science, Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism, Anon 1, n.d. Tourism, viewed 25 March 2011.

http://www.ecoindia.com/education/international-standards.html, Anon 2 n.d. International Ecotourism Standards. viewed 30 April 2011.

Wasantha Rathnayake is a Dean of Faculty of Management Studies at Sabaragamuwa University (Sri Lanka). Rathnayake has published several research publications and articles in Sri Lanka and abroad in the subject areas of Plant Ecology, Forestry and Environmental Economics.

Rathnayake received a Bachelor of Science (BSc Hons) in Botany from the University of Kelaniya (Sri Lanka), master of science (MSc) in forestry and environmental management from the University of Sri Jayawardenapura (Sri Lanka). Rathnayake also received a postgraduate diploma in Wildlife Management from the Wildlife Institute of India and currently reading a Ph.D in Environmental Economics at the University of Sri Jayawardenapura. He can be reached at warath1@gmail.com

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c£ÜY Un³£p - National Parks

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i. a§p‰ÕYªzK c£ÜY Un³£px - Chundikulam National Park

Ulªy¥ r±»nŠ|»xˆ Ãz‹»p£DÇ, v¨zÜN ƒ£ x£rpx n™~ˆÜ²Y‰Y lª… r‹ƒŒÑ a§p‰ÕYªzK Rux u®ñxf Ulªy¥ r±»nŠ|»xˆ R¥Ü {pÌþ yY‰}‹l r±»nŠ| Rlùp‰ ~¨ý»|‰} ~ˆm£pxY‰ ƒŒñ »N. a§p‰ÕYªzK Rux u®ñxY‰ »z~ 1938 »rty{£ù v~ 25 {p n™p R¹Y 8356 [¥~G ë»Nnpx v[Œp‰ r±Y£|xf rl‰ Yy R¥Ü Rly WƒŒ v¨† {r~ùx »ƒY‰fx£y 11149 r±v£jxÃ.

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Ulªy¥ r…£»l‰ »x¤Ël p{ {pÌþ yY‰}‹l. v¹c§z Rvyyl‰p

(Proposed New Wildlife Reserves in the Northern Province. By Manjula Amararathna)

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ii. vh¨r£y c£ÜY Un³£px - Madu Road National Park

Ulªy¥ r…£»l‰ vp‰p£yv, v¨zÜN ƒ£ {Nëx£{ n™~ˆÜ²Y‰Y lª… r‹ƒŒÑ vh¨ Rux u®ñx WƒŒ R¥Ü »»c{ ýýo£l‰vY {¥n[l‰Yv »ƒ‰lª»{p‰ 1968 c§ë v~ 28 n™p R¹Y 14808 nyj [¥~G ë»Nnpx v[›p‰ {p Ìþ Rux u®ñxY‰ »z~ r±Y£|xf rl‰ Yy R¥l. A Rp§{ Ulªy¥ r±»nŠ|»xƒŒ R¥Ü {pÌþ yY‰}‹l r±»nŠ|{z‹p‰ ý|£zlv Rux uªñxY‰ {p‰»p‰ n vh¨r£y Rux u®ñxõ.

Ebony Tree at Horowpathana

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Kd;nkhopag;gl;Ls;s Gjpa tdrPtuhrpfs;

ruzhyaq;fs; gw;wpa Muha;fpd;wJ. UNDP kw;Wk; UNEP ,d; epjp kw;Wk; njopy; El;g

cjtpAld; 'tlf;fpd; tre;jk;" ,d; fPo;;

Muha;r;rpfs; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;ld. kj;jpa #oy;

mjpfhu rig kw;Wk; Njrpa ,lu; Kfhikj;Jt

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Eiothapyhf mikAk; tha;g;G gw;wpAk;

Muha;fpd;wJ.

Ulª»M p{ {pÌþ yY‰}‹l 7

vh¨r£y Rux u®ñx ýxz‹ ~àƒùl {p£p‰ly [pxf Rxl‰{p Rly WƒŒ l¥ëp‰l¥p r¼ãy¥ ~ƒŒl l¯j ïK nY‰pf R¥l. W»ƒõp‰ »vv r±»nŠ|»xƒŒ {pRzšp‰ ý|£z ~¹Z³£{Y‰ ~¥ù~yp§ nY‰pf ƒ¥Ã Rly »vƒŒ R¥Ü l{l‰ ~¨ý»|‰}l‰{xY‰ {p§»xˆ ýzˆrl‰lª c£ÜY Un³£p»xˆ ~‹f »x¤o{¥{ Rux u®ñx ƒ£ {NëYªzK Rux u®ñx nY‰{£ ýƒŒ»np Rz‹ ~¹Y²vëY v£M[x vh¨ Rux u®ñx ƒyƒ£ {¥Ò Üðvõ.

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Jaffna Lagoon

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A Rp§{ vh¨r£y Rux u®ñ»xƒŒ R¥Ü r£zKr‹j‰Õ, ~¨zõpvypvh¨ {¥ë [Kv£p ƒ£ ~¹{Mél »Y£f~ˆ S{l‰ Yy Rux u®ñ vGf»K ~‹f c£ÜY Un³£p vGfv nY‰{£ »ƒY‰fx£y 63067.39 Y r±v£jxY‰ ~¹yY‰}‹l ll‰{»xp‰ U~~ˆ Ãúvf Ulªy¥ r…£»l‰ Y²»v¤r£õY r£ù~ùY R¥[õv v[Œp‰ Ýyjx Yyp znŸ.

iii. »hzˆ‡‰ c£ÜY Un³£px - Delft National Sancturary

|²š z¹Y£»N Ulªy¥ r…£»l‰ x£rpx n™~ˆÜ²Y‰Y»xˆ »hzˆ‡‰ r±£»nŠ|›x »zˆYK »Y£Gg£~x lª… r‹ƒŒÑ »hzˆ‡‰ ãrl »»c{ ýýol‰{x

æýh u£}£»{p‰ n™[ª ärl xp »l‰y¥v »[p »np “»pãp‰ÜN” xp pñp‰ n ƒ¼ãp‰{p§ ztp »vx r¯lª[›~‹p‰ ý~‹p‰ r±mv»xp‰ R£Y²vjx Yyp zn Rly X{§ƒ¨ »vx “Szˆƒ£ n~ˆ {£Y~ˆ’ xp pñp‰ ƒ¥q™p‰{«ƒ. Sp‰ r~¨ »vv ärl zp‰»nŠ~‹p‰»[‰ R£érl³xf plª {« Rly X{§p‰ ý~‹p‰ »vx {Mlv£p»xˆ nŸ n u£ýl Yyp§ ztp “»hzˆ‡‰” xp pñp‰ pK Yyp znŸ. »ƒY‰fx£y 4717 Y {M[ szxÃp‰ x¨l‰ »vv är»l‰ cp£{£~ »p£v¥Ü nYªj© »Y£f»~ˆ yc»xˆ ShK{z‹p‰ »ƒY‰fx£y 1846 Y‰ c£ÜY Un³£pxY‰ »z~ r±Y£|xf rl‰ Ãúvf »x¤Ël Rly A ~qƒ£ r±£»nŠ|›x ~u£{ ƒ£ cpl£{ n WY` t{ Rn£… r±»nŠ|»xˆ r±£»nŠ|›x »zˆYK r{~õ.

»hzˆ‡‰ c£ÜY Un³£px r±Y£|xf rl‰ Ãú»K v¬z‹Y Ryv¨j {p§»xˆ |²š z¹Y£{ lª… Y¥z¦ R|‰{xp‰ ~ˆ{u£ýY{ áÃx ƒ¥Ã WYv ~ˆm£px »vp‰v »z£{ Y¥z¦ R|‰{xp‰ áÃx ƒ¥Ã ~ˆm£p Rl»…£~ˆ»~p‰ WYY‰ þvn, nYªj© n™[ »{y… Ýy¥»N »nŠ|›x ƒ£ ~¹a£yY Yªy¥z‰zp‰ tƒ¨z{ áÃx ƒ¥Ã þv ƒ£ ~ˆ{u£ýY »Y£yzˆ ry r‹ƒŒf£ Üðvl‰ Wv r±»nŠ|x c£ÜY Un³£pxY‰ t{f »l¤y£ [¥ìvf l{l‰ »ƒ‰lª{Ã.

W»vp‰v »x¤Ël »hzˆ‡‰ c£ÜY Un³£p»xƒŒ R¥Ü ý»|‰}l‰{ Rlùp‰ r±o£p l¥pY‰ [p§ ztp‰»p‰ ñë~¨p‰ rƒ»…£~ˆ »n»pYªf rvj WY{y ~‹Ñx ƒ¥Ã »tpxÃp‰ ~vp‰ýl z¹Y£»N »z£Yªv [~ »z~ ~¥z»Yp t»x¤ t¥J (Baobab Tree) [~ r‹ƒŒf£

iv. R£nK»[‰ r£zv ~v¨æšx c£ÜY Un³£px - Adam's Bridge Marine National Park

|²š z¹Y£»N Ulªy¥ r…£»l‰ vp‰p£yv n™~ˆÜ²Y‰Y»xˆ l»zõ vp‰p£yv r±£»nŠ|›x »zˆYK »Y£Gg£~x lª… r‹ƒŒÑ R£nK»[‰ r£zv »W܃£~‹Y {|»xp‰ n Sl£ {¥n[l‰ r±»nŠ|xY‰ »z~ ƒ¥q™p‰ýx ƒ¥Y. »vv r±»nŠ|x nK{¥zY‰ »z~ r‹ƒŒf£ R¥Ü {¥z‹ry{z‹p‰ ~vp‰ýl Yªh£ r±v£j»xˆ ärl‰ {z‹p‰ x¨lª r±»nŠ|xÃ. {Mlv£p»xˆ nŸ »vv r±»nŠ|x R£nK»[‰ r£zv, ƒp§v£p‰»[‰ r£zv, y£{p£»[‰ r£zv, y£v£»[‰ r£zv, »~‰lª ~v¨æK, »r¤Y‰ ~v¨æ ~p‰éx xp pK {z‹p‰ n ƒ¼ãp‰{p§ z¥»J.

»vv r±»nŠ|»xƒŒ S܃£~x R¦l RÝlx nY‰{£v n™{xõ. ûz¤ òfM 30 Y‰ rvj n™[¥Ü »vv {¥z‹ryx v[Œp‰ r¥yÚ u£ylxl‰ z¹Y£{l‰ Rly ~Ktp‰o þ Üð R¥Ü Rly »vv r£zv Rr y»G vp‰p£y»K ~‹f Sp‰n™x£»N y£»K|‰{yp‰ nY‰{£ n™»{õ. »vx {~y 600 Yf {h£ r¥yÚ t{ »K r‹…‹tq{ rúY‰}£ Y… “p£~£” (NASA) R£xlpx r{£ r‹…‹»[p R¥l.

»vx ñƒŒlzx xf {¥zzš R¥Ü »vyf S܃£~ {¹|Ym£»{ƒŒ WY‰ r±tz ~¹é~ˆm£pxY‰ »z~ n ƒ¥q™p‰ýx ƒ¥Y. WpK cpr±{£nxf Rp§{ y£v£»[‰ {£py ƒv¨à»N p£xY ƒp§v£p‰ ý~‹p‰ »[£h p[p zn r£zv ~ƒŒl r±»nŠ|x¥ õ vlxY‰ r{Ý. l{l‰ ý»fY

~£Y‰}‹ áY [l ƒ¥Y. ap‰çY£ v[Œp‰ zt£[p‰p£ zn b£x£y¦rl‰ nYªj© Sp‰n™x£»N »{y… th Y…£rx lª… nY‰pf R¥Ü Wv r£z»K »Y£f~ˆ n A r‹…‹tq{ Yy¥j© ~p£m Yyõ. A Rp§{ r§y£lp»xˆ y£v y£{j£ Yl£p‰nyx ~¥t¦{Y‰ t{f Xrˆr§ Y… ƒ¥Ã WY‰ r±tz ~£Y‰}‹xY‰ »z~ »vx »rp‰ýx ƒ¥Y.

W»vp‰v »vv r±»nŠ|»xˆ »p£[¥w¨y¥ t{ »ƒ‰lª»{p‰ ~v¨æ »»c{ ýýol‰{x Sl£ Sƒ… vGfvY r{Ý. »vv r±»nŠ|»xˆ »t£»ƒ¤ ~v¨æ Y‰}šyr£öp‰ {M[ WpK »h£zˆ‡‹p‰, lzˆv~¨p‰, v¨ƒ¨ã U°yp‰ {¥ë ~lªp‰ áY[l ƒ¥Ã Rly vl‰~³ ýýol‰{x n Sl£ Sƒ… vGfvY r{Ý. l{n »vv r±»nŠ|x v¨ƒ¨ã l¯j u®ñ{z‹p‰ »r¤}‹l r±»nŠ|xY‰ {p Rlyv »vv r±»nŠ|»xƒŒ ~¹a£yx Ãú»K nŸ Wv {¥z‹ ry vl l¥p‹p‰ l¥p »nŠ|›x »vp‰v rMxfp rY‰}šp‰»[‰ ïl‰ly ƒ£ Yªh£ Yªy¥û r¥f{§p‰ n áÃx ƒ¥Y. W»ƒõp‰ »vv r±»nŠ|x »»c{ ýýol‰{»xp‰ Sl£ »r£»ƒ£~l‰ r±»nŠ|xY‰ »z~ ƒ¥q™p‰þv ~£{n³ »p£»N. Wt¥ýp‰ »»c{ ýýol‰{»xp‰ »vp‰v »W܃£~‹Y {|»xp‰ Sl£ {¥n[l‰ »vv {¥z‹ ry ƒ£ R{f ~v¨æ Y…£rx {p Ìþ c£ÜY Un³£pxY‰ »z~ »ƒY‰fx£y 18990 Y r±v£jxY‰ r±Y£|xf rl‰ Ãúvf Ulªy¥ r±»nŠ|»xˆ ~‹ã Yyp zn Y²»v¤r£õY r£ù~ùY R¥[öv xf»l‰ Ýyjx Yy R¥l.

l{n »vv »x¤Ël c£ÜY Un³£p»xˆ tfƒŒy v£õv Sp‰ã - |²š z¹Y£ »nŠ| ~šv£{ {p Rly Sp‰n™x£{f Rxl‰ »Y£f~ [zˆ‡‰ X‡‰ v¥p£M c£ÜY Un³£px (Gulf of Mannar National Park)

8 {pÌþ tdtpyq;F Wildlife • December 2012 Vol. 8 No.1 Ulª»M p{ {pÌþ yY‰}‹l 9

»z~ Sp‰n™x£{ ý~‹p‰ r±Y£|xf rl‰ Yy R¥l. Wt¥ýp‰ »vv »x¤Ël c£ÜY Un³£px |²š z¹Y£»N r±mv ƒ£ WYv »nŠ| ~šv£ yY‰}‹lx (Trans Boundary Reserve) {p§ R¥l.

v. r»yõÜ{§ ärl c£ÜY Un³£px - Parithivu Island National Park

»ƒY‰fx£y 19 Y‰ rvj {M[szxÃp‰ x¨lª r»yõÜ{§ ärl Rux u®ñx {pÌþ yY‰}‹l r±»nŠ|xY‰ »z~ 1973.05.18 {p n™p R¹Y 60 nyj [¥~G ë»Nnpx v[Œp‰ r±Y£|xf rl‰ Yy R¥l. »vx x£rpx n™~ˆÜ²Y‰Y»xˆ YõG~ˆ r±£»nŠ|›x »zˆYK »Y£Gg£~xf Rxl‰ RpzÜN ƒ£ Ws{£õÜ{¨ ärl‰{zf v¥n™{ r‹ƒŒÑ cp£{£~ {z‹p‰ »l£y Yªh£ ärlÃ.

|²š z¹Y£{f ~¹Y²vÚY rY‰}šp‰ r¥ñ»jp p¥»[pƒŒy v£M[x vl r‹ƒŒÑ ärlY‰ »z~ r‹ƒŒf£ Üðv »ƒ‰lª»{p‰ »vv r±»nŠ|»xƒŒ czay rY‰}šp‰ ý|£z ~¹Z³£{Y‰ áY[l ƒ¥Y. ý»|‰}»xp‰ zlª{¥Ãx£, yc ~‹xY‰Y£yxp‰, ~¹a£yY l£y£{§p‰, v¨ƒ¨ã z‹ƒŒÚxp‰, {¥ë rY‰}šp‰ y£|ŒxY‰ áÃx ƒ¥Y. »vv ärl r§y£v »r£zˆ »vp‰v ýýo R£Y£y»xˆ |£Y r±c£{p‰f Rxl‰ |£Y ý»|‰} R¥Ü Rly Y»h£z£p |£Y n »vƒŒ tƒ¨z{ {³rˆl þ R¥l. ärl {f£ {« »p£[¥w¨y¥ v¨ƒ¨ã Ýy»x‰ v¨ƒ¨ã l¯j tƒ¨z{ áÃx ƒ¥Ã Rly Wx vl‰~³xp‰f ƒ£ ~v¨æ Y‰}šyr£öp‰f Sl£ »x¤[³ {£~~ˆm£pxÃ. A Rp§{ »»c{ ýýol‰{»xp‰ Rp§p r»yõlÜ{§ ärl Rux u®ñx, c£ÜY Un³£p vGfv nY‰{£ ~¹yY‰}‹l ll‰{»xp‰ U~~ˆ Ãúvf Ulªy¥ r…£»l‰ Y²»v¤r£õY r£ù~ùY R¥[öv v[Œp‰ Ýyjx Yyp znŸ.

* {p r‹ý~¨K - Jungle Corridors

òf n|Y ÃŒrxYf »ry {p ~¹yY‰}j »nr£Ml»Kp‰lª{ ý~‹p‰ Ulªy¥ r±»nŠ|»xˆ ý»|‰}»xp‰v v¨zÜN, Ãz‹»p£DÇ ƒ£ vp‰p£yv n™~ˆÜ²Y‰Y{zf Rxl‰ {p£p‰ly ý|£z r²v£jxY‰ {p yY‰}‹l »z~ pK Yy ÜïÚ. Wv {p yY‰}‹l »vp‰v r{Üp ƒ£ »x¤Ël {pÌþ yY‰}‹l WûpY ƒ£ ~Ktp‰o Ãú»vp‰ {pRzšp‰ R¥lª† {pÌþp‰»[‰ ~¹Y²vj t£o£{z‹p‰ »l£y{ ~‹ã Y… ƒ¥Ã {p Rlyv Wv[Œp‰ Rz‹ - ñë~ˆ [¥f§v R{v Ãúvf »vp‰v ~l‰{ ý»|‰}xp‰»[‰ Rp‰lM RuŒcppx R{v þ c£p ƒ¨{v£y¥{f Sh r±~ˆm£{ z¥ð»vp‰ ~l‰{ ý»|‰}xp‰»[‰ ë»y¤[Œvl‰ r¥{¥l‰vY‰ vlª Rp£[lxf n ~ƒÜY Ãúv »vv[Œp‰ R»rˆY‰}£ »Y»M. A Rp§{ Ulªy¥ r…£l ~qƒ£ ƒ¼ãp£[l‰ {p r‹ý~¨K rƒl áY‰»N.

i. ýzˆrl‰lª c£ÜY Un³£p»xˆ ƒ£ vh¨ yY‰}‹lx Rly {p r‹ý~¨v.ii. p£[rh¨{£p‰, ìp‰l£ýzˆ ƒ£ R¥Ãùxp‰ {p yY‰}‹l ~Ktp‰o Yyp {p r‹ý~¨v.iii. põpvh¨ ƒ£ avzp‰YªzK {p yY‰}‹l x£ Yyp {p r‹ý~¨v.iv. rnýx Rux u®ñx ~v[ R£p‰np‰YªzK ƒ£ põpvh¨ {p yY‰}‹l x£ Yyp {p r‹ý~¨v.v. vh¨ Rux u®ñx ƒ£ rnýx Rux u®ñ x£ Yyp {p r‹ý~¨v.

ƒ¥q™p‰þv - Introduction

nŸr {¹~x ƒ£ vƒ£ {¹~x {¥ë »W܃£~‹Y v¨z£|²{zf Rp§{ z¹Y£{f R£Mxxp‰ r¥ñÚ»xˆ ò.r« 6 {p |l {M}»xˆ x. »vv v¨z£|²{zf Rp§{ z¹Y£{f r¥ñÚ v¨zˆv R£Mxx Yj‰h£xv ýcx R¥lª† r‹ù~õ. pv¨l‰ »{pl‰ v¨z£|²{z WpK. n™{³£{ àpx, ƒŒx¨¹}£p‰ {£Ml£, r£ƒŒxp‰ {£Ml£ R£n™»xƒŒ ýcx Avf »ry z¹Y£{f ýýo Yj‰h£xK »{…¼ãp‰ {|»xp‰ r¥ñÚ t{f ~qƒp‰ »N.

vƒ£ {¹|»xˆ 6, 7 rù»En{z ~qƒp‰ rùn™ ýcx»[‰ R£[vpx »v»~ˆ r¥{»~ˆ. tfƒŒy Sp‰n™x£»N z£f yf ~‹¹ƒr§y»xˆ ~‹f Sp‰n™x£»N tfƒŒy »{y… X~ˆ»~ˆ »K Yj‰h£xv r¥ñj R¥l. ~‹¹ƒt£ƒ¨ yc§»[‰ ~ƒ ~‹¹ƒ~š{zš »[‰ r§lYª {p »v£ƒ¨»[‰ RYfx¨lªYK ë~£ ƒŒ~ RhY‰ v¨h¨»Y£f yÑp‰ r‹f§{ƒzˆ Y… t{ n, X{§p‰ Wp Rlylª»M ~¨rˆr£yY p¥N »l£ff »[£h tf t{ n, Sp‰ Rplªy¥{ xYªp‰»[‰ n™{õpf »[£h t¥~ˆ~ t{ n vƒ£{¹|»x‰ ~qƒp‰ »N. xYªp‰»[‰ n™{õp xp§»{p‰ Wà Rnƒ~ˆ Y»…‰ |²š z¹Y£{ t{ ryjýl£p vƒl£ r{~õ.

ýcx yc§ r¥ñÛv - Arrival of King Vijaya

ýcx R¥lª† r‹ù~ »[£ht~‹p znŠ»nŠ lKv¥p‰p£{ r±»nŠ|xfõ. X{§p‰ n™{õpf »[£h t¥~ âl‰ ïv l¥t¬ t{ n Tf r~¨ âl‰ lw r£f {« t¥ýp‰ “lKtrj‰Ú” xõ pK Y… t{ n vƒ£{¹~»xˆ áY‰»N. {Mlv£p»xˆ “Yªn™yv»zõ” pñp‰ ƒ¼ãp‰{p‰»p‰ »K r±»nŠ|xõ. »vƒŒ nŸ ýcx R¥lª† r‹ù~f “Yª»NÚ’ pK x¿} »[¤Ü²Y p£õY£{Y ƒv¨ »N. »K Y£p‰l£{ ñlªy¥ Yy»[p R¥x»[‰ v£M[»xp‰ v¨† x¿}

ýzˆrl‰lª{ c£ÜY Un³£px lª… r‹ƒŒÑ “Yªn™y v»zõ” lªh¨{ r‹…‹tq{ S܃£~ [l »l£ylªy¥ ïqY‰. ð.þ.R£M. cxyl‰p

( A Brief History of Kudiramalai Point at Wilpattu National Park. By B.V.R. Jayaratne)

ryr§yv ýp£| »Y£f Yª»NÚ ý{£ƒ Yy [l‰ ýcx z¹Y£»N RuŒ»}ˆY z¥ðx. »K {p ýf »K r±»nŠ|»xˆ x¿} »[¤Ü²Yxp‰ ý~¬ t{ Wv Ym£»{p‰ n r¥ƒ¥n™z‹ »N.

»v»~ˆ YzY‰ xp ýf “Ì{ƒl‰l, n™~£z£” pñp‰ r§lYª ƒ£ ã{Y X{§p‰f z¥t¨»j‰x. ýcx»[‰ tzx Ñ»Yp‰ ÑY lƒ{§y¥ {p ýf ëxñl Ru‹»}‰YxY‰ Ãúvf ~‹ãýx. A Rp§{ nYªj© Sp‰n™x£»N vo¨y£ r§y»xˆ “ýc£x‹” pK Yªv£ùY£{Y‰ »[p‰{£ y£c³ RuŒ»|‰ Yx Y»…‰ x. Ru›»}ˆYx ~qƒ£ ~vYªz ï~{Y R{|³ {« ë~£ W»~ˆ Yyp‰pf R¥l. ýcx yc§ r~¨{ Yª»NÚx ƒ£ ny¥ »n»np£ rz{£ ƒ¥ù»x¤ x. Yª»NÚ R¥»[‰ »[¤Ü²Yxp‰ RÜp‰ v¥y¥K Y¦{£x. ny¥{p‰ {p£p‰ly [l {« ƒ. ny¥{p‰ »n»np£»[p‰ “r§z‹p‰ n” pK {¥n™ »[¤l²x  {« t{ vƒ£ {¹~x Ãxõ.

* Rux u®ñ - Santcuaries

Ulªy¥ r±»nŠ|»xˆ x£rpx, p£[M»Y¤ýzˆ, pp‰ÜYh£zˆ, »{ÕlzÜN, p£x£y¥ R£n™ Yzr§ ƒ£ A R|²‹l r±»nŠ| ÃŒrxY‰ Rux u®ñ »z~ r±Y£|xf rl‰ Ãúvf »vv[Œp‰ ƒ¼ãp£[p‰p£ znŸ. ý»|‰}»xp‰v Yzr§ R£|²‹l{ {Mlv£p»xˆ ~‹ã{p ê{y Yfx¨lª{zf t£o£ ~‹ã »p£{p »z~ ƒ£ ê{y ~Krl‰ Üy~£y »z~ u£ýl Ãúv lª…‹p‰ Rp£[l ryr§y ~qƒ£ n A{£ u£ýl£ Y… ƒ¥Ã »z~ ƒ£ Wv ~¨ý»|‰} rù~y rnŠoÜ R£|²‹l{ r{Üp Y»h£z£p R¥lª† »»c{ ýýol‰{»xp‰ RéY r±»nŠ| ~¹yY‰}jx Ãúv »vv[Œp‰ tz£»r£»y£l‰lª »N. W»vp‰v Ulªy¥ r…£»lp‰ R£yKu {p »vyf rY‰}‹ rMxfp v£M[ ~‹xzˆz »vv Yzr§ R£|²‹l »ll‰ ïK{z‹p‰ R£yKu {p Rly Wv r±»nŠ| R£yY‰}£ Ãúv ƒ£ ~¹yY‰}jx Ãúv n »vv[Œp‰ tz£»r£»y£l‰lª »N. »K Rp§{ RûÜp‰ r±Y£|xf rl‰Ãúv ~qƒ£ ƒ¼ãp£[l‰ p{ Rux u®ñ{z pK rƒl áY‰»N.

i. x£rpx Yzr§{ Rux u®ñxii. Yy»{GÕ - p£[M»Y¤ýzˆ Rux u®ñxiii. pp‰ÜYh£zˆ Rux u®ñxiv. »{ÕlzÜN »l£p‰h£»Nz‹ Rux u®ñxv. p£x£y¦ Rux uªñx (»Y¤Ãz£õ Rux u®ñx ~Ktp‰o Ãúv)

òf Rvly{ 1963.06.21 n™p r±Y£|xf rl‰ Yyp zn {p Rz‹p‰ R¥lª† {pÌý ý»|‰} y£|ŒxY‰ áÃx ƒ¥Ã {NëYªzK Rux u®ñ»xˆ ápf r{Üp ~¹{Mél ƒ£ cp£{£~ r‹ƒŒÑ r²»nŠ| S{l‰ Yy {¥{f x£tn{ r‹ƒŒÑ ~ˆ{u£ýY {p£p‰ly »Y£f~ˆ R¥lª…l‰ Yy p¥{l r±Y£|xf rl‰ Ãúv n »vv[Œp‰ R»rˆY‰}£ »Y»M.

Rp£[l r±Üz£u - Future Propects

»vv »x¤Ël {pÌý yY‰}‹l r±Y£|xf rl‰ Ãúv ~qƒ£ »K {p ýf Yfx¨lª »x£nñp‰ r{Üp Rly Wv yY‰}‹l r‹ƒŒf§þv v[Œp‰ »vyf »»c{ ýýol‰{x ~¹yY‰}jx l{ãyfl‰ lƒ{§y¥ {p Rly WûpY£ Rly vp£ ~Ktp‰ol£{xp‰ ~ƒŒl R£yY‰}‹l Y…£r c£zxY‰ R¥Ü þ»vp‰ Rz‹ - ñë~ˆ [¥f§v Wv r±»nŠ|»xˆ R{v þv, »ll‰ ïK ~¹yY‰}jx, ~¹Y²vÚY Yªy¥û v£M[ R£yKu þv »vp‰v ~¹a£yY {³£r£yx Sƒ… p¥¹þv v[Œp‰ r±»nŠ|»xˆ R£MÞY ll‰{x p¥¹þvf n vƒl‰ r‹f§{ƒzY‰ z¥»tp§ R¥l.

rù|›zp [²p‰m: References:»vv z‹r‹x ~Y~p znŠ»nŠ UNDP / UNEP ~ƒ»x¤[»xp‰ Ulªy¥ rz£l‰ Y²v»v¤r£õY r£y~ùY R¥[x¨v R¥~¨ùp‰ ~Y~ˆ Yz {³£r¯Ü {£Ml£{ ~ƒ Y‰»}ˆl² rúY‰}£ R¥~¨ùë. (ápf {£Ml£{ r±Y£|xf rl‰ Yy »p£v¥l).

Manjula Amararathna is the Deputy Director of Natural Resources Management at the Department of Wildlife Conservation (DWC) of Sri Lanka.

He recived a Bsc from University Sri Jayawardenapura (Sri Lanka),

further he recieved MSc (Forestry and Enviormental Management), Post Gragudate Diploma in Journalism and Mass Communication from the same university, and Wildlife Diploma from Wildlife Institute of India. He can be reached at manjulaamararatne@yahoo.com

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10 {pÌþ tdtpyq;F Wildlife • December 2012 Vol. 8 No.1

Yªn™yv»zõ lªh¨{ 13

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A Young Fishing Cat (Prionailurus viverrinus)

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{Mlv£p»xˆ SÜù{ r{Üp pfw¨p‰ - Remaining Ruins at Present

Yªn™ùv»zõ [zˆ lz£{ Ulªy¥ »n~f ýƒŒnŸ xp ýf nŸ ƒŒp‰ã »nŠ{£zxY pfw¨p‰ ƒv¨ »N. R¥l¥K vl{zf Rp§{ A{£ RÕ 35 U~¥Ü Rƒ~ »n~f lv Sn™ùr£nx X~{£ »[p ~‹Ñp R|‰{»xYª»[‰ ~ƒ U»[‰ {yrÑp‰ Rzˆz£»[p ~‹Ñp ñë~Yª»[‰ r‹…‹y¥{z ~¨p‰t¨p‰ t{x. Tf R£~p‰p»xˆv v¨ƒ¨ã »{y»…ˆ v¨~ˆz‹K |£pˆlª{y»xYª»[‰ »~£»ƒ£pY‰n áY‹x ƒ¥Ãx. A Rp§{ »{…q£v ~qƒ£ ý|£z {|»xp‰ v¨~ˆz‹K »{…¼ãp‰ »vv {y£xf r¥ñÚ t{f »ƒ‰lª ~£oY v[Œp‰ »rp‰{£ »nõ.

R¦l RÝl»xˆ ~‹f r±~‹nŠéxf rl‰{ R¥Ü »vv Yªn™ùv»zõ lªh¨{ R£~p‰p Y£z‹ýzˆû{ (ñùn™x ýzˆû{) R{f cp£{£~ Üt¨ t{f ápf nY‰pf R¥Ü “Yª»Në r¥z~ˆ” pñp‰ ƒ¼ãp‰{£ R¥Ü ~ˆm£p»xˆ R¥Ü r¥yÚ [zˆYj©, [»h£zˆ Y¥tz‹ (»»al³xY »Y£f~ˆ) R£nŸ »r°y£j‹Y{ r§y£ýn³£l‰vY pfw¨p‰ v[Œp‰ ~£Y‰}‹ »rp‰p§K Yyõ.»vv r±»nŠ|x ýzˆrl‰lª{ c£ÜY Un³£p»xˆ R¥Ü ~ˆm£p Rlùp‰ »»c{ ýýol‰{»xp‰ »ƒï r£ù~ùY RÜp‰ Sl£ {¥n[l‰ ~ˆm£pxY‰ t{f rl‰ þ R¥l‹ Rly, “tl‰lzp‰[ª¹h¨{ ~ƒ rzˆz‹x {£~z ärl‰” Rn {p ýf ê{y cpl£{ »{»~p cp£{£~ t{f rl‰ þ R¥l.

B. V. R. Jayaratna is an Assistant Director of Department of Wildlife Conservation (DWC) of Sri Lanka. Jayaratna joined DWC in 1975 as Wildlife Ranger and served in many parts of Sri Lanka for the Department. Attended many overseas wildlife related programmes,carried out research and

published several articles.

Jayaratna received a Diploma in Wildlife Management from the University of Colombo (Sri Lanka) which was collaborated with DWC and Indian Wildlife Institute. He also received a certificate course in Wildlife Management from the Open University (Sri Lanka).

~ˆ{x¹ »r¤}‹l r±»nŠ|xY‰ þv - Land of Self-sufficency

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Yªn™yv»zõ (R|‰{ Yp‰n) - Kudiramalai (Horse Hill)

Rp£n™vl‰ Y£zxY rfp‰ v¨ƒ¨ã [vp‰Yy¥{p‰f »ƒ£q™p‰ nM|px {p ~zYªjY‰ {« vp‰p£yK »t£Y‰Y »n~f »py£ R¥Ü »vv Yªn™ùv»zxŒ »l£f r§y£ýn³£l‰vY {Ñp£YK y£|ŒxÃp‰ »ƒï “R|‰{Yp‰n” pñp‰ r±~‹nŠo ~ˆm£pxÃ. »vƒŒ r±nŸr£[£yxY‰ x¥õ ~¥z»Yp ~zYªj© Üð»vp‰ v¨ƒ¨ã [vp‰ Üt¬ t{f ý|‰{£~ Y… ƒ¥Y. v¥Ñ u£jˆh{z ~¨p‰t¨p‰, [»h£zˆ Y¥tz‹ R£n™ »p£»xYªl‰ ~£Y‰}‹{z‹p‰ »vv [Œù|ŒZyx »v»~¤z‹ëY x¨[xf r¥ñj RÝlxY ~‹f cp£{£~ r¥{l R¥Ü t{f lƒ{§y¥ Yyõ.

[²šY c£ÜY rˆz‹ë»[‰ {£Ml£{zf Rp§{ ò.{. 41 - 54 Rly Y£z»xˆ nŸ »y¤v Réy£c³ Y‰»z¤Õx~ˆ»[‰ tã WYlª Yyp‰»pYª »v¤~K ~¨…¹ {zf ƒ~¨ þ ƒŒrˆ»r¤yx »ƒ{l‰ {Mlv£p Yªn™yv»zõ r±»nŠ|xf »[£h [~£»[p r¥ñj‹ ýf nŸ ò.{. 44 - 54 Y£z»xˆ nŸ |²š z¹Y£»N

ƒ¥q™p‰þv - Introduction to Cobra

p£[x£ {« Yzš Sl£vl‰ ~¨ý»|‰} {«l‰ n¯}³v£p ƒ£ Rn¯}³v£p {« vƒ£ tz»N[xp‰ R£»y¤rpx Yyp znŠà {«l‰ ñë~£ ~v[ rvjY‰ »p£{ »ný »nŠ{l£{§p‰ ~v[ n ~òr ~Ktp‰ol£{Y‰ R¥l‰l£{«l‰ t¨ãyc£jp‰ {ƒp‰»~ˆf r{£ lv »rj »[£t»xp‰ »~{p zt£ãp‰ R»p‰Yýo ý|‰{£~xp‰, vl{£nxp‰ ƒ£ YÜY£{p‰f u£cpx {« ~l‰{ ý»|‰}xÃ. W»ƒl‰ »vlyK ~¨ý»|‰} {p‰p£ {« p£[x£»[‰ Ìýlx Rn {p ýf vƒ£ »Cn{£aYxYf v¨ƒ¨j nŸ R¥l. ãf§ l¥p rƒy nŸ vy£nvp ll‰{xYf rl‰{ R¥Ü p£[x£ Wv rù~y ll‰{x vlv p§ãy¥ Rp£[l»xˆ nŸ »K ñƒŒlz»xp‰ ~ƒv¨z‹p‰v ~v¨[p‰p£ ll‰{xYf W…»wñp‰ ~‹Ò.

|²š z¹Y£»{l‰ Sp‰n™x£»{l‰ ýýo£Y£y r§n r«c£{p‰f ƒ£ {¥¼ãK r‹ãK {zf r£l² {p‰p£ {« p£[x£ RÝl»xˆ ~‹f »n‰{l‰{»xp‰ ~zYp§ ztp ~l‰{ ý»|‰}xÃ. czxf RérÜ »n‰{l£»{Yª »ƒ{l‰ czx R£yY‰}£ Yyp R£yY‰}Y»xYª »z~ ~zYp p£[x£»[‰ Y¥fxK ~ƒŒl v¨y[zˆ ~¦v cz£|xY‰ R£|²‹l{v r‹ƒŒf§{£ A{£f r§n r«c£ Y… t{f ƒv¨{p r¥yÚ pfw¨p‰ ~£Y‰}‹ ~rxõ.

T}ˆ{y, ý}ˆj§, Yp‰n Yªv£y, ýuŒ}j R£nŸ tz{l‰ »nN{y¥p‰»[‰ »[»zƒŒ p£[xp‰»[‰ y¦r nY‰pf z¥»J. Wv[Œp‰ ëy¦rjx {p‰»p‰ RÝl»xˆ ~‹f p£[x£ ~lª{ Üt¬ [ªrˆlvx r±l£r{l‰ t{õ. »z£{ Rp‰ Ã~‹ã ~Mr ý»|‰}xYf »p£v¥Ü »rjx p£[x£f ÷»[p Wp§ ztp‰»p‰ r±l£r{l‰ t{Ã. »t£»ƒ£‰ ýf RÝl»xˆ ~‹f p£[x£f »v»z~ [ªrˆlvx r±l£r{l‰ t{Y‰ R£y¦i Yy R¥l‰»l‰ »vv »rjx ë~£ ~‹Üx ƒ¥Y.

|£úùY zY‰}j - Physical Characteristics

n™[ª r¯}ˆÑvl‰ |úyxYf Uy¥vYK Ãxp p£[x£»[‰ »{p‰{ »ƒ£q™p‰ ƒ¼ãp£[l ƒ¥Ã »[zY‰ ~ƒŒl vo³v r±v£j»xˆ r¥lz‹ ƒŒ~Y‰ ƒ£ »[z r±»nŠ|»xˆ R¥Ü »rjxY‰ nY‰pf z¥»J. vo³v r±v£j»xˆ R¥~ˆ ~ƒ ý{¯l p£~ˆ ý{y nY‰pf z¥»tp Rly »rpx ƒYªz£»[p ~‹Ñp ýf »[z r±»nŠ|x {h£l‰ r¥l‹z‹{ ƒ£ r…zˆ{ n™~ˆ»N. ~Mr ý»|‰} WûpY£»[p‰ »{p‰{ ƒ¼ãp£[¥ìvf tƒ¨z{ u£ýl£ Yyp ~£MmY Y²vxY‰ »z~ ~zYp »Y£y… r‹ƒŒÒv Rp§{

px£ / p£[x£. W~ˆ. hJz‹N. Wp‰. W~ˆ. »~ˆp£êy

( Naja Naja (Indian Cobra / Spectacled Cobra). By S. W. N. S. Senadeera)

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,e;jpahtpy; fhzg;gLk; gy;NtW tifahd

ehfg; ghk;Gfs; kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; rpwg;G

mk;rq;fs;> Kf;fpakhf mtw;wpd; thoplq;fs;>

mit xt;nthd;wpdJk; jdpj;Jtkhd ,ay;Gfs;

Nghd;wd gw;wpAk; ,f;fl;Liu vLj;Jf;

fhl;Lfpd;wJ. ,g;ghk;Gfs; ve;jstpw;F er;R

my;yJ tplKilait kw;Wk; ,t;thwhd

ghk;Gf;fbf;F cl;gl;l xUtUf;F vt;thwhd

Kjy; cjtp toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ

gw;wpAk; ,f;fl;Liu Nehf;fpAs;sJ. NkYk;>

,g;ghk;Gfs; tplKilait vd;w fhuzj;jpdhy;

kdpju;fspdhy; nfhy;yg;gLtjdhy; mit

mUfptUk; caphpdq;fshf khwptUfpwd.

,t;thwhd ghk;Gf;fspd; gw;whf;FiwNa

,e;jpahtpy; vypf;fha;r;ry; guTtjw;fhd

Kf;fpakhd fhuzpnad tptrhak; njhlh;ghd

Ma;Tfs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd.

px£ / p£[x£ 1514 {pÌþ tdtpyq;F Wildlife • December 2012 Vol. 8 No.1

Remaning Ruins of Quani Palace

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|úy {Mjx, »rjx, »rj»xˆ ~zYªp§ WûpY£»[p‰ »t£»ƒ¤ãyf »{p~ˆýx ƒ¥Y. px£»[‰ |úy {Mjx Y† »ƒ¤ ln ãw¨y¥ r¥ƒ¥xY‰ [ì. lë{ »ƒ¤ x¨[z {|»xp‰ ~‹ƒŒp‰ ~¨ã ƒy~ˆ Sù |úyx r§y£{f r‹ƒŒfp Rly Wv Sù r¥ƒ¥n™z‹{ »p£r‹ƒŒfp R{~ˆm£{ n R¥l. »rj»xˆ R¥lªzˆ r¥l‰»l‰ ~¨ã r…zˆ àyxÃp‰ {f{« Y† r§zˆz‹ »nYY‰ n r‹f§r~ Y† àyxÃp‰ {f {« ~¨ã {Mj»xp‰ ‘r’ zYªjY‰ n r‹ƒŒfõ. »vv zY‰}j »nY »t£»ƒ¤ lMY ýlMY{zf u£cpx {§ zY‰}j »nYÃ. »rj»xˆ R¥lªzˆ r¥l‰»l‰ R¥Ü zYªj© ýýo ƒ¥hxp‰»[p‰ r‹ƒŒfp R{~ˆm£ R¥l. »[¤z£Y£y{ ~valªy|²£Y£y{ »vp‰v ~¯c§»Y£p£|²£Y£y{ R£nŸ {|»xp‰ ýýo ƒ¥hlz Rp§{ r‹ƒŒf£ R¥l. W»~ˆv »rj»xˆ ‘r” ~zYªj n {Mj Rh¨ {¥Õ l£{»xp‰ Yªh£{f »ƒ¤ ý|£z{ n™[Œp‰ {¥Õ »ƒ£‰ Rh¨ R£nŸ Bp¦v R£Y£yxYf r‹ƒŒÑx ƒ¥Y. »rj»xˆ “r”

~zYªjf Sƒz‹p‰ Sƒl ~qƒp‰ Y… R£Y£y»xˆ ýýo ƒ¥hxp‰»[p‰ x¨Y‰l ~zYªj© n r‹ƒŒfp R{~ˆm£n {£Ml£ þ R¥l.

p£[ ý»|‰} - Varieties of Cobras

Sp‰n™x£»N »F.~š. h¥ë»xzˆ ý~‹p‰ z‹x£ rzYyp zn The Book Of Indian Reptiles and Amphibians pK [²p‰m»xp‰ p£[x£»[‰ »rj»xˆ ~ˆ{u£{x ƒ£ ~zYªj¨ Rp§{ p£[xp‰ ý»|‰} 03 Yf »tà »{p‰ Yy R¥l.

1. Spectacled or Binocellate cobra (Naja Naja)

|²š z¹Y£{ ƒ£ Sp‰n™x£»N tƒ¨z{ nY‰pf z¥»tp ý»|‰}xY‰ {pRly Yƒ, ãw¨y¥, Y† xp {Mj lª»pp‰v nY‰pf z¥»J. »rj»xˆ “r” zYªj r¥ƒ¥n™z‹{ nY‰pf z¥»J.

2. Monocellate Cobra (Naja kaouthia)

Sp‰n™x£»N p¥»[pƒŒy »Y£f»~ˆ tƒ¨z{ nY‰pf z¥»J. Xz‹N, ãw¨y¥, Y† xp {Mj lª»pp‰v nY‰pf z¥»J. »rj»xˆ “r” zYªj »{p§{f y¦r»xˆ áY‰»{p rùn™ 'r' zYªjY‰ nY‰pf z¥»J.

3. Black Cobra (Naja oxiana)

Sp‰n™x£»N {xw r±»nŠ|»xˆ ~¨zt{ nY‰pf z¥»J. ãw¨y¥ ƒ£ Y† {Mpxp‰»[p‰ {¥ÕƒŒÑ p£[xp‰ nY‰pf z¥»tp Rly R† ƒ£ ãw¨y¥ {Mjxp‰»[p‰ r¥f{§p‰ nY‰pf z¥»J. »rp»xˆ Ã~‹ã ~zYªjY‰ nY‰pf »p£z¥»J.

* King Cobra (Ophiophagus hannah)

Sƒl p£[ ý»|‰} 03 f Rvly{ y£c p£[x£ »z~ ƒ¼ãp‰{p »vv p£[ý»|‰}x Sp‰n™x£{, Sp‰ãì~‹x£{, r‹z‹ršpx R£nŸ yf{z tƒ¨z{ nY‰pf z¥»J. p£[x£ xp p£vx Uy¥v {§{ n y£c p£[x£ ~l³ p£[ [jxf (Naja) Rxl‰ {p ~£v£ËY»xY‰ »p£{p pv¨l‰ ~£»rˆY‰}{ ~zYp ýf r{Üp ~v£pYK vl Elapidea Yªzxf Rxl‰ »~ˆ ~zYp§ ztõ. »vv p£[x£»[‰ ý»|‰}l‰{x {p‰»p‰ RëYªl‰ p£[xp‰f ~£»rˆY‰}{ Sl£ ý|£z{ {¥»hp p£[»xY‰ {p Rly »r£ã»N òfM 03 - 04 Rly n™[Œp‰ n ûz¤[²¦K 06 - 12 Rly tyÃp‰ n x¨Y‰l »N. Sp‰n™x£»N p£[xp‰ {p‰np£v£p Yyp‰pf ~vl‰ ~¹~ˆY¯ÜxY‰ {p‰pf y£c p£[x£ »ƒ‰lª {§ t{f ý|‰{£~xY‰ r{Ý. Sl£ ý|£z »rjxY‰ ~ƒ ý|£z |úyxl‰ ë~£ R¥Ü{p ïx v¨~¨ [Üx ë~£ ýýo tzxp‰ ƒ£ ñl³£{p‰ y£cp£[x£ {f£ »[Ý R¥l. |úy {Mjx Xz‹N, R†r£f, ãw¨y¥, {Mjxp‰»[p‰ ~vp‰ýl {p Rly |úyx n™[f R¼ãy¥ Yƒ {Mjxp‰{z r‹ƒŒf£ R¥l. R{§y¥ã 20 Y‰ rvp R£x¨Y£zxY‰ R¥Ü »vv p£[ ý»|‰}x Rn {p ýf {qþ»K lMcpxf zY‰{ r{Ý.

rM»xˆ}j£l‰vY r¥ÜYhY‰ - Research on Cobra

{pÌþ ~¹yY‰}j »nr£Ml»Kp‰lª{f z¥»tp »l£ylªy¥ R£|²»xp‰ [¯ƒ|²‹lxp‰f r¥ñ»jp p£[xp‰ R£yY‰}‹l ~ˆm£p{zf v¨àƒ¥úv ~qƒ£ »[£~ˆ ÷»[p Wp R{~ˆm£ ƒ£ Y£Mx£zxf »[pýl‰ »np R{~ˆm£{znŸ ƒ£ v£ »{l z¥»tp »l£ylªy¥ Rp§{ Rzˆz£ [p‰p£ p£[xp‰»[‰ nl‰l ~fƒp‰ Ãúv v£ ý~‹p‰ ~‹ãYz Rly Wv[Œp‰ ~‹ãY… rM»xˆ}jxp‰f Rp§{

t~ˆp£ƒŒy Yz£r»xˆ 2011 {M}x lª… zt£[l‰ p£[xp‰ r‹…‹tq rƒl nl‰lxp‰f Rp§{,

* {M}x lª… v¨û ~¹Z³£{ 153 ([¥ƒ¥p¨ 38 r‹ùñ 115)* {Mjx »r£ã»N Y† ~ƒ ãw¨y¥ »N.* »rj»xˆ “r” zYªj p¥Ü p£[õp‰ 02 õ* “r” zYªjf Sƒz‹p‰ R¥Ü ~zYªp§ R¥Ü p£[õp‰ 22 õ.

t~ˆp£ƒŒy {pÌþ Yz£rx lª…‹p‰ ƒv¨{p p£[õp‰ - Cobras found at Western Wildlife Region

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vƒ{¥z‹ {pÌþ Yz£rx lª…‹p‰ ƒv¨{p p£[xp‰ - Cobras found at Mahawali Wildlife Region

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p£[ {£~~ˆm£p ƒ£ aMx£ yf£ - Cobra Habitat and Behavior

tƒ¨lyxY‰ p£[xp‰ lv {£~~ˆm£px »z~ »l£‰y£[p§ ztp‰»p‰ »Nxp‰ ý~‹p‰ ~£np¨ ztp »N »[{zˆ »ƒ{l‰ lªw~ˆ x. ƒ¥r‹p‰p ïl‰ly áòv ~qƒ£ lªw~ˆ »l¤y£ [ì. {Mlv£p»xˆ ýýo ~¹{Mop Yfx¨lª »{p§»{p‰ lªw~ˆ ýp£| Ãúv lª… p£[xp‰»[‰ {£~~ˆm£p RƒŒñþ»K lMcpxYf v¨ƒ¨j nŸ R¥l.

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16 {pÌþ tdtpyq;F Wildlife • December 2012 Vol. 8 No.1 px£ / p£[x£ 17

Cobra

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Rp£[lx »{p§»{p‰ R£»x¤cpx - Investment for the Future

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~šx£ - vv …v»x¤ ñp‰ RwxY‰ »p£rlñ x¨lªYv rvjY‰ Sf§ »Y£f lt»pñ

…vx£ - lvp‰f »p£z¥»tp »nŠÃp‰ »z¤»Yf Yyp‰p ƒ¥Ã »nŠ »p£v »l‰»M vf

~šx£ - r§ãvõ …v»x¤ Xt Xx Rnƒ~ ƒ¥ã»p£l‰ X»ƒ£vf Xtfv »{õ »à~ »ry {« Rx ~‹f {« Rw [~ˆ{z

x¨lªYv rvpY‰ Sf§»Y£f lt»jv¨. ƒ~‹ë ~yl‰ap‰æ

(Let's Protect Our Wildlife for Future Generations. By Hasini Sarachchandra)

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p£[x£ ƒ£ ~Ktp‰o ýýo vl - Myths About Cobra

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p£[ ý} - Cobra Venom

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RplªyY nŸ X{npY‰ - First Aid

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~‹lp‰pf xvY‰ - Something to think about

Sl£ ~¨zt{ ƒv¨{p ~Mr»xY‰ {§{l‰ {Mlv£p»xˆ nŸ p£[xp‰»[‰ [ƒpx Sl£ Rh¨ ll‰l{xY r{Ý. ñë~ˆ cp£{£~, Yªw¨y¥, {[£ïK, R£|²‹l{ ~¨zt{ ƒv¨ {« p£[x£ {Mlv£p»xˆ nŸ ƒv¨{p‰»p‰ Sl£ Yz£lªyÃë. r~¨[Œx Y£z {Y{£p§»N Y¯}‹YMv£p‰lx R£|²‹l{ ò Uj »y¤[x áÕ{ r¥l‹y x£vf r±o£p »ƒ‰lª{Y‰ »z~ p£[xp‰»[‰ r±v£jx Rh¨þv áY‰ýx ƒ¥Ãx. vp‰n xl‰ ~Mrxp‰ Rlªùp‰ òxp‰ {¥Õ r±v£jxY‰ R£ƒ£yxf [p§ ztp‰»p‰ p£[xp‰ ý~‹p‰ x. Ã~‹{Y‰ ~‹l£ »p£tz£ ãf§l¥p rƒynŸ p£[xp‰ vy£áòv ë~£ Rp£[l»xˆnŸ »vv ~l‰{x£ {qþ x£vf Sh r±~ˆm£{ ~z~£ tz£ ~‹Òv vl p£[x£ »K ñƒŒlzxf RƒŒñ þv ƒ£ A ƒyƒ£ ò Uj {¥ë Rlªy¥ sz ýr£Y y£|ŒxYf v¨ƒ¨j nŸvf ñë~£f ~‹ã»N. U[² ý} ~ƒŒl ~Mr»xYª {¨{n »vv Rz¹Y£y ~l‰{x£ ~¹yY‰}jx Yy ÷Y[¥ìvf òx£v£M[ [l x¨lª Y£zx W…w Ü»J.

rù|›zp [²p‰m: References:

Adler, K and T.R. Halliday, 1986. The encyclopaedia of reptiles or amphibians, London, 143+xvi

J.C. Daniel, the book of reptiles and amphibians

H. Hvass, reptiles and amphibians

|²š z¹Y£»N ~Mr»x¤ - y¥Çy »~¤vþy 2006, Wildlife Heritage Trust of Sri Lanka.N. Khaire, snakes

Anslem de Silve 1975, dangerous land snakes of Sri Lanka

Bellairs, angus. 1969. the life of reptiles, vols 01 and 02, London

Ghosh, S.K. (First Copyright 1948) a King cobra’s speed

Whitaker, Romulus, 1978, Common indian snakes. macmillan co.of india ltd, new delhi

Websites :

www.en. wikipedia.org/wiki/indian_cobrawww.reptilecnannel.com/reptile-species/snakes-profiles/spectacled-cobra-2aspx www.usavri.org/spectacled%20cobra.html

S. W. N. S. Senadeera is a Wildlife Gaurd at the Department of Wildlife Conservation (DWC) of Sri Lanka. Senadeera joined DWC in 2007 as Wildlife Officer. Senadeera members of the Young Zoologist Association (YZA) of Sri Lanka and the World Crocodile Association.

Senadeera completed a certificate course in Wildlife Management at the Open University (Sri Lanka). Currently he is reading a ¯Diploma in Bio-diversity Management at the University of Colombo (Sri Lanka). He can be reached at su.senadeera@gmail.com

rz»xp‰ Rr‹ Y{§y¥l‰ zt»pv¨ rz R»rp‰ r~¨{ Wp Rxfl‰ Wv rz z¥»tp‰p ~¥z~¨v Rr»[‰ x¨lªYv

…vx£ - A x¨lªYv »ƒ£qƒ¥Ñ áp[l‰»lñ

R£x¨»t¤{p‰ v¨l‰»l‰ vv xp‰»pñ

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Üy~£y u£ýlx - Sustainable Usage

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18 {pÌþ tdtpyq;F Wildlife • December 2012 Vol. 8 No.1

Grey Langur

20 {pÌþ tdtpyq;F Wildlife • December 2012 Vol. 8 No.1 x¨lªYv 21Ül‰ v¨{£

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Deer (Axis axis) at Yala National Park

Yªh£ Yz Rr [¥x¬ »K [›lx R{|³l£{xf ~ùzp rvÚp‰ u£ýl Ãúv r‹…‹tq{ Rrf zt£»np v¬z‹Y rÚ{§hxÃ. ~ˆ{u£ýY ~Krl‰ Ré r£ù»u¤cpx lª…‹p‰ Wv ~Krl‰ »YÑY£zxÃp‰ Y‰}x þ x£ ƒ¥Ãx.

{Mlv£p»xˆ nŸ Rrf Ym£ Ãúvf ~‹ã þ R¥Ü oyÛx ~¹{Mopx (Sustainable Development) »z~ ƒ¥q™p‰»{p S~‹z‹x ƒ¥Ã ~¹{Mopx »p£W»~ˆpK ~Krl‰ Y‰}x »p£Yy u£ýl£ Ãúv (Sustainble Uses) xp ~¹Yzˆrx RÝl»xˆnŸ ñë~¨p‰ ý~‹p‰ ëyp‰ly»xp‰ ~‹ƒŒxf »[p Üt¨j© t{ Rrf r¥ƒ¥n™z‹x. RÝl»xˆnŸ [v ëMv£jx þ Üt¨»p‰ Y¥z¦ »y£nÃp‰ {fþ»vë. Wx ~l£~šr£{£f {£~~ˆm£p ~¥rx¨{£ »vp‰v ñë~£f R{|³ X°}o R£n™x n ~¥rx¨»N x. lv£ R£yY‰}£ Yyñp‰ [v {f£ {« Y¥z¦ »y£n R£yY‰}£ Ãúvf WYz ñë~¨p‰ ëyp‰ly»xp‰ ~¥nŸ r¥ƒ¥n™ ~‹Ñ»xˆ x.

Üy~£y u£ýlx r‹…‹tq{ |²š z£¹ÃYx£ lª… »|²‰}ˆg Çp‰lpxY‰ r¥{Üx n r~¨Y£zšp{ yf lª… ~‹ã {« »nŠ|r£zp ~ƒ R£MÞY tzr¦K n cp[ƒp {Mopx n »ƒ‰lª»{p‰ Wv Çp‰lpxp‰ »t£»ƒ¤ ãyf xfrl‰ þ ly[Y£ù Ì{p r±Ürl‰Üx Yy…‹xf r¥ñÚ»xˆx. RÝl»xˆ nŸ »[£ýx£ lv Yªw¨»yƒŒ R~ˆ{¥p‰»pp‰ »Y£f~Y‰ ~l£ ~šr£{£f SÜù Y»…ˆ x. Wx “Yªy¥û r£†{“ pK ýx. Rn “Yªy¥û r£†{ n” ñë~£ ý~‹p‰ lv r£ù»u¤cpxf »x£à [p§ z¥»J. v¦l Y£z»xˆ nŸ {p~lªp‰»[‰ {£~u®ñ Ã~‹ã S{Y‰ t{Ãp‰ »l£y{ cp£{£~ t{f rl‰Yy [l‰»l‰ x. Wv[Œp‰ {p~lªp‰ ~ƒ ñë~¨p‰ Rly [¥f§K ëMv£jx ýx.

~‹xû ~l‰{»x¤ ëãY‰ »{l‰{£ - May All Beings be Happy

|²š z¹Y£{ »t°nŠo ~ƒ ƒŒp‰ã ~¹~ˆY¯Ü»xp‰ »r¤}jx {« yfÃ. »vv ~¹~ˆY¯Ýp‰ RýƒŒ¹~£{ vƒ Sƒ…‹p‰ r‹…‹»[p Ü»J. t¨nŠo nM|p»xˆ nŸ “~J»J ~l‰m£ u{l‰lª ~¨Åll‰m£” ~ƒ “~zˆz {§Y{§l‰Ü” (~‹xûv Ìýp‰ ~¨{rl‰ »{l‰{£ ~ƒ ~¥ƒ¥zˆû n™ý »r»{l) xp Yy¥j©, [¥w¨ùp‰ ~£YDb£ »N. »vƒŒ nŸ ñë~¨p‰ ëyp‰ly»xp‰ ~‹xû ~lªp‰f Yy¥j£{ »»vݲx nY‰{p‰»p‰ pK ~ƒ lvp‰f r±v£j{l‰ {« lyñp‰ rvjY‰ ~¦ƒ›vYf rl‰{p‰»p‰ pK Rn Rr v¨ƒ¨j »np‰p£ {« r£ù~ùY [¥fû y£|ŒxÃp‰ Rl‰ñnŸvf ƒ¥Ãx£{ z¥»J. l{ {~y 40 Ãp‰ 50 Ãp‰ rvp |²š z¹Y£{ r‹ù~‹ã r£ìx cz RMt¨nxYf v¨ƒ¨j »np§ R¥l. RÝl»xˆ nŸ vp£ cz Y…vp£YyjxY‰ |²š z¹Y£»N r¥{Ü Rly Wv[Œp‰ {¥N l£{§† ~ƒ »ll‰ ïK »ƒ£q™p‰ R£yY‰}£ »YùÚ. {Mlv£p»xˆ nŸ »ll‰ ïK ý|£z {|»xp‰ »[£hÃúv ~ƒ WƒŒ ~‹ã{p ýýo Sn™ÃúK »ƒ‰lª»{p‰ »v»~ˆ cz RMt¨nxY‰ vlªþvf »ƒ‰lª ýx.

cp[ƒp {Mopx - Growth of Population

Wà »vp‰ »p£{ Rn »z¤Y cp[ƒpx {Mopx þ Ü»J. Tf Rp§Y®z{ {Mlv£p»xˆ nŸ Rr ~š]² »u°l‹Y ~¹{MopxY‰ Yy£ z`£»{ñp‰ ~‹Ñv¨. WƒŒ nŸ ñë~£»[‰ R{|³l£ »vp‰v {p~lªp‰»[‰ R{|³l£ n ~¥zÃzˆzf zY‰ »p£Y…»ƒ£l‰ r£ù~ùY ~vlªz‹ll£{x (Ecological Balance) p¥Ü þ »[£~ˆ Rr»[‰ r¥{¥l‰vf Ur~ˆmKuY{p‰p£ {« r£ù~ùY [¥fû y£|ŒxYf Rrf v¨ƒ¨j nŸvf ~‹ã{p¨ R¥l. ñë~£ n rù~y»xˆv »Y£f~Ã. (Man is Part of Nature) rù~y ýn³£»N nŸ Rr‹ ~‹xû »nŠ àvxYf t¥qŸ R¥Ü t{ S»[p [p‹v¨. (Everything is interconnected) WƒŒ nŸ WY‰ »nxY ~‹ã{p »{p~ˆþvYf Rà…{ R»pY‰ »nŠ{zˆ n »{p~ˆ {p t{ nëv¨. »vx ~àlëY ~l³xÃ. »vx t¨ãnƒ»K nŸ v¥pýp‰ r¥ƒ¥n™z‹Yy Ü»J. A Rp§{ Rrf ~‹ll‰pf {p‰»p‰ Rr rù~yxf [ƒf, »Y£…f, ~l£ ~šr£{£f W»yƒŒ {p ýf rù~yx R¥lª† »~£t£nƒv n Rrf W»yƒŒ {p§ R¥Ü t{õ.

|›² z¹Y£»N »»c{ ýýol‰{x - Sri Lanka and it's Bio-Diversity

u®»[¤zšx {|»xp‰ |²š z¹Y£{ Sl£ Yªh£ ärlY‰ {§{n WƒŒ »»c{ ýýol‰{x l{ ãyfl‰ R£yY‰}£ Yy [¥ìvf l{vl‰ Rr ~vl‰ þ Ü»J. »z£{ »»c{ ýýol‰{x RÜp‰ Uj©~¨K ~ˆm£pxY (Hotspot) ÷qŸ ~‹Òvf Rrf ƒ¥Ãx£{ z¥ð Ü»J. u®ñ»xˆ r±v£jxf ~£»rˆY‰}{ {p Rz‹ [ƒpx Sƒ… ]pl‰{xY r{Üp Rly R£~‹x£p§ Rz‹p‰»[p‰ 10% r±Ü|lxYf |²š z¹Y£{ {£~~ˆm£p ~rxp t{f Rz‹ ~Ktp‰o{ Yfx¨lª Yyp c£l³p‰ly ý»|‰}exp‰»[‰ vlx þ l‹»J. Wx xƒrl‰ r±{jl£{xY‰ {§{n Wx Sn™ùxf r{l‰{£ [¥ìvf ƒ¥Ã»Nn xp‰p Rr ƒv¨»N R¥Ü r±|‰p£MmxÃ.

Sp‰n™xp‰ ~£[y»xˆ v¨lªR¥fx "Pearl of the Indian Ocean" xp ýy¥à{z‹x |²‹ z¹Y£{f ƒŒñ {«»xˆ WƒŒ r{l‰p£ r£ù~ùY ~¨p‰nyl‰{x »ƒ‰lª»{ë. »Y»pYª [ª{ëp‰ r‹x£wp ýf |²š z¹Y£{ RÜ|x yvÛx »z~ ƒùl {Mj»xp‰ t¥t»…ˆ. Wx Xƒ¨»[‰ [vp‰ ýh£{n ~p~£zp avl‰Y£y {« n~¨pÃ. »~£t£ ~KrÜp‰ Rp«p |²š z¹Y£{ u£[³{l‰ {« yfÃ. n|Y [jp£{Y‰ r¥{Ü Ru£[³ ~Krp‰p Y£z rùD»Fnxf n Rr‹ Rn Ül lt£ ~‹Ñp‰»pv¨. {Mlv£px y»fƒŒ ~¹{Mopx »vp‰v r£ù~ùY ~¹yY‰}jx »Y»yƒŒ n R{o£px »x£v¨ Yy A »{p§»{p‰ Y¥r Y… x¨lª Y£zx »z~ ƒ¥»`v¨. |²‹š z¹Y£»N ~ˆ{u£ýY ~Krl ëYz¥zˆ{ A R£Y£y»xp‰v r{l‰{£ [¥ìv »Y»yƒŒ Rr»[‰ R{o£px »x£v¨ Yyp‰»p‰ pK Rp£[l»xˆ nŸ |²š z¹Y£{ ~ˆ{u£ýY p¥{§K ƒ¨~ˆvY‰ ýq[¥ìvf ƒ¥Ã »z¤Y»xˆ r±v¨Z yfY‰ r{f rl‰{p§ R¥l. Wx Rp£[lx »{p§»{p‰ Rn Rr Yyp‰p£ {« R£»x¤cpxÃ.

rù|›zp [²p‰m: References:

YyÛx»vl‰l ~¬l²x

{p»y¤r ~¬l²x

Buddhist / Sri Lanka - Kotagama Sarath 1993

…v£ [› - Ñ»tG c£ÜY W~ˆ. vƒŒp‰n ƒŒñ

IUCN Red List 2007

Elephant of Sri Lanka, Department of Wildlife Conservation 2009

Hasini Sarachchandra, is the head of the media and publicity unit and the editor of the "Wildlife" Journal of the Department of Wildilife Conservation (DWC) of Sri Lanka. She has been working for the DWC since 1998 and actively involve with the department’s publicity activities and regular

contributor for the Wildlife journal, Sarachchandra attended for several Wildlife conservation related programs in Sri Lanka and abroad. She served at Editorial Board at the Divaina Newspaper.

Sarachachandra received a BA (Hons) in Mass Communication from the University of Kelaniya (Sri Lanka) and following a MSSc in Mass Communication at the same university. She can be reached at hasinicha@gmail.com

R£j‰h¨Y²v {³{~ˆm£{ xp§ yfY v¬z‹Y ìÜx R¥lª…l‰ z‹xýzˆz õ” yfY v¬z‹Y ìÜx RuŒt{£ x£vf Ã~‹ã ìÜxYf »ƒ¤ »y[ªz£~‹xYf »p£ƒ¥Y. “yfY ìÜx

»[£hp¥»[p‰»p‰ Wv y»G ~v£c nM|pxf Rp§{ õ” ~v£c nM|px »[£hp¥»[p‰»p‰ R£[ñY S[¥p‰þv Rp§{ õ. ìÜx cp ~v£c»xp‰ cp ~v£cxf »{p~ˆ {p‰»p‰ A A cp ~v£c Rly R£[ñY S[¥p‰þv »{p~ˆ {p »ƒõë. R£[ñY nM|px R£[ñY |£~ˆl¯{y¥p‰ ý~‹p‰ R{»t¤o »Y£f[l‰ R£Y£y»xp‰ ~v£cxf Sn™ùrl‰ Yyp§ ztõ.”

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~v£c r±Ü~¹~ˆYyjxp‰»[‰ tzr¦v - Social and Economic Change

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RÜ rù»u¤cp{£nx - Mega Consumerism

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»~£t£nƒ»K {³{~ˆm£{ 2322 {pÌþ tdtpyq;F Wildlife • December 2012 Vol. 8 No.1

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A Tusker (Elephas maximus) at Udawalawa National Park

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~‹¹ƒz ~¹yY‰}j r±Ürà{ - Sinhala Conservation Policy

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»v£p{ n v¨l‰»l‰ »v£Yn Yyp‰»p‰ - »v£Yf n p§w Xx ïv ƒ£yp‰»p‰

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»{…q RéY£úl‰{»xˆ tzr¦v - Impact of Trade Authority

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ý{¯l R£MÞYx ƒãp‰{£nŸv - Introducing the Open Economy

R£[K »u‰nxÃp‰ »l£y{ ~‹xû c£Ýp‰ ~‹xû R£[ñYxp‰ ~‹xû ly£ÜyK Rly {³£rˆl ýx. Wx »{…q r±Ürl‰ÜxY ~ˆ{u£{»xp‰ »vyff r¥ñÚ»xˆ x. 1979 {M}»xˆ y¦r{£ƒŒëx ƒ¼ãp‰{£nŸv ý{¯l R£MÞY r±Ürà{ ~v£c[l Ãúvf r±tz r‹f§tzxY‰ {§{n Wv R{é»xˆ ÷`ªKr£zY vj‰hz»xˆ ~‹Ñ»xˆ R¥~ Yp {~£ »p£[l‰ ~u£rÜ{y¥p‰ ~ƒ ëzo£úp‰ ë~£ ý{¯l R£MÞY»xˆ ~‹f§{y¥p‰f y¥Ç rùn™ Ré rù»u¤cp v£p~‹Yl‰{xY‰ »vyf r£ù»u¤[ŒYxp‰ Rly »[£hp¥[›vf »p£ƒ¥Ã ýx. r~¨{ 90 n|Y»xˆ v¨z u£[»xˆ »r°nŠ[z‹Y y¦r{£ƒŒì p£z‹Y£ ~ƒ [ª{p‰ýãz‹ p£z‹Y£  þ v£o³ ~¹~ˆY¯ÜxY‰ yf lª… ëMv£jx ýx. ~¹~ˆY¯Üx ƒ¥~‹yþ»K RéY£ú tzx r§nŠ[z‹Y p£z‹Y£ ~ƒ tƒ¨c£ÜY »{…q ~v£[K Rlf »K ~v[ rl‰ýx. “R£~£{ r‹pþv v[Œp‰ ýv¨Y‰Üx UàYy[l ƒ¥Y” xp S[¥p‰þv rnpK { »[£hp¥[ªj »{…q r±Ürl‰Üx v[Œp‰ »vy»G ~¹yY‰}j r±Ürà{ ýp£|xf rl‰ {«»xˆ »K Rp§{ õ.

tƒ¨c£ÜY ~v£[K ~ƒ »r°nŠ[z‹Y y¦r{£ƒŒì p£z‹Y£ - Multinational Companies and Private Television Channels

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U[l‰ »ƒ£y¥p‰ ~ƒ p«[l‰ »ƒ£y¥-Educated and Uneducated Thieves

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~£¹]‹Y »nŠr… Y²vx - Property Rights of the Sanga

Rn ~¹yY‰}j ý}xf WYlª ýx x¨lª Ur ý}xY‰ »z~ »x¤cp£ þ R¥l‰»l‰ Rzˆ»rˆDb Ì{p yf£{ f Rp§{ Ì{l‰ {p ~v£cxY‰ »[£hp¥[›v ~qƒ£ vƒcp vlxY‰ »[£hp¥[›vf òx£Ãúvõ. (Campaigning) Rzˆ»rˆDbl£{ ƒ£ t¥¼ãj© òx£Y£yYK ~v£c[l Ãúvõ. ~£¹]‹Y »nŠr… Y²vx xp§ ~‹¹ƒz »t°nŠo ~v£c»xˆ u£ýl»xˆ Üt¬ Rzˆ»rˆDc Ì{p n¯}ˆÓx ƒ£ t¥¼ãj rù»u¤cp Y²vxÃ. ñу£zˆ WYlª Ãúv n »K ƒ£ ~v[£ò{ xp òx£Y£yYvÃ. "Reservation" xp§»{p‰ tfƒŒy ýn³£exp‰ v¦lY nŸ ƒ¼ãp£[l‰ ~¹yY‰}j Ur~¹Yzˆrx Tf {~y nƒ~ˆ [jpYf »ry [¥ñ ë{~Y [¥ñ [¥ƒ¥p¨p‰»[‰ »»nëY òx£Y£yYvY‰ {|»xp‰ r¥{Ü t{ »võp‰ »rp‰{£ n™x ƒ¥Ãx.

»~£t£nƒ»K nk¨{K Y²vx - Nature's Justice System

~¹yY‰}jx »ƒ{l‰ Üy~£y rù»u¤cpx r±Ürà{Y‰ »z~ ñë~ˆ Ìýl ƒ£ tnŠo{ Üð ïq {¥f§j¨ R£Y£yx Rr‹ ~£YDb£ Y»…v¨. rù~yx ~¹yY‰}jx Yy [¥ìvf R{|³ pK Y… x¨l‰»l‰ YªvY‰ n ? [²p‰m£y¦i Yyp zn ~¹yY‰}j ~¬l²x Ì{p nM|px ƒ£ tnŠo »Y£f ~v£c r±Ürà{Y‰ t{f rl‰ Ãúv õ. ~¹yY‰}j»xˆ r±Ürà ~ˆ{y¦rx ïq{¥Ò R¥l. Wx p¥{l »[£hp¥[›v ~qƒ£ v¥n™ƒl‰ {p »z~ yc»xp‰ Szˆz£ ~‹Ññ. A vY‰ ë~£n xl‰ x»vY‰ R£j‰h¨Y²v {³{~ˆm£{ Uzˆz¹]px Yyp ýf nk¨{v Wv r§nŠ[zx£fv z¥»tp pv¨l‰ x»vY‰ »~£t£nƒ»K {³{~ˆm£{ Uzˆz¹]px Yyp ýf nk¨{v z¥»tp‰»p‰ ~v~ˆl ~v£cxfv »ƒõë. (RÜr«c³ »àhKrƒ… |²š y£ƒ¨z ƒŒñ ý~‹p‰ r{l‰{p zn 2012.06.27 »vl‰ »pl‰ r£v¨z oMv»nŠ|p£{ r£nY »Y£f yap£ Yy R¥l).

rù|›zp [²p‰m: References:»vv z‹r‹x ~Y~ˆ Yyp znŠ»nŠ [ª{p‰ ýãz‹ ýY£|Œl oMv»nŠ|p£, y¦r{£ƒŒì {¥h~fƒp‰, rù~y »nŠ|p, |£~ˆÝ²x »nŠ|p, [²p‰l ~ƒ rܲY£ R¥~¨ùë.

Upali Gunesekera is a Wildlife Ranger Assistant at the Department of Wildlife Conservation (DWC) of Sri Lanka.

Gunesekera received BA Degree (External) from the University of Sri Jayawardenapura (Sri Lanka) and a Diploma in Wildlife Management and

Conservation from Open University of Sri Lanka.

26 {pÌþ tdtpyq;F Wildlife • December 2012 Vol. 8 No.1 »~£t£nƒ»K {³{~ˆm£{ 27

28 {pÌþ tdtpyq;F Wildlife • December 2012 Vol. 8 No.1 ~¥l‰l¦r~ˆ ýx ~r§yp {pÌþ y¿}‹l c£zx 29tv¨j© r‹x£UYª~ˆ~£ - c£ÜY Un³£px

ahytpy; gwitfs;

Brahaminy Kite (Haliastur indus) at Yala National Park

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jx Yyñp‰ A U»n~£ Y¥r»{ñp‰ Ì{l‰ {p{£ ýp£, Ìýlxf Rp‰ tz£»r£»y£l‰lª{Y‰ YªvYf n ? WÄ ryv£Mmx v¨zˆ Yy[l‰ Y… ~‹xzˆzY‰v xƒrl‰ Rx¨»yp‰ Sf§»Nx xp‰p, bp‰v Uy¥v»xp‰ X{§ƒ¨ U[ëÜ. Sq™p‰ ëƒk{v pv¨ã »z£{ avl‰Y£y»xp‰ r§y{p, Rr«M{ {« Ì{p [vpY llª »z£»{p‰ ~`{£ [l‰ X{§ƒ¨ Y{yƒ¬ n ?

Ì{x - Life

»v£»z£{ Urp‰à ~‹fv {Mlv£px nY‰{£l‰, Sp‰ »p£p¥{Ý Rp£[lx nY‰{£l‰ {« x¨[ [jp‰ r~¨ Yyñp‰ »p£ëñ [vpY ëyl{ ~‹Ñp£ ~l‰{xp‰ »[‰ r¥{¥l‰»K ~ˆÞyl‰{x yq£ r{Üp§»xˆ “Ì{x” p¥v¥Ü vƒ£ »r£ã ~£oYx vlx. Sn™p‰ WÄ ~l‰{ ý»|‰}xp‰ Rlª»M ñë~¨p‰f ƒŒñ {p§»xˆ r±v¨Z~ˆm£pxÃ. ëyp‰ly{v Yªlªƒz»xp‰ ~r‹y¥j© ñë~£ ~¦v R{~ˆm£{YnŸv »~~¨ Ìý ý»|‰} ~Ktp‰o»xp‰ n ýv~‹z‹vl‰ {« ƒ. WƒŒnŸ ~v~ˆl ~l‰{ ý»|‰} Rlùp‰ Ì{x p¥v¥Ü [ªjx r²tz{v S~ˆvlª{p ~l‰{ Y£j‰hx {|»xp‰ rY‰}šƒ¬ v¨zˆ l¥»p‰z£ [¥»pÜ.

rY‰}šƒ¬ lvp‰»[‰ »p‰Y ýn {O ~¹Yzp»xp‰ ~¨~¥n™ r‹x£rl‰ {z‹p‰ ëtq{v r{p‰ ~zñp‰, Rr«M{ {« p£n yf£{p‰»[p‰ [› [xñp‰, y`p ÷`ªK ƒyƒ£ ñƒŒvl Ì{»xp‰ r§y{Ü. RÝl v¨lªp‰ ñl‰»l¤ n - ýƒ`ªp‰»[‰ ƒ¥~‹úK yf£{p‰ »n~ tzñp‰ lv ~‹»lƒŒ ƒf[l‰ ý~ˆñl ƒ¥`ªvp‰ |Œz£ ~‹lª{vf p¥`®ƒ. r²¹|»xˆ z¥~ˆ»Y¤ (Lascaux) ~ƒ ~ˆr£dŠd»xˆ R¥zˆfñy£ (Altamira) R£nŸ »zp‰ ýƒ£úx |Œz£ ~‹lª{K Tf R{¥~‹ ën~¨p‰ ~rxõ. r¿}šp‰, ýƒ`ªp‰, Yªy¥zˆzp‰, ~‹»x£lªp‰ R£nŸ »K ~‹xû p£vxp‰»[p‰v ƒ¼ãp‰{p§ ztp »vÄ ý~ˆlyxf r~¨ïK {p ~l‰{ ý»|‰}x r‹…‹tq{l‰ ýv~£ t¥zš»K nŸ X{§p‰»[‰ RÝl

“ëƒk {p»rl R{n™ Yyp£ ýƒ` ñlª»y¤ ...” |²š z¹Y£ {l ~¨ã |£ùY£{£. ~qvzˆ y|‰ñ |²š. t¨nŠéY

("Friends Who Awake the Sleeping Forest..." Sri Lanka's White Faced-Starling. By Sadamal Rashmi Sri Buddhika)

{l »[£l {z‹p‰ ïqY‰ áp [¥p§v {Ñ»p‰ x.

rY‰}šp‰»[‰ rùj£vx - Evolution of Birds

r¯Þý S܃£~»xˆ {~y ñz‹xp 150 f rvj »ry ~vx ƒ¼ãp‰{p§ z¥t¨»xˆ c§y£~‹Y R{éx {|»xë. W~vx ý~zˆ {p£p‰ly ~ƒ {[ªy¥ ïK{z‹p‰ ~vp‰ýl uª z¿}j ~ƒŒl ~vxÃ. »K rù~yxp‰ƒŒ {£~x Yy R¥l‰»l‰ Yf§~ˆ~p‰ »[‰ »rp§vf ~v£pYK Ãxp£ Uy[ ý»|‰}»x¤ x. r{l‰p£ ly`Y£ùl‰{x ƒv¨»N R£ƒ£y »~£x£ [¥ìv ~qƒ£ ïK vGf»vp‰ lªy¥ vGfv lyjx Y… »v£{§ƒ¨ Y²ñY{ n¿} [~ˆ p[Œp‰pp‰ ~ƒ lªy¥ ƒŒ~ˆ vl ~yp‰pp‰ t{f rl‰ {« ƒ. W»~ˆ ~yñp‰ Yªh£, Yªh£ Uy[ ý»|‰} ~ƒ Y¯ñ ý»|‰} »[£ãy¥ Yy [l‰ ƒ.

»vÄ ƒ¥~‹úK yf£{ r±tz »z~f r±nM|px Y… ~l‰{ ý»|‰}xY‰ n Uy[ r¬M{cõp‰ Rl»M ýx. Uy[ ~ƒ ýƒ` xp ~l‰{ Y£j‰h »nY Rlylªy ~‹ã {« ýÇl² rùj£v»xˆ Yn™v ën~¨pY‰ {|»xp‰ (Archaeopteryx) “R£Ã»x¤rˆfùY‰~ˆ” r¬M{cýƒ¹`x£ ýã »z£{f Rp£{yjx ýx. r…v¨{ o£þx ÌýlxY‰ [l Y… »vÄ ~l‰{ Y£j‰hx lv R£ƒ£y »~£x£ ƒ¥~‹ú»K ll‰{xf rl‰ ýx. W»vp‰v [~Ãp‰ l{l‰ [~Yf ë~Mcpx Ãúvf »r…w¨j§ »v£{§ƒ¨ A ~qƒ£ lv r¬M{ [£l²£ x¨[… R£o£y Yy [l‰»l‰x. »[£ãy¥ ƒw£x£»K rƒ~¨{ U»n~£ r‹ƒ£f§ ~ƒŒl {« Sn™ù [£l²£ x¨{… »nr~f ýƒ‹à »[p o£{p»xˆ »xãj© »vÄ ~l‰{»x¤ WÄ ƒ¥~‹úv v[Œp‰ lv n™|£{ o£{p»xˆ »x»nñp‰v »{p~ˆ Ãú»K - r‹x{yf n ~£MmY{ r±ý|‰f {« ƒ. Sn™p‰ »vÄ aMx£ yf£{p‰ rùj£vx {l‰v ~¨zu r‹x£~¥ùxY‰ nY‰{£ rùj£vx {p‰pf R¥l¥’õ xp ýã vlxY‰ n A ƒyƒ£ »[£h p¥[ªÚ.

|›² z¹Y£»N Yªy¥û ý»|‰} - Varities of Birds in Sri Lanka

~l‰{õp‰ Rly ~‹ã {« Y£zrùp£vxf ~v[£ò{, »K r~¨ Yyp£ x¨[x {p ýf nŸ ñƒŒvl »{»~p ~‹xû ~l‰{ Y£j‰h Rlùp‰

r¿}šp‰f ƒŒñ þ R¥l‰»l‰ r±‹xvp£r ~ˆm£pxÃ. {Mlv£px {p ýf »z£{ r§y£ Yªy¥û ý»|‰} 9600 Yf R£~p‰p ~¹Z³£{Y‰ Ì{l‰ »{Ü. A Rlùp‰ |²š z¹Y£»N Yªy¥û ý»|‰} 464 Yf R£~p‰p ~¹Z³£{Y‰ {£Ml£ »{Ü. Sëã »p‰{£~‹Y 220 Y‰, ~¹Y²vÚY 127 Y‰ ~ƒ Rx£z»x£ˆ 117 Y‰ {|»xp‰ yf r§y£ {³£rˆl{ ~‹ÑÜ. »p‰{£~‹Y Yªy¥zˆzp‰ 220 Rlùp‰ R£»NÚY ý»|‰} 33 Y‰ ~ƒ ël³ »p‰{£~‹Y ý»|‰} 187 Y‰ n {|»xp‰ x…‹l‰ »tà áY‰ýx ƒ¥Ãx. |²š z£¹»Y‰x Rpp³l£{»xˆ ~zYªj© Rl»M ~¨ý»|‰} ~ˆm£pxY‰ »p‰{£~‹Y r¿}šp‰ ƒf ƒŒñ »{Ü. »vyf »»c{ ýýoÀ{»xˆ Rpp³l£{x »z£{f »[pxp »vÄ ë»x¤Ëlõp‰ ÃŒr »np£ r‹…‹tq{ {l - »[£l ƒ¥âúvf X{§p‰ ~Ktp‰o»xp‰ v¨z r§yp Ro³xpxY r…v¨ r‹x{y n {p§ R¥l. ëƒk {pÌýp‰»[‰ ƒk ë»x¤cpx Yyp£ Rr‹ WÄ Y£Mxx {[ÄvY‰ »~ˆv x¨lªYvY‰ »~ˆn ~‹l£ Yfx¨lª Y… x¨lª { R¥l‰»lv¨. Wv ë~£»{p‰ »vÄ ý»|‰}£¹[ z‹r‹ WYlª{f r…v¨{v WY‰ {p§»xˆ “|²š z¹Y£ {l ~¨ã |£ùY£{£” p¥v¥Ü R£»NÚY r¿}‹x£x.

|²š z¹Y£ {l ~¨ã |£ùY£{£ - White Faced-Starling of Sri Lanka

n™p»xˆ Uâ~p ~‹f ~{~ˆ ~vx nY‰{£ ~‹ã Yyp‰p£ {« lv »v»ƒ{y ëƒk{v Sf§ Yyp “Ì{x” f r±£j {£x¨{ r‹óp£ “ƒŒy¥” R{y[Œùp‰ t¥~ xp Y…, Xƒ¨ ý~‹p‰ Sf§ Y… Rp`Œ »v»ƒx ~‹ƒŒ Yyp§ {~ˆ lªÜ [›lxY‰ [x£ r±|¹~£ Ãúv {p»r»l‰ {p{£~š Y£ Rlyl‰ Ü»tp£ [ªj£¹[xxÃ. Rlª - SÜÜ ~‹qŸ [Œx [~Y v¨ãp‰ Rl‰lf þ “rš ... »ƒ¤p‰” “rš ... »ƒ¤p‰” ~ùp‰ »v£py£l‰, ~¥q¦ n™x »Yz‹xf {¥N r‹Ñxf t¥~ Yª¹ap£nx r£p£ Rz‹x£l‰, “f¹” [£p£ »[¤p£l‰, “»Y¤N” [£p£ v¨{£l‰, R¥`Œù r£p£ Yª…£l‰ R£nŸ »vÄ »p£Ä ~‹xû {p {£~šƒ¬ ƒŒy¥f lªÜ [› [xÜ.

ýn™ñp‰ ~{~ pz ƒ¥~‹»yp n™[ lª{z»~£tvp‰ ~¨ëzˆ ñÚ ëzˆ p§tlªy¥ ýr§zrl~p‰ R{y[Œy p¥Ñ»xp‰ {¥»fp Yzýz‹Yªp‰ ~¨yl‰ rz {¥ë »N ùý vhz“~¥…z‹ƒŒÚ ~¹»nŠ|x - |²š y£ƒ¨z ƒŒñ”

W{¥ë Svƒl‰ uY‰Ü r±j£v [›lxY‰ [£xp£ Ãú»K ƒ¥Ãx£{Y‰ |²š z¹Y£ {l ~¨ã |£ùY£{£ ~lª{ R¥l. ƒ‹y¥ t¥~ xp Yz n™p»xˆ ~‹ãþK Yý t~f »r… [~ˆ{ñp‰, Yªy¥û t~f p[ñp‰ lªy¥ ýx»p‰ Rlªrly ~yñp‰ pn nŸv {« Yzš »K r¿}‹x£ ~lª r±Yf ƒ¥~‹úvÃ. ~{~ˆ ~v»xˆ nŸ z¥[ªK ~ˆm£p»xˆ ~ˆm£p [l þvf r±mv r±Yf {p ƒ¥~‹úK yf£{Y‰ {|»xp‰ n Wx pK Y… ƒ¥Ã x.

{l ~¨ã |£ùY£{£»[‰ zY‰}j - Features of White Faced-Starling

|²š z¹Y£ ƒŒ~ ~¨ã |£ùY£{£, ƒŒ~ ~¨ã võp£ {|»xp‰ »nx£Y£yxYf pK zn »K Yªy¥zˆz£ S¹[²š~‹ t~‹p‰ Sri Lanka white faced staring, white headed starling, white headed mynah {|»xp‰ n {ƒyp§ ztõ. ýã »z£»N nŸ Sturnusal bofrontatus »z~ pK ztõ. võp£f tp‰o¨{y {p ƒŒ~ ~¨ã |£ùY£{£, »vyf ~¨zu{ ƒv¨{p »r£ã võp£ (Comman mynah) fl‰ »Y£j‰h Yªy¥zˆz£fl‰ (bulbul) Rlyv¥n™ ~‹y¥yYf ƒŒñ YK Ãxõ.

r±v£j»xp‰ 21 cm Y‰ rvj »N. Rxl‰ {p§»xˆ “STURNIDAE” (~ˆf§Më»H) p¥v¥Ü |£ùY£ Yªzxfx. ~‹ƒŒp‰ ~‹y¥yYf ƒŒñYK Ãxp »ƒ‰ Uh¨ Yx »Y£…, R†, Y† ñ|²{l‰ - xÑYx ~¨ã, R†, z£ ãw¨y¥ ñ|² {Mjxp‰»[p‰ r£f þ R¥l. pvf ~ùzp Rx¨ùp‰v ƒŒ~, {l, ~¨ã x. xÑ Yx r¨y£{f Rp‰{£x£v Sù ~ƒŒlõ. R¥~ {f£ ~‹ƒŒp‰ Yz£rxY‰ R¼ãy¥ r¥ƒ¥Ü aMòx Yz£rxÃ. r£ x¨[… Y† r£fÃ.

Ì{p yf£{ - Lifestyle

[~ˆ Rl»M ƒ¥~‹úvf r±‹xx. A n U~ˆ lªy¥ - Rlª rl»M x. »v£{§p‰ »[‰ [›l ƒk {h£l‰v ñƒŒù {p§»xˆ Yªy¥zˆzl‰ - Ãùzˆz‹xl‰ WYlª{ Y¥nz‹ lpp£ ~v»xˆ nŸ x. W~vxf Yªh£, Yªh£ y¹a§ {|»xp‰ ëúY‰}‹lx. U~ˆ [~Y »tpxY Y¥nz‹ lpõ. A vl v¯ã lj rl‰ R£n™x Rlªyõ. »rty{£ù v¥õ Rlylªy ~vx RuŒcpp ~vx {|»xp‰ {£Ml£ »N. lp£[l‰ Y¥ázˆz vl ([~ˆ Yªƒy»xˆ) {yY nŸ z£ ëzˆ r¥ƒ¥Ü ïl‰ly 1 - 2 l‰ Rly [jpY‰ nvõ. ïl‰ly ð»c°}j (y¿}‹l ~vx) ~v»xˆ nŸ Ãùzˆz‹xf R{¥~‹ ÷Y{yjx Yªy¥zˆz£ Y¥ázˆz ~òr»xˆ ÷»qñp‰ R£yY‰}£{ ~rxõ.

{M[x£ Ãúv - Re-production

ë~‹ Yz ïl‰ly »v¤y£ r¥f{§p‰ þ»vp‰ Rplªy¥{ Yªy¥zˆzl‰ - Ãùzˆz‹xl‰ WYv¨lª{ - r¥f{§p‰ »r¤}jx YyÜ. rùjl »p£{« r¥f{§p‰ z£ r¥ƒ¥Ü, ãw¨y¥{p‰ R† r¥ƒ¥Ü»x¤ x. v{l‰ - r‹x£l‰ ƒ£ ~v[ Y¥ázˆ»zp‰ r‹flf r¥ñÛvf ~vl‰ {p lyvf {¥h¨j© r¥f{§p‰, {¥ÕƒŒÑxp‰ r~¨ r~ n‹{xñp‰ r‹x£rl‰ »nr~f ýƒŒã{ñp‰ lv R¥zrlf [~£ [ëñp‰ “ÈY‰” “ÈY‰” pn™p‰ R£ƒ£y Szˆzñp‰ »v£y »nÜ. lv v{l‰ - r‹x£l‰ Rl¥y xplªy¥v X{§p‰ Rl»M [¥{»~ñp‰ R£ƒ£y »~£xÜ.r±o£p R£ƒ£y {|»xp‰ Yªh£ Y¯ñ ý»|‰} ~ƒ rzlªy¥ {[¡¡ R£ƒ£yxf [ëÜ. vo¨ u¿}Y»x¤ x.

{qþ»K lMcpxf v¨ƒ¨jr¦v - Facing Extinction

|²š z¹Y£{ lª… xƒrl‰ {³£rˆÜxY‰ ~ƒŒl{ Ì{l‰ {p§»xˆ rƒlyf »ll‰ Yz£r»xˆ, Y¼ãYyx R£|²‹l {p »rl lª… x. ~ˆm£p {|»xp‰ [l‰ Y… ~‹¹ƒy£c y¿}‹l {px ~ƒ ~‹ùr£ Rhýx r±v¨Zx, WÄ {p»rl‰ lª… nŸ xƒrl‰ {³£rˆÜxY‰ »rp‰p§K Y… n |²š z¹Y£ ƒŒ~ ~¨¨ã |£ùY£{£ xp§ ~v~ˆlxY‰ {|»xp‰ [l‰ Y… ãMzu l¥»pƒŒ z£ l¥ïx ƒ¥Ã r¿}‹»xÃ. Sn™p‰ X{§p‰»[‰ ~¨zul‰{x ìMjx {p§»xˆ Rr‹ Rn n™p»xˆ nŸ A ~qƒ£ òx£l‰vY Yyp£ - ~¹yY‰}j òx£{z‹x vl t{ n »vƒŒz£ ~fƒpYy ltv¨.

rù|›zp [²p‰m: References:v¹c§z ý»F~¨p‰ny “Yªy¥û ý|‰{»Y¤}x” (2006) ~¬ùx r±Y£|p

v¹c§z ý»F~¨p‰ny “Yªy¥z‰»z¤ / ýƒ` {l»[£l ývM|p” (2002) ~¬ùx r±Y£|p

~yl‰ »Y£f[v “~‹ùzY Yªy¥zˆ»z¤” (1995) A Field Guide to the Birds of Sri Lanka

Sadamal Rashmi Sri Buddhika is a Wildlife Guard at the Department of Wildlife Conservation (DWC) of Sri Lanka and he joined the DWC in 2007. He has published several article in Sinhala Newspapers in the area of wildlife conservation.

He has followed a Journior Certificate Course in Wildlife Management at the Giritala Wildlife Training Center.,f;fl;Liu ,yq;ifapd; gy;Ntupd gwit

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30 {pÌþ tdtpyq;F Wildlife • December 2012 Vol. 8 No.1 {l ~¨ã |£ùY£{£ 31

»Y£Ñx£ - x£z c£ÜY Un³£px

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A Leopard (Panthera pardus kotiya) at Yala National Park

»[p x£vf Szˆz£ ~‹Ò. ãK{¥Ñ ~ƒ vl‰r¥p‰ ~`{£ »[p x£vf n l¥l‰ YyÜ. »vv[Œp‰ rù~yxf {p ƒ£ëx »rp‰{£ nŸ Wx »l‰y¥K YynŸvf Ul‰~£ƒ [p‰p£ ëzo£úp‰ ƒf W»~ˆ r¥ñ»jp R¥l¥»vY‰ lv ëz tzx, »nŠ|r£zp tzx Uûrˆr£ lv p«[l‰ Yv r±nM|px YyÜ. W»ƒl‰ Un³£p»xˆ »~ˆ{x Yyp ëzo£úp‰ ƒf X{§p‰ ~‹xû »np£ Un³£px p¥yôvf r¥ñ»jp ~¹a£yYxp‰ r‹ù~Y‰ rvÚ.

Rr y»G c£ÜY {~ˆlª{Y‰ {p »ƒ¤Mfp‰l¥p‰p c£ÜY Un³£px ÷Y[¥ìvf òx£ Yyp ~»ƒ¤ny ëzo£ùp‰ lyK »n¤}nM|pxf zY‰ {« r‹ù~Y‰ v£ Ìýl»xˆ áY »p£v¥Ü lyK x. W»ƒl‰ X{§p‰ lv »~ˆ{x »p£Yh{£ Sn™ùxf »[p xp§ R¥l. Bp¦v l¥pY »ƒ£q ñë~¨p‰ Rly pyY ñë~¨p‰ n ~‹Ò. Rr ý~‹p‰ ~‹ã Y… x¨lª {p‰»p‰ pyY ñë~¨p‰ Yyp »nx Sûrˆr£ »rp‰þv »p£{ xƒrl‰ ñë~¨p‰»[‰ òx£Y£yYK ~v£cxf »rp‰þvõ. »z¤Y£p‰l»xˆ ëƒk »~ˆ{xY »xnŸ ~‹Ñp A »~£¼ãy¥ ñë~¨p‰»[‰ Y£Mx u£yx R¥[övYf zY‰ Yyñp‰ X{§p‰f ëyp‰ly |Y‰ÜxY‰ {p‰pf Rr ~¥v »np£»[‰ àxYl‰{x X{§p‰f zt£n™x x¨lª Y£zxõ »K.

“~‹x »nr£ xf r‹ƒŒÑ vƒ »r£»…£»{ƒŒ Rr»[‰ v¨lªp‰ ñl‰lp‰»[‰ »~£»ƒ£p‰ R† »|‰}{ R¥Ü t{ Xt Xt»[‰ ny¥{p‰f Ãx£ »np‰p. Rr»[‰ ÐÝp‰»[‰ Ìýl {z‹p‰ vƒ »r£»…£{ ~y¥~£y þ R¥Ü t{ Xt X»J ny¥{p‰f Ãx£ »np‰p. Wýf X{§p‰ u®ñxf [y¥ Yyp§ R¥l. Rr»[‰ ny¥{p‰{ vƒ »r£»…£{ R»rˆ v£l£{ t¦ Ãx£ ãp‰ {[ Xt Xt Xt»[‰ ny¥{p‰f Ãx£ »np‰p. ñƒŒYlf ~‹ã{p Yªvp R{~p£{p‰l »nxY‰ »ƒ¤ WƒŒ ny¥{p‰f n ~‹ã{p§ R¥l. »K uªñx ny¥{p‰ ý~‹p‰ »Y»z~£ áv¨{»ƒ£l‰ Sp‰ ~‹ã{p‰»p‰ X{§p‰ lv£{ »Y»z~£ [¥ìvY‰ t{ ~zYp‰p. »K t{ Rr nëv¨, WYv tzxÃp‰ WY r{§zY ~‹xû »np£ t¥q ltp‰p£Y‰ »vp‰ ~‹xû »nŠ WYv ƒ¨xÃp‰ t¥qŸ r{Ý. ñƒŒYl vl R¥Ü Ì{ c£zx ñë~£ ý~‹p‰ Yyp ~¦v »nxY‰v Xƒ¨ lv£fv Yy[p‰p£ »nŠ t{ vlY lt£[p‰p”. ylª Sp‰n™x£p§ p£xY ~‹x¥fzˆ»[‰ r±Y£|»xp‰ ïqY‰.

Nilu Maheesha Kularatne is a Enviornment Project Assistant at the Hortonplians National Park in Ohiya of Department of Wildlife Conservation (DWC) of Sri Lanka.

»»c{ ýýol‰{»xp‰ Rp«p »ƒ¤fp‰l¥p‰p - Rich Biodivercity at Hortan Plain

»»c{ ýýol‰{»xp‰ Rp«p ~ˆ{u£{ »~°p‰nMx»xp‰ r‹ù |²š z¹Y£»N ƒn{l t¼ã »vv yvÛx {p r‹x»~ƒŒ ~¨ý»|‰}l£{x »t£»ƒ¤ »n»pY‰ »p£nëÜ. |²‹ z¹Y£{f R£»ýÚY |£Y ƒ£ ~lªp‰ »t£»ƒ¤vxY‰ »vƒŒ ënƒ»~ˆ R£yY‰}£Y£ú{ Yzˆ »[{Ü. »t£»ƒ¤ »n~ˆ ý»n~ˆ ~¹a£yYxp‰ »vƒŒ r¥ñ»jp‰»p‰ »z¤Y£p‰lx (World’s End) pK »~£¼ãy¥ »~£t£nK ëv¥{§v p¥yôvfõ. Wt¥ýp‰ »t£»ƒ¤ »np£ »vv ~ˆm£px ƒ¥q™p‰þvf r§y¥ã þ R¥l‰»l‰ n »z¤Y£p‰lx pñë.

»vv v£ƒ¥`Œ ~Krl ÷Y[¥ìv ~qƒ£ Y¥r {« r‹ù~Y‰ ~‹Ñp t{ t¥ü t¥zˆvf »Y»pYªf »p£»r»p‰. X{§p‰»[‰ »~ˆ{x ëƒkx, W»vp‰v ë~‹ R¥[övf n »v»lY‰ zY‰ þ »p£v¥Ü Rly, X{§p‰f A »{p§{f ëyp‰ly »n¤}£»y¤rp Wzˆz {p t{ pK vv r~¨[Œx Y£zx r§y£v Rl‰ ãf§»{ñ.

“Ã~‹ Y»zY Rr y»G cpl£{ »{p§»{p‰ »~ˆ{xY‰ Yyp‰pf Sn™ùrl‰ {p{£ pK t¥j©K R¥~švf |Y‰ÜxY‰ R¥lª{ Sn™ùrl‰ ýx x¨lªx. W»~ˆ t¥p§K R¥~švf ƒ¥Ã n ? ~‹¹ƒz ñë~ˆ~¨ vƒ r§ãv »Y£f~Y‰ X{§p‰f »~ˆ{x Yzl‰ - »p£Y…l‰ tp™p{£. »~ˆ{x Y»z£l‰ {¥Õ»xp‰ tëp{£, A{£f ~‹p£~š {¥h Ãúvf ƒ¥Ã pK z¹Y£»N cpx£f »~ˆ{x Y… ƒ¥Ãõ”. Rp[£ùY oMvr£z lªv£.

{¥hY‰ Yyp »Yp£f »n¤}£»y¤rp, [zˆ v¨zˆ {¥Õx. Wx ~ˆ{u£ýYx. W»ƒl‰ A{£ »p£lY£ rù~yxf R£nyx Yyp A

»z¤Y£p‰l»xˆ ëƒk »~ˆ{x. ëü v»ƒ‰}£ Yªzyl‰p

(Silent Service Rendered by World's End. By Nilu Mahesha Kularathne)»{p§»{p‰ Y¥r þ ~‹Ñp {pÌþ ëzo£ùƒ¨ lv Y£Mxx »p£Yh{£ Yy»[p xÜ. X{§ƒ¨ ~l£ ~šr£{£f, [~ˆ »Y£…p‰{zf lv rj pz »vp‰ R£nyx YyÜ.

»ƒ¤Mfp‰l¥p‰p c£ÜY Un³£px, pYz‰~ˆ yY‰}‹lx ƒ£ |²š r£n Rhýx R¥lª…l‰ |²š z¹Y£»N vo³ Y¼ãYy r±»nŠ|»xˆ x¨»p~ˆ»Y¤ ~¹ýo£px ý~‹p‰ r~¨[Œx {~»M nŸ »z¤Y Uy¥vxY‰ »z~ r±Y£|xf rl‰ Ãúv lª…‹p‰ n »vv r±»nŠ|»xˆ R¥Ü ~¨ý»|‰}l£{x l{l‰ ýn³£v£p »N. »vv ~¨p‰ny ïK Yh ÷Y[¥ìvf ìÜúÜ rvjY‰ r±v£j{l‰ »p£»N. A ~qƒ£ Rr ~‹xû »np£ R£Yzˆrvx {|»xp‰ »{p~ˆ ýx x¨lª Y£zx áp‰ W…w R¥l.

»ƒ¤fp‰l¥p‰p ÷Y[¥ìv Rr ~‹xû »np£»[‰v {[Ävõ - Protection of Hortan Plain is Our Responsibility

v£ n »ƒ¤Mfp‰l¥p‰p c£ÜY Un³£p»xˆ »~ˆ{x Yyp‰ëxY t¥ýp‰ »vx R¥l¥K ýf ƒ¨»nY‰ [l£p§[ÜxY{ Rr ëzo£úp‰»[‰ [ªj [£xp£ ÃúvY‰ x¥õ ~vƒy ýf Xtf ~‹»lp§ R¥l. A ë~£v vv ãf§ ~vƒyY‰ ~‹nŠép‰ Xt »{l »[p ƒ¥y r£ñ. {~y ÃŒrxY ~‹f »ƒ¤Mfp‰l¥p‰p c£ÜY Un³£p»xˆ »~ˆ{x Yyp v£ WƒŒ nŸ zn Rl‰áÄK ~¨ý|£zx. »ƒ¤Mfp‰ l¥p‰p c£ÜY Un³£px p¥yôvf r¥ñ»jp Rr ~‹xû »np£fv r§¹Ç Y¥r ÃùvY‰ Ãúvf ~‹ã »N. WpK »K Un³£pxf »r£z‹Üp‰, ãK{¥Ñ, vl‰r¥p‰, IJh£ u£j‰h RY¥rx. »vƒŒ ~‹Ñp ~l£ ~šr£{£ A{£ ÷»[p Wp{£f RYv¥Ü x. W»ƒl‰ ñë~£ pK R£l‰v£MmY£ò ~l‰{x£ lv RuŒvl£Mm »Y»~ˆ »ƒ¤ Sf§Yy[¥ìvf r±xp‰l nyõ. Un³£px lª… [l Yyp r¥x ÄrxY »YÑ Y£zx lª… n lv R£ƒ£y »r£z‹Üp‰ UyxY nv£

Rr ƒ¥v »np£v rù~y»xˆ ~¨p‰nyl‰{x ýqŸvf Y¥v¥l‰»lv¨. n™pxY »nYY ë{£h¨{Y‰ zn R¥~‹zˆzÃp‰ »t£»ƒ¤ »np£ lvp‰»[‰ ~¨r§y¥ã {f£r‹f£»{p‰ AY£Y£ú t»{p‰ ñnŸvf lv

ny¥ vzˆzp‰ n Y¥f§{ »v{p‰ ~¨p‰ny ~ˆm£p p¥yôvf xÜ. W»ƒl‰ Rr W»~ˆ p¥yôvf xp ~¨p‰ny ~ˆm£p{z R¥Ü ~¨ý»|‰}‹l£{x r‹…‹tq R{»t¤oxY‰ R¥l‰»l‰ Rl»…£~ˆ~Yfx.

»z£{ »»c{ ýýol‰{ Uj©~¨K ~ˆm£p (Biodiversity Hotspots) 25 Rlyf Rr r§¹Ç yf n Rxl‰{ Üð»K RuŒv£px n ýq™p‰pf A r‹…‹tq |²‹ z¹Y£ {£~š Ä »n»pY‰ áp ~‹Ñp‰»p‰ n xp‰p [¥fû{Ã. »vv YªzYxf Rr yf n Rxl‰ þv lª…‹p‰ xK RuŒv£pxY‰ áp§p n ~¥týp‰v WƒŒ ~¥`{§j© Yj[£f§{Yf Yy¥jY‰ n R¥l. WpK »K ~qƒ£ »z¤Y»xˆ xK r±»nŠ|xY‰ »l‰ú»KnŸ ~¥zÃzˆzf [p§ ztp Y£yj£ »nYY‰ R¥Ü Rly, A Rà… r±»nŠ|»xˆ »»c{ ýýol‰{x Sƒ… R[xY Üðv ƒ£ Wx lMcpxf zY‰{ Üðv õ. W»~ˆ pK Rr y»G »»c{ ýýol‰{x n R¥l‰»l‰ lMcpxf zY‰ {« Y£j‰h»xˆ x.

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World's End»z¤Y£p‰lx 35

H.S.B.C. »vyf Ü»tp r±o£plv t¥¹Yª »~ˆ{£ ~rxp R£xlpxÃ. »vv R£xlpx {pÌþ ~¹yY‰}j »nr£Ml»Kp‰lª»N »ƒ¤Mfp‰l¥p‰p c£ÜY Un³£p»xˆ ~¨p‰ny rù~yx rýl²{ lt£ [¥ìvf àxY {p Rly Tf R{|³ v¬z‹Y r±Ür£npxp‰ ~Kr£npx Yyõ. H.S.B.C »vv vƒ`ª òx£{f àxY þ Rnf {~y [jp£{Y Y£zxY‰ [l þ R¥l. »vv rù~y»xˆ ~¨p‰nyl‰{»xˆ R£~‰{£nx áY tz£[¥ìvf »n‰|›x ƒ£ ý»nŠ|›x ~¹a£yY»xp‰ »t£»ƒ¤ »n»pYª {£M}‹Y{ tƒ¨z{ r¥ñ»jÜ.

X{§p‰»[‰ R£[vpxl‰ ~v[v »vv ~¨p‰ny rù~yxf Yj»Y£Y£ ƒkp‰pf ýx. »vv ~¹a£yYxp‰ ý~‹p‰ Un³£pxf ÷»[p Wp§ ztp Rræ{³ ëxñl ~ˆm£p{z »p£nv£ l¥l, l¥p áò»vp‰ »vƒŒ ~¨p‰nyl‰{xf áÕ »z~ ƒ£ë ~‹ãýx. X{§p‰ ý~‹p‰ ÷»[p Wp§ ztp ýýo R£ƒ£y {M[ ~ƒ A{£ R~¨yp »r£z‹Ýp‰ ë~£ rù~y»xˆ ~¨p‰nyl‰{xf tz{l‰ ƒ£ë ~‹ãýx. l{ n l¥p l¥p R£ƒ£y áòv ë~£ Yr¨f© [ƒpx n {Mopx ýx. »K rù~y»xˆ Ì{l‰{p r±o£plv ~l‰{x£ {p »[¤p£»[‰ Syjvf tz{l‰ rƒyY‰ ýx. Wv R£[p‰lªY æ{³ »[¤p£ r±v¨Z ~lªp‰»[‰ R£ƒ£y t{f rl‰ {« Rly, A{£ R£ƒ£yxf [p‰p£ zn »[¤p‰p§ RY£z»xˆ vyjxf rl‰ {«ƒ.

»ƒ¤Mfp‰l¥p‰p c£ÜY Un³£p»xˆ Sƒl [¥fû ëy£Yyjx Yy nŸvf H.S.B.C. R£xlp»xˆ àxYl‰{x Rr »{l {~y ÄrxYf »ry ~‹f z¥t¨Ú. X{§ƒ¨ Rr »nr£Ml»Kp‰lª{ ~v[ WY‰{ ýýo UrY²v u£ýl£ Yyñp‰ »vv ~¨p‰ny rù~y»xˆ S{l nvp Rræ{³ ë~‹»z~ Y…vp£Yyjx Ãúvf àxY {«ƒ. Wv r£ù~ùY [¥fû{ ý~q£ [¥ìvf ƒ¥Ã {« t¥ýp‰ »ƒ¤Mfp‰ l¥p‰p {Mlv£p»xˆ Rr Y£»[‰l‰ r¥~~¨vf zY‰ þ R¥Ü ~ˆm£pxY‰ t{f r£l² þ R¥l. »vv rù~y»xˆ ~¨p‰nyl‰{x ÷Y [¥ìv ~qƒ£ YKYy¥{p‰ »x£à rýl²{ lt£ [¥ìv, ý{yj rƒ~¨YK, ëzo£úp‰f {¥ƒŒ Yt£ ƒ£ ~rl‰lª zt£nŸv, ~¹a£yYxp‰ áp§{l‰ Ãú»K p£v r§{y¥ Sn™Ãúv ~qƒ£ r~¨[Œx {M} ÃŒrx v¨†zˆ»zˆ àxYl‰{x zt£»nñp‰ »vv vƒ`ª Y£Mx ~£MmY{ ~‹ãYy»[p xñp‰ r{Ý.

H.S.B.C. R£xlp»xˆ |²š z¹Y£{ ~ƒ v£zn™{õp ~Ktp‰êYyj ëzo£ú ëY‰ ë»Y£zp‰ vƒl£ R¥lªû Yj‰h£xvY‰ r~¨[Œx {~»M »vv {»p¤n³£p»xˆ Y‰»}ˆl² Ro³xp a£ùY£{Y ëx¥ûÚ. Tf {pÌþ ~¹yY‰}j »nr£Ml»Kp‰lª»N ƒŒfr§ Ro³Y‰}Y cpy£zˆ{y»xYª {p ap‰æ{¹| rÜy£c vƒl£, ë»x¤c³ Ro³Y‰}Y ~¥z~¨K ap‰np ~¬ùx tj‰h£y vƒl£, Wv R£xlpx ~v[ {pÌý ~¹yY‰}j »nr£Ml»Kp‰lª»N ~Ktp‰êYyj ëzo£ú T|£ p£p£xY‰Y£y vƒl‰ñx, ƒŒfr§ ~ƒY£y Ro³Y‰}Y vo³v, {õ.Ì.Ë. Yy¥j£yl‰p vƒl£, ~ƒ v£ R¥lª† Y£Mxx

H.S.B.C. »xp‰ »ƒ¤Mfp‰l¥p‰pf. Ì. x¬. ~£y¹[,

(H.S.B.C. Supports Hortan Plain. By G.U. Saranga)

vj‰hz»xˆ r±o£pl‰{»xp‰ ~‹ãýx. Wv ~¹yY‰}j {¥hv¨û{ »nn™pY‰ Rr ý~‹p‰ r¥{¥l‰ {« Rly WƒŒ nŸ »ƒ¤Mfp‰l¥p‰p c£ÜY Un³£p»xˆ {¥n[l‰Yv, H.S.B.C. R£xlp»xp‰ ~‹ãYyp§ ztp Y£Mxxp‰{z r±[Üx, »l£f§rzYp‰n Y¼ã lyjx, »z¤Y£p‰lx, »JYM~ˆ R¥zˆz ~ˆ{u£{ v¹»r»l‰ Y‰»}ˆl² a£ùY£{Y ëx¥»zñp‰, X{§p‰ ~qƒ£ »vv rù~y»xˆ {¥n[l‰Yv »rp‰{£ »np znŸ. »vv {¥h~fƒp vƒl‰ R£~‰{£ncpY {« Rly X{§p‰ »vv rù~y»xˆ ~¨p‰nyl‰{x ÷Y [¥ìvf àxY þv r‹…‹tq{ Wv R£xlpxf Urƒ£yxY‰ »z~ »v»z~ ~fƒpY‰ ltñ.

G. U. Saranga is a Wildlife Ranger and presently Park Warden of Hortonplians National Park in Ohiya of Department of Wildlife Conservation (DWC) of Sri Lanka.

N`hl;ld; rkntspapid Rj;jkhf itj;Jf;

nfhs;tjw;fhf fle;j gy tUlq;fshf mjpf-

sthd cjtpfis xU Kd;ddp tq;fpahd

HSBC Njitahd gy Kd;Ndw;ghLfSld;

toq;Ftij gw;wp ,k;klypy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Fwpg;ghf jpz;kf;fopT Kfhikj;Jtk>; tUif

jUgtu;fsplkpUe;J #oiyg; ghJfhg;gjw;F

mwpT rhu;e;j nray;fisj; jhq;fp epw;fpd;w

mwpf;if gyiffis epWTjy>; N`hl;ld;

rkntspapy; gzpGupNthUf;fhd Nkyhil kw;Wk;

ghjzpfis toq;Fjy; njhlu;ghf ,k;klypy;

Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. NkYk; ,k;kly;> HSBC; N`hl;ld; rkntspf;F toq;Fk; njhlh;r;rpahd

rpwe;j Mjutpid mq;fPfupg;gJld; ed;wpapidAk;

njuptpf;fpd;wJ.

Rz‹ - Y{§h¨zˆz c£ÜY Un³£px

ft;Ls;s Njrpa g+q;fhtpy; ,uz;L ,sk; ahidfs;

Two Young Elephants at Kawudulla National Park

~‹lª{v - Yªz~‹ù yjþy

Fyrpup uztPutpd; Xtpak;

Painting by Kulasiri Ranaweera

mwpKfk; -Introduction

,d;W cyfpy; kdpjd; kl;Lk; jk; thoplq;fis tpl;L ,lk;ngaHe;J miyatpy;iy. tdrPtuhrpfSk; $l jk; thoplq;fisg; kdpjDf;Fg; gwpnfhLj;J tpl;L thotopapd;wp jtpHf;fpd;w JHg;ghf;fpa epiyikfs; Gtpr; #oypy; Njhd;wpAs;s gpujhdkhd gpur;rpidahFk;. ,it vkJ ehl;by; tpjptpyf;fhd xd;wy;y. ehl;bd; xt;nthU gFjpapYk; cs;s #oy; njhFjpfspYk; kdpjdpd; jiyaPL kw;Wk;> nraw;ghLfspd; Mjpf;fKk; mjpfhpf;f> mjpfhpf;f tdrPtuhrpfspd; thoplk; mr;RWj;jYf;Fs;shf Muk;gpj;Js;sd. mj;NjhL vkJ ehl;Lf;Fj; jdpj;Jtkhd gy tdrPtuhrpfs;> jhtuq;fs; mUfpr; nry;Yk; Nguhgj;Jk; njhlHe;Jnfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ. tdrPtuhrpfis kdpjd; Ngzpg; ghJfhf;fj; jtwpaikAk;> mtw;wpd; thoplq;fis mopj;J jdJ Njitfisg; G+Hj;jp nra;J tUfpd;w Nghf;Fk; njhlUfpd;w fhuzj;jpdhy; kdpjd; - tpyq;F Kuz;ghLfs; #oypy; fl;ltpo;j;J tplg;gl;bUf;fpd;wd. ,r; nraw;ghL kdpjDf;F kl;Lk; md;wp td rPtuhrpfSf;Fk; mr;RWj;jyhd xU tplakhFk;. MfNt ,jw;fhd gpd;dzpia ed;F Muha;e;J> kdpj rKjhaj;ijAk;> tdrPtuhrpfspd; gy;ypdj;Jtj;ijAk; ghJfhf;fNtz;bajd; mtrpaj;ij Ghpe;J nraw;gl Ntz;baJ fhyj;jpd; NjitahFk;..

kdpjd; - tpyq;F Kuz;ghLfs; - Human – Animal

kdpjdJ FbapUg;Gf;fspy; tpyq;Ffspd; mj;JkPwpa CLUtyhdJ mtdJ ,ay;G tho;f;iff;Fr; rthyhd xd;whf ,d;W khwpAs;sJ. cldbj; jhf;fkhfTk;> FWfpa fhyj;jpYk;> ePz;lfhyj;jpYk; ePq;fhj ghjpg;Gf;fis fhl;L tpyq;Ffs; kdpjDf;Fj; Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wd. ,j;jifa kdpjdpd; ehshe;j

kdpjd; - tpyq;F Kuz;ghLfs;: tdrPtuhrpfspd; thoplq;fis

Fog;gptUtjd; tpisT. fpUgh uh[ul;dk;

nrad;KiwfSf;F ,ilA+whf mikAk; tpyq;Ffspd; elj;ijfisNa kdpjd; - tpyq;F Kuz;ghL vd;W $Wfpd;Nwhk;. ,it ,d;W mjpfhpj;J tUfpd;w Nghf;F> fpuhkthrpfs; ehshe;jk; td tpyq;FfSf;F mr;rj;Jld; thOk; #oy; Mfpad rKjha mgptpUj;jpf;F jilahd xd;whf khwptpl;lJ. ehshe;jk; ,yq;ifapd; VNjh xU gFjpapy; tpyq;Ffshy; kdpjd; ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;w rk;gtq;fs; gjpT nra;ag;gl;Lf;nfhz;Nl ,Uf;fpd;wd. ,it Vd; Vw;gLfpd;wJ? ,jid vt;thW fl;Lg;gLj;JtJ? vd;gjpy; ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;baJ mtrpakhFk;.

tpyq;Ffshy; kdpj tho;iff;F Vw;gLfpd;w ,ilA+Wfs; vd;gJ tpyq;Ffs; jhkhfNt epidj;J vkf;F Vw;gLj;Jgit my;y. tpyq;Ffis vkf;Fs;Ns tutioj;jikf;F ehNk gpujhdkhd fhuzk;. tpyq;Ffs; mjDila tholq;fspy; thOfpd;wnghOJ mit vkf;F Mgj;jhditay;y. mit jkJ thoplq;fspypUe;J tpul;btplg;gLfpd;w nghOJ mr;rj;jhYk;> czTf;fhfTk; kdpj FbapUg;GfSf;F Clhf ,lk;ngaUifapy; kdpjidAk;> gapHfisAk;> FbapUg;GfisAk; jhf;FtJld; jd;dpy;cs;s tpahjpfisAk; tpl;Ltpl;Lr; nry;Yfpd;wJ. fhl;L tpyq;Ffis ntspNawj; J}z;Lk; rf;jpfshf

»vv z‹r‹x |›² z¹Y£»N ñë~ˆ ~l‰{ [¥f§v »Y»yƒŒ R{o£px »x£v¨

Yyõ. »vƒŒ ý»|‰}»xp‰ ~£YDb£ {p§»xˆ »vv [¥f§vf »ƒ‰lª ~ƒ W‰{£»xˆ

»[£‰zšx, Yz£ršx ~ƒ c£ÜY vGf»K r²Üsz vlx. l{n ~¥z~¨K yƒŒl{

~‹ã Yyp vp§}³ òx£Y£yYK ƒ£ A{£ ë~£ ~lªp‰ ~ƒ rù~yx vl

R¥Ü{p ýr£Y ý|‰»zˆ}jx Yy R¥Ü Rly Rz‹ ñp‹~ˆ [¥f§vf ~Ktp‰o

nl‰l Sn™ùrl‰ Yy R¥l. Tf Rvly{ ñë~ˆ ~l‰{ [¥f§v ë~£ »l£‰y£[l‰

rY‰}šp‰, ~vpzx‹p‰, Y¯òp‰, Uy[xp‰, Uux Ìþp‰ ý»|‰} ~ƒ rù~yx

vl R¥Ü{p tzr¦K rùY‰}£ Yy R¥l. R{~£p {|»xp‰ rù~y ~¹yY‰}

jx r‹…‹tq Üy~£y ~¹{Mopx R{o£yjx Yy R¥l.

Sheil, D., Salim A. 004. Forest Tree Persistence, Elephants and Stem Scars. Biotropica 36(4):505-5

Wright, S.J. 003. The myriad consequences of hunting for vertebrates and plants in tropical forests. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 6: 73–8

Websites:

http://www.nationalparks-worldwide.info/sri_lanka.htmhttp://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/04/25/wild-life.htmlhttp://www.wii.gov.in/nwdc/biosphere.htm

Kirupa Rajaratnam, is a lecturer in geography information systems (GIS) at the Department of Geography of Eastern University, Sri Lanka.

Rajartnam received a B.A (Hons) in Geography 2nd upper class division from the Eastern University. Currently

he is reading a M. Phil by Research (special filed in Geoinformatic Applications) at the University of Jaffna, Sri Lanka. Rajaratnam attended for several GIS and Disaster Management Training Programmes in Sri Lanka and abroad. He can be reached at geokirupa@yahoo.com

,aw;if> khdpl nraw;ghLfs; gpujhdkhdit. ,aw;ifr; rf;jpfs; vd;fpd;w nghOJ nts;sk;> tul;rp> fhl;Lj;jP> epyeLf;fk; Nghd;w gytw;iwAk;> khdplr; rf;jpfs; vd;fpd;w nghOJ FbapUg;G> tptrhak;> Nghf;Ftuj;J> ifj;njhopy; eltbf;iffSf;fhf tdr; #oy;njhFjpfs; mopf;fg;gLjy; kw;Wk; Ntl;ilahly; Nghd;wtw;iwAk; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

,aw;ifapd; rPw;wk; tpyq;Ffspd; thoplj;ij epiyFiyar; nra;Ak; Ntisfspy; tpyq;Ffs; kdpj FbapUg;Gf;fSf;Fs; Eise;J kdpj-tpyq;F Kuz;ghLfisj; Njhw;Wtpg;gJ ghUt hPjpapy; Vw;gLfpd;w xU epfo;T. Fwpg;ghf nts;s epiyikfspd; NghJ fpof;F khfhzq;fspy; Fwpg;ghf kl;lf;fsg;G> mk;ghiw khtl;lq;fspy; fhl;Lg; gd;wpfs;> khd;fs;> kiufs;> Kay;fs; kf;fs; FbapUg;gpDs; Eistij xt;nthU gUtj;jpYk; mtjhdpf;f Kbfpd;wJ. Mdhy; vkJ mwptpayhy; ,aw;ifr; rf;jpiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;jp> tpyq;Ffspd; thoplj;ij Mf;fpukpj;J ehk; tho Kw;gLfpd;w nghONj mit vkf;F Mgj;jhditahf khWfpd;wd. ,ay;G tho;f;iff;Fr; rthyhditahf mikfpd;wd. Kuz;ghLfs; cr;r fl;lj;ij vl;Lfpd;wd. mit rpy rkak; ghhpa mdHj;jkhfTk; cUntLf;fpd;wJ.

kdpjd; - tpyq;F Kuz;ghLfspd; jhf;fk; - Impact of Human-Animal Conflict

nghJthf tpyq;Ffshy; ngsjpf hPjpahd jhf;fq;fs;> caphpay; hPjpahfTk;> nghUshjhu hPjpahfTk; jhf;fq;fs; gy Vw;gLfpd;wd. capH gyp> gFjpastpNyh my;yJ epue;jukhd cly; Cdk;> FbapUg;Gf;fs; Nrjkhf;fg;gLjy;> tpyq;FfspYs;s Neha;fs; kdpjDf;Fg; guTjy;> tpr [e;Jf;fs; FbapUg;Gf;Fs; Eioe;J Mgj;ij Vw;gLj;Jjy; vd gytpjkhd ghjpg;Gfs; kdpj tho;Tf;Fr; rthyhf khwpAs;sd.

kdpjd; - tpyq;F Kuz;ghLfSf;F Clhf ghjpf;fg;gLgtd; kdpjd; kl;Lkd;wp tpyq;FfSNk. Xg;gPl;L hPjpapy; kdpjdhy; td rPtuhrpfSf;F ,iof;fg;gLk; ghjpg;GfNs gd;klq;F mjpfkhdJ. capHg;gy;tifik (Biodiversity) ,of;fg;ggLtjw;F Clhf kdpjd; kiwKfkhf jd;idj;jhNd mopj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;whd;. #oy; njhFjpfs; kdpjdhy; #iwahlg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ. FbapUg;GfSf;fhf> gapHr;nra;iff;fhf> Nghf;Ftuj;Jf;fhf> njhopw;Jiw eltbf;iffSf;fhf fhl;Lr; #oy; njhFjpfs; khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. ,jdhy; FWFfpd;w #oy; mikg;G (Environmental Corridor) vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;thW gue;J mike;j fhl;Lr; #oy; njhFjp FWFfpd;w nghOJ mq;F tho;e;j rPtuhrpfs; kdpj FbapUg;gf;fSf;Fs; GFtij vt;thW jLf;f KbAk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf 10 rJu fpNyh kPw;wH gug;Gs;s xU madf; fhl;Lr; #oy; njhFjpapy; thof;$ba capH gy;ypdj;Jtj;jpd; tifapid Nehf;ffpd;w nghOJ.

• 750 ,dq;fisr; NrHe;j kuq;fs; (species of tree)

• 400 ,dg; gwitfs; (species of bird) • 150 ,d tz;zj;Jg; G+r;rpfs; (species of

butterfly)• 1500 ,d G+f;Fk; jhtuq;fs; (species of

flowering plant)• 20 tifahd tpyq;Ffs; (types of animal)• 100 tifahd CHtd (types of reptile)• 60 tif ePhpYk; epyj;jpYk; thOk; capHfs;

(types of amphibian and) • vz;zpylq;fh G+r;rpfs; (Countless number of

insects)

kdpj nraw;ghLfs; ,j; njhFjpapd; kPJ Mf;fpukpf;fg;gLfpd;w nghOJ mtw;wpd; thoplk; rpjwbf;fg;gLtjw;$lhf mjd; ,dtpUj;jp ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ> mhpa ,dq;fs; mUFfpd;wJ> Ntl;ilahly; mjpfhpf;fpd;wJ> tPl;L tsHg;G gpuhzpfshy; fhl;L tpyq;Ffs; jhf;fg;gLfpd;wd> cztpd;wp mopa NeUfpd;wJ. mr;rk; fhuzkhf ehNk mopf;f Kw;gLjy; Nghd;wjhd epiyikfs; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLfpd;w nghOJ mjd; tpisTfs; ,aw;iff;F kl;Lkd;wp kdpjDf;Fk; MNuhf;fpakhdjd;W.

nghJthf ,d;W Clfq;fspy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLfp;d;w

xU mk;rk; kdpjDf;Fk; ahidfSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd

Kuz;ghLfs; gw;wpajhFk;. 2011 Mk; Mz;Lf;fhd

Gs;sptpguq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; ,yq;ifapy; 5>879

fhl;L ahidfs; cs;sd. ,it capH tho;tjw;F

gue;j fhl;Lr; #oy; njhFjp mtrpakhFk;. Mdhy;

,d;W mt;thwhd njhFjpfspy; kdpjdpd; Mjpf;fk;

mjpfhpf;fj; njhlq;fpajhy; czT Njb ehshe;j

nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLk; ahidfs; fpuhkq;fSf;Fs;

GFe;J moptpid Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. tUlhe;jk; ahidf-

shy; kl;Lk; 50 NgH ,wf;fpd;w rk;gtk; ,yq;ifapd;

gy ghfq;fspYk; ,lk;ngw;W tUfpd;wJ. rpwe;jnjhU

vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf fle;j 10.06.2012 md;W mk;ghiwapy;

,Utiu ahid jhf;fpajpy; xUtH gypahfpAs;shH.

mNjrkak; 250 ahidfs; tUlhe;jk; kdpjdhy;

mopf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,J ahidfshy; kdpjDf;Fk;>

kdpjdhy; ahidfSf;Fk; Vw;gl;LtUk; fjp. Mdhy;

,NjNghd;w epfo;Tfs; NkYk; gy tdrPtuhrpfshy;

Gyp> fub> ghk;G> gwitfs;> kw;Wk; tpr [e;Jf;fs;

gytw;whYk; kdpjDf;F Mgj;Jf;fs; NeubahfTk;

kiwKfkhfTk; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. mj;NjhL

kdpjdhy; gy;yhapuf; fzf;fpy; tdrPtuhrpfspd;

gy;ypdj;Jtk; kdpjdhy; jw;fhg;Gf;fhfTk;> jd;id

mwpahkYk; mopf;fg;gl;Lf;nfhz;Nl ,Uf;fpd;wd.

,tw;wpypUe;J ghJfhg;gjw;Fj;jhd; td rPtuhrpfspd; ruzhyaq;fs; epWtg;gLfpd;wd> Njrpa G+q;fhf;fs; mikf;fg;gLfpd;wd> ghJfhf;fg;gl;l tdg; gpufldg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,jDila Nehf;fk; tdrPtuhrpfspd; gy;ypdj;Jtj;ijg; ghJfhg;gJ kl;Lkd;wp> mit kdpj rKjhaj;Jf;Fs; Eise;J kf;fsJ ,ay;G tho;f;iff;F ,ilAwpid Vw;gLj;jhky; ,Ug;gjw;fhfTNk MFk;. ,yq;ifapy; 50 f;Fk; mjpfkhd ,j;jifa nraw;wpl;lq;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;L mit ghuhkhpf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. ,Ue;Jk; tdrPtuhrpfisg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd gy;NtW rl;lq;fs; cs;sNghjpYk; mtw;wpy; cs;s eilKiwr; rhj;jpakw;w jd;ikfshy; mjidAk; kPwp kdpjd;-tpyq;F Kuz;ghLfs; rthyhd xd;whfNt ,Ue;J tUfpd;wd.

KbTiu - Conclusion

MfNt ,e;jg; G+kpapy; kdpjd; MNuhf;fpakhf tho;tNjhL kl;Lkd;wp gilf;fg;gl;l midj;J rPtuhrpfSk; MNuhf;fpakhf tho;tij cWjpg;gLj;j Ntz;baJ kdpjdhfg; gpwe;j xt;nthUtuJk; jiyaha flikahFk;. kdpjd;-tpyq;F Kuz;ghlhdJ kdpjdhy; kdpjDf;Nf Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;Ls;s xU JHg;ghf;fpa epfo;thFk;. kdpjd; #oiy Nerpf;fhjtiu kdpj tho;it rPHFiyf;Fk; ,aw;if MAjkhf ,j;jifa Kuz;ghLfs; NkNyhq;fpf;nfhz;Nl nry;Yk;. #oiyAk;> mq;F thOk; caphpdq;fisAk; Nerpj;J rpwe;jnjhU #oy; el;Gwtpid (Eco-friendly) xt;nthU kdpjDk; Vw;gLj;Jfpd;w nghOJjhd; kdpj tho;T kWkyHr;rp ngWk;.

crhj;Jiz E}y;fs;: References:

Bist, S.S. (2002) An overview of elephant conservation in India, The Indian Forester

Fernando P, Kumar M, Williams AC, Wikramanayake E, Aziz T, Singh SM (2008b) Review of Human-Elephant Conflict Mitigation Methods Practiced in South Asia. AREAS Technical Support Document, WWF.

Jayantha D (2011) Smuggling young elephants – a story of wildlife trade from Sri Lanka. Solitaire.

Jayewardene J (1994) The Elephant in Sri Lanka. Wildlife Heritage Trust of Sri Lanka, Colombo.

Prins, H., J. Grootenhuis and T. Dolan 2002. Wildlife Conservation by Sustainable Use. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers

Rodgers, W. A., Panwar, H. S. and Mathur V. B. 2000. Wildlife protected area network in India. – A review. Dehradun, Wildlife Institute of India

42 {pÌþ tdtpyq;F Wildlife • December 2012 Vol. 8 No.1 kdpjd; - tpyq;F Kuz;ghLfs; 43

Pic by Pramudhitha

mwpKfk; - Introduction

mad ehlhd ,yq;ifapd; capu;g;gy;ypdj;jd;ikahdJ

(Biodiversity) nrwpthf cs;sjhYk;> gy;NtW

tpjq;fspy; Kf;fpak; ngw;Ws;sikahYk;>

capupdq;fspy; Rkhu; miuthrpahdit ehl;bw;Nf

cupj;jhditahf (Endemic species) cs;sjhYk;

ehl;bid capupdr; nrwpT kpf;f (Biodiversity hotspot) xU jPthf Ma;thsu;fs; milasg;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;. ,jdhy; cyfpd; gy ,aw;if ts ghJfhg;G

mikg;Gf;fs; (IUCN, WWF, WCMC) ehl;bYs;s capu;g;

gy;tifikiag; ghJfhg;gjpy; ftdk; nrYj;jp tUtJ

Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,yq;ifapd; td tsghJfhg;G

jpizf;;fskhdJ (Department of Wildlife Conservation-DWC) ehl;bd; nghUj;jkhd ,lq;fspy; ghJfhf;fg;gl;l gpuNjrq;fis gpufldg;gLj;jp> mtw;wpw;F ,ilapy;

capupd ,izg;G topfis (Biological Corridors) Vw;gLj;jpdhYk;> kf;fs; jiyaPL fhuzkhf mtw;iw

,yq;ifapd; njd; td capu; tya capupd ,izg;G topfs; -

Xu; Nfhl;ghl;L uPjpahd kjpg;gPL. vk;. V. vk;. ,];jpfhu;

(Biological Corridors of the Southern Wildlife Region in Sri Lanka- A Theoretical Appraisal. By M.A.M. Isthikar)

guhkwpg;gJ njhlu;gpy; gy gpur;rpidfSf;F Kfk;

nfhLj;J tUfpd;wJ. Mdhy;> Nfhl;ghl;L uPjpapy;

,izg;G topfs; capupdg;ghJfhg;gpy; rpwe;j El;gkhf

tw;GWj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

Nfhl;ghl;L uPjpahd Nehf;Ffs; - Theoretical Perspectives

nghJthf capupdg;ghJfhg;gpy; ‘#oy; njhFjp

mZFKiw’apid (Ecosystem Approach) mDrupj;j ‘cs;epiyf; fhg;G’ Kiwapy; (In–Situ Conservation) capupdq;fis mtw;wpd; ,aw;ifahd

tho;tplq;fspNyNa itj;J ghJfhf;fg;gLd;w

topKiwahf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jdhy; capupdq;fsJ

epiy Fwpg;gpl;l #oypy; epiy ngw;W ,];jPukile;J>

,dg; ngUf;fj;jpy; <Lgl;L mlu;jpahd rkepiyahd

,dg; gy;tifikAld;; $ba capupd rdj;njhiff;F

toptFf;fpd;wJ (Barrow 2005). capupayhsu;fs;

capu;g;gy;tifikiag; ghJfhg;gjw;fhf>

capupd ghJfhg;G jpl;lkplypy;> ,ilj;njhlu;ig

Vw;gLj;Jk; tp;jj;jpy; capupd ,izg;G topfis

Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk;> mt;thwpy;yhtpbd;

jdpikg;gLj;jg;gl;l Jz;lq;fs; cUthfp tpLk; vdf;

Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdu; (Maffe and Carrol 1994, Daniel, Barry & Charles 1999, Barrow 2005). ,e;j tifapy; capupd

,izg;G topfs; (Biological Corridors/Green ways) capupdg; ghJfhg;gpy; kpf Kf;fpakhd xU tha;g;ghff;

fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. ,yq;ifapy;> capupd ,izg;G

topfis ahidfsJ ,izg;G topfs; (Elephants Corridors) vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

capupd ,izg;G top vd;gJ ‘tho;tplj; Jz;lq;fSf;fpilNa capupdq;fspd; ,lg;

ngau;tpw;F toptFj;J mjd; %ykhf capupdq;fs;

jdpikg;gLj;jg;gLtjid jtpu;fpd;w njhlu;r;rpahd

xLq;fpa jhtuq;fis cs;slf;fpa epyj;jpd; nky;ypa

gFjp (‘Narrow Strips of Land’) gFjpahFk; (Forman & Gorden 1986, Huggett 1998). capupd ,izg;G

topfSf;F cjhuzq;fshf Mw;wq;fiuNahu ePz;l

gFjpfs; (iuNgupad; gFjpfs;-riparian)> ,uz;L

tho;tplg; gFjpfis ,izf;Fk; nky;ypajhd

Gju; gFjpfs;> Gw; gFjpfs;> fhl;L vr;rq;fs;;

Nghd;wdtw;wpidf; Fwpg;gplyhk; (Daniel, Barry & Charles 1999). tho;tplq;fs; Jz;lhlg;gLk; NghJ

mq;Fs;s capupdq;fs; tho;tjw;Fj; Njitahd

tsq;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy;> ,dg; ngUf;fk;

nra;jy;> efu;jy; vd;gdtw;wpw;F ,izg;G top

mtrpakhFk;. ,jd; Nghjhd ,dg; ngUf;fkhdJ

capupdq;fs; mjpfupg;gpw;Fk; njhlu;e;J epiyj;J

epw;gjw;Fk; toptFf;Fk; (Forman & Gorden 1986). ,jdhNyNa capupd ,izg;G topfshdit

capu;g;gy;ypdj;jd;ikapidg; ghJfg;gjpy; rpwe;j

cj;jpahfTk; (Tactic), mbg;gilf; $whfTk; (Essential components), epiyj;jpUf;ff;$ba xU KiwahfTk;

(Sustainable way) cs;sJ vd tu;zpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

njd; td capu; tya capupd ,izg;G topfs; - Biological Corridors of the Southern Wildlife Region

,yq;ifapd; DWC MdJ MW td capu; tyaq;fis

milasyg;gLj;jp gupghydk; nra;J tUfpd;wJ.

mNdf td capu; tyaq;fspy; ,yq;ifapd; 21 Njrpa

G+q;fhf;fSld;> Vida ghJfhf;fl;l gpuNjrq;fSk;

(National parks and protected areas) cs;slq;Ffpd;wd.

mj;NjhL> ehl;bd; mjpfkhd capupdq;fs;;; Njrpa

G+q;fhf;fspy; ,l;L ghJfhf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.

nghJthf Njrpa G+q;fhf;fs; capupdj; jPTfshf

(Biological Islands) ,Uf;f> rpy capupd ,izg;G

topfshy; ,izf;fg;gLs;sd. ,yq;ifapd; Njrpa

G+q;fhf;fs; kw;Wk; ghJfhf;fg;gl;l gFjpfspy; njd; td

capu; tyaj;jpy; (Southern wildlife region) cltsit>

ahy> YDfk;nt`y> G+e;jy Njrpa G+q;fhf;fs;

(Udawalawe, Yala, Lunugamwehera and Bundala National Parks) cs;slq;Ffpd;wd. ,t;tyaj;jpy; tuz;l

vd;Wk; gRikahd fyg;Gf; fhLfspy; tpN\lkhf

`y;kpy;y> nfh`k;g> gY> tPu> Kjpiu (GUj)>

Ntk;G> nguyp> jpTy; Nghd;w gRikahd> Mdhy;

twl;rpf;F cl;gLfpd;w NghJ ,iyfis cjpu;f;fpd;w

jhtuq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,q;F ahid> khd;>

Kay;> fhl;nlUik> fhl;Lg; G+id> NtWgl;l Fuq;F

tiffs;> ghk;Gfs;> gwitapdq;fs; vdg; gy;NtWgl;l

»vv z‹r‹x v[Œp‰ R{o£px »x£v¨ Yyp§»xˆ |›² z¹Y£»N nY‰}‹j {pÌþ

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»vƒŒn™ “~ˆm£ìx ~¹yY‰}j Y²vxp‰” Rp§[vpx Yyñp‰ {£~ u®ñ ƒùl

vp‰Ýy¥ v[Œp‰ ~Ktp‰o Ãúv Ì{ ýýol‰{x ~¨÷Ävf ~¨ã~¨ Y²vxY‰

»z~ Sn™ùrl‰ »Y»M. l{n ~¹yY‰}j u®ñ ~¥z~¨K Ãú»KnŸ vp‰Ýy¥

R¥lª…l‰ Ãúv »»~nŠo£p‰ÜY{ ƒ£ r²£»x¤[ŒY{ Rl³£{|³ ƒ£ {¥n[l‰

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r{l‰{£»[p x£v ~£YDb£ Yy R¥l.

kdpjd; - tpyq;F Kuz;ghLfs; 45

,yq;ifapy; kdpj - ahid Nkhjy;fs;

njhlu;ghd xU Nehf;F. guPdh Ui]f;

(A Perspective of Human – Elephant Conflicts in Sri Lanka. By Fareena Ruzaik )

mwpKfk; - Introduction

,yq;if capu;gy;tifikapid nrwpthff; nfhz;l

xU ehL vd;why; kpiahfhJ. ,r;nrwpTj; jd;ik

nfhz;l #oypy; gbg;gbahd khw;wj;jpid Fwpg;ghf

1970 k; Mz;LfSf;Fg; gpd; fhzf; $bajhftpUe;jJ.

xU Gwk; ehl;bd; mgptpUj;jp eltbf;iffs; kpf

Ntfkhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl kWGwk; #oy; rkepiy

Ntfkhf rPu;Fiyf;fg;gl;L te;jik Fwpg;gplg;gl

Ntz;baitahFk;. ,e;epiyg;ghlhdJ capu;

[Ptuhrpfspd; tho;tpw;F ngWk; mr;RWj;jy;fis

Vw;gLj;j jtwtpy;iy. td[Ptuhrpfspd;

mr;RWj;jy;fs; kdpj tu;f;fj;jpw;F gy;NtWgl;l

Nfhzq;fspYk; ,d;dy;fis Njhw;Wtpj;jJ. ,e;j

tifapy; kdpj – ahid Nkhjy;fs; xU Kf;fpa

Nghuhl;lkhf ,yq;ifapy; tsu;r;rp ngw;W te;Js;sJ.

,yq;ifapd; KJnfYk;Gs;s tpyq;fpdq;fs; kj;jpapy;

kpfTk; gpugykhdJk; ngupa KiyA+l;b kpUfkhfTk;

ahidfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,yq;ifapy; 3000

,ypUe;J 3500 ahidfs; tiuapy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

,it cyh; tyaj;jpd; ejpf;fiu Xuq;fspNyNa

mjpfstpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,it gpujhdkhf ehl;bd;

cyh; tya tdrPtuhrpfs; ghJfhg;G tyaq;fSf;F

kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;L fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;j tdtpyq;Fg;

ghJfhg;G tyaq;fspy; U`_d> cltst> yh`_fy>

fy;xah> khJW Xah> t];fKt> kw;Wk; Nrhkhtjp

irj;jpa> kpd;Ndupah> fTLy;y> tpy;gj;J cs;spl;l

kfhtyp nts;sg; gpuNjrk; Mfpad Kf;fpakhd

gpuNjrq;fshFk;.

ahidfisg; ghJfhg;gjhdJ tdtpyq;F

ghJfhg;Gj; jpizf;fsk; vjph;nfhs;fpd;w xU Kf;fpa

gpur;rpidahff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. rdj;njhif

mjpfupg;G> tptrha kw;Wk; ePh;g;ghrdf; FbapUg;Gj;

jpl;lq;fspd; tp];jPuzk; vd;gtw;wpd; tpistpdhy;>

ahidfs; elkhlf;$ba fhl;Lg; gpuNjrk; RUq;fpf;

nfhz;L tUfpd;wJ. NkYk; jw;NghJ mKypy; cs;s

ghJfhf;fg;gl;l gpuNjr KiwikahdJ vQ;rpAs;s

ahidfs; njhiffSf;F ciwtplq;fis

toq;fg; NghJkhdjhf ,y;iy vd;gJld;> kdpj

eltbf;iffs; fhuzkhf mtw;wpd; juKk;

ghjpg;Gf;Fs;shfpapUf;fpd;wJ. ghJfhf;fg;gl;l gpuNjr

KiwikahdJ mt;thwhd gpuNjrq;fspy; tho;fpd;w

midj;J ahidfspdJk; KO tUlj;Jf;Fkhd

Njitfis epiwT nra;tjhf ,y;iy vd;gJld;>

mt;thW epiwNtw;wTk; Kbahj epiyik

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. NkYk;> ngUk;ghyhd ahidfs;

mtw;Wf;fhf xJf;fg;gl;Ls;s ghJfhg;G tyaq;fSf;F

ntspapNyNa tho;e;J tUfpd;wd. Nkw;gb

fhuzq;fshy;> kdpj-ahid Nkhjy;fs; cf;fpukile;J

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;j Nkhjy;fspdhy;> gaph;fSk;

nrhj;Jf;fSk; NrjkiltJ khj;jpukpd;wp kdpj

kw;Wk; ahid caph;r;Nrjq;fSk; Vw;gLfpd;wd. ,it

ngUk;ghYk; ,yq;ifapd; cyh; tyaq;fspNyNa

,lk;ngWfpd;wd. kdpjh;fSk; ahidfSk; jj;jkJ

nghJj; NjitfSf;F ehlNtz;ba ,lq;fspy;

,t;thwhd Nkhjy;fs; jtph;f;f KbahjitfshFk;.

kdpjh;fs; Ntz;b epw;Fk; mNj #oypay;

NjitfisNa ahidfSk; Ntz;b epw;fpd;wd.

vt;thwpUg;gpDk; ,e;j Nghuhl;lj;jpid nghJthf

ghh;f;Fkplj;J ahidfSf;Nf mjpfstpy; Nrjq;fs;

Vw;gLfpd;wd. Nkw;gb kdpj-ahidfs; Nkhjy;fs;

fhuzkhf tUlhe;jk; ruhrupahf 200 (DWC-2011) ahidfs; nfhy;yg;gLfpd;wd.

kdpj-ahid capupog;Gf;fspd; Nghf;F - Trend of Human

– Elephant Deaths

,yq;ifapy; mjpfkhf kdpj – ahid Nkhjy;fs;

epiwe;j khfhzq;fshf tlkj;jpa> tl Nky;> Cth

kw;Wk; fpof;F khfhzq;fspidf; Fwpg;gpl;Lf; $wyhk;.

2005-2010 fhyg;gFjpw;Fs;; kdpj-ahid Nkhjy;

fhuzkhf vw;gl;Ls;s capupog;Gf;fs; gw;wpa

tpguq;fis gpd;tUk; ml;ltid vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

%yk; : tdtpyq;F ghJfhg;Gj; jpizf;fsk; (DWC) - 2011

Nkw;gb Gs;sp tpguq;fs; tUlhe;j kdpj - ahid

Nkhjy;fspdhy; ,Ujug;gpw;Fk; vw;gl;L;s;s

capupog;Gf;fis fhl;Lfpd;w mNj Ntis mjpfupj;j

capupog;Gf;fs; ahidfSf;Nf Vw;gl;L;s;sd

vd;gjidg; Gyg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

mj;Jld; 2011 k; Mz;L> ,yq;if tdg;ghJfhg;Gj;

jpizf;fsj;jpd; fUj;Jg;gb ahid-kdpj

Nkhjy;fs; fhuzkhf 200 ahidfSk; 48 kdpj

capu;fSk; nfhy;yg;gl;ljhf Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ.

Mz;Lfs;

(years)

kdpj capupog;Gf;fs;

(Human Deaths)

ahid capupog;Gf;fs;

(Elephant Deaths)

2005 77 123

2006 79 163

2007 72 189

2008 71 224

2009 50 226

2010 81 227

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R{o£yjx Yy R¥l‰»l‰ Rz‹ ñë~ˆ [¥f§v »vyf Rz‹ {£~ u®ñ{zf

tzr£p Ýyj£l‰vY ~£oYxY‰ t{x. »vƒŒ nŸ 2005-2010 nY‰{£ Rz‹

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ñë~¨p‰ ý~ˆp‰ ~‹ã Y… Rz‹ ]£lp ~ƒ ƒ£ë ÃúK ~Ktp‰o nl‰l Sn™ùrl‰

Yy R¥l. R{~p‰ {|»xp‰ yaYx£ |›² z¹Y£»N Rz‹ ~¹yY‰}j r‹…‹tq

{¥n[l‰Yv ~£YDb£ Yy R¥l.

capupdq;fs; tho;fpd;wd (Ranasinghe Silva, Ariyaratne, P.A., Mendis, B. J.P. eds. et al. 2007).

gpuNjr capupd ,izg;G topfs; njhlu;ghd

gpur;rpidfSk;> mtw;iw epiyj;jpUf;fr; nra;jYk; -

Problems and Sustaining Biological Corridors in the Area

,yq;ifapd; njd; td capu; tya Njrpa G+q;fhf;fis

kw;Wk; ghJfhf;fg;gl;l gFjpfis ,izf;Fk; gy

capupd ,izg;G topfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd ,it

ahy fpof;F – Fkd> (Yala East-Kumana)> ahy

(W`_D) (Yala-Ruhuna)> G+e;jy> YDfk;ntfu kw;Wk;

cltst Njrpa G+q;fhf;fis ,izf;ff; $bajhf

cs;sd. mj;NjhL YDfk;ntfu Njrpa G+q;fhthdJ

G+q;fhthfTk;> XU capupd ,izg;G topahfTk;

cs;sJ (,]jpfhu; 2011). vt;thwhapDk; Nkw;$wg;gl;l

G+q;fhf;fisAk;> ,izg;G topfisAk; #o tho;fpd;w

kf;fs; g+q;fhtpDs;Ns gy;NtW nghUshjhu

eltbf;iffis rl;l uPjpaw;;w Kiwapy; Nkw;nfhz;L

tUfpd;wdu;. Fwpg;ghf G+q;fhtpd; vy;iyapy; Nridg;

gapu;r; nra;ifapid Nkw;nfhs;sy;> FbapUg;Gf;fis

mikj;jy;> ke;ij Nka;j;jy;> kpif Nka;r;rYf;F

tpyq;Ffis tply;> jhtuq;fSf;F jP %l;ly;>

khzpf;ff; fy; mfo;T> kPd;gpb> tpwF Nrfupj;jy;>

fhl;L kuq;fis ntl;Ljy;> Ntl;ilahLjy; Nghd;w

eltbf;iffspy; <Lgl;L tUfpd;wdu;;. mj;Jld;

G+q;fhtpd; gFjpfisAk; mgfupj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;wdu;

(Isthikar 2003). NkYk; capupd ,izg;G topfis

Jz;bj;J jkJ eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;L

tUfpd;wdu;.

,jdhy; tho;tplq;fs; Jz;lhlg;gLjy; (Habitat fragmentation)> ehl;bw;NfAupj;jhd jhtu>

capupdq;fspd; mopT> RNjrpa ,dq;fspd; mopT>

nfhz;L nry;Yk; ,aYik (Carrying capacity) Fiwtiljy;> jdpikg;gLj;jg;gLj;jg;gly; tpisT

(Isolation effect)> kdpj – ahid Nkhjy; (Human-Elephant Conflict)> capupay; ,izg;G topfs;

Jz;bf;fg;gly; (Disconnection of biological Corridors)> ,dg; ngUf;f Mw;wy; Fiwtiljy; Nghd;w ghjf

tpisTfs; Vw;gl fhuzkhfpd;wd. Nkw;$wg;gl;l

fhuzq;fs; nghJthf capupd mopT cl;gl mtw;wpd;

,af;fk;> njhopw;ghL> tsu;r;rp epiy> ,dg; ngUf;fk;

Nghd;w mk;rq;fspYk; czT> ePu;f; fpilg;gpYk;

mtw;wpd; efu;tpYk; ghjpg;Gf;fs; Vw;gl;L mtw;wpd;

vz;zpf;if Fiwtilaf; fhuzkhfpd;wd (Huggett 1998, Miller 2004). ,jdhNyNa capupd ,izg;G

topfs; njhlu;ghd Nfhl;ghLfs;> vz;zf;fUf;fspy;

capupdq;fisg; ghJfhf;Fk; epiyj;jpUf;ff; $ba

topahf ,J Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ.

KbTiu - Conclusion

vt;thwhapDk; ,izg;G topfsJ J}uKk;>

capupdq;fsJ efUk; jpwDk; capupdq;fs;

njhlu;ghd mjd; gad;ghl;il epu;zapf;ff;

$bajhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. capupay; ghJfhg;G

njhlu;ghd rpe;jidapy; capupdq;fspd; cs;tuT/FbNauy; tPjj;jpw;Fk; ntspNaWk;/mopjy; tPjj;jpw;Fk;

,ilapyhd khw;wk; my;yJ rkepiy (Equilibrium) Kf;fpak; ngw;Ws;sJ (Doak & Mills 1994 Cited by Daniel, Barry & Charles 1999). ,jdhy; ghJfhg;G

eltbf;iffspy; <LgLk; capupayhsu;fSk;> epyj;

jpl;lkplyhsu;fSk; ,izg;G topfshdit kpf

mbg;gilahdjhf fUJfpd;wdu;. ,e;jtifapy; njd;

td capu; tya ghJfhf;fg;gl;l gpuNjrq;fSf;F

,ilapyhd capupd ,izg;G topfs; kf;fs;

jiyaPLfs; mw;wjhfTk;> capupdq;fs; fhyepiy>

Gtpapay; fhuzpfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L

fhy uPjpapy; ,lg; ngau;it Nkw;nfhs;sf;

$baJkhf tha;gpid Vw;gLj;jp Kfhik nra;tJ

gpuNjr capu;g;gy;ypdj;jd;ik> gpwg;Gupikapay;

gy;ypdj;jd;ik (Genetic diversity) vd;gdtw;iw

cau; epiyapy; epiyngwr;nra;J ghJfhg;gjpy;

mbg;gilahdjhf cs;sJ.

crhj;Jiz E}y;fs;: References :Barrow, C.J., 2005: Environmental Management & Development, Routledge, Publication, New York

Daniel K. R., Barry R.N., & Charles M.E.,1997: Biological Corridors: From, Function, and Efficacy, Bioscience Vol.47 No.10

Forman, R.T.T. & Godron, M., 1986: Landscape ecology. Wiley, New York

Huggett, R.J., 1998: Fundamentals of Biogeography, Routledge, New York

Isthikar, M.A.M., 2003: Causes and Consequences of Human-Elephant Conflict in Udawalawe National Park, Sri Lanka, (Unpublished), NTNU, Norway

IUCN 2000, 1999, List of Threatened fauna & flora of Sri Lanka, IUCN, Colombo

Meffee, K.G. &. Carroll, R.C., 1994: Principles of Conservation Biology, 2nd edition, Sinauer Associaters Inc. Sunderland, Massachusetts

Miller, T. G., 2004: Environmental Science, 10th edition, Thompson, USA

Ranasinghe Silva, Ariyaratne, P.A., Mendis, B. J.P. eds. et al, 2007: The National Atlas of Sri Lanka, 2nd edition, Sri Lanka: Survey Department of Sri Lanka

,];jpfhu;> vk;.V.Vk;. 2011: capupdg; Gtpapay;> I. gP. vr;. ntspaPl;lfk;> nfhOk;G> ,yq;if

M.A.M. Isthikar is a Senior Lecturer at the Department of Geography, University of Peradeniya, (Sri Lanka). Isthikar also a Biogeographer with research interests in Geographical distribution and challenges of Plants and Animals, Landscape Ecology, Natural Resources Management and Disaster Management. He is currently doing research on ‘Spatial Pattern of

Human-Elephant Conflict in Sri Lanka’.

Isthikar received a BA Degree from University of Peradeniya. He obtained his first M.Phil Degree from Norwegian University of Science and Technology in Norway and second M.Phil Degree from University of Peradeniya. He can be reached at isthikar.irf@gmail.com

46 {pÌþ tdtpyq;F Wildlife • December 2012 Vol. 8 No.1 47

~¦p‰H Õx¨p‰~ˆ - t¬p‰nz c£ÜY Un³£px

g+q;jy Njrpa g+q;fhtpy; tdkzw;Fd;Wfs;

Sand Dunes Forest at Bundala National Park

ahidfspd; fopTfspypUe;J (Dung) fljhrpfis

jahupj;jy;> capu; thA (Bio Gas) cw;gj;jpia

Nkw;nfhs;sy; my;yJ Nrjdg; grisahf

gad;gLj;Jjy; Nghd;w gad;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf;

$bajhfTs;sJ. Mdhy; ,t;thW ahidfisg;

ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zk; nfhz;l kf;fs;;

kpf mupjhfNt cs;sdu; vd;gJ cz;ik.

KbTiu - Conclusion

,d;W> kdpj - ahid Nkhjy; cf;fpukile;J

fhzg;gLfpd;w mNj Ntis> ehis ,e;epiyik

kpfTk; Nkhrkhd epiyf;F te;Jtplf;$Lk;. vdNt

kdpj - ahid Nkhjy; vDk; ,g;gpur;rpidia Kw;whf

jPu;f;fg;gl KbAk; my;yJ ,jw;F Kw;Wg;Gs;sp itf;f

KbAk; vd;gJ rhj;jpakw;wnjhd;whf ,Ue;jhYk;>

,f;Fog;g epiyapidf; Fiwf;f vLf;fg;gLk;

xt;nthU Kaw;rpiaAk; jpwd;kpf;fstpYk;

jhq;ff;$ba tifapYk;; eilKiwg;gLj;Jjy;

,d;wpaikahjjhFk;.

crhj;Jiz Ehy;fs;: References:

Charles Santiapillai (2010), An assessment of the human-elephant conflict in Sri-Lanka, Department of Zoology, University

of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka

IUCN Sri Lanka 2000, The 1999 List of Threatened Fauna & Flora of Sri Lanka, IUCN, Colombo

Ministry of Environment (2001), State of the Environment –Sri Lanka, United Nation Environmental Programme

National Atlas (2007), Survey Department, Colombo

Fareena Ruzaik is a lecture attached to the Department of Geography at the University of Colombo (Sri Lanka). She has published several articles in reputed journals and also presented papers at the conferences. Ruzaik’s research interests include Medical Geography, Environmental hazards, Eco-Tourism and Envirormental Health.Ruzaik is also a life member of Sri Lankan

Association of Geographers.

Ruzaik received BA (Hons.) in Geography from the University of Peradeniya (Sri Lanka), M.Sc in Forestry & Environmental Management from the University of Sri Jayawardenapura (Sri Lanka) and certificate course in Teaching Higher Education from the University of Colombo. Currently Ruzaik is reading for a Ph.D at the University of Colombo. She can be reached at fareena@geo.cmb.ac.lk

njhlu;Gila ,t;tUlj;jpw;fhd nkhj;j ahidfspd;

capupof;fg;gl;l tpjj;jpid tPjj;jpy; ghu;f;ifapy;;;;; 61.5

% ahidfs; Jg;ghf;fpr; #l;bdhy; capupoe;Jk;> 18 %

ahidfs; tptrhapfs; kw;Wk; Ntl;ilf;fhuu;fspdhy;

itf;fg;gLk; czTg; nghwpfSf;Fs; rpf;Fz;L

capupoe;Jk;> 12.3 % ahidfs; cztpd;wp gl;bdp

fhuzkhfTk; Vida 8.2 % ahidfs; uapy; tpgj;J

fhuzkhfTk; capupoe;Js;sd. ,tw;wpy; mjpfkhd

uapy; tpgj;Jf;fs; fy;Xah kw;Wk; fe;jsha; uapy;

jz;lthsq;fspy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sik Fwg;gplg;gl

Ntz;banjhd;whFk;.

ahidfspd; jhf;Fjy; ghq;Fk; nghUshjhu

,og;Gf;fSk; - Pattern of Elephant Attack and Economic Losses

ahidfs; mjpfkhf kdpj elkhl;lk; cs;s

gFjpfspYk; gapu; nra;if epyq;fspYk; cl;GFe;J

jdJ mlhtbj;jdj;ij fhl;Lfpd;w fhy Neuk; gw;wp

Nehf;Fifapy;. Rkhuhf 18% ahidfs; mjpfhiy

4.00 kzp Kjy; K.g. 9.00 kzp tiuapYk;> 2%

ahidfs; K.g. 9.00 kzp Kjy; gp. g. 4. 00 kzp

tiuapYk;> 10% khd ahidfs; gp.g. 4.00 kzp

Kjy; khiy 7.00 kzp tiyapYk; mjpfkhf 70%

ahdfspd; elkhl;lj;jpid khiy 7.00 kzp njhlf;fk;

mjpfhiy 4.00 kzptiuapYk; mtjhdpf;ff;

$bajhTs;sJ ( Charles Santiapillai - 2010).

vdNt khiy MW kzpf;Fg; gpwF

mjpfkhf kdpj - ahid Nkhjy;fspd;

nfh^uj;jpd; njhopw;ghl;bid

f h z f ; $ a j h f t p U f ; F k ; .

,r;re;ju;g;gj;jpNyNa gy;NtWgl;l

r%f> nghUshjhu kw;Wk; #oypay;

ghjpg;Gf;fSk;; ,d;dy;fSk; ,U

jug;gpYk;; Vw;gLfpd;wd. kdpj - ahid

Nkhjy;fSf;Fl;gLfpd;w gFjpfspy;

nghUshjhug; ghjpg;Gf;fs; vd;W

ghu;f;ifapy;> ahidfs; mjpfk; ehrk;

nra;Ak; nghUshjhug; gapu;fshf:

ney;> thio> njd;id> kuts;sp>

Nrhsk;> gotiffs;> epyf;fliy>

kuf;fwpr; nra;if> fUk;Gr;

nra;if Nghd;witfs; Kf;fpak;

ngw;witfshff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

,t;thwhd nra;ifg; gFjpfSf;F

ahidfs; tpUg;gj;Jld;

nry;tjdhy; Fwpg;gpl;l nra;ifia

Nkw;nfhs;Sk; tptrhapfs;

fLikahd ghjpg;Gf;fSf;Fk;

el;lq;fSf;Fk; Mshfpd;wdu;;.

Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;litfspy;

ahidfspdhy; Nrjg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w

Kf;fpa nghUshjhug; gapuhf

ney; tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. ney; mWtilf;F

Kd;G> mWtilf;fhyq;fspy; kw;Wk;; tPLfspy;

fsQ;rpag;gLj;jpAs;s Ntisfspy; ney;

ahidfspdhy; tpUk;gp cz;zg;gLfpd;wd. ,t;thW

NtWgl;l fhy fl;lq;fspy; Nrjkilar; nra;tjdhy;>

Vw;glf;$ba Neub nghUshjhur; nrytpid

(economic cost) kjpg;gpl;Lf; $WtJ fbdkhfTs;sJ.

mj;Jld; tptrhapfs; ney; tay;fisg; ghJfhf;f

,uT Neuq;fspy; Jhq;fhJ fz;tpopj;J ahidfis

tpul;babf;Fk; eltbf;ifapy; <LgLfpd;wdu;. ,JTk;

xUtifahd kiwKf nrythf (indirect cost) fzpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. vdNt tptrha epyq;fspy;

gapu;fSf;Fk; tptrhapfSf;Fk; Vw;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w

Nrjq;fs; xU Kf;fpa nghUshjhug; ghjpg;ghfTk;

,og;ghfTk; (Charles Santiapillai-2010) Nehf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

ahidfspd; ghJfhg;Gk; mjd; Kf;fpaj;JtKk; -

Conservation of elephant population and its importance

kdpj-ahidfs; Nkhjy;fis fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;fhfTk;

ahidfs; thOk; Rw;Wg;Gwr; #oypd; epiyj;jpUf;Fk;

jd;ikapid NgzTk; Kiwahd Ntiyj; jpl;lq;fis

eilKiwg;gLj;JtJ mtrpakhdJk; mtrukhf

nra;ag;gl Ntz;baJkhd tplaKkhFk;. ,jpy;

kdpj elkhl;lKs;s gpuNjrq;fSf;Fs; ahidfs;

cl;gpuNtrpg;gij jLg;gJ gpujhd eltbf;ifahf

cs;sJ. ,e;j eltbf;ifapy; ahidfis FbapUg;Gg;

gpuNjrq;fspy; ,Ue;J fhl;Lf;Fs; tpul;Ljy;>

mtw;iwg; gpbj;J ahidfs; tho;tplq;fSf;Fs;

nfhz;L nry;Yjy;> epyg;gad;ghl;L Kiw kw;Wk;

FbapUg;G Kiw vd;gtw;iw khw;Wjy;> kpd;rhu

Ntyp nghUj;Jjy;> capupay; uPjpapyhd Ntypfis

Vw;gLj;Jjy;> kdpj-ahid ,ilapy; gu];gu

gpizg;gpid Vw;gLj;Jtjd; Njitapidg; gw;wp

kf;fSf;F tpopg;g+l;ly;> NkYk;; #oy; NeaKs;s

mgptpUj;jpf; nfhs;iffis tbtikj;J mjid

eilKiwg;gLj;Jjy; vd;gd Kf;fpakhditfshf

cs;sd.

ahid kw;Wk; kdpj capu;fs; ghJfhg;Gj;

njhlu;ghf xU rkepiyiag; NgZjy; kpf kpf

,d;wpaikahjJ. 70% khd ahidfs; ghJfhg;G

tyaq;fSf;F ntspNa tho;fpd;wd vd jpU.

[ae;j [atu;j;jd (J. Jayewardene ) Fw;pg;gpLfpd;whu;. NkYk; ehl;by; mgptpUj;jp eltbf;iffs;

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;w Ntisapy; ahidfs; jhk;

tho;fpd;w trpg;gplq;fspypUe;J NtnwhU gpuNjrj;jpw;F

tpul;babf;fg;gLtJ xU epiyahd ePz;l fhyj;

jPu;thf mika KbahJ. Vnddpy;> ahidfs; jhk;

thOk; epyg;gpuNjrq;fspypUe;J NtWgFjpfSf;F

tpul;babf;fg;gLtjhdJ mjd;; Mf;fpukpg;gf;fs;

Nkhjy;fs; Kd;G ,Ue;jij tpl NkNyhq;f

fhuzkhftpUf;Fk; vd mtu; vr;rupf;fpd;whh;.

,yq;ifapy; kdpj –ahid Nkhjy;fs; xU gjpa

tplaky;y md;dpau; ,yq;iff;F tUif je;j

fhyk; Kjy; Mq;fhq;Nf Nkhjy;fs; ,lk; ngw;wJ

njhlu;ghf tuyhWfs; (16 Ew;whz;Lg;gFjpapy;; nuhgl;

nehf;]; (Robert Knox) fhyj;jpy; fz;b ,uh[jhdpapy;

ahidfspdhy; Vw;gl;l gapu; kw;Wk; nrhj;Jf;fSf;fhd

Njrq;fs; Nghd;wd) rhd;W gfu;fpd;wd.

kdpj -aid Nkhjy;; njhlu;ghf tsu;e;J

tUk; mf;fiwAk; ,e;epiyapid rkhspf;f

nghUj;jkhd eltbf;iffs; ,Ue;jnghOjpYk;

,J jPu;f;fg;glhjnjhd;whf fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

cz;ikapNy Fwpg;gplf;fstpyhd ahidfs;

ghJfhg;G tyaq;fSf;F ntapNa tho;e;J

tUtjdhy; ,jidg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhf Kiwahd

GJikahd cghaKiwfs; NjitahfTs;sd. kdpj-

aid NkhjYf;nfjpuhd Kfhikia xUq;fpide;j

mbg;gilapy; Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lkhdhy; Kiwahd

epyg;gad;ghl;Lf; nfhs;iffisg; gpd;gw;WtJld;>

ahid xU nghUshjhu tsk; vd;gjid

r%fq;fs; rupahf ,dq; fz;Lnfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

ahidfs; tptrha epyq;fSf;F Vw;gLj;Jk;

mopTfspid tpl mJ nghUshjhu uPjpapy; vt;tsT

gad;kpf;fJ vd;w cz;ikia njspthf r%fq;fs;

tpsq;Fkplj;J ,g;gpur;rpidia Rygkhf ifahsf;

$bajhftpUf;Fk;. ,r;r%fq;fs; ahidfspd;

JidAld; #oYf;F NeaKs;stpjj;jpy; Rw;WyhJiw

tUthia <l;bf;nfhs;s tha;g;ghfTs;sd. mj;Jld;

50 {pÌþ tdtpyq;F Wildlife • December 2012 Vol. 8 No.1 kdpj - ahid Nkhjy;fs; 51

House was attacked by wild elephantsDW

C L

ibra

ry P

ic

52 {pÌþ tdtpyq;F Wildlife • December 2012 Vol. 8 No.1 kdpjd; - tpyq;F Kuz;ghLfs; 53{¼ãy¥ r{§zY‰ - ~‹lªzˆrN{

ahyNjrpa g+q;fhtpw;fUfpy;> rpJy;gthtpy; xU Fuq;Ff; FLk;gk

A Family of Monkeys at Situlpawwa, nearby Yala National Park

Abstract

The relationship between mankind and reptiles had been rather tenuous, turbulent and tentative. Many people abhor reptiles such as snakes and are absolutely frightened and terrified of crocodiles. This is understandable given that crocodiles are dangerous predatory reptiles. Hence an understanding of the biology and behavior of crocodiles can not only help reduce the conflict between man and crocodile, but also highlight their ecological and economic importance.

Understanding Crocodiles and Their Behavior. By S. R. B. Dissanayake, S. Wijeyamohan & Charles Santiapillai

History of Crocodiles

Of the 13 species of true crocodiles found globally, two; namely, the Freshwater crocodile (Crocodylus palustris) and the Saltwater crocodile (C. porosus) are found locally. Crocodiles belong to an ancient group of reptiles that appeared on the face of the earth over 240 million years ago. They are great survivors who witnessed the rise and fall of the dinosaurs and have outlived them by 65 million years. Their basic body plan is so efficient that it has remained virtually unchanged over millions of years. Hence crocodiles are referred to as ‘living

fossils.’ They are among the most resilient of species, able to bounce back, provided their habitats remain intact. Although a few species have declined in size, none of the species has become extinct.

All crocodiles are characterized by long jaws, a protective armor of scales, a streamlined body and a long tail. The saltwater crocodile is the world’s largest reptile; and also the deadliest. Crocodiles have an excellent immune system that prevents life-threatening infections following vicious territorial fights in waters teeming with bacteria and other microbes. Thanks to

the immune system, their injuries heal quickly while crocodiles sulk. Thus they can survive even under the most appalling conditions.

Lifestyle of Crocodiles

Crocodiles are cold-blooded reptiles. This means unlike birds and mammals, they lack a thermostat and so cannot generate internal body heat to maintain a constant body temperature. Their body temperature is determined by that of their environment. They perform well between 30 and 330C. Thus heating and cooling are important for crocodiles. They move in and out of water depending on whether it is hot or cold outside. Crocodiles are ambush predators that sit and wait for any unsuspecting prey to come to the water’s edge so that they can lunge and bring it down.

The movement of the prey is monitored through the sensory pits along the sides of the jaws. As the crocodile struggles with bulky prey underwater, it is prevented from drowning by the closure of the palatal valve at the back of the throat. Once underwater, the flaps on the nostrils remain closed to prevent water entering the lungs. Being cold-blooded, crocodiles have a low metabolic rate and hence they do not have to feed constantly; instead they can fast for long periods. They are opportunistic feeders and feed on a variety of prey that range in size from shrimp to buffalo calves.

Finding food

Thus crocodiles are key predators at the top of the food chain in aquatic habitats. They help keep the balance in the complex web of life in wetland ecosystems. Since their stomach is relatively small, crocodiles cannot eat a huge amount in one go. This is why they stash bulky prey among roots in the aquatic habitats, so that they can return to eat a portion of it at a time. While they tear the bulky food, crocodile eyes can sometimes froth and bubble giving the appearance of shedding tears.

The teeth are all sharp and conical in shape designed to stab, impale and kill the prey and not to masticate it. They are also constantly replaced throughout life. The tongue is immovable and food is simply swallowed. Stones in the stomach

54 {pÌþ tdtpyq;F Wildlife • December 2012 Vol. 8 No.1 Understanding Crocodiles 55

Crocadile

to the lungs. Furthermore, while diving, the valve called the “Foramen of Panizza” can shut off the pulmonary circulation completely since it is redundant until the animal surfaces to gulp air.

Crocodiles are also unique in their ability to control their heartbeat. Thus during diving, blood is diverted from the pulmonary circulation to the rest of the body. The high levels of haemoglobin in the blood enables crocodiles to carry more oxygen for release to the oxygen-starved tissues while remaining submerged – an excellent adaptation for hunting in water.

Crocodiles, especially the “salties”, are highly territorial during the breeding season. Males being polygynous acquire harems and defend their territories aggressively. Mating is preceded by elaborate courtship. Females lay between 40-60 eggs either in a hole (by freshwater crocs) or on a mound (by saltwater crocs). Despite the parental care, 80% of the eggs do not develop during incubation. Of a cohort of 1000 eggs, only 8 crocs may survive to reach 5 years of age. Thus every living adult crocodile has survived against all odds.

Conserving Crocodiles in Sri Lanka

Conserving crocodiles in Sri Lanka is not easy as they are neither cuddly and charming, nor cute. They are rightly perceived by the public as dangerous animals to be avoided at all costs. Besides, crocodiles in Sri Lanka have had a earned a unfavorable reputation in the press as they are generally portrayed as villains in villages. Crocodiles kill much fewer people (2-3 people) in Sri Lanka annually than poisonous snakes, rabid dogs, mosquitoes, marauding elephants and speeding maniacs on the motorways.

Conservation programs should not be developed without reference and respect to local attitudes. As long as people perceive crocodiles simply as dangerous pests and refuse to acknowledge them as potentially important economic and ecological assets, they are unlikely to appreciate the value of crocodiles and thus become committed to conserving them.

Economically, crocodiles are extremely valuable for their skin and meat, while ecologically they are top aquatic predators, important for maintaining the structure and functioning of freshwater ecosystems. Crocodiles are important indicator species in assessing the health of aquatic ecosystems. While the presence of freshwater crocodiles is related to water quality, salinity is a critical parameter in estuarine habitats.

Crocodiles are efficient colonizers of freshwater ecosystems. A combination of amphibious way of life and cryptic behavior enables crocodiles to survive even in densely populated areas. Saltwater crocodiles are potentially dangerous animals that can kill man and livestock in areas where their natural prey base has eroded. While it may be possible to constrain the movement of such large terrestrial animals as elephants through the erection of electric fences or trenches, no such methods will work for crocodiles.

(called gastroliths) may help grind the large pieces of ingested food. They may also function as ballast.

Crocodiles usually hunt in the late evenings or nights, but digest their food during the day when ambient temperatures are high. For digestion to take place enzymes are needed and enzymes can act only at high temperatures.

In the absence of enzyme action, food, instead of being digested will rot and so the animal can die of food poisoning. Hence crocodiles have to increase their body temperature. This they do by lining themselves in such a way as to receive the maximum heat from the sun. If the body is over-heated, there is a real danger that the brain will either face dysfunctioning or even death. This is prevented by basking in the sun during which crocodiles can be seen facing the sun directly with their mouths wide open. The warm blood that comes to the buccal cavity exchanges its heat with the outside, and in the process cools before reaching the brain.

One of the interesting features of crocodilian physiology is their ability to maintain strenuous activity only for a short time. Such extreme exertion of energy takes place anaerobically (without oxygen) while fighting with other crocodiles for territory or mates, and during feeding after which they become exhausted and need to rest to recover and repay the “oxygen debt”. During such anaerobic exertions, lactic acid builds up in the blood. At high concentrations, the blood will become too acidic and it can prove fatal for crocodiles. This is one reason for mortality of crocodiles during capture operations.

Eyesight of the Crocodile

Crocodiles have excellent vision and can see well even in dim light. Thanks to the retinal tapetum made of a layer of guanine crystals at the back of the eye that acts as a reflector. The light that enters the eye

through the pupil is reflected back for enhanced vision. When a light shines on the crocs in the night, they can be easily detected by their “eye shine” which is the reflection from the retinal tapetum. Furthermore, being efficient aquatic predators, crocodiles enjoy binocular vision which enables them to judge the distance to their target prey accurately before leaping out of water. This is possible mainly because of the placement of eyes close together in front of the head so that the field of vision from right and left eyes overlap. Even in a crocodile that is 5m long, the eyes are situated only 7cm apart.

Biology of the Crocodile

Crocodiles are also among the few reptiles that have a 4-chambered heart as in birds and mammals to separate the blood that goes to the lungs (pulmonary circulation) and from there goes to the rest of the body (systemic circulation). Thus there is no mixing of oxygenated blood from the lungs and deoxygenated blood from the body. It is this feature that enabled crocodiles to grow big and become the largest reptiles on earth.

Large animals need high pressure from the systemic left ventricle to pump blood around the body and such high pressure would rupture the delicate alveolar tissues in the lungs. In the 4-chambered heart, the smaller right ventricle provides the correct pressure to pump the blood

S. Wijeyamohan is a senior lecturer at the Department of Biological Sciences, Vavuniya Campus of the University of Jaffna (Sri Lanka).

S. R. B. Disanayake is a Deputy Director –Research and Training at the Department of Wildlife Conservation of Sri Lanka. He joined the department in 1984.

Disanayake received a Politicial Degree (Hons) from University of Peradeniya (Sri Lanka), M.Phil in Bird Science from Open

University of Sri Lanka. He can be reached at sarathdisa@yahoo.com

Charles Santiapillai was a Professor of Zoology at the Department of Zoology, University of Peradeniya (Sri Lanka). Prof. Santiapillai has authored and published books, book chapters, articles in journals and newspapers in Sri Lanka and abroad related to wildlife conservation.

Understanding Crocodiles 57

Introduction

Väddas of Sri Lanka, an aboriginal group have survived for several millennia through adapting and coping with external and internal stresses imposed on them. They were inhabiting the island long before the arrival of Aryans and had spread all over the island and later confined themselves only to Vedi rata or MahaVedi rata consisting of areas from the Hunnasgiriya hills and lowlands up to the sea in the east. As a community they closely live on forest resources and wildlife. Currently Väddas are facing stresses that threaten to modernise them,

Väddas, Wildlife and Forest Resources: A Socio-Anthropoligical View. By Premakumara de Silva

which could easily result in their disappearance as indigenous cultural group (see De Silva 2012; Obeyesekere 2002; Thangaraja 1995; Dharmadasa and Samarasinghe 1990; Brow 1978; Wijesekera 1964, and Seligmanns 1911).While certain aspects of Vädda culture and nature loving life style have already disappeared, the assimilation of the Väddas with mainstream Sinhalese and Tamils has resulted in Väddas being confined to small scattered communities in the Eastern, Uva and North Central Provinces of Sri Lanka.

Over the decades Väddas or ‘people of nature’ of Sri Lanka have over the years sustained their

lives with the forest environment and their food, shelter, movements, communication; rituals were simple and evolved along with the requirements of the day. Like any small indigenous communities in the world, the early Väddas settlers too were dependent on the natural environment. In earlier time they used caves as their homes but gradually they built huts using parts of trees and today these huts have been changed into wattle and daub huts and to permanent structures. Although they were living in isolation, there have been external influences from time to time which have in a way invariably enriched the cultural diversity of the Väddas.

Hunting, Gathering and Sustainable Wildlife

A few generations ago, the Väddas seem to have used the bow and arrow as one of the main instruments for hunting. The other methods included using spears, setting traps, digging deadly trenches. Main prey was terrestrial vertebrates and there is no evidence to show that the Väddas have consumed annelids such as worm species, molluscs such as snails and slugs and arthropods apart from crabs. Tropical forests enriched with mammalian and avian species along with a few selected reptilian species such as iguana, turtle and crocodile as well as waters filled with fish provided sufficient amounts of protein rich nutrition for the Väddas. The Väddas kill only for food and do not harm young or pregnant animals. Game is commonly shared amongst the family and clan. This was also complemented by bee honey, wasp honey and yams rich in carbohydrates. Abundant fruits and diverse variety of greenery was also consumed by the Väddas in the past.

Encroaching into Väddas’s Ecological Zone

Today the existing law of the state prohibiting acquisition of forest resources and also the reduced availability of forest resources has resulted in reduced food availability where Väddas are compelled to transform themselves from hunting and gathering to nomadic and agricultural societies within a generation. Soon after Sri Lanka gained its independence from the British, agricultural extension programmes such as the Gal Oya development project resulted in a literal invasion of the Väddas homelands by non-Vädda communities. Some Vädda settlements in isolation had to be evacuated due to irrigation schemes. The green revolution accommodated by governments during the 1960s as well as agricultural and rural extension programmes might also have influenced the further loss of forest lands, enjoyed for generations by the Väddas, to the non-Vädda community. Adding to the consequences due to reduced forest areas, Väddas were compelled to transform rapidly into

Väddas and Wildlife 59"Kiri Koraha" Ritual

either part time chena (slash & burn) cultivators who depend on seasonal crops, or nomads who depend on livestock produce, hence becoming even more dependant and vulnerable. By this time, Väddas were modernising their hunting techniques as well as the rituals embedded within the hunting and gathering culture (Dharmadasa and Samarasinghe 1990).

Even before the Väddas were able to absorb the shock of the green revolution, the next jolt on them was induced, or in other words affected by hydro-power generation development initiatives and the simultaneous agricultural extension schemes under the Mahaveli Development Programme. A sizable portion of the Väddas territory in Dambana- Mahiyanganaya was acquired by the government and the affected were provided with blocks of land for agriculture in the Dimbulagala and Henanigala areas where they were involuntarily or literally forcibly resettled within an area dominated by non-Vädda communities who were master farmers. Apart from being separated from families and relations, the newly resettled Väddas were

required to become farmers. Even though the Väddas seem to be still substantially engaged in hunting and fishing, their traditional means seem to have been altered during recent times (De Silva 2012).

Change in Lifestyle of Väddas’ Community and Danger in Commodification of Wild Meat (dada mas)

There were a few factors leading to the disuse of the bow and arrow and other traditional methods of hunting and fishing. Simply it was a mere replacement of the old weapon by user friendly and effective weaponry such as the installed gun, cap gun, using dogs for hunting, using catapults, and in the case of fishing, using of spears, manually catching fish being replaced by rods and fishing nets for larger harvests. Furthermore, with the increased complexity of lifestyles along with modernisation; commodification of wild meat (dada mas) came into the scene with upward demand which resulted in over harvesting. At times, the Väddas had to compete with the other villagers with non-

Vädda community for forest resources, meat in particular and the competition was unfavourable to the Veddas as the other villagers had access to more sophisticated fire arms. A major grievance of the Väddas on the reduction of the wildlife is the organised poaching of wild animals by unauthorised groups.

While the above scenario can be observed among the original Vädda settlements, the newly resettled Väddas communities in the Henanigala and Dalukana areas as well as Pollebedda have completely disengaged from traditional hunting methods and have been compelled to metamorphose into traditional farmers who grow paddy as a main crop as well as Bada Iringu (Corn- Sc. name Zea Maize) , Kurakkan (Finger Millet- Sc. name Eleusinecoracana), Meneri (Pearl Millet- Sc. name Pennisetumglaucum), yams and vegetables. Managing wild elephants intrusion to cultivated lands and villages is necessary to promote sustainable chena cultivation and also the enhancement of nutrition of the Väddas. Further, elephants intrusion has become a natural disaster that paves the way for

indebtedness and reduced food security.

Challenges for the Future

Considering the fact that the Väddas have existed before the current laws were introduced to Sri Lanka, and considering the fact that the interaction with the forest is a prerequisite component of Vädda culture, an eco-friendly system should be made with careful consideration on all aspects and possibilities of possible abuse to exempt Väddas from the conventional law of the land especially the laws pertaining to encroaching and protected area management. If ‘people of nature’ and their traditional forest habitat remain unprotected not only many species of fauna and flora but also a rich culture that successfully managed forest environment for millennia face almost certain extinction.

References:

Brow, J. (1978). Väddas Villages of Anuradhapura. Seattle: The University of Washington Press,

De Silva, Premakumara (2012). “Diminishing or Struggle for Survival: Case of Väddas’ Culture in Sri Lanka” In SAARC Cultural Journalvol.1 No.2

Dharmadasa, K. N. O. and Samarasinghe, S. W. R. de A. (eds.) (1990). The Vanishing Aborigines: Sri Lanka’s Väddasin Transition , Colombo: International Centre for Ethnic Studies (ICES)

Obeyesekere, G. (2002). “Where have all the Väddas gone? Buddhism and aboriginality in Sri Lanka”. In Neluka Silva (ed.), The Hybrid Island: Culture Crossing and the Invention of Identity in Sri Lanka, Colombo : Social Scientists’ Association pp. 1-19

Seligmann, C. G. and Brenda Z. Seligmann. (1911). The Väddas. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Thangaraja, Yuvi. (1995). “Narratives of Victimhood as Ethnic Identity among the Väddas of the East Coast” In Ismail. Q, and Jeganathan. P. (eds) Unmaking the Nation: the Politics of Identity and History in Modern Sri Lanka : Colombo, Social Scientist’s Association,

Wijesekera, N. D. (1964). Väddas in Transition. Colombo: M. D. Gunasena and Co. Ltd

Premakumara de Silva is a Professor in Socilogy and head of the Department of Sociology, University of Colombo (Sri Lanka). De Silva’s research interests include Anthropology, Sociology, Indigenous Studies, Rituals and Pilgrimage, Sociology of Religion, Youth Culture, Globalization and Social Movements. He has published number of academic publications and, papers in locally

and internationally reputed journals. De Silva’s forthcoming book (2013) titled ‘Beyond the Sacred Journey: Varieties of Pilgrimage Practices at the Sri Pada Temple’.

De Silva received a Bachelor of Arts (BA Hons) and Masters of Arts (MA in Sociology) from the University of Colombo and Master of Science (MSc) and PhD in Social Anthropology from the University of Edinburgh (United Kingdom). He was the British Academic Fellow to the University of Edinburgh and also won several prestigious international fellowships including the British Academy and American Academy of Religion. He can be reached at prema112@hotmail.com

Väddas and Wildlife 61Väddas in Jungle

Abstract

Sri Lanka’s first Ramsar wetland, Bundala National Park, is now at a fairly stable conservation status. This status was achieved through management of property use rights therein. The aim was not to keep the stakeholders away, but to achieve a long-term success which ultimately benefits them. This is an experience to be shared and tested for the management of other wetlands in the country.

Introduction

Protected areas under the wildlife sector in Sri Lanka are of two major categories viz: national reserves and sanctuaries. The basic and most significant difference between these two categories is that in national reserves the entire land area is owned by the state, whereas land with private ownership is possible in sanctuaries. This basic premise automatically set in this context, with the aid of existing legal backing, is that the national reserves are managed. According to the Yellowstone model, whereas in the sanctuaries private ownership of lands, extraction of natural resources therein, though not from state owned lands at the most, and the freedom for decision making on transfer of land ownerships are allowed.

Resource use pattern and its evolution in the land area under the present Bundala National Park (BNP) Ramsar wetland, throughout the area’s known history, clearly indicate its transfer from a mix of non-property, private property, common property and state property status into an entirely state property status. This has been linked to the

PropertyRightsPerspectiveinWetlandConservation:AnexperiencefromBundalaNationalPark(BNP)RamsarWetland,SriLanka.

By M. G. C. Sooriyabandara

inception of the protected area and it’s up gradation to the present status. In 1969 the area was declared as a sanctuary and thereafter in 1992 the area was upgraded to the national park status which is one among the Sri Lanka’s national reserve categories. In recognition of its significance as a complex of coastal wetlands of outstanding merit and as the southern extremity of Asian bird flyway of migratory waterfowls, the area was recognized as the Sri Lanka’s first Ramsar wetland in 1990.

This paper examines the evolution of resource use and the property rights entangled therewith in relation to the area, BNP, and the possibility of undertaking suitability searches for the other wetlands, especially and at least, for the other Ramsar wetlands in the country.

Property Rights and Related Resource Uses in BNP

Property rights in relation to the area may be clumped into three epochs viz: period prior to declaration of the area as a PA (prior to 1969), era of Bundala Sanctuary (1969-1992) and era of Bundala National Park (since 1992). Table 1 summarizes the whole scenario spatially and temporally in relation to rights and uses. And it also highlights that with the up gradation of the protection status of the area where property category has been delimited to state property and state has taken the lead role in managing the area, the use rights therein have been restricted to regulated levels.

Anon (1993), Bambaradeniya, C.N.B. (Compiler) (2001), DWC (1998)

EpochExisting Property Category

Use RightsOperation Level Collective Choice Level

Access Withdrawal Management Exclusion Alienation

Prior to declaration of area as a PA (Prior to 1969)

State Not regulated Regulated Regulated Regulated Regulated

Private Not regulated Not regulated Not regulated Not regulated Regulated

Common Not regulated Not regulated Regulated Not existing Not existing

Non-property Not regulated Not regulated Not exist Not existing Not existing

Bundala Sanctuary (1969-1992)

State Not regulated Regulated Regulated Regulated Regulated

Private Not regulated Regulated Regulated Not regulated Not existing

Common Not existing Not existing Not existing Not existing Not existing

Non-property Not existing Not existing Not existing Not existing Not existing

Bundala National Park (since 1992)

State Regulated Regulated Regulated Regulated Regulated

Private Not existing Not existing Not existing Not existing Not existing

Common Not existing Not existing Not existing Not existing Not existing

Non-property Not existing Not existing Not existing Not existing Not existing

Table 1: Property types - Use rights matrix in relation to three major epochs.

As far as the value aspects of the area are concerned, Table 2 summarizes the change that has taken place through the identified epochs. Table 2 clearly shows that with the improvement of conservation status non consumptive direct uses are promoted; whereas the consumptive direct uses are regulated or banned under the provisions of related laws.

Present Situation

Through rightful and timely manipulation of

property use rights in the BNP Ramsar site, as aforementioned, present conservation status has been achieved. At present consumptive direct uses such as coral mining, gazing, turtle eggs

collection, agriculture and fuel wood collection has been stopped; in addition salt production and fishing has been successfully regulated. Tourism, as the main non consumptive direct use, has shown a remarkable, continuous growth both in number of visitors and revenue generated from tourism. Research, as a non consumptive use, maintains higher attraction throughout the area’s history.

Insight for Future

Sri Lanka as a country with high availability of surface waters is in need of a more concerted dedication to wetland conservation. These efforts may not be restricted to some selected set of wetlands, as these alone, Sri Lanka’s extensive wetlands network may not be conserved effectively.

As a country with high population density it’s inevitable that anthropogenic pressure is

exerted to natural resources, whereas BNP has no way out from this scenario unless the state has a direct decisive role and co-management is attributed to an optimal level.

According to the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis, environmental quality is high at low levels of economic development. However, as countries develop, environmental quality worsens until it starts to improve at higher levels of economic development. In order to achieve a significant improvement in environmental quality, there is a need for governments to increase expenditures on

Value Category Users / Beneficiaries

State of recognition in three epochsPrior to

declaration of area as a PA (Prior to

1969)

Bundala Sanctuary (1969-

1992)

Bundala National Park (since 1992)

Direct Use

FishingIndividuals in local community

Not regulated Regulated Regulated

Coral miningIndividuals in local community

Not regulated Banned Banned

GrazingIndividuals in local community

Not regulatedRestricted in state lands

Banned

Tourism

Local and foreign visitors, Individuals in local community, Park management (State)

Not regulated Not regulatedPromoted according to a plan

AgricultureIndividuals in local community

Not regulatedRestricted to private lands

Banned

Salt production

All members of the society Not regulated Not regulated Regulated

Fuel wood collection

Individuals in local community

Not regulatedBanned in state lands

Banned

Turtle egg collection

Individuals in local community

Not regulated Banned Banned

ResearchScientific community, Park management

Not significant Promoted Promoted

Indirect use

BiodiversityAll members of Society: rights held by state

Not significantly concerned

Enhanced through conservation measures

Enhanced through conservation measures

Non use

Existence Global communityIncreased concern at later stages

Increased concerns

Significantly increased concerns

Bequest Global communityIncreased concern at later stages

Increased concerns

Significantly increased concerns

Table 2: Change of value aspects through the course of history of BNP

Anon (1993), Bambaradeniya, C.N.B. (Compiler) (2001), DWC (1998)

62 {pÌþ tdtpyq;F Wildlife • December 2012 Vol. 8 No.1 Wetland Conservation 63

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g+q;jy Njrpa g+q;fhtpy; <uepyk

Wetland at Bundala National Park

environmental management, as well as on public education and awareness (Asafu-Adjaye, 2008). Such type of commitment in wetland conservation, in the case of BNP Ramsar site, has been shown by the government of Sri Lanka. The present state of commitment should be continued till the required standards of economic prosperity are achieved.

Followed by Bundala National Park, there are four more wetlands accredited as Ramsar wetlands in Sri Lanka. Basic information on those protected areas imperative for the scope of this paper is noted as follows.

Therefore, it’s very important to adopt experiences from management of natural resources in BNP Ramsar wetland for the management of other Ramsar wetlands in Sri Lanka. It seems that chronological implementation of interventions for BNP Ramsar wetland may have higher potential to be adopted for the other Ramsar wetlands. In addition, wetlands other than Ramsar sites may have the potential of being conserved to sustain the overall hydrology, ecology and other aspect.

Conclusion

Wetland management is attributed with cautious selection and timely implementation of strategies that manipulate property use rights therein. Success of each intervention depends on the interest of authorities to maintain a firm grip till the communities are ready to refrain significantly from adverse consumptive resource uses in wetlands. Till then, education, awareness and community empowerment in economic aspects can support to maintain fairly good conservation status of wetlands.

References:

Anon. (1993). Wetland site report and conservation management plan - Bundala National Park. Central Environment Authority, Colombo.

Asafu-Adyaye, John (2008). Environmental Quality and Economic Growth: The Case of Pacific Island Countries. South Pacific Studies Vol.29, No.1, 2008

Bambaradeniya, C.N.B. (Compiler) (2001). Guide to Bundala: A Guide to the Biodiversity of Bundala National Park - a Ramsar Wetland in Sri Lanka. IUCN, Sri Lanka.

DWC (1998). Bundala National Park Resource Inventory and Management Plan. The Global Environment Facility Project, UNDP and Department of Wildlife Conservation, Colombo. [Unpublished]

M. G. C. Sooriyabandara is currently the Deputy Director (Planning and ICT) of the Department of Wildlife Conservation (DWC). He has contributed in training DWC field officers in the capacity of the Assistant Director in charge of National Wildlife Training Center and managing wildlife protected area network in Central Highlands of the country in the capacity of

Assistant Director, Central Wildlife Region. In addition he is currently involved in wetland conservation as the STRP focal point of Sri Lanka for Ramsar Convention.

Sooriyabandara received BSc from University of Colombo (Sri Lanka), MSc from Peradeniya University (Sri Lanka), Postgraduate Diploma in Wildlife Management (WII, India). He can be reached at csooriyabandara@gmail.com

Protected Area Initial PA Status

Present PA Status Future Plans

Anavilundawa Sanctuary Sanctuary SanctuaryUpgrading to a National Park

Madugnaga Sanctuary Sanctuary Sanctuary

Managed as per a plan highly focused to wetland conservation

Vankalai Sanctuary Sanctuary SanctuaryIncrease size adding more area.

Kumana National Park + Kudumbigala Sanctuary (Kumana Wetland Cluster)

National Park + Sanctuary

National Park + Sanctuary

Managed as per a plan highly focused to wetland conservation

Sri Lanka’s Biodiversity.

By Jayantha Jayewardenecalled the Orange-billed Babbler and the Ceylon Jungle Babbler. With three common names, a unique scientific name becomes very important to correctly identify this bird.

A species is the grouping by which taxonomists classify the different living organisms. In biology, a species is the basic unit that makes up the biodiversity of an area. Usually animals which look similar are placed as members of the same species. But more accurately, a species is a reproductive unit consisting of organisms which can breed and reproduce viable offspring in nature.

Sub Species

There are instances where those of the same species, which live in different locations, have taken on certain characteristics that make them different, in some ways, from those of the same species which live in a different location. Therefore they are given a third scientific name

4000 species of flowering plants, 107 species of freshwater fish, 59 species of amphibians, 174 species of reptiles, 435 species of birds, 140 species of mammalsSeveral thousand invertebrates.

Biodiversity is a relatively new word that has come into our vocabulary. What is biodiversity?

Biodiversity or Biological diversity, refers to the variety of species, both fauna (animals) and flora (plants etc) living in a specific area. This encompasses all species of plants, animals and microorganisms and the ecosystems and ecological processes of which they are an integral part. Biodiversity has three different levels - genetic diversity, species diversity and eco systems diversity.

Table 1 shows the very high biodiversity that Sri Lanka has.

Biodiversity of Sri Lanka Table 1

Within the Asian region Sri Lanka has the highest species density (ie. the number of species per 10,000 km2) for Flowering plants, Amphibians, Reptiles, Mammals. Sri Lanka also has the second highest population density of humans.

Species

All living things known to science have been given scientific names. This is how a species is identified wherever it may be. For instance the Spotted Deer found in Sri Lanka is known scientifically as Axis axis. Common names can differ in different locations. In India this deer is commonly called the Chital but since it has the same scientific name we know that when we talk of the Chital or Spotted Deer we are talking of Axis axis. Scientific names can only be changed with good reason. However common names are changed easily. For instance what was called the Hawk Eagle (Spizaetus cirrhatus) is now called the Changeable Hawk Eagle. This can lead to confusion between the older and newer generations of naturalists. Then the Rufous babbler (Turdoides rufescens) is also

67

to identify them as a sub species. Two sub species would be able to breed since they are from the same species.

Evolution

All living things, including animals, undergo changes as each new generation succeeds the one before. These changes are usually so slight that they are very difficult to see, but over thousands or millions of years, they can completely alter the way animals look and also the way they behave. This process of change is called evolution. It allows animals to take advantage of new opportunities and to adapt to changes that take place in the world around them. Evolution works by modifying existing characteristics, usually through a series of small mutations and adaptations. The result of this is that every animal is a living store of evolutionary history – one that helps to show how different species are related.

Genetic Diversity

Genes are the unit that transfers particular characteristics from one generation to another. For example a child may have her father’s eye colour and mother’s build because she inherits genes responsible for those features from his or her parents.

Genetic diversity is the diversity of genes within a species. It is a measure of the variety of different versions of the same gene within individual species. For instance although all human beings belong to the species Homo sapiens, the Africans, Asians, and Americans differ from each other owing to genetic diversity. Genetic diversity is a prerequisite for all other forms of biodiversity and the basis for evolution.

Species Diversity

Species diversity refers to the variety of living organisms on earth. The diversity of species is measured by counting the total number of species. For instance, the leopard, the grey hornbill, the Asian elephant, and purple-faced leaf monkey belong to different species. The

most common gauge of biodiversity is the number of species in a given area. This is called species richness.

Different groups of species are found in different places on the earth. The distribution and the patterns of richness are determined by evolution, ecological processes and human activities. Species interact with other species for survival. An interacting group of different species is called a community.

Endemism

A large number of species are endemic to Sri Lanka. This means that these species are found only in this country and in some instances in particular areas or ecosystems. If any of these endemic species become extinct they cannot be retrieved from any other part of the world since they do not exist anywhere else. Table 2 shows what percentage of our species is endemic.

Percentage of species is endemic Table 2

Uses of Biodiversity

Our natural resources, which stem mainly from our rich biodiversity, have great economic value through direct use. They are used for food, medicine, timber/ fuel wood, clothes, recreation, biological control, ornamental and industrial processes.

There is also an indirect value in our biodiversity which is generated from its ability to maintenance of ecological systems, recycle nutrients, soil conservation, protection of our watersheds, in carbon sequestration, and in pollination.

Ecosystems

An ecosystem has been described as a community of interacting species occupying a given area, together with the physical environment within

Fish - 41%Amphibians - 65%Reptiles - 52%Birds - 10%Mammals - 15%Land Snails -> 80%Freshwater crabs - 100%Flowering plants - 28%

which it exists and with which it also interacts; an interconnected network of biotic and abiotic components comprising a given area or region.

There are two types of ecosystems - Aquatic ecosystems and Terrestrial ecosystems. Some ecosystems are natural and others man made.

Examples of natural aquatic ecosystems are • Marshes, • Streams and Rivers, • Estuaries and Lagoons, • Coastal seas, Sea grass beds and mudflats, • Mangroves and salt marshes, • Coral and sandstone reefs, • Villus etc. Man-made aquatic ecosystems are • Tanks and Reservoirs, • Canals, • Ponds, and lakes.

Examples of natural terrestrial ecosystems are • Tropical wet evergreen forests, • Tropical submontane and montane forests, mixed evergreen forests, • Grasslands, • Scrub forest, Savannah, Sand dunes and beaches. Man-made terrestrial ecosystems are home gardens, • Agriculture fields, botanical gardens, monoculture or mixed plantations etc.

Habitat Loss and Habitat Degradation

The habitats of many species are lost daue to farming, land fills in low lying areas, human settlements, forest fires, encroachment, timber extraction, and irrigation projects.

Habitat degradation is due to haphazard tourism, pollution of land, water and air, use of pesticide and fertilizer, mining of corals, gems, and minerals, introduction of exotic species.

Over Exploitation

If any of our natural resources are used in excess or in a manner that these resources cannot sustain themselves, there is a likelihood of those species becoming either extirpated or extinct. Over exploitation can be for food and medicine, use of recreational areas, timber extraction, export of aquarium fish, and use of animal parts as jewelry.

Conservation of Sri Lanka Biodiversity

Conservation has to be through planned management of our natural resources to prevent exploitation, destruction or neglect. There has to be conservation of the different species, the conservation of their habitats and the conservation of the genetic diversity. The relevant government agencies, together with selected non-governmental agencies, should formulate an overall plan for the conservation of our biodiversity. The Department of Wildlife Conservation, the Forest Department, the Coast Conservation Department, The Department of National Zoological Gardens, The Department of National Botanical Gardens and The Central Environment Aouthority as the leaders in this respect.

Conservation can be carried in situ through legal protection - Ordinances and Conventions, establishment of protected areas, environmental rehabilitation, reforestation, reintroduction of species and the sustainable utilization of these resources. Ex site conservation can be carried out in zoological gardens, botanical gardens, medicinal plant gardens, have field gene banks, have reproduction programmes under under captive conditions, conserve germplasm, have tissue and seed banks.

Reference:

This article is based on “The Diversity of Sri Lankan Wildlife” by Jayantha Jayewardene (2011) and Published by the author.

Jayantha Jayewardene, was educated at Trinity College, Kandy, Sri Lanka. He previously has worked as General Manager of the Plantation Management & Investment Company and General Manager of James Finlay Plantations, Resident Project Manager, General Manager and Managing Director of the Mahaweli Economic Agency,

Consultant with USAID and the Asian Development Bank (ADB) and Project Director, ADB Wildlife Project.

Member Committee to formulate the National Policy on Elephant Management and Conservation. Consultant to the Government of Laos on elephants. Member Asian Elephant Specialists Group. Managing Trustee of the Biodiversity & Elephant Conservation Trust. Jayawardene has authored three books. Recipient of the Vulnerable Earth Award from the Netherlands. Won a Presidential Award for Scientific Research in 2011. He can be reached at romalijj@gmail.com

68 {pÌþ tdtpyq;F Wildlife • December 2012 Vol. 8 No.1 Sri Lanka’s Biodioversity 69

Famously complex and social animals, elephant calves rely on years of guidance and nurturing from their mother and aunts before achieving self-reliance. When human/elephant conflict interrupts this critical period and a calf is orphaned or abandoned, survival is rare.

Each year at the Elephant Transit Home (ETH) in Udawalawe, over a dozen orphaned and/or injured calves are brought in after traumatic experiences. With each calf comes a unique personality, producing a diverse and ever-changing environment.The ETH staff members are tasked with managing this social spectrum of elephants, keeping them happy and ensuring they receive the care they need. While we at ETH work hard to avoid having favorites among our thirty oneresident elephants, it is undeniable that Namal struck a special chord with those familiar with him and his story - myself included.

Namal was discovered on 6th Sep.2011 near a reservoir of his name by a group of fishermen in the Ampara District of the Eastern region of Sri Lanka. The anglers heard his scream-like trumpets coming from the woods but assumed he was under the protection of a herd, dismissing any idea of alarm. When they heard the calls the next day, concern and curiosity beckoned them to the source. There they found two-month-old Namal with his leg caught in a tangle of wires, alone and terrified. The local wildlife office was contacted and soon the calf was cut free and taken via motorboat to veterinary Dr. Pramudhitha for medical examination. After his initial treatments of fluid, vitamin, and nutrient therapies, Namal was soon back on his feet.

While a diarrhea outbreak at ETH was quarantined and controlled, Namal spent several weeks at Pramuditha’s office. Here he gained somewhat of a celebrity status, attracting hundreds of visitors a day, each hoping to catch a glimpse of the recovering infant.

Once the diarrhea problems at ETH seemed controlled, Namal was transferred to our hospital on 26th Oct.2011 where we were gratified to see

A Model Patient–“Namal”. By Dr. B. Vijitha Perera

that most of his injuries were healing. His left hind limb, however, remained seriously infected. Startling too was the thick hair covering his body, a symptom of a weakened calf unable to engage in the rigorous tree-rubbing characteristic of his age. Throughout our treatment we allotted socialization times when Namal, though frail, could enjoy the company of his healthier peers.

Unfortunately, this social exposure came at too great a cost as Namal began to suffer from the diarrhea we thought had run its course. The effects of the gastrointestinal infection were life-threatening to a calf in his state and we began to lose hope. It was at this time that we found a developing deformity at the distal end of his left hind limb, a result of the infected wound and necrosis of the Achilles tendon.

As his health problem was complicated I sought the assistance from two doctors. One an all opathic doctor, Dr. Punchihewa (consultant orthopedic surgeon) and Dr. Kodikara (veterinary surgeon specialized in animal surgery). We took X-rays which soon revealed that the deformity

Namal- while at Wildlife Health Centre, Ampara

Namal- after admitting to the ETH

“NAMAL” 71

As Namal calmed, the anesthesia was delivered via a modified human-intended machine. For

the following two hours, the doctors labored to sever the deformed part of the leg and suture the wound. The operation called for physical endurance as well as unflinching poise and precision. Upon completion, the anesthesia-reversal was administered and, much to the relief of all involved, Namal began to show signs of consciousness. After several hours of gradual return to consciousness we assisted Namal to stand with his reduced stability. He seemed oblivious of the amputation, and instead made a loud demand for food. We were more than happy to oblige him.

For ten days following the surgery, we maintained the highest possible standards of sterility, restricting Namal to a single room of the medical building. Namal was supervised twenty

four hours a day and his wound was regularly cleaned and re-bandaged. Eventually, we decided it was safe to remove the harder plaster cover over the elastic wraps, permitting Namal

was worsening at an alarming rate, calling for immediate surgical intervention. My colleague Dr. Kodikara, and I each agreed that such an intrusive procedure was too risky while Namal remained weak from the gastrointestinal infection and we were forced to do our best and wait. Our time was also occupied attending to Namal’s septic arthritis and umbilical hernia.

In response to his inconsistent leg lengths, Namal’s still-developing spine began to compensate, twisting and dropping towards the left hind quadrant of his body. The foot in question now curled up as Namal used his

deformed ankle as a walking surface. In an attempt to make up for some height and insulate the vulnerable flesh, Dr. Kodikara prepared a special shoe.

During this period, while Namal teetered on the edge of death, the calf began to deeply affect his caregivers. Usually, during bouts of such intense pain and sickness, elephants succumb to lethargy and depression. Namal, however remained social, loud, curious, and playful throughout his treatments. His inspiring persona appealed to dozens of ETH visitor’s intent on adopting the resilient calf. No longer optimistic about his recovery, however, we were unwilling to approve him for the foster program.

Eventually, surgical intervention was called for despite the continued effects of the diarrhea. If much more time was spent waiting, we agreed, he could be lost without a fight. Unequipped for such a complicated procedure, ETH appealed to facilities across the country for proper instruments and assistants. Dr. Kodikara modified surgical instruments for the surgery

and Dr. Niranjala Silva from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Peradeniya University was called upon for anaesthesia.

When the day for surgery arrived on 6th May 2012 an electric atmosphere filled ETH. The group comprised of allopathic surgeons Dr. and Dr.Mrs. Punchihewa, and veterinary surgeons, Dr. Kodikara, Dr. Niranjala, Dr. Rasika, Dr. Malaka, Dr. Himali, Dr. Kalani and myself. Three support nurses and various ETH staff also helped make the immense production possible.

X-rays taken just before surgery indicated that only by amputating the deformed part of the leg could Namal get a second chance at mobility. We estimated the surgery to take at least one and a half hours – an intimidating notion in its own right. After bathing and being led into the makeshift sterilized operating room, Namal absorbed the heartfelt gazes of everyone in the room cheerfully unfazed. The initial sedative was given, the leg was sterilized, and a saline drip was fastened to his ear.

Preparing Namal for X-ray pictures

Surgery of Namal

After finishing the surgery- group photo

Namal laid down after the surgery

Namal having milk after waking up at midnight

Namal in deep sleep on the water mattress

Namal in deep sleep on the water mattress

Namal with hanging leg

Namal with an artificial leg

72 {pÌþ tdtpyq;F Wildlife • December 2012 Vol. 8 No.1 “NAMAL” 73

a little more comfort and freedom of movement. Unfortunately, Namal is a faster walker than he is a thinker and would consistently try to push his stump to the floor when moving. This was not only counterproductive to locomotion but risked infection. Therefore, staff members followed the exploratory calf while physically suspending his truncated leg by a rope. Not surprisingly, this did not turn out to be a viable solution.

After a few weeks, a Mr. Aruna of “Aawas International (Pvt) Ltd’’, solved our problem. He customized an elephant-calf size prosthesis to return Namal to his quadrupled glory. Only experienced in human prosthetic limbs, Aruna was an ambitious man. His efforts came to fruition and, after minor adjustments, Namal took to it brilliantly on 13th July 2012. In honor of the occasion, Namal was given free rein around the facility. Immediately, Namal loped

(albeit clumsily) to the grasslands to greet his old elephantine friends. They showered him with attention, making excited calls upon his

arrival and evaluating him with their trunks.

It has now been a couple of months since Namal’s surgery and he is progressing happily. The rubber leg is holding up though it shows expected wear and tear given Namal’s lifestyle. The mammoth- shape and appearance as well as Namal’s friendly exuberant nature always attracts people. The Chairman of “Friends of the Elephant”, Mr. Rob Faber recently visited the

ETH. He too was attracted by Namal’s friendly nature and wanted to help him. Having reached a promising level of medical stability, consent has finally been given to his organization to be the foster parent of Namal.

Namal has only started down the road of life as a three-and-a-half legged elephant, with prosthesis. While he grows, adjustments and prosthetic swaps are inevitable and it will be a journey into new territory. For now, Namal remains a living, breathing symbol, reminding us of the value in every life.

Namal in group picture with ETH staff

Namal going to water to have a bath

Namal with Author

Namal in ETH Garden

This is a very unique story, as it is the first time a prosthesis has been successful for an elephant in Sri Lanka. This was made possible by the dedicated group of doctors who very willing came forward, Mr.Aruna of Aawas International (PVT) Ltd, the care givers at the ETH, and many more volunteers’. Least but in no way the last, little Namal,who is a born survivor and with his vibrant positive nature pulled through and now coping very well. The ETH, will continue to monitor Namal’s progress very closely.

Pictures Courtesy of Author

Dr. Vijitha Perera is a Wildlife Veterinarian at the Elephant Trust Home in Udawalawe and South and Uva wildlife regions of Department of Wildlife Conservation of Sri Lanka. Dr. Perera is also a visiting lecturer

at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science at the University of Peradeniya (Sri Lanka). He has published several books and research papers in the area of wildlife.

Dr. Perera received a bachelor of veterinary science (BVSc) from the University of Peradeniya, MSc from the Post-Graduate Institute of Science at University of Peradeniya, MSc from the Royal Veterinary College at University of London (United Kingdom) and also a Diploma in Endangered Species Management from Durrel International Wildlife Conservation Center in United Kingdom. He can be reached at vijitha_wildlife@yahoo.com or vijithawildlife@gmail.com

74 {pÌþ tdtpyq;F Wildlife • December 2012 Vol. 8 No.1

Introduction to Climate Change

Although the extent and degree of impact human activity is having on global climate is still being debated, it is widely accepted that the rising population growth and the resulting pressure being placed upon our planet for resources, is contributing in a negative way to the documented change in climate patterns. These changes are manifested in the melting and receding of glaciers and the polar ice caps, a rise in sea levels and warming of sea waters across the globe, the greater unpredictability of rainfall patterns, the increase in frequency and intensity of storms and hurricanes, unprecedented flooding, landslides and severe droughts.

Climate change is defined as “the shift of natural weather conditions over time”. Due to these changes, wildlife species can be affected by several climatic variables such as increasing temperatures, changes in precipitation, and extreme weather events. This will further increase their obstacles when trying to migrate and cause disruptions in food chains along with habitat alteration or loss.

Global Climate Change Indicators

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has been monitoring in five crucial areas with regard to the global climate change, or in other words the key indicators of global climate change. According to the latest data from these five key indicators of NASSA it shows that the earth is experiencing massive destruction due to global climate change.

• Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Concentration - CO

2 is an important heat-trapping (greenhouse)

gas, which is released through human activities such as deforestation and burning fossil fuels, as well as natural processes such as respiration and volcanic eruptions. The global distribution and variation of the concentration of mid-tropospheric CO

2 in parts per million (ppm) at

GlobalClimateChangeanditsImpactonForestandWildlife-AReferencetoSriLanka. By Vidya Abhayagunawardena

an altitude range of 3-13km (1.9 to 8 miles). Roughly a third of CO

2 emissions come from

cars, planes, and other vehicles.

• Global Surface Temperature - This indicator shows the high rise in the surface temperature globally in the last century. In 1900 with -0.80 ºC and in 2010 with +0.63 ºC

• Arctic Sea Ice - Arctic sea ice is now declining at a rate of 11.5 per cent per decade, relative to the 1979 to 2000 average. In 2011 this has indicated with 4.61km2 (million).

• Land Ice - Data from NASA’s Grace Satellites show that the land ice sheets in both Antarctica and Greenland are losing mass. The continent of Antarctica has been losing more than 100 cubic km (24 cubic miles) of ice per year since 2002.

• Sea Level - Sea level rise is caused by the expansion of sea water as it warms up in response to climate change and the widespread melting of land ice. The ground data from the year 1870 to 2000 shown a rate of change of 1.70mm whereas the satellite data from 1993 to 2012 shown a rate of change of 3.17mm in a yearly basis. But is year 2012 itself shown this with 58mm.

It has been predicted that there will be two major effects of global warming: Increase of temperature on the earth by about 3° to 5° ºC (5.4° to 9 0F) by the year 2100 and rise of sea levels by at least 25m (82 feet) by the year 2100.

Global Efforts Towards Mitigating the Effect of Climate Change and Biodiversity Conservation

Due to the seriousness of climate change effects on the earth, many programs on mitigating climate change are being carried out by different sectors in the world. Forming global conventions and global treaties, carried out various projects and programs by regional governments, national governments and their provincial and local government bodies (sub-national),

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A Rainy Day at Senanayake Dam at Galoya National Park77

international non-governmental organizations (INGOs), non-governmental organizations (NGOs), international and local private sector corporations, civil society organizations and volunteer or charity organizations are working towards mitigating global warming hence protecting natural environment and bio-diversity.

Globally, biodiversity conservation has the potential to contribute significantly to mitigating climate change, and to help human societies adapt to its impacts, according to the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds. The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment -MEA (from 2002 to 2005 the MEA involved the work more than 1,360 experts worldwide) has developed a typology of ecosystem services, recognizing four broader categories; 1. Provisioning services, e.g. food, fresh water, fuel wood, genetic resources. 2. Regulating services, e.g. climate regulation, disease regulation, flood regulation. 3. Cultural services, e.g. spiritual, recreation and tourism, aesthetic, inspirational, educational. 4. Supporting services, those needed for the provision of the other services, such as soil information, nutrient cycling and primary production. The UNDP’s Climate Change Strategy (one of six) pointed out that the need to mainstream climate change into all core development areas, including energy, agriculture, health, water resources and infrastructure, emphasizes that climate change is not only an environmental issue, but a core development concern.

The recently concluded (June 2012) Rio + 20 United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development Summit held in Rio de Janeiro in Brazil had been extensively discussing on global climate change and its impact on the earth. Furthermore, the summit it has recognized the importance of the three Rio Conventions to advancing sustainable development and on this regard the summit urged all parties to fully implement their commitments under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the Convention on Biological

Diversity and the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification, in accordance with their respective principles and provisions, as well as to take effective and concrete actions and measures at all levels, and to enhance international cooperation.

Major Global Initiatives to Combat Climate Change and Sri Lanka

• Montreal Protocol (MP)During 1970s and early 1980s scientists observed the stratospheric ozone layer was getting thinner due to emissions of man-made chemicals referred to as ‘Ozone Depleting Substance’ (ODS). The international community realized the necessity of protecting the ozone layer and established the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer in 1985 and MP has adopted in 1987 as a legal instrument. Sri Lanka has been a party for the MP since 1989 and is one of the most successful countries in phasing out ODS complying with the protocol.

• The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)

IPCC was created in 1988 by the World Metrological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), as an effort by the United Nations (UN) to provide the governments of the world with a clear scientific view of what is happening to the world’s climate. The IPCC is open to all member countries of the UN and the WMO. Each government has an IPCC focal point that coordinates IPCC- related activities in the country and Sri Lanka is represent by the Ministry of Environment.

• The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)

UNFCCC an international treaty that was created in 1992 and encourages countries to cooperatively consider what they could do to limit average global temperature increases and the resulting climate change and to cope with whatever impacts were, by then, inevitable. There are now 195 countries to the Convention,

and, Sri Lanka ratified UNFCCC on November 1993.

• The Kyoto Protocol (KP)The countries for the convention of UNFCCC realized that emission reductions provisions in the UNFCCC were inadequate in 1995. With this background they launched negotiations to strengthen the global response to climate change, and, two years later, adopted the KP. The KP treaty was negotiated in 11th December 1997 in the city of Tokyo in Japan and came into force on February 16th 2005. The KP is an international agreement linked to the UNFCCC. The protocol is a legally binding agreement under which industrialized countries (37 countries and the European community) will reduce their collective emissions of greenhouse gases by 5.3 per cent compared to the year 1990.

The Australian Government has introduced ‘Carbon Tax’ in 2012 to meet climate change obligations and target to cut 159million tones of CO

2 by 2020. Australia is the highest emitter per-

head in the developed world. As of September 2011, 191 states have signed and ratified the KP including Sri Lanka and the only remaining signatory not to have ratified the protocol is the United States. Other United Nations member states which did not ratify the protocol are Afghanistan, Andorra and South Sudan. In December 2011 Canada renounced the Protocol. The Sri Lankan government submitted its first report to the UNFCCC in October 2000 and its second report to the UNFCCC in October 2011.

• Nagoya Protocol The Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization (ABS) to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) is a supplementary agreement to the CBD. It provides a transparent legal framework for the effective implementation of one of the three objectives of the CBD: the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources. The Nagoya Protocol on ABS was adopted on 29th October 2010 in Nagoya,

Japan and entered into force 90 days after the fiftieth instrument of ratification. Its objective is the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources, thereby contributing to the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity. Sri Lanka is still not a signatory to the Nagoya Protocol.

The KP Works Towards Lower Emission Levels on the Earth

The goal of KP is to lower overall emissions from six greenhouse gases (GHGs);1) Carbondioxide (CO

2), 2) Methane (CH

4),

3) Nitrousoxide (N2O), 4) Sulfurhexafluoride

(SF6), 5) Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs),

6) Perfluorocarbons (PFCs)

The above mentioned six gases are calculated as an average over the five-year period of 2008-12. The second commitment period, from 2013 onwards, would seamlessly follow the end of the first commitment period. The length of the second commitment period is to be determined: it will be either five or eight years long. National targets range from 8 per cent reduction for the European Union and some others to 7 per cent for the US, 6 per cent for Japan, 0 per cent for Russia, and permitted increases of 8 per cent for Australia and 10 per cent for Iceland.

Under the Treaty, countries must meet their targets primarily through national measures and the KP offers them an additional means of meeting their targets by way of three market based mechanisms.

1). Emission Trading or “The Carbon Market” Emissions trading or cap-and-trade is a market-based approach used to control pollution by providing economic incentives for achieving reductions in the emissions of pollutants.

2). Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) The developed countries may finance greenhouse gas emissions-avoiding projects in developing countries, and receive credits for

78 {pÌþ tdtpyq;F Wildlife • December 2012 Vol. 8 No.1 Climate Change and Wildlife 79

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doing so which they may apply towards meeting mandatory limits on their own emissions.

3). Joint Implementation (JI)Under Article 6 of KP, any country can invest in emission reduction projects (referred to as “Joint Implementation Projects”) in any other country as an alternative to reducing emissions domestically. Using JI projects countries can lower the costs of complying with their targets by investing in GHGs reductions in a country where reductions are cheaper, and then applying the credit for those reductions towards their commitment goal. For an example, replacing a coal-fired plant with a more efficient combined heat and power plant.

Forest as “Carbon Sink” and Saving Natural Habitat

Forests are the life blood of the earth. Forests help human and nature in many ways. Among them, improvement water quality, purification of air, provision of food, wood products and medicines, keeping soil intact, being home to many of the world’s most endangered wildlife, and help protect the planet from climate change by absorbing massive amounts of CO

2 a major

source of emission that causes global warming.

With regard to the GHGs the forest activity can influence their amount in the atmosphere because forests can act as both carbon sinks (absorbing emissions) and as a source of emissions when trees are burnt or destroyed by cutting them down and decay. Under the KP accounting, clearance of a forest (deforestation and natural ways e.g. wildfire) without replanting is treated as for any other sources it is assumed that the carbon in the removed forest is converted to CO

2

emissions. Sinks can be natural or man-made systems that absorb and store GHGs, primarily CO

2 from the atmosphere and to consider a sink,

a system must be absorbing more CO2 than it is

releasing so that the store of CO2 is expanding.

The KP provides a basic framework for the inclusion of carbon sinks in meeting countries’

emissions commitments. The Protocol provides for developed countries to use international emission trading or the carbon trading to assist their goals in meeting their emission targets. Sink credits would be interchangeable with emissions units and could be purchased by industries and countries needing to account for any “excess” emissions over their Kyoto target.

According to the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) at least one third of the world’s forests are expected to be seriously affected by global warming accelerating the disappearance of both forests themselves and the wildlife that depends on them. According to reports deforestation is responsible for up to 20 per cent of carbon emissions globally. Furthermore is described that wildlife already suffers from human actions, such as deforestation and poaching. Climate change creates added stress on animals. Just like their human neighbors, wild animals are facing new challenges for survival because of climate change. For example: polar bears and walruses are losing their sea ice habitat in the Arctic, reef-building corals around the world will disappear because of warmer and more acidic oceans, rising seas are creeping into tiger habitat in India.

The forest report notes that global warming is happening much faster than forest ecosystems can be expected to adapt to the change. The problem is compounded by the fact that today’s forests are already stressed out and fragmented due to the impacts of human activities like logging, land development and road building. Forests are included in the KP under two headings: Afforestation, the Managed Forest, and Carbon Credits as a commodity.

Global Climate Change and Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka is still a negligible contributor to global warming but is highly vulnerable to the impact of climate change. ‘Being a developing island nation subjected to tropical climate patterns, Sri Lanka is highly vulnerable to climate change impacts', according to Sri Lanka’s National

Climate Policy. Further it is stated that “Sri Lanka will actively involve in the global efforts to minimize the greenhouse gas emissions within the framework of sustainable development and principals enshrined in the UNFCCC and its KP”. The National Climate Policy has set out guiding principles followed by broader policy statements under Vulnerability, Adaptation, Mitigation, Sustainable Consumption and Production, Knowledge Management and General Statements. The establishment of the Climate Change Secretariat within the Ministry of Environment in 2008 is a stepping stone in this regard in Sri Lanka.

The National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy (NCCAS) for Sri Lanka 2011 to 2016 has mentioned that NCCAS mirrors and supports Sri Lanka’s national development strategy as articulated in the Mahinda Chinthana. The strategy is aimed at ensuring its success and sustainability and consists of five Strategic Thrusts; 1. Mainstreaming climate change adaptation into national planning and development, 2. Enabling climate resilient and healthy human settlements, 3. Minimizing climate change impacts on food security, 4. Improving climate resilience of key economic drivers, 5. Safeguard natural resources and biodiversity from climate change impacts.

Challenges for Sri Lanka

The survey carried out by the Forest Department in 2010 found out 1,951,472 ha (29.9 per cent- (unpublished data)) forest coverage in Sri Lanka. Around 40,000ha Savanah Forests newly added for the 2010 survey from Monaragala, Badulla and Ampara districts which were not included in the 1999 survey. The survey carried out in 1999 found out the natural forest cover in Sri Lanka was 22 per cent of the total country’s land area. The total natural forest cover has shown a decrease from 2,046,600 ha in 1992 to 1,942,220 ha in 1999. In 2010 data also shown that even new 40,000ha added to the forest cover in Sri Lanka it has already lost 30,478ha of forest coverage since 1999. In 1999 data

shows, the Forest Department manages 10,670 km2 of land which amounts to 18 per cent of the island’s natural habitats.

The extent of land set apart for protection in the country is about 951,333ha or about 14 per cent of the island’s total land area. Out of this, the Department of Wildlife Conservation administers 8,618 km2 or 12.5per cent and all are designated as protected area according to the Ministry of Environment. In a summary format over the years, illegal logging, collection of timber for cooking and heating, and shifting cultivation has reduced forest cover from 44 percent of land area in 1956 to 24 percent in 1992 and 23 percent in 1999. As at 2012, the estimates are that forest cover has been further reduced by 2-3 percent. Sri Lanka has 677 species of indigenous vertebrate of which 43 per cent are endemic, with the highest endemism among amphibians 85 per cent, fresh water fishes 54 per cent and reptiles 50 per cent.

There were vast areas of mountain forest cleared in Sri Lanka during the latter part of the 19th century for the introduction of plantation crops such as tea. Only about 3100ha of natural mountain forests are remaining at present (Sri Pada-Peak Heritage of Sri Lanka 2011). “At present natural forests in the mountain zone are threatened by rapid expansion of vegetation gardens in their vicinity encroaching upon them and the excessive extraction of firewood from them. Threat to mountain vegetation and human disturbances including illicit gem mining led to destroying the mountain habitat. This further pointed out the Department of Wildlife Conservation and the Forest Department does not seem to have sufficient staff and other resources to prevent these destructive activities and conservation of mountain forests has become a priority more than in any other time” (Wijesundara 2011).

Many senior government and private sector officials, who influence decision making activities in the government sector that affect the economic wellbeing of the country have little

82 {pÌþ tdtpyq;F Wildlife • December 2012 Vol. 8 No.1 Climate Change and Wildlife 83

knowledge of global warming, climate change, the KP, CDM etc. (Batagoda 2006). Currently, Sri Lanka is working towards achieving the millennium development goals (MDGs) en route to becoming “the wonder of Asia in the region”. To achieve these goals, the country has to commit large parts of the landscape to be altered in support of development projects and to support agriculture, flood protection etc. Directly or indirectly ‘forest and wildlife’ can be negatively impacted by those projects. Overall, all the economic prosperity will be meaningless if Sri Lanka’s natural beauty and environment is destroyed or lost. There is direct impact on global warming due to unplanned development projects which do not take into account important environmental issues.

In 2003 an attempt was made to identify the climate variability and its effects on flora and fauna in Hambantota (Samarakoon S.P.). The objective of the study were i) to extract the pattern of the climate variability, ii) to construct a ‘Climate Trend Diagram’ (CTD) and iii) to study the effect of climate change on flora and fauna. It has found that “climate change associated with global temperature increase and rainfall fluctuation causes drastic changes to the habitats of Hambantota area. Increased temperature and relatively low rainfall for a long period of about 20 years (in 2003) or so in Hambantota means decrease in ground water levels, decrease in water availability for plants and animals”. It’s very vital to carry out this sort of study in regular basis before embark on any development projects which will help to make assessments on the level of climate effect of those projects.

The Second report to UNFCCC states that from the period between 1961 to 2000 an increasing trend in annual maximum temperatures with the rates up to 0.046 o C per year were recorded at many locations in Sri Lanka except at Nuwara Eliya and Ratnapura which showed decreasing trends. During the period 1961-1990, the country’s mean air temperature increased by 0.0160C per year. It is predicted that Sri Lanka’s

mean temperature may increase by about 0.9 to 40C by the year 2100.To achieve balanced development, Sri Lanka should be adhering to the existing laws and when needed amend new laws such as, promote emission trading CDM and JI, greater resources allocation needed for undertaking research and investigating activities, use more renewable energy, keep the law and order in place all the time, oblige and acceded to international laws, protocols and the treaties, follow the good practices carried out by other countries and organizations which aims at mitigating climate change impact and preserving the ecological environment.

The Government of Sri Lanka alone will not be able to achieve the above mentioned goals and targets - the private sector, civil society organizations and individuals have obligations in this regard too. Using many awareness campaigns targeting youth and school children with their involvement through social networks like Facebook and Twitter individuals can contribute and support such changes in thinking and behavioral patterns towards this worthy cause. Then only we will be able to achieve the goal of ‘conserving the nature and wildlife for coming generations’ with everybody acting and helping seriously to slow down global warming and mitigate the impact of climate change.

References:

Batagoda B.M.S. National Carbon Finance Strategy for Sri Lanka – First draft for discussion (2006) Ministry of Environment, Sri Lanka

Climate Change at UNDP: Scaling up to meet the challenges, (2008) United Nations Development Programmes, Environmental and Energy Group, New York

Climate Change Starter’s Guide Book, An Issues Guide for Education Planers and Practitioners (2011), UNESCO/UNEP, France

de Alwis, Ajith, Sri Lanka: Its Industry and Challenges in the Face of Climate Change (2004) (ed) Grover Velma I in Five Years after Kyoto, Science Publishes, Inc, Enfield, NH, USA

Kumara W.A. Lalith, Environmental Law for the Biodiversity Conservation in National and International Levels In “Wildlife” Journal Vol.7 No. 1, December, 2011, Department of Wildlife Conservation, Sri Lanka

Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, (1998) United Nations, New York

Mahinda Chinthana: Vision for new Sri Lanka, A Ten Year Horizon Development Framework 2006 -2016, Discussion Paper, Department of National Planning, Ministry of Finance and Planning, Sri Lanka

National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy for Sri Lanka 2011 to 2016 (2010) Ministry of Environment, Sri Lanka

National Geographic, August, 2010, National Geographic Society, USA

Opportunities for CDM in Sri Lanka, Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources, Sri Lanka

Samarakoon, S.P. (2006) ‘Effect of climate change on flora and fauna of Yala and Bundala parks in Southern Sri Lanka’ in WILDLANKA Journal of the Department of Wildlife Conservation, Sri Lanka.

Sheikh A. Pervaze, Corn M. Lynne, Leggett & Folger Peter, Global Climate Change and Wildlife (2008) CRS Report for Congress, Congressional Research Service, The Library of Congress, USA

Sri Lanka’s Second National Communication on Climate Change (2011) Ministry of Environment, Sri Lanka

Sri Lankawe Vanajeevi Rakshitha, (2008) Department of Wildlife Conservation, Sri Lanka

The Forester, Journal of Sri Lanka Forest Department, Education and Research Division, Forest Department, Sri Lanka (2012 Unpublished)

The National Climate Change Policy of Sri Lanka, (2012) Ministry of Environment, Sri LankaWijesundara D.S.A. The Peak Wilderness (2011) (ed) Sarala Fernando in Sri Pada: Peak Heritage of Lanka. Singapore: Sarala Fernando & Luxhmanan Nadarajh, pp 107-113

Wildlife in a changing climate (2012) Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Rome World Conservation Magazine, Volume 41 No. 1 January (2011) the International Union for Conservation of Nature, Switzerland

Websites:

http://www.ipcc.ch/index.htm#.T50sF9k9anA Accessed on 8th Aug. 2012 http://climate.nasa.gov/keyIndicators/ Accessed on 8th Aug. 2012 http://timeforchange.org/cause-and-effect-for-global-warming Accessed on 9th Aug. 2012http://www.globalwarming.org/ Accessed on 8th Aug. 2012http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/items/2830.php Accessed on 15th 2012 http://www.ont-woodlot-assoc.org/sw_kyoto.html Accessed on 18th Aug 2012 http://www.dailynews.lk/2012/07/04/news01.asp Accessed on 10th Sep. 2012 http://assets.opencrs.com/rpts/RS22597_20080515.pdf Accessed on 19th Sep.2012 http://www.climateadaptation.lk/index.jsp Accessed on 25th Aug. 2012 http://www.dailymirror.lk/opinion/172-opinion/24550-climate-change-and-its-impact-on-societies.html Accessed on 27th Dec.2012http://www.rspb.org.uk Accessed on 15th Aug 2012http://www.maweb.org/en/index.aspx Accessed on 19th Aug 2012 http://www.uncsd2012.org/about.html Accessed on 25th Sep. 2012 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-18662560 Accessed on 9th Sep. 2012 http://www.cbd.int/abs/about/ Accessed on 8th Aug. 2012https://adaptation-fund.org/sites/default/files/AFB.PPRC_.5.14%20Proposal%20for%20Sri%20Lanka_0.pdf Accessed on 27th Oct. 2012 http://www.adaptationlearning.net/sri-lanka/profile Accessed on Aug 10th 2012

Vidya Abhayagunawardena is currently a Landmine and Cluster Munition Monitor Country Researcher – Sri Lanka, Campaigner for Sri Lanka Campaign to Ban Landmines, Project Coordinator for National

Languages Project which provides technical support for implementation of Official Languages Policy of Government of Sri Lanka, Consultant Editor for “Wildlife” Journal of Department of Wildlife Conservation of Sri Lanka and a Freelance Researcher in Socioeconomic Development. His research work has been published in Sri Lanka and Internationally. Abhayagunawardena has been working for several organizations in Sri Lanka and overseas at various capacities.

Abhayagunawardena recieved a BBA (bachelors of business administration - Majors in International Business Management) from Northwood University, USA; Professional Diploma in Marketing [ACIM – UK]; Diploma in Mass Media (Media Foundation of Sri Lanka). He can be reached at vidyampa@hotmail.com

84 {pÌþ tdtpyq;F Wildlife • December 2012 Vol. 8 No.1

The Art and Techniques of Wildlife Photography. By Rohitha Gunawardena

Introduction

Presently, Wildlife Photography has become a very popular subject than it has been in the past. The popularity of digital technology has stimulated enthusiasm for Wildlife Photography by facilitating many to engage in this art; which requires a long term learning process with much dedication and discipline to acquire the required techniques. I would like to keep this statement as an approach to this topic as we will be discussing the art and techniques of wildlife photography in detail.

The Subject Matter

Analyzing the topic of this article shows the actual depth of the subject area. Wildlife is

defined as creatures that live in a natural environment with spontaneous biological activities for their existence. Additionally you need to have an in-depth knowledge on the art of photography known as the technology of drawing from the light. At the end, it should be a creation with an artistic value. Also this creation is able to touch the feelings and knowledge of the human brain

and highlight the cultural features in it.

Taking a Picture of Wildlife

To develop an artistic photograph in a creative manner a photographer should have an appropriate understanding on the sharpness of the picture, color patterns, shapes of lines, correct light exposure, control of the shutter speed, object composition in the frame, control of the movement, depth of the picture and the aliveness of the picture. For those who are not familiar with wildlife photography, before taking a picture of wildlife they need to improve

well maintained discipline will lead to identify the correct instant of taking a good photograph.In the picture No 3 – The predator and the pray can be seen in the same photograph, focusing only on the object/s without disturbing the background.

Rohitha Gunawardena is a Ranger Assistant at the Department of Wildlife Conservation (DWC) of Sri Lanka and also he is assigned for covering the department’s photographic assignments. He also a member of the editorial

board of Wildlife Journal of DWC. In 2012 Gunawardena served as an Education Director for the National Photographic Art Society (NPAS) of Sri Lanka. He is a lecturer in wildlife photography and a member of photographic selection panels for Sri Lanka’s photographic competitions. Gunawardena won a medal for his wildlife picture from the photographic exhibition of the United Photographers International in 2010.

Gunawardena received a Diploma in Photography from University of Kelaniya (Sri Lanka), Diploma in Photography from the NPAS and is also an associate member (ANPAS). He can be reached at uvrohitha@gmail.com

qualities such as patience, commitment, discipline and adaptation.

Dealing with wildlife needs a better understanding of the natural environment, ability for adaptation, and live with nature accordingly. The factors mentioned above will lead you to develop your mental stability and become a professional wildlife photographer. It is also imperative to keep in mind that no one can be a successful wildlife photographer only by clicking a camera or standing behind it. When you are thorough with the subject area of wildlife photography, there is no need for using high cost technological equipment to take a good photograph of wildlife.

Picture No.1- Photograph of a camera which has lesser functions than a camera used by an amateur photographer

Picture No.2– A close up taken by a camera shown in the picture No.1

Picture No.2 can be considered as a good photograph. In the process of learning photography it is not essential to spend lot of money to buy high quality equipment. The only thing that you need is the experience on the subject area gained through the tranquility of the mind. Chooising the correct instant to take the photograph is very important to make the picture alive. Prior to the experience on various wildlife activities, patience, commitment and

Picture No.2

Picture No.1

Picture No.3

Wildlife Photography 87

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A Leopard (Panthera pardus kotiya) at Willpattu National Park. An award winning pic-ture from United Photographic International (UPI)

Wasgomuwa is well known for its abundant wildlife populations, wilderness setting

and the home of several interesting ancient sites. Bounded on three sides by rivers (Amban and Mahaweli Rivers), it is very diverse with open grasslands, closed forests, scrub jungles, revering forests, rocky ridges and small tanks. It’s location to the East of the Knuckles Range provides for a very scenic park. This National Park lies in the Districts of Matale and Polonnaruwa, and spreads over 39,322 hectares of land area. The Distance from Colombo to Wasgomuwa via Kandy is 225km.

A Rare Sighting of a Sri Lankan Sloth Bear [Melursus ursinus]at Yudaganapitiya, Wasgomuwa National Park, Wilgamuwa, Sri Lanka.

By Sumangala RajapakseOn 27th July, after a well planned programme, I visited the Park with a Group of Nursing Officers attached to the Cardiology Unit - Theatre: “J “, of the National Hospital of Sri Lanka, Colombo 10. We travelled via Kandy, Matale to Rattota and through the River Stone Scenic Route, reached to Hettipola and came to the Park Office at Wilgamuwa. At there we submitted our entry permit and received a veteran wildlife tracker, D.K.D. Mudiyanse, to occupy with us and to visit inside the park.

With well-experienced Tracker, we reached to our place of accommodation: Mahaweli Bungalow, which is located close to the Mahaweli River. Due to the long travelling hours (08 to 10 hrs), we all became weary travelers and the evening bath from the waters of Mahaweli River, relinquished us and gave a very fresh life! We spent two nights at the above bungalow from 27th to 29th July. Our main objective was to see the alluring wildlife of the Park. On 28th Saturday, morning after the previous night, good sleep, we waked up around 6.00am. Though it was too late, we managed to get ready and leave the bungalow at 06.15am.We were slowly approaching to the inner areas of the Jungle. Then the time was 6.35am.

At Yudaganapitiya (another place of historical importance within the Wasgomuwa National Park, Where the armies camped during the Battle of Kings, Dutugemunu and Elara), about 500m ahead, we observed a black ball like thing rolling on the grassland. We conveyed this to our tracker Munidasa. With great happiness he said, “ Mahattayo....Walaha....! avurudu thunakata withara passe dekke...[ Oh ! Bear ! I saw it after about three years], “ Ape ikmanin jeep eka anith parata dagamu,” [Lets hurry up, we shall go to the other road].

As instructed, the well-experienced wildlife driver - Sunil Jayatissa, immediately made a by pass and came to the other road and stopped the engine of the jeep, and awaited till the arrival

of the Bear. Within a very few minutes black, fur long, coarse and shaggy mammal - Sloth Bear appeared in front of us and crossed the jeep track and creeped to the adjoining forest scrub and disappeared. I noticed it’s face was whitish and had a “V” shaped white necklace. Our group was very happy and fortuitous to see this mammal in its own habitat. A very rare and unique sighting! Tharanga - an amateur to the wilds was able to capture this rare wild image, on her: Canon Power shot A 1200 Camera.

On our return journey, 29th, we met one of the renowned wildlife veterinarian Dr. Ananda Dharmakeerthi of the Mahaweli and Central Regions Office, at Wilgamuwa and conveyed about our sighting. The Doctor said, “This is a very good and a rare sighting! Actually there is a path running across the Yudaganapitiya Grasslands, where the Bear walk through, towards the Wawul Ebbe Bungalow Site and then cross the Mahaweli waters to reach the Rocky Ridges located close to the Western boundary of the Park”. I felt this was very correct because, there were some Human-Bear Encounters, happened during the last few years close to the western boundary of the park. Villages like Kiri Oya, Kumara Ella, Elahera, Bakamoona and Diyabeduma areas are noted as frequent Sloth Bear roaming locations. Laggala- Pallegama area is another village, with frequent wild animal’s attacks.

The Bear Family - ‘ Ursidae ‘ (Bears) has Seven different species, ranging in size from the 50kg Sun Bear [ found in South East Asia], which has a distinctive Orange ‘Sun’ mark on its chest, to the massive and powerful Polar Bear (Arctic) which measures up to 3.5m, and weighing an incredible 650kg as heavy as ten people.

The Sloth Bear [Melursus ursinus] is the only representative of the family, Ursidae of the Carnivora found in Sri Lanka. It is ideally adapted for life in Asia’s forests. Most Sloth Bears live in Sri Lanka and India, but they are also reported in Bhutan, Nepal and Bangladesh. Sloth Bears are small to medium sized bears.

They have a body length of 1.4-1.8m (4.5-6 feet), a tail length of 7-12cms, (2.75-4.75 inches) and they weigh between 55 and 190kg. (120-420 lbs).Their life expectancy varies from 20-25 years.

The snout of this bear is pale in colored, along with bare lips and no upper incisors, which are adaptations for its insect based diet. Sloth Bears are Omnivores eating a variety of foods, but mainly ants and termites. They also eat fruits, berries, bees honey and sometimes small vertebrates. These bears have short powerful limbs and their paws have long, non retractable claws which are approximately 8cm (3inches) long. The hind feet are Plantigrade (the entire sole touches the ground). Sloth Bears are nocturnal bears and they mainly locate their food by smell. They are Solitary Animals except during the breeding season and a male Sloth Bear will have a home range of 13km (8 miles) that overlaps with other Sloth Bear ranges.

According to the Bear studies in Sri Lanka, the current population trend of Sloth Bears is decreasing because of major threats to this species such as habitat loss and poaching. Habitat has been lost, degraded, and fragmented by over harvest of forest products, settlement of refugees, and expansion of agricultural areas, human settlements, and roads. In Eastern Medicine, the gall bladder of the adult Sloth Bears is widely used and humans are the main predators for them in many matters.

Sunangala Rajapakse is a wildlife enthusiast, a scientific bird watcher and a naturalist with many memberships in the societies of wildlife and nature conservation in Sri Lanka. He currently works in the government education sector,

and has a deep interest to the wildlife in Sri Lanka. He can be reached at sumangala@mobitelnet.lk

90 {pÌþ tdtpyq;F Wildlife • December 2012 Vol. 8 No.1 Sri Lanka’s Sloth Bear 91

“Journey Across Wilpattu Wilderness”. By Christy Kakuluthotuwage

Why We Wanted to Visit Wilpattu National Park?

Wilpattu National Park situated in the dry low land zone on the Northwest coast is among the oldest and most famous protected wilderness in Sri Lanka. It also carries a cultural heritage and historical importance associated with prince Vijaya’s landing at Kudrimalai in 543 BC and his marriage to Kuveni the jungle princess whose palace lies in ruins at Kali Villu. This national park consisting of an area of 131,693ha is supposed to be the largest in Sri Lanka which is rich of bio-diversity and belongs to the Department of Wildlife Conservation (DWC) of Sri Lanka. The most striking and unique feature in this park is the concentration of ‘Villus” or flat basins like ‘lakes’ containing purely rain water. The other main feature is ‘copper red, loamy’ soils in certain sectors of the park.

The Western part of the park is thickly and deeply forested including thorny bushes, while other areas of the jungle is partly covered with salt grasslands and low scrub which provide a healthy environment for a mammalian diversity. A total of 31 species of mammals and additional species have been recorded including elephants, sloth bear, leopard, spotted deer, sambar, wild boar and wild buffalos ( Guide to National Parks of Sri Lanka, 2001 DWC of Sri Lanka). Because of and the ‘Villus’ there is a variety of wetland birds population of stork family such as water fowl, painted stork, open billed stork, pintails and spoonbills. In addition there are large white egrets, purple herons and terns etc. and a large number of forest or scrub birds like gulls and eagles. We cannot forget the turtles, tortoises, crocodiles and pythons and snakes.

Nearly Three Decades Closure of the Park Due to the War

One time the most visited park was forcibly closed by the authorities since 1985 due to the three decade civil war (ethnic violence) in the country and abandoned by nature lovers and other visitors. This has resulted in the complete devastation of visitors’ facilities including circuit bungalows and lodges, road network within the park in addition to continuous disturbances and harassment to the natural growing process of its fauna and flora. Thanks to the respective government institutions and private sector organizations some of the lodges and bungalows and road/track network have been re-erected and repaired facilitating a comfortable and safe nature holiday in Willpattu National Park after it’s re-opening in post-war Sri Lanka.

Our Excursion to the Wilpattu National Park In April 2012 during the Sinhala/Tamil New Year holidays our family members being nature lovers were contemplating to find a ‘haven’ kind of interesting location away from the hustle-bustle of our urban living set-up to enjoy a true holiday to release psychological stress and physical fatigue and to go for a satisfactory refreshment. Our final destination was the Wilpattu National Park. After a two and half hours journey from our home town Negombo we reached ‘Wilpattu Junction’ at the little hamlet of Thimbiriwewa on the 28th mile post along Puttalam-Anuradhapura road around 5.30am where we got into a hired ‘Toyota’ safari jeep from Kahala Safari for the drive. All were so excited and pleased to start for our very first wildlife experience in the Wilpattu wilderness at the dawn of the day of ‘Parana Avuruddha’ (Day prior to the New Year) with one of the most experienced wildlife trackers and guides Mr. Jayawardena, assigned to us by the sanctuary office.

First Day Early Morning Excitements

With much happiness and excitement our safari jeep started its safari drive around 6.30am

weaving our way along the dusty tracks into the thickness of Wilpattu wilderness with a much hope to see our wild friends, both in fauna and flora. When we passed by number of villus or lakes, Mana, Thibiri, Panikka, Kokari and Kali and adjoining forest it gave us an excellent opportunity for bird watching, especially different varieties of storks and we really enjoyed bird singing too during our first experience while moving very slowly into the jungle. At one villu area with marshy land a flock of painted storks were wading in shallow waters and stiring water very methodically to get fish out of water for their breakfast and this varied movements of white big birds was a real amusement. It was a common scene to see peacock dancing with their colorful feathers spread and foraging for food by, Sri Lankan jungle fowl whose body is orange-red colored and wings are dark purple to give us a fascinating colour combination to enjoy.

After Breakfast Under a ‘Palu’ Tree Journey Starts

After our break-fast under a shady ‘Palu’ tree our safari jeep took us right out into the heart of the wild with our strong need of leopard watching. According to our experienced tracker Wilpattu is widely acknowledged as the best place in the country to seek out this beautiful and rare animal, the Leopard.To our disappointment we were unable to see a leopard during the first day roaming most of the parts of the sanctuary until we reached dusk. However we were delighted and thrilled to see flocks of spotted deer in large numbers looking at us from grasslands or within scrubs, while some were engaged in a battle with their horns. Flocks of large well-built wild-boar with their young ones were seen happily mud bathing and playing. This was my very first experience to see such a hugely built wild boar with a height of three feet or more. All of a sudden we saw a snake dance on the white sandy road in front of our jeep. There were rabbits, wild buffalos, mongoose and tortoises too among other colorful animals we saw in big numbers. In the evening we were lucky enough to see a

Leopard at Wilpattu National Park

92 {pÌþ tdtpyq;F Wildlife • December 2012 Vol. 8 No.1 Journey Across Wilpattu 93

family of four members of Sambar gazing at us while having their dinner not far from our jeep. They gave us more than five minutes to enjoy this natural sight scene. On our way back with a note of little dissatisfaction and tiredness, our tracker instantly gave instructions to stop the engine of the jeep and driver did. In a second for our much astonishment and happiness we had an opportunity to see a large long leopard with its shining red- yellow fur coat crossing a sandy track and disappeared into the jungle. I am sure

it was less than half of minute scene but really fascinating.

First Night at the Park

Although exhausted, all of us being nature lovers, we were satisfied with the day spending with wild friends thanks to the kind support of high enthusiasm of our friendly jeep driver and the wildlife tracker. Night outing at the Wilpattu wilderness in ‘Thalawila Bungalow’ (maintained by Baurs & Company) located along side of ‘Thalavila’ villuwa and dining alfresco under the vast dark expanse of sky illuminated by a thousand shining stars and the moon is a particularly memorable and exiting experience to all of us. In the night with ‘sounds of jungle’ around and natural surroundings you can’t help but be enchanted by this unique experience being within jungle at night.

Second Day Morning

Before dawn we were waken-up by sheer inquisitiveness to look for further wild experience which ended up a reality. Among varied jungle sounds we heard a barking of a ‘Sandun Diviya’ (Fishing Cat) and it went on coming closer to surroundings of our bungalow. We listened with rapt attention and to our surprise the most expected beautiful rare animal, leopard appeared, from the scrubs and started moving towards barking scene but our wild friend somehow sensed our presence and changed its walking direction to use another path giving us more opportunity to view its magnificent beauty. We thought to ourselves that how lucky we were!

As soon as we enjoyed our bed tea provided by the bungalow cook we did an exeperimental walk around the bungalow site overviewing the ‘Thalavila’ villu that gave us a chance to view everything up close and personal: tiny insects, flying birds in the sky and through trees overhead, the shoots and flowers of smaller plants, and the animal tracks. I thought to myself that these small details that so often go

unnoticed can sometimes be the most beautiful of all.

More Wild Friends on Second Day

Thanks to everyone who are with us to support us we managed to start our second day of wildlife tracking early morning while listening to blissful sound of bird songs all around. This journey was mainly devoted to the rare sightscenes of elephants, sloth bear and another dear leopard. We reached an expansive villu where we sighted a giant solitary ‘tusker’ elephant in the middle of the villu enjoying water plants for the breakfast. Within a few seconds our inquisitive eyes located another wild elephant sprinkling water with its trunk to the body and the scene was much fascinating. Their gigantic appearance, stylish and steady movements and behavior reminded me about their ‘kingship’ in the jungle. We again started to continue our safari drive to follow the known ‘leopard paths’ aspiring for another surprising fascination. But after a while we noticed our jeep was slowing down to see a calm and quite ‘sambar’ walking on our dusty track on our direction. Ultimately it reached us and stood next to our jeep indicating its interest to receive some food from us, but we didn’t want to go against natural rules in the wild. How innocent these wild animals, were and I cannot understand how people can make their minds to kill these beautiful animals.

Leopards at the Park. Dream Come True!!!

By now we have been pressuring our tracking support to find a location of a leopard which we know it is beyond his capacity and mandate. Our jeep reached another leopard roaming site and the tracker and driver both were gazing out to the sides of the forest carefully while moving. The vehicle was stopped as the tracker saw some difference on a branch of a tree and we found that he was very correct. Two leopards have been stretching their long bodies and hanging their tails under and relaxing on the same branch of the tree looking each other’s face indicating a young couple and this is the most admiring scene we have been eagerly waiting for with patience.

Silence was maintained by all of us while engine roaring stopped. We adjusted ourselves to get the maximum sight of this super scene and we were watching and admiring this greatly attractive ‘black spotted yellow fur coated’ wild cats as we wished. Their relaxing pose offered us great opportunity for viewing them very closely. All of a sudden we saw a movement next to them and to our amazement it was a cub trying to get closer to its parents as explained by our tracker. This is the most beautiful wildlife experience I ever had and that is from Willpattu National Park I never forget in my life.

Good Bye to Our Wild Friends and Will Visit You Again!

Offering our fullest thanks to our driving and guiding friends for their continuous and enthusiastic support in both days we started our journey back home saying ‘Good Bye’ to our wild friends living in Willpattu sanctuary. It was an amazing and unforgettable wildlife experience and we should do it again.

Christy Kakuluthotuwage currently works as a Finance and Administration Manager at the National Languages Project in Sri Lanka. Previously he has been working for several international development agencies and private

sector corporations in Sri Lanka at various capacities.

Kakulutotuwage is an associate member of Institute of Financial Accountants (United Kingdom) and received an Executive Diploma in Business Administration from the University of Colombo (Sri Lanka). He is a wildlife enthusiast and active campaigner for green environment cause. He can be reached at christykekuluthotuwage@yahoo.com

Journey Across Wilpattu 95

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I have read ‘The Diversity of Sri Lankan Wildlife’ by Jayantha Jayewardene. I thank you sincerely for your gracious gift of this book. My library at home is full of tomes from all over the world on the natural world and its wild and

beautiful things. I think I can say that I have never laid eyes on such a comprehensive and well laid out work on the wildlife of Sri Lanka. It is simply magnificent - a book that can grace any library of definitive works. What a marvellous anthology of photographs and hand drawn illustrations.

It’s most impressive quality is its scholarship and its erudition on the subject matter. It is presented in such a way that the young generations whose hands the responsibility for looking after the wild world of our planet will lie in the future,

In contemporary Sri Lanka where mass scale development projects are the order of the day, M. T. M. Mahees’ book, Environmental Movements in Sri Lanka is a timely and challenging book which explores Third World environmental movements based on Sri Lankan experience. In

the past, a number of development projects in Sri Lanka precipitated mass scale activism on the basis of environmental crisis. The main focus of this book is based on empirical study in relation to the mass movements against the coal power plant at Nurochcholai in Sri Lanka.

The author provides a sociological understanding of collective environmental action against the backdrop of unsustainable development projects in the Global South. He explores three major theoretical perspectives of the Old Social Movement (crowd theory), New Social Movements and post-modernism in understanding the mass movement at Nurochcholai. The influence of the classical sociological tradition on the analysis of social movements and development and the impact of Indian social scientists such as Ramachandra Guha, Vandana Shiva and Ranjith Diwedi forms a theoretical framework for this study.

This study explores factors such as livelihood vulnerability, religious leadership and cultural identity related to the emergence of environmental movements in Sri Lanka. Although studies of environmental movements focus mainly on the environmental consciousness of people, this study is refreshingly innovative as it examines sociological factors often neglected. Furthermore, the author provides an interesting glimpse into environmental movements which do not always operate on ideological environmentalism, although this element is prevalent in the Nurochcholai movement but propagates a new perspective

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“The Diversity of Sri Lankan Wildlife”. By Jayantha Jayewardene.Reviewed by Nigel Kerner.

Environmental Movements in Sri Lanka. By M. T. M. MaheesReviewed by Avanka Fernando (Lecturer, Department of Sociology, University of Colombo).{pRz‹ ~v` n~{~yY‰. Yl¯ »»{n³ ýËl »r»My£

can find clear and well informed particulars and insights that are not mere generalisations, but are technically and contextually accurate. There can be no better way for them to arm themselves with a torch that lights up the corners of ignorance that so often lead to travesties in future wildlife management.

Jayewardene is truly a man for the future. In this work he has bequeathed a legacy of enormous benefit not just to Sri Lanka but to all the millions out there in our world who seek an incentive through knowledge to for working for the preservation of those worthy things that are tacitly in the charge of humankind. The cover is designed by the author’s daughter Amali Jayewardene Senanayake. ISBN 978 – 955 – 956777 – 2 – 1

Jayantha Jayewardene has written another book, The Elephant in Sri Lanka in Sinhala titled Sri Lankave Aliathun.

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ISBN 978-955-51211-0-1 - ƒ~‹ë.

on environmentalism which is “livelihood environmentalism.”

This book explains the role of religion in educating, coordinating and mobilizing the environmental movement in Sri Lanka. The author states that the culture of the grassroots is largely centered on peasants and their religious rituals and practices and this is significant in understanding grassroots environmentalism in Sri Lanka. This book also provides insight into the formation and structure of successful mass movements which is a challenge to inert civil society movements in Sri Lanka. The author elaborates how religiously motivated leaders attempt to protect ethnic and religious integration in order to gain support of all communities for strong mass activism. However, the author notes that Sri Lankan environmentalism is sometimes susceptible to politicization and ethnicization deviating from real environmental discourses. The lack of emphasis on political factors in this study is an aspect that should be considered for further study as this is a vital factor not discussed at length. The author presents the argument that environmentalism can become a way of life, a state of mind, an attitude towards society, or even a political philosophy.

This study recognizes the need to consider indigenous knowledge of communities and also to pay attention to the socio-cultural costs of projects. Therefore, this book is unique as it provides a multifaceted perspective of development projects and examines the nature of social movements that arise in protest of mass scale development. This book is a must read for academics, development planners and policy makers and civil society who contribute in some form to large scale development projects. It is anticipated that Environmental Movements in Sri Lanka would create a more socially and environmentally conscious society. The book is published by VDM Publisher in Germany 2010. (ISBN -978-3-639-25802-8). Author, M. T. M. Mahees is a Senior Lecturer, Department of Sociology, University of Colombo.

96 {pÌþ tdtpyq;F Wildlife • December 2012 Vol. 8 No.1 [²p‰l ývM|p Gj;jf kPoha;Tfs;BOOKREVIEWS 97