CITE IT!Including Evidence

In Your Writing

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Objectives/Standards

• W1—Support claims with logical reasoning and relevant evidence, using accurate, credible sources and demonstrating an understanding of the topic or text

• W2—Develop the topic with relevant, well-chosen facts, definitions, concrete details, quotations, or other information and examples

• W8—Quote or paraphrase the data or conclusions of others while avoiding plagiarism and following a standard format for citation

CITE IT!• Why do we need evidence in writing?• What is a citation?• Why use a citation? It avoids plagiarism!• Types of citations and when to include• Always ICE evidence• Introducing citations• Citing evidence• Explaining evidence you cited

Why do we need evidence in writing?

• https://search.yahoo.com/yhs/search?p=audi+commercial+with+evidence&ei=UTF-8&hspart=mozilla&hsimp=yhs-002

• Evidence proves the main point in your writing. Evidence never speaks for itself; therefore, you have to include evidence and then also communicate the link between it and your main point.

What is a citation?

• A citation is the way you tell your audience that certain material in your work came from another source.

Why use a citation? It avoids plagiarism!!

• We cite evidence to avoid plagiarism. • Why do we need to avoid plagiarism? It is a

serious offense! – Plagiarism is stealing someone else’s writing, ideas,

images, music or media and passing it off as your own. – It doesn’t matter if you committed plagiarism

intentionally or unintentionally—you are still held responsible!!

– Plagiarism is so serious that it can get you a zero on a paper, or when you get older, kicked out of college, fired from a job or even prosecuted under the law.

Famous cases of plagiarism

• Shia LaBeouf—Plagiarized a graphic novel when he released a short film without giving credit to the author of the novel. Then, when he tried to apologize, he plagiarized the famous apologies of several well-known celebrities, including Tiger Woods. Legal action against him is pending. (“Top Plagiarism Scandals of 2013,” iThenticate.com)

• Michael Bolton was ordered to pay $5.4 million dollars to The Isley Brothers for plagiarizing the song, “Love Is a Wonderful Thing.” He said it was unintentional, but the court stated he was still liable. [Three Boys Music v. Michael Bolton, 212 F.3d 477 (9th Cir. 2000)]

CITE IT!• Properly including citations in your writing

helps support your ideas and improve the quality of your writing.– You gain credibility as a trusted source– You provide sufficient and relevant evidence to

support and explain your ideas and claims– You protect yourself from plagiarism accusations– You demonstrate the ability to include outside

sources ”

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Types of citations

• You can cite evidence in your writing in three ways:– Quotes– Paraphrases– Summaries

What is a QUOTE?

• The word quote is short for quotation• A quotation is a word, phrase or passage

from a text used and repeated word for word by someone other than the original author

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What Is a Paraphrase?

• A paraphrase is restating a specific, shorter section of the text, e.g., a phrase, section, or paragraph, in your own words. – This is not simply rearranging the words from the

original text. – When you paraphrase, try to reword the original

section of the text as if you were describing it to someone who had never read it before.

What is a Summary?

• A summary is an overview of the “gist” of the text, or at least of a large portion of the text– Ways to use a summary:• As general background information• As general information about a particular point• As the main part of an argument or counterargument

CITE IT!

Include evidence when…

• You are providing examples and evidence

Do not include evidence when…

• You are writing your thesis statement (your RA statement)

• You are writing your topic sentences ”

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Always ICE it!Remember the acronym ICE to help you properly and effectively include evidence in your writing.

Introduce Cite Explain ”

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INTRODUCE THE QUOTE

I C E

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QUOTE IT• A quotation should NEVER stand alone.• You should NEVER begin a sentence with

a quote.• You should ALWAYS explain your quote

after you properly cite it.

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Introduce Your Quote

• There are four different ways to properly and effectively introduce quotations into your writing:–with a complete sentence–with an explanatory or introductory

phrase–with only short quotes in your sentence–with part of the quote paraphrased

Introducing a Quote

• To demonstrate how to introduce a quote, we will use an excerpt from Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.’s I Have a Dream speech. •King, Jr., Martin Luther. “I Have a

Dream…” 1963. 1-6.

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I have a dream that one day my

four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the

content of their character.

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Exact Quote

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Introducing Quotes1. Introduce your quote with a complete sentence• If you introduce your quote with a complete

sentence that describes the quotation or provides information about it, you must punctuate it with a colon before inserting the quote.

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Introducing Quotes• EXAMPLEIn his I Have a Dream speech, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. had a dream: “I have a dream that one day my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character” (5).

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Introducing Quotes2. Introduce your quote with an introductory or explanatory phrase• Begin your sentence with a phrase that

explains or introduces the quote, and then punctuate with a comma before including the quote.

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Introducing Quotes• EXAMPLE• In his famous I Have a Dream speech, Dr.

Martin Luther King, Jr. said, “I have a dream that one day my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character” (5).

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Introducing Quotes3. Include only short quotes in your sentence • When including short quotations in your own

writing, you should stick to just two to four word phrases.

• Place quotation marks around the author’s original words and punctuate the sentence as you normally would.

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Introducing Quotes• EXAMPLE• Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. dreamed of a day

when his children would only be judged by the “content of their character” (5).

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Introducing Quotes4. Introduce your quote by paraphrasing it • Begin your sentence by paraphrasing the

quote, and then finish the sentence with the quote.

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Introducing Quotes• EXAMPLE• Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. dreamed of a day

when his four children would “not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character” (5).

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Introducing Quotes

More Examples for Introducing Quotes

According to (include source here), “put quote here” (in-text citation).

For example, the traffic light “put quote here” (in-text citation).

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(YOU CAN ALSO INTRODUCE A PARAPHRASE)

• A paraphrase can SOMETIMES stand alone.

• You can SOMETIMES begin a sentence with a paraphrase.

• You should ALWAYS explain your paraphrase.

TO INCLUDE A PARAPHRASE

• Exact Quote:– “I have a dream that one day my four little

children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.”

•Paraphrase:-- Martin Luther King, Jr. held a vision that one

day his children would live in a unified nation free

from racial bias (5).

TO INTRODUCE A PARAPHRASE:

You can introduce a paraphrase similarly to the way you introduce a quote:–with a complete sentence–with an explanatory or introductory

phrase–with only a smaller portion of the text

paraphrased

INTRODUCING A PARAPHRASE

1. You can introduce a paraphrase with a complete sentence:

In his I Have a Dream speech, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., communicated a vision: a world would exist where his children would live in a unified nation free from racial bias (5).

INTRODUCING A PARAPHRASE

2. You can introduce a paraphrase with an explanatory or an introductory phrase :

In his I Have a Dream Speech, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. contended that he believed it possible for a world to exist wherein his children would be free from racial bias (5).

INTRODUCING A PARAPHRASE

3. You can include a paraphrase by only paraphrasing a smaller portion of the text.

Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered his famous I Have a Dream speech wherein he preached against racial bias (5).

Introducing PARAPHRASES

More Examples of Introducing Paraphrases:

• According to (include source here), (put paraphrased, researched information here) (in-text citation).

• For instance, (put paraphrased, researched information here) (in-text citation).

(YOU CAN ALSO INCLUDE A SUMMARY)

• A summary can SOMETIMES stand alone.• A summary ALWAYS needs to be written in

two or more complete sentences.

INCLUDING A SUMMARY

• Exact paragraphs:

“I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a state sweltering with the heat of injustice, sweltering with the heat of oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice.

I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.”

INCLUDING A SUMMARY

In his I Have a Dream speech, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. envisioned a nation wherein racial equality would replace injustice and intolerance. He dreamed this equality would allow people to respect each other as human beings, thus making the world a better place for future generations (5).

CITE THE QUOTE (OR EVIDENCE)

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Citing Evidence in MLA Format

• In your writing, you generally will use MLA (Modern Language Association) format to cite your evidence• When you cite in MLA format, you

will need to include an in-text citation in your paper

In-Text Citation• An in-text citation is a reference to the

original author or speaker embedded in the text of the paper. In-text citations quickly alert the audience to the original source and make it easy for the audience to find the citation in the Works Cited Page at the end of your paper. (We will discuss Works Cited later.)

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Citing in MLA Format

Follow this simple equation to cite your quote in MLA format.

Introduce your quote “quote” (citation).

Always introduce your quote. Never start a sentence with a quote. (But remember--you can sometimes start a sentence with a paraphrase!)

Open and close the quote with quotation marks.

Set the citation apart with parentheses.

The period goes after the citation

Citing Evidence in MLA Format

• If you include the Author’s last name in the quote introduction, then you only need to include the page number in the in-text citation. – Example: Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. wanted his children

judged based on the “content of their character” (5). • If not, then you include the author’s last name

AND the page number in the in-text citation.– Example: In I Have a Dream, a future is envisioned

where children are judged based on the “content of their character” (King 5).

EXPLAIN THE QUOTE (OR THE

EVIDENCE)

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Explain the Evidence• After you introduce and cite the

evidence, you still need to thoroughly explain the evidence.

• There are many ways to explain evidence:• Provide analysis that connects the

evidence to your RA statement/thesis statement or topic sentence• Explain why it is relevant to the topic

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Explain the Evidence

• Evidence does NOT speak for itself. • To explain evidence, you must write out the connections

you were making in your mind when you chose your evidence.

• Questions to ask yourself about a particular piece of evidence:– Why is this important? Why does it matter?– What is the other side of the issue?– How does this idea relate to my topic?– What inferences can I make from this?– How or why did this topic come to be the way it is?

Explain the EvidenceHere are some sentence starters to help you explain your quote.

• This proves that…• This illustrates…• This shows that…• This highlights the difference between…

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END OF PART I

How to Cite Web Sources

Entire Web site

Author’s or Editor’s last name, first name [if given]. Title of Web site. Name of sponsoring institution or organization [if given]. Last update or original publication date. Web. Date accessed.

How to Cite Web Sources

Article from a Web site

Author’s or Editor’s last name, first name [if given]. “Title of Article.” Title of Web site. Date of last update or original publication date. Web. Date accessed.

How to Cite Web Sources

Online Database Article

Author’s or Editor’s last name, first name [if given]. “Article Title.” Database Title. Copyright date [edition]. Online Publisher or sponsoring institution. Web. Date accessed.

How to Cite Print Sources

Encyclopedia

Author’s last name, first name. [if available] “Article Title.” Title of Encyclopedia. Year Published. Print.

How to Cite Print Sources

Book with an Editor

Editor’s last name, first name, ed. Title of Book. City of publication: Publisher, Date published. Print.

How to Cite Print Sources

Book with one Author

Last name, first name. Title of Book. City of publication: Publisher, Date published. Print.

MLA Citations

Columbia University Professor Jeffrey Johnson spent seventeen years

recording the viewing habits of children in 707 families in Upstate New

York and found that the ones “who watched one to three hours of television

each day . . . were 60% more likely to be involved in assaults and fights as

those who watched less TV” (“Research on the Effects of Media Violence”).

Works Cited

“Research on the Effects of Media Violence.” Media Awareness Network.

2005. Web. 12 Mar. 2005

In-text (parenthetical) Citation

Works Cited Entry

Works Cited Entry for a Book

The ideal context for identity

formation is “a supportive and

respectful family” (Levine 169).

Works Cited

Levine, Madeleine, Ph.D. See No Evil: A Guide to Protecting Our Children

from Media Violence. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1998. Print.

In-text Citation

Works Cited Entry

IMPORTANT THINGS TO REMEMBER

Embedding Quotes

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QUOTE IT! Checklist• Your introduction and the quote must be

grammatically consistent. CORRECT EXAMPLEIn his speech, Dr. King said, “it would be fatal for the nation to overlook the urgency of this moment.”The introduction and the quote are grammatically consistent in this sentence.

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QUOTE IT! Checklist• You can change a word in a quote to make it

grammatically consistent with your introduction if you place [ ] around the new word.

• A quote must be less than four lines long. Otherwise you will need a block quote.

• The quote must support your thesis or topic sentence. Otherwise it isn’t relevant.

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The Final Product

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Example(Topic Sentence) The invention of the traffic light by Garrett Morgan made automotive transportation safer.

Before the traffic light’s invention, “it was not uncommon for bicycles, animal-powered carts and motor vehicles to share the same thoroughfares with pedestrians. Accidents frequently occurred between the vehicles” (Federal Highway Administration). After the invention and implementation of the traffic light, the number of collisions was reduced and thus created a safer environment for automobile travel.

introduction quote and citation

explanation ”

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Works Cited Page• A Works Cited Page is a separate page or

set of pages at the end of a document containing an alphabetical listing of all of the sources used within the paper.

• Each citation included in the page is formatted according to MLA or APA standards.

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