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Incarceration among Non-custodial Parents: Findings from Maryland Research. Pamela C. Ovwigho, Ph.D. Family Welfare Research & Training Group University of Maryland – School of Social Work Affinity forum on working with incarcerated & previously incarcerated obligors - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Incarceration among Non-custodial Parents: Findings from Maryland Research
Pamela C. Ovwigho, Ph.D.Family Welfare Research & Training Group
University of Maryland – School of Social Work
Affinity forum on working with incarcerated & previously incarcerated obligorsLutherville, md * December 12, 2006
Research funded by the Child Support Enforcement Administration, Maryland Department of Human Resources
2
Incarceration & parenting:
At the end of last year, a record 7 million people in prison/jail, on probation or on parole.
Nationally 2.2 million were in prison or jail.
Drug offenses account for 49% of total prison population growth.
The vast majority of prisoners are male. At least three-fifths of them are parents.
3
Maryland’s Study
Goal is to examine current & historical incarceration among Maryland child support obligors.
Initial report focuses on: Prevalence Case characteristicsArrearsPayment patterns
Also in presentation: Types of offensesEmployment histories
4
MethodRandom sample of 2,375 NCPs with an active child support case in Maryland in September 2004.
95% confidence level and a 2% error rate.
Child support data from Child Support Enforcement System (CSES)
Employment data from Maryland Unemployment Insurance wage records (MABS)
5
MethodData on incarceration in Maryland prisons & the Baltimore City Detention Center - extract file developed by the Maryland Department of Public Safety and Correctional Services specifically for this study.*
Covers a ten year period (10/94-9/04)
Underestimates because data does not include information on county jails in Maryland’s 23 counties.
Because we don’t have data from the county jails, Baltimore City looks “worse” and the 23 counties look “better”.
*Research Disclaimer: Data was supplied for this study by the Department of Public Safety and Correctional Services. Although the Department is unable to certify the accuracy and completeness of the data with regard to each subject of this Study, the researchers have nonetheless made every attempt to accurately and appropriately interpret the data supplied.
6
Prevalence
79.4% 74.0% 76.7%
15.3%22.5%
18.9%
10%13%
3%
3%
0%2%4%6%8%
10%12%14%16%18%
Percent ofO bligors
Percent ofCases
C urren tly Incarcerated
P reviously Incarcerated
Currently & previously incarcerated individuals account for 13% of Maryland’s child support obligors & 16% of its cases.
7
Jurisdictional Differences
6 .1%
24 .2%
11 .4%
3.8%
2.2%
5.3%
2.1%
4.7%
0 .0%
5.0%
10 .0%
15 .0%
20 .0%
25 .0%
30 .0%
35 .0%
C ounties B altim oreC ity
C ounties B altim oreC ity
% o
f ch
ild s
uppo
rt c
ases
C urrently incarcera ted
P reviously incarcera ted
All DPSCS Division of Corrections(18 mos or more)
Incarceration is more common among Baltimore City cases.
Note: Because we don’t have data from the county jails, the All DPSCS comparison overstates the differences between Baltimore City & the 23 counties. The Division of Corrections comparison is a more accurate estimate of those geographic differences.
8
Case type differences
2 .4%
7.9%
18 .3%21 .5%
3.7%
7.4%
0 .0%
5.0%
10 .0%
15 .0%
20 .0%
25 .0%
30 .0%
35 .0%
Never T A NF F orm er T A NF C urrent T A NF
% o
f ch
ild s
uppo
rt c
ases
C urrently incarcera ted
P reviously incarcera ted
Incarceration is twice as common among current & former TANF cases.
9
Case status differences
27 .1% 24 .0%
47 .1%
41 .2%
58 .7% 57 .7%
11 .8%18 .3%14 .3%
0.0%
10 .0%
20 .0%
30 .0%
40 .0%
50 .0%
60 .0%
70 .0%
80 .0%
90 .0%
100 .0%
N ever Incarcerated P reviouslyIncarcerated
C urren tlyIncarcerated
Arrears O n ly
C u rren t O rd er
E stab lish m en t
Cases with a currently incarcerated obligor are more likely to require establishment.
10
Order amount differences
$378
$257$278
$0
$50
$100
$150
$200
$250
$300
$350
$400
NeverIn carcera ted
P rev io u s lyIn carcera ted
C u rren tlyIn carcera ted
Mo
nth
ly S
up
po
rt O
rder
ed
Am
ou
nt
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
Currently & previously incarcerated obligors have lower orders for current support than never incarcerated obligors.
11
Child support debt
82.1% with
Arrears
Never Incarcerated
Mean: $9,392.05
96.8% with
Arrears
Previously Incarcerated
Mean: $17,254.71
100.0% with
Arrears
Currently Incarcerated
Mean: $22,047.68
Previously & currently incarcerated obligors are more likely to owe arrears and have higher average child support debts.
*Excludes cases needing establishment.
12
Types of arrears
80.2%83.3%
68.1%
63.9%
30.7%
62.0%
0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
70.0%
80.0%
90.0%
Nev erIncarcerated
Prev iouslyIncarcerated
CurrentlyIncarcerated
C ustod ian
S tate
Previously & currently incarcerated obligors are two times more likely to owe arrears to the state than those who’ve never been incarcerated.
13
Incarceration & total arrears
74 .7%59 .4%
20 .1%34 .5%
6.1%5.2%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
S ta tew id e B a ltim o re C ity
C u rren tly In carcera ted
P rev io u s ly In carcera ted
Never In carcera ted
At least one-quarter of arrears owed on Maryland cases are owed by previously & currently incarcerated obligors. Two-fifths of Baltimore City
arrears are owed by obligors who are or have been incarcerated.
Note: Because we do not have data from the county jails, the differences between Baltimore City and the state as a whole are overestimates.
14
Arrears accumulation
37.0%
63.0%
43.7%
56.3%
38.2%
61.8%
0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
70.0%
80.0%
90.0%
100.0%
P reviouslyIncarcerated
C urrentlyIncarcerated
Tota l Incarcerated
N o tin ca rce ra te d
W h ileIn ca rce ra te d
Estimated Average Percent of Arrears Accumulated
On average, an estimated two-fifths of previously & currently incarcerated obligors’ arrears accumulated while they were in prison.
15
Types of Offenses
2.5% 3.8%
22.0%
31.8%
50.6%
14.0%
0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
Murder
Sexual offense/rape
Assault
Theft & burglary
Drug offense
Other
Four out of five NCPs with an incarceration history have been convicted of a drug offense, theft, and/or assault.
Note: Each currently or formerly incarcerated individual can be convicted of multiple offenses. However, they are counted only once for each type. Percentages across categories will sum to more than 100%.
16
Employment History
Majority of obligors have worked in a UI-covered job in the previous ten years.
Difference in the percent of time employed.
54%
38%
25%
0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
70.0%
80.0%
90.0%
100.0%
% e
mp
loy
ed
0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
% o
f ti
me
wo
rke
d
17
Earnings History
$2 ,598
$2 ,124
$5 ,094
$0 $2 ,000 $4 ,000 $6 ,000
A verageQ uarte rly
E arnings inthe P reviousT en Years***
C urrently incarcera ted
P reviously incarcera ted
Never incarcera ted
NCPs with an incarceration history earned about half as much per quarter, on average, as those who have not been
incarcerated.
18
Earnings History
$49,391
$31,536
$132,189
$0 $20,000 $40,000 $60,000 $80,000 $100,000 $120,000 $140,000
A verage T o talE arnings in the
P revio us 10Years***
Never incarcera ted P reviously incarcera ted C urrently incarcera ted
In the previous 10 years, NCPs with an incarceration history earned, in total, only 25% to 37% of what never incarcerated NCPs earned.
19
Employment in the Prior Year
47 .9%
49 .6%$22 ,583
$12 ,664
47.0%
47.5%
48.0%
48.5%
49.0%
49.5%
50.0%
Never Inc arc erated P revious ly Inc arc erated
% e
mp
loye
d
$0
$5,000
$10,000
$15,000
$20,000
$25,000
Ave
rag
e to
tal
earn
ing
s
In the previous year, about half of all obligors. Those with an incarceration history earned significantly less.
20
Child support payments after release
Support Paid 10/03-9/04 Previously Incarcerated
Never Incarcerated
% paying any support*** 61.0% 79.1%
Total amount paid (mean)*** $2,210.78 $3,918.93
% of current support paid (mean)*** 53.5% 75.1%
Previously incarcerated obligors are less likely to pay support & pay less than never incarcerated obligors. However, most still pay something.
*p < .05 **p< .01 ***p < .001
21
Conclusions & Implications
Significant overlap among incarceration, child support, & welfare programs points to wisdom of policy and program attention.
Incarceration may be an issue in all areas: order establishment; order modification; payments after release; arrears.
Collaboration and education are very important, as well as reentry and employment programs.
22
Thank you!
To obtain a copy of the full report visit our website:
http://www.familywelfare.umaryland.edu
For more information on this study, please send an e-mail: