INCLUDED CHAPTERS Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8

INCLUDED CHAPTERS

Chapter 1 Chapter 2Chapter 3 Chapter 4Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8

CHAPTER 1 Main ideas to focus on when studying for the exam :-Descriptive adjectives to write a descriptive paragraph. - Information questions. -How to write a postcard (writing a descriptive paragraph). -What makes a group of words a unified paragraph. -What is a topic sentence.

Writing a postcardDescribe the photo in the next slide using the following information questions to help you and use descriptive adjectives * of your own :1. What ….

2. When …..

3. Where…..

4. How much……

5. How many …..

6. How long …..

7. Why….

* Descriptive adjectives are adjectives used to describe people, places, things, emotions and impressions. For example, helpful, polite, crowded, neat, wonderful, beautiful, huge, high, cold, easy, low….etc.

What personal

information should I

include in a postcard ?

Country from which the postcard is sent Date --------------------------------

recipient’s name -------------------------------- his/her address

-------------------------------- Postal Code---------------------------------

--------------------------------- content Sender’s name

READING: READ POSTCARDS FROM AROUND (THE WORLD (pages 5-6-7-8

The paragraph ..- A paragraph is a group of sentences that develops an idea. - The sentences of a paragraph support and give examples

of the main idea. They are not just randomly written. - Usually, a paragraph begins with an indented sentence*. - A paragraph can stand alone, or it can be grouped with

other paragraphs to develop a more general idea, as in an essay.

* Indentation is leaving five characters space before writing the first sentence of each paragraph.

READING: DISCOVERING THE PARAGRAPH (pages 14-15)

Topic sentences ..- A paragraph usually begins with a sentence that expresses

the main idea. This is the topic sentence. - The topic sentence contains only one main idea and it tells

the reader what the paragraph is about. - The topic sentence can be in the middle or at the end of a

paragraph.

EXCERCISES: (1-2 pages 16-17-18)

Answers at the end of the chapter

DISCOVERING TOPIC SENTENCES: (page 15 )

Answ

ers

1 -recognizing Topic Sentences :

A- English speakers avoid body contact when they speak to each other .B- every culture defines beauty differently.C- Americans are very serious about time in social activities .

2 -Adding Topic Sentences:A. 3) Direct eye contact and firm handshakes during

introductions are customary in North America. B. 2) because being a visitor can sometimes be lonely

and difficult, staying with a family can help the person get comfortable.

C. 1) when people move between cultures, certain problems with adapting always occur.

CHAPTER 2 Main ideas to focus on when

studying for the exam:

- Writing an informative paragraph by enlisting the advantages and disadvantages of an issue (pros and cons).

- Identifying a unified paragraph.-- Identifying parts of paragraph.

Writing an informative paragraph

Advantages (pros)- Share work load. - Peer learning- Exchange skills.

Disadvantages (cons)- Over dominance of some

members. - Some not participating. - Equal marks for both hard workers

and less hard workers.

To write an informative paragraph about an issue, its important to consider the positive and negative aspects of it. Those are called the advantages and disadvantages or pros and cons .

For example; when you write about working in groups, try to list the advantages and disadvantages of group work in the paragraph. Brainstorming* and free writing* are

good techniques to generate ideas .

*Brainstorming is a technique by which efforts are made to find a conclusion for a specific problem by gathering a list of ideas spontaneously contributed by its member(s) .

*Free writing is a prewriting technique in which a person writes continuously without paying attention to spelling, grammar, or relevance to the topic .

Writing the paragraph from the pros and cons chart on the previous slide .

Group work is an effective teaching technique yet, many academics don’t approve to it. Personally, I think it is a good way to share work load and exchange skills. It also make the students learn from each other which is called ‘peer learning’. As for those who do not prefer using it, they have other convincing reasons. Some argued that some students over dominate the process and XXX their opinions. It is also unfair because it puts hard workers and less hard workers at the

same level of accomplishment .

Paragraph Unity..

A paragraph has unity when all of the sentences relate to and develop the topic sentence .

A paragraph is organized when all of the sentences follow a logical order. Related information should go together .

There are many ways to organize a paragraph. The order depends on the topic and the purpose of writing .

READING: Identifying a unified paragraph

((1 - )page 35 )

1- Topic sentence: the

main idea

2 -

Bri

dge

sent

ence:

expl

ai

ns t

he t

opi

c

sent

ence

and

connect

s it t

o t

he

exampl

es .

3 -

Expl

anati

on,

el

abor

ati

on,

exampl

e

sent

ences:

devel

op

and

support t

he

mai

n i

dea .

4-

Restate

ment:

returns

or

restates

the

mai

n i

dea

Paragraph parts

EXCERCISES: (2 pages 36) Answers at the end of the chapter

Answ

er

s

2 -Identifying parts of a paragraph :A. Bridge sentence: most of the time, I’m assigned to work with

other students, and the students in my group haven’t always been very easy to get along with.

Elaborated sentences: eventually, I realized that if I try hard enough, our group will do well. I must be patient because it takes time. My teacher taught us that even when some members don’t get along, the goal is to complete the assignment .

Restatement of the main idea: I’m glad I learned how to work with other students because I think I will have to do this a lot in the future .B. Bridge sentence: working in groups really promotes language learning .

Elaborated sentences: students studying a language learn to speak by speaking. In a traditional classroom, students speak one at a time, and the teacher speaks more than the students. In cooperative classroom, many students get to speak at the same time .

Restatement of the main idea: cooperative learning is great for language learning .

C. Bridge sentence: these studies are from universities around the world and in many subjects .

Elaborated sentences and examples: results show that cooperative learning increases student motivation to learn. It helps students complete a task and encourages a positive attitude toward the subject. It improves relationships between students and gives students better feelings about themselves. Overall ,

students get higher scores on tests and are better critical thinkers .Restatement of the main idea: cooperative learning has many advantages .

CHAPTER 3

Main ideas to focus on when studying for the exam:

-Parts of an essay.-Building essays from a paragraph.

Parts of an essay ..

-In an essay, the writer states a main idea and develops that idea in more than one paragraph by explaining, describing, comparing, retelling an event, or using a combination of these writing techniques .

- -An essay includes an introduction , the main discussion (the body), and a conclusion. The main idea of the entire essay is called the thesis statement.

Topic sentence + bridge • Introduction • Thesis statement

Sentence 1+ example • First body paragraph= idea1

Sentence 2 + example • Second body paragraph = idea 2

Sentence 3 • Third body paragraph = idea 3

Conclusion • Conclusion

Stu

dyin

g P

art

s of

an

Ess

ay

Building an essay from a paragraph .. Look at the following paragraph and see how it is developed into an essay .

The paragraph ..

When I think of someone I look up to, I think of my brother. Although my name for my brother shows respect and we are very attached to one another, our behavior doesn't always show that. My brother has very short brown hair because he is in the police force. Before he went to the police academy in San Diego, he helped me a lot with my homework. I

respect and love my brother so much .

Building an essay from a paragraph .. The essay..

When I think of someone I look up to, I think of my brother. His

name is Joe, but I never call him that. I always say “Brother” in Chinese because he is older than I am, and that is the way I show him respect. He calls me Cathy. Although my name for my brother shows respect and we are very attached to one another, our behavior doesn’t always show that.

my brother has very short brown hair because he is in the police force. His gold-framed glasses and small brown eyes go with his hair and give the impression that he's more organized, more efficient, and more serious than he really is. I used to see him every day, but now, since he joined the police, I only see him on weekends. He always wears his uniform when I see him now.

before he went to the police academy in san Diego, he helped me a lot with my homework. Homework was hard for me because I was a slow learner. I wouldn't have passed many tests and quizzes without his help. And although my grades weren't as good as his, he was always proud of me when I came home with passing scores. When we walked home from school together, he would always say, “Good job ! Get the same grade next time or I'll beat you up”. Of course I said “No way” and hit him. He'd hit me back, and we'd go running all the way home

trying to catch each other .

The essay .. when he left for the police academy, I felt sort of empty. My brother

doesn't know it, but he taught me a valuable lesson by leaving. I had to work on my own and learn to be independent. I wish he were still living with us and bothering me like always. But by leaving, he showed me I can work by myself and still learn what I need to know to continue my education .

my brother likes to act tough. He doesn’t talk much and he seems very serious, but I think he would do anything to help me. I respect and love my brother so much .

Pay attention to colors to decide how the paragraph was developed into an essay .

The sentence of the brother’s name in the paragraph was extended in the essay by mentioning the brother's name and the Chinese culture regarding respecting big brothers .

Joe’s assistance in homework was extended in the essay by mentioning small details .

Joe’s physical characteristics in the paragraph was extended in the essay by mentioning other details .

The conclusion in the paragraph was one sentence and in the essay it was extended into

another two sentences .

CHAPTER 4


- What is a thesis statement?

-Writing a cause and effect essay.

What is a thesis statement ? *A thesis statement expresses the main idea of

an essay . *A thesis statement usually appears somewhere

in the first paragraph of an essay. *A thesis statement can include two or more

supporting ideas. You should develop each supporting idea in one paragraph .

*The two supporting ideas should have the same degree of generality or specificity. That is, don’t put a general idea with a specific one .

EXCERCISES: (2-3 page 75 )


Writing a cause and effect essay ..Cause and effect essays are concerned with why things happen (causes) and what happens as a result (effects).Cause and effect is a common method of organizing and discussing ideas.

Examples: Cause: You are out of gas. Effect: Your car won’t start. Cause: reduce work hours.Effect: Less income, More time to study, More time for family and friends. To blend details smoothly in cause and effect essays, use the transitional words and phrases listed below.

For causes: Because, due to, one cause is, another is, causes, leads to, results in, contributes to, has an effect on. For effects: Consequently, as a result, thus, resulted in, one result is, another is, therefore, comes from, results from, is a result of, is caused by.

Answ

ers

2 -Recognizing Good Supporting Ideas :

1 -The Hunzukuts’ longevity is due to heredity and lifestyle .(good supporting ideas)

2 -The Hunzukuts’ longevity is due to heredity and the fact that they don’t smoke .

(needs rewriting)3 -Research has shown that people will live longer if they avoid

stress and don’t eat sugar .(good supporting ideas)

3 -Recognizing Strong and Weak Thesis Statements :2 -people from different cultures have different diets .

(needs rewriting)3 -There are many popular books on maintaining good health

and losing weight .(good )

CHAPTER 5


- Ways to share information and support ideas: A- Using direct quotations to support an idea. B- Paraphrasing to support an idea.

Using direct quotations to support an idea ..* A good way to share information and support your opinions is to refer to the work of others who have relevant experience.

*When you use someone else’s exact words, you must place all of them inside quotation marks (“—” ) and you must name the person who wrote or said them. This is called quotation .Example:

“no one knows how to make those things yet; maybe some day, somebody will. “ says Dr. Julius Rebek, director of the Skaggs Institute .

EXCERCISE: (4 page 90)

READING: WAYS TO USE QUOTATIONS (page 90)

EXCERCISE: (5 page 90) Answers at the end of the chapter

Paraphrasing to support an idea ..A second way to share information and support ideas is to paraphrase other people’s ideas. A paraphrase is a restatement of a phrase or sentence that is approximately as long as the original statement. A paraphrase should be mostly your own words, but you can occasionally use the author’s exact words if he has used technical words. It is important to write the source .Example :

Quotation: “ Genetic engineering of plants will produce ‘supercrops’ in the near future, such as short corn stalks

loaded with ears, which will help end world hunger ”-source: A study done by The Branson Research Group.

Paraphrase: A study conducted by The Branson Research Group predicts that genetic engineering will produce superior food crops that will someday abolish world hunger.

EXCERCISE: (6 page 92)


4 -Answering Questions About Direct Quotations :

In the next seven years, “Things will get wild,” predicts Bill Spence, editor of Nano Technology magazine. “ In 15 years, all of a sudden

there will be no more automobile workers, just car designs ”.1 -Who is being quoted ?

Bill Spence .2 -What are the qualifications of the person who was quoted? (is he

an expert? Where does he work? What does he do?)Editor of Nano Technology magazine .

3 -Is he explaining, predicting, or discussing an advantage or disadvantage of nanotechnology?He is predicting .

5 -Writing Quotations Correctly :

1 -According to Diane McAfee, Assistance Principal of Sunnyside Elementary School , “ connecting schools to the Internet is just a

fad .”According to Diane McAfee, assistance principal of Sunnyside elementary

school, “ Connecting schools to the internet is just a fad .“2 -Dr. Maryyane Volpe, of the Hamilton University biology

department, stated We just don’t know the long-term effects of genetically modified food .

Dr. Maryyane Volpe, of the Hamilton University Biology department stated, “ We just don’t know the long-term effects of genetically

modified food ”.

Answ

ers

..

3 -According to Dr.Linda Eastman “ there’s no scientific proof that cell phones cause brain cancer ”.

According to Dr.Linda Eastman, “ There is no scientific proof that cell phones cause brain cancer”.

4 -Children spend too much time on the Internet and not enough time playing out doors said child psychologist Mark Evans .

“ Children spend too much time on the Internet and not enough time playing out doors,” said child psychologist Mark Evans .

5 -In the future, computers will work with us, outside of us, and also inside of us, Dr. La Clair predicts .

“ In the future, computers will work with us, outside of us, and also inside of us,” predicts Dr.La Clair .

6 -Practicing Paraphrases :1 -The Copely News Service says that people working in routine jobs

can be replaced by robots to save money .2 -Robert Cooper, Director of DARPA states that they have developed

a computer program that is capable of symbolic reasoning with effective computational speeds that are greater than the military’s .

3 -Hewlett-Packard computer architect Philip Kuekes explains that smaller computers that can be woven into clothes or embedded in paint are possible .

Answ

ers

..

CHAPTER 6


-Identifying coherent paragraphs.

Identifying coherent paragraphs ..Coherence means a ‘logical or natural connection .’

A paragraph is easier to read if the sentences in it move smoothly from one to the other. This is called coherence .

Writers achieve coherence by connecting sentences through linking ideas and the use of pronouns, repetition of key words, and paraphrases .

Examples of Coherence

1 -Writer connect sentences by using pronouns to refer to nouns already mentioned .Example :

Park resisted pressure to take a job with a large corporation and rejected the security and prestige that comes with such employment. He spent two years trying to convince his wife and family that he had real entrepreneurial talent. Finally, he entered his business plan in a competition and won .

2 -Writers repeat key words and ideas to move smoothly from one sentence to another .Example :

Success in business results from a willingness to take risks. This risk tolerance is one of the most important qualities that leads to business success. Entrepreneurs willing to take risks will move ahead in anew business venture with confidence despite the possibility of failure .

3 -Writers also paraphrase, restating words or expressions from a previous sentence. Paraphrasing reduces repetition but builds coherence by reminding the reader of the important points .Example :

Lamond said private invertors in Silicon Valley, unlike those in Europe, are eager to invest in start-ups. He also said that risk-takers are rewarded and looked up to in Silicon Valley, and that people who try to break the mold are not regarded highly in a conservative country like Germany or France .


-Distinguishing between general and specific information.

CHAPTER 7

Distinguishing between general and specific information ..

EXCERCISE: (8 page 128 )


A general statement describes or refers to a situation that is common and occurs in a number of different cases. For

example, couples today often decide to have only one child .Examples :

1 -Many Russian women are looking for foreign husbands .2 -Stiff requirements are imposed on France and Germany .

A specific statement describes or refers to only one case or occurrence. For example, my neighbors have only one child .Examples :

1 -In the eleventh century, the daughter of the grand prince became the queen of France .

2 -If an embassy official registers a couple that has not passed the requisite medical test, the official is fined .

8 -Practicing Distinguishing Between General and Specific Information :

`

Gandhi and Monnet were able to convince

their followers of a more sophisticated

story .

<Gandhi convinced

Indians and citizens of other nations that

conflict did not have to be violent .

Powerful stories help people discover where

they are going .

=

Powerful stories help people discover where they are

coming from .

Jean Monnet’s message was that there could be

power, profit, and peace in dissolving or changing

the boundaries .

=

Jean Monnet convinced French people as well as

citizens and leaders of other nations that Europe did not have to remain a

collection of hostile countries .

The leader’s own actions and way of life serve as

an example of the message .

= A leader must “embody”

his or her story .

CHAPTER 8


-Listing signals. -Using sentence connectors and transitional words. -Organizing comparison paragraph.

Listing signals ..

*Listing signals are words that give order to ideas and link ideas in one sentence to those in another; they can make a paragraph coherent. Some listing signals are :

First, second, third, then, next, later, last, and finally .

*You can use listing signals to describe events that have chronological order .

*You can use them also to list points that support your main idea even if the points are not connected chronologically .

EXCERCISES: (1 page 150 )


*Avoid using too many listing signals in your writing. This makes your

writing unnatural .

Using sentence connectors and transitional words..• You can also make paragraphs coherent by using sentence connectors. • Sentence connectors show relationships between ideas in different sentences in a paragraph. • If the sentences are short, connectors come after a semicolon (;).

Examples: 1- Marcel Proust could write only in bed; similarly, Hemingway had to do his work in a special place. 2- some people require peace and quiet in order to write. However, others need the stimulation and activity of public places. READING: Sentence connectors

( page 152 )

1- Studying Listing Signals: undedrline the listing signals.

A. I follow the same steps whenever I get ready to write. First, I find my favorite pen and I sharpen all my pencils. Next, I clear my desk and pull out my pad of yellow paper. Then I fix myself a cup of hot tea and set it on my desk. Finally, I close the door. Following these steps helps me get ready to write.

B. David’s art is different from the work of most artists. First, his pieces are very large and cannot be displayed in small studios. They need big walls and spacious rooms. Second, his art is abstract, combining a variety of techniques: painting, plastering, sanding, scraping, molding, and spraying. Finally, the pieces are very unusual. They present odd forms and original color combinations. David’s painting is not conventional.

Answ

ers

…

Additional sentence connectors and transitions..

Examples of Transitions and sentence connectors :

Illustration Thus, for example, for instance, namely, to illustrate, in other words, in particular, specifically, such as.ContrastOn the contrary, contrarily, notwithstanding, but, however, nevertheless, in spite of, in contrast, yet, on one hand, on the other hand, rather, or, nor, conversely, at the same time, while this may be true.Additiontherefore, and, in addition to, furthermore, moreover, besides, than, too, also, both-and, another, equally important, first, second, etc., again, further, last, finally, not only-but also, as well as, in the second place, next, likewise, similarly, in fact, as a result, consequently, in the same way, for example, for instance, however, thus, otherwise.

SpaceAt the left, at the right, in the center, on the side, along the edge, on top, below, beneath, under, around, above, over, straight ahead, at the top, at the bottom, surrounding, opposite, at the rear, at the front, in front of, beside, behind, next to, nearby, in the distance, beyond, in the forefront, in the foreground, within sight, out of sight, across, under, nearer, adjacent, in the background.ConcessionAlthough, at any rate, at least, still, thought, even though, granted that, while it may be true, in spite of, of course.Similarity Or ComparisonSimilarly, likewise, in like fashion, in the same way, in like manner, analogous to.EmphasisAbove all, indeed, truly, of course, certainly, surely, in fact, really, in truth, again, besides, also, furthermore, in addition.

Examples of Transitions:

Examples of Transitions:

DetailsSpecifically, especially, in particular, to explain, to list, to enumerate, in detail, namely, including.ExamplesFor example, for instance, to illustrate, thus, in other words, as an illustration, in particular.Consequence or ResultSo that, with the result that, thus, consequently, hence, accordingly, for this reason, therefore, so, because, since, due to, as a result, in other words, then.SummaryTherefore, finally, consequently, thus, in short, in conclusion, in brief, as a result, accordingly.SuggestionFor this purpose, to this end, with this in mind, with this purpose in mind, therefore

Organizing a Comparison Paragraph ..

Focusing on similarities or differences

•When you write a paragraph that compares people or things, you usually focus on similarities or differences.

•One way to write a topic sentence for a comparison paragraph is to state that X and Y are similar or different and tell how or why they are similar or different. •There are two ways to organize a comparison paragraph:

1 -the first is to list all the points about X and then all the points about Y .Your paragraph looks like this :

Topic sentence. XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX. On the other hand, YYYY YYYYYY YYYYYYYYYYY YYYYYYYYYYYYY

2 -the second way is to describe X and Y for each point of difference or similarity. In this case, the paragraph looks like this :

Topic sentence. XXXXX YYYYYY XXXXX YYYY

Documents

INCLUDED CHAPTERS Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8