(Including NWFP Species) For Departmental Mode & JFM …uppfmpap.org/content/Terai.pdf · PLANTATION MODELS (Including NWFP Species) For Departmental Mode & JFM Mode TERAI REGION

PLANTATION MODELS( )(Including NWFP Species)

For Departmental Mode & JFM Mode

TERAI REGIONUttar Pradesh Participatory Forest Management

&

TERAI REGION&

Poverty Alleviation Project(Associated by Japan International Cooperation Agency)(Associated by Japan International Cooperation Agency)

Prepared by: Forest Research Institute, Kanpur.

INDEX (Terai Region)

Sl. No. Particulars Page No.1 General 1 2 Vegetation 1-6 3 General Proposal Of Year-Wise Activities For Afforestation,

Associated Drainage Line Treatment And Cultural Operations 7

i) 0 Year (Soil Work/Formative Year) 7-15

ii) I Year (Plantation Year) 16-17

iii) II Year (1st Maintenance) 17-18

iv) III Year (2nd Maintenance) 18

4 Proposed Activities For Bamboo Cultural Operation/ Plantation 18-19 5 Proposed Activities For Sal ANR 19-20 6 Proposed Models For Plantations In Departmental Mode 20 i) Proposed Model For Very Dense Forests (Departmental Mode) 20-24

ii) Proposed Models For Moderately Dense Forests (Departmental Mode)

24-30

iii) Proposed Models For Open/Degraded Forests (Departmental Mode)

30-34

7 Proposed Models For Plantations In JFM Mode 35

i) Proposed Model For Very Dense Forests (JFM Mode) 35-37

ii) Proposed Models For Moderately Dense Forests (JFM Mode)

37-41

iii) Proposed Models For Open/Degraded Forests (JFM Mode) 41-45

8 Annexure-1

List Of Species Prioritized For Conservation In Terai Region 46-48 9 Annexure-2

Detailed description of some important NWFP species 49-95

1

TERAI REGION

1. GENERAL:

The Terai region in Uttar Pradesh is spread along the foot-hills of Himalayas and is

characterized by high water table and humid conditions. However, some areas close to the

foot-hills do have lower water table, e.g., areas of Shravasti Forest Division & Sohelwa Wild

Life Division. Such areas are known as Bhabar areas. The whole area is generally plain.

However, gentle slopes do occur in Bhabar areas. The altitude of the region varies from 100m

to 400m above mean sea level. The whole area is criss-crossed by Ghagra, Gandak, Sharda,

Rapti and their tributaries.

The soil is alluvial containing large amount of minerals and humus derived from the

silt brought down by the rivers from the lofty Himalayas. The region experiences humid sub-

tropical climatic conditions. Winter season is marked with low temperature, sometimes

falling down to 4º-5º C during December-January. The winter season is characterized by long

spells of dense fog and frost, pool frost is very common and is one of the most harmful

climatic factors for the vegetation, especially the regeneration. Winter rains also occur

sporadically. Summers experience temperature as high as 40º - 45º C in May & June followed

by heavy downpours in July-August bringing frequent floods which although cause

devastation but on the other hand their positive aspect being enhancement of water table and

deposition of humus over the soils.

2. VEGETATION:

The Terai region is very rich in flora and fauna. Broadly, the following forest types

are found in the region:

Moist Bhabar Sal forests (3C/C2b) are found along the water bodies and are classified

as best Sal forests. The site quality of Sal in these forests ranges generally from II to III. Main

associates of Sal are- Asna (Terminalia tomentosa), Siddha (Lagerstromia parviflora), Jhingan

(Lannea coromandelica), Haldu (Adina cordifolia), Padal (Stereospermum suaveolens), Rohini

(Mallotus phillipensis), Chamror (Ehretia laevis), Jamun (Syzygium cuminii), Khaja (Bridelia

retusa), Bhilawa (Semecarpus anacardium), Sandan (Ougeinia oogeinensis), Kusum

(Schleichera trijuga) and Toon (Toona ciliata) etc.

2

The understorey is very dense and mainly deciduous in nature. The undergrowth

mainly consists of Duddhi (Holarrhena antidysentrica), Bhat (Clerodendron infortunatum),

Van nimbu (Glycosmis pentaphylla), Phalsa (Grewia sapida). Dense growth of Jamun and

Cane is found in marshy areas. Water table is very high in such forests.

Sal seeds germinate profusely during rains and the upcoming seedlings are

distinctively visible till December-January. Besides these fresh seedlings, regeneration in

whippy and sub-whippy stage is also visible during this period but the frost in the extreme

cold conditions followed by frequent ground fires in the fire season take toll of this

regeneration. The seedlings before reaching pole stage die back number of times and that is

the reason behind scanty to very scanty regeneration of pole stage. In places, floods also

cause much damage to the initial stage regeneration. Trampling affect of herds of cattle over

the regeneration is also visible.

The adverse affect of well distributed canals originating from the reservoirs in the

region is also visible in strips of width upto 100 m or so along the canal banks. The seepage

from canals has resulted in large scale dying and uprooting of well grown Sal trees. This has

also resulted in making the edaphic conditions quite unsuitable for growth of any tree species.

These strips have almost turned into marshy wetlands with grasses.

One more visible characteristic of these forests is vast grasslands occurring in

depressions. Although the rich fauna in the region is the result of such grasslands (locally

known as Chandars) besides other favourable factors but these are the great fire hazards for

the adjoining dense Sal forests. Efforts for introducing tree species in such grasslands have

met with failures in general because of pool frost in winters and subsequent fires in the fire

season.

3

Dry Sal forests (5B/C1b) are characterized by conspicuous uplands and comparatively

lower water table with not so good edaphic conditions. These factors coupled with heavy frost

during winters have resulted in consistent dying of Sal trees and upcoming of miscellaneous

species of drier zone. This has caused a vital change in the configuration of the forest areas and

has also led to occurrence of open areas in between.

Over-mature, mature and middle aged Sal trees are found scattered with Asna (Terminalia

tomentosa), Tendu (Diospyros melanoxylon), Dhauri (Lagerstromia parviflora) etc. Other

tree species found as pure stands or associated with Sal in different proportions in some

places are- Sandan (Ougeinia oogeinensis), Khaja (Bridelia retusa), Bhilawa (Semecarpus

anacardium), Mahua (Madhuca indica), Rohini (Mallotus phillipensis), Amaltas (Cassia

fistula), Kachnar (Bauhinia variegata), Papri (Bauhinia purpurea), Chila (Casearia

gravolens), Kharpat (Garugua pinnata), Safed siras (Albizzia procera), Kala siras (Albizzia

lebbek), Bel (Aegle marmelos), Dhak (Butea monosperma) etc.

Low alluvial Savannah woodlands (3/IS1) are found along river banks. These are

adversely affected by floods during the rainy season. Because of recurring silt deposition, the soil

in general is sandy and contains humus. The patches of depressed lands which remain water-

logged even much after the floods contain clayey and clayey loam soils, of course with sufficient

humus. Although the water table is much higher but during summers extreme hot conditions

prevail because of the sand coupled with humidity caused by the flowing rivers. The vegetation

mainly contains pioneer species of grasses, shrubs and trees. The main tree species found here

are- Semal (Bombax ceiba), Shisham (Dalbergia sissoo), Khair (Acacia catechu), Kanju

(Holoptelia integrifolia), Jhingan (Lannea coromandelica), Haldu (Adina cordifolia) etc. Tree

species localized in patches of the depressions (with clay/clayey loam)

4

forming wetlands are- Jamun (Syzygium cuminii), Gutel (Trewia nudiflora), Patju

(Putranjiva roxburghii). The undergrowth mainly consists of Duddhi (Holarrhena

antidysentrica), Van tulsi (Ocimum basilicum), Bhant (Clerodendron infortunatum) etc. The

grasses found here predominantly are- Moonj (Sacchrum munja), Kans (Sacchrum

spontaneum), Narkul (Phragmites karka), Pater (Typha aungustata), Ula (Themeda

arundinacea) etc. The shrubs which are mainly found here are- Jhau (Tamarix dioica),

Karaunda (Carissa spinnarum), Jharberi (Zizyphus nummularia), Kathneem (Murraya

koenigii) and Kari (Miliusa velutina) etc.

Western light alluvial plain Sal forests (3C/C2d) are mostly part of the reserved

forests of South Kheri Forests Division. These forests are almost same as Moist Bhabar Sal

forests and so are the associates of Sal with the exception of mesophytic species of the like of

Jamun (Syzygium cuminii) which are found only near some water body. Dhak (Butea

monosperma) is noticeable in these forests and some xerophytic species of the like of Ber

(Zizyphhus jujuba) are also localized in some locations. Tall grasses mainly Ula grass

(Themeda arundinacea) are found in grasslands of this type of forests. The soil of such

forests is generally sandy loam in nature. An important characteristic of such forests is that

they are affected with dense frost during major part of the winter season which adversely

affects Sal poles upto 5 m in height and also damages Sal regeneration of seed origin or

coppice origin of earlier stages. Thus, the younger Sal saplings keep on dying back. Few of

them become capable of growing further. Larger trees do not get affected by frost rather they

serve the purpose of an umbrella for protecting the regeneration from frost. Sal stumps

produce coppice shoots but regeneration through coppice is established only in areas where

Sal has good coppicing vigour. Frequent ground fires and much of biotic pressure also result

in poor status of Sal regeneration.

5

Dry deciduous scrub forests (5/DS1) are found in some of the vested forest areas. Here

shrubs of 3-6 m height are found along with some species of trees. Some important species

include- Mainffal (Radium duretorum), Karaunda (Carissa spinarum), Bel (Aegle marmelos),

Neem (Azadirachta indica), Babool (Acacia nilotica), Sinhora (Strebulus asper) etc.

Thorny forests of Caves (6B/C2) are found in vested forests on the banks of river

Gomti where consistent soil erosion has resulted in cave like formations. Soil here is sandy in

nature with drier conditions with the exceptions of floods and that is why thorny species are

mainly found in such forests alongwith some non-thorny shrubs at places. This area is said to

have been covered with Sal forests in the past which degraded later on. Species found here

are Mainffal (Radium duretorum), Katiya (Flacourtia indica), and grasses like Kans

(Sacchrum spontaneum) and Pareva (Heteropogon contortus).

Cane (Calamus tenuis) brakes forests (2/E1) are localized to marshes along the river

banks or in and around other wetlands. Preponderance of fern is one of the important

characteristics of this forest type. Apart from Cane, Jamun (Syzygium cuminii), Goolar (Ficus

glomerata), Nyora (Barringtonia acutangula) are important species of these forests.

Bel (Aegle marmelos) forests (5/E6) are found in small delta like formations where

the soil is dry, hard and clayey. In Sal forests Bel is found in pure patches or mixed with

Tendu (Diospyros melanoxylon), Aak (Calotropis procera), Haldu (Adina cordifolia),

Jhingan (Lannea coromandelica), Padal (Stereospermum suaveolens) etc.

Jamun (Syzygium cuminii) forests (4D/SS3) are areas where vegetation is purely of

Jamun trees having high crop density. During rainy season, these areas witness profuse

water-logging and some areas remain marshy even after rains. Due to excessive moisture in

soil, growth of Sal trees is not possible here. Jamun is found mixed with some species like-

Gutel (Trewia nudiflora), Paniyala (Bischoffia javanica), Patju (Putranjiva roxburghii), Safed

siras (Albizzia procera), Gular (Ficus glomerata), Jhingan (Lannea coromandelica), Neora

(Barringtonia acutangula), Khair (Acacia catechu) and Shisham (Dalbergia sissoo) etc.

6

Dhak (Butea monosperma) forests (5/E5) are found in areas where soil is hard,

clayey and nutrition deficient. Dhak is important species in whole area. This is found in tree

form and shrubaceous form as well because of pollarding with the purpose of collecting its

leaves besides other damages caused to it. Ber and Jharberi are also very common.

Terai forests are subjected to the harms of prevalent extensive progressive agriculture

and habitations in the vicinity of the forests. Before independence large tracts of land beyond

the standing forests were in form of wastelands comprising of tall and thick grasses with

scattered trees and shrubs. These areas served the purpose of very good habitats for fauna and

NTFPs. Things started changing with migrations from Pakistan just after independence and

also from Punjab and Eastern parts of U.P. in search of fertile lands. Today such lands yield a

lot in form of agriculture crops but with this large habitat of fauna and NTFPs vanished and

the standing forests got affected from excessive biotic pressure. Consequently, Terai region is

subjected to frequent forest fires every year. This together with grazing, browsing and

trampling by ever-increasing number of cattle has made most pockets of the region quite

deficient of natural regeneration of Sal and other important species. NTFPs which were found

profusely with the ground flora are also rare today. Instead, unpalatable grasses and weeds

like- lantana, Gajar grass etc. have spread almost everywhere, thus reducing productivity of

the region. Illicit fellings and encroachments are common phenomena. That is why region

needs intensive treatments for restoring the standing stock of valuable timber species and re-

stocking of NWFPs from other canopies of the forests. After division of erstwhile Uttar

Pradesh, this region is pride forest region of the state and from this angle too, it needs special

treatment.

Under UPPFMPAP, the whole forest area of the Terai region is divided in three

categories viz. Very Dense Forests, Moderately Dense Forests and Open/Degraded Forests as

per the intensity of treatments required.

In view of the prevailing conditions in the above categories of forests, the following

activities are proposed to ensure conservation and enhance production. The activities whose

quantum will vary from one category to another category of forests are to be carried out in

departmental as well as JFM modes, much emphasis being upon JFM mode.

3. GENERAL PROPOSAL OF YEAR-WISE ACTIVITIES FOR AFFORESTATION, ASSOCIATED DRAINAGE LINE TREATMENT AND CULTURAL OPERATIONS:

i) 0 year (Soil work/Formative year)

7

a) Protection Measures: -

• Protection measures normally used in Terai region to provide physical barrier against

cattle and wild animals are Cattle Protection Trench or Barbed Wire Fencing. Live

hedge of thorny species is also grown along the protection trench to make protection

more effective particularly when the trench gets silted. The detailed description of

these protection measures are as under:

Different sizes of cattle protection trench have been mentioned in schedule of rates.

As per requirement of the site, the CPT of a particular size will be dug along the periphery of

the site. Septa of 30 cm. width are left after every 5 m. length of protection trench for

reducing siltation in the trench & damage to it by the rains and thus enhancing period of its

utility. De-silting/freshening of the CPT is carried out in the subsequent years to maintain its

effectiveness for at least next three years. List of some of the thorny species for the purpose

of raising live hedge on dug earth of CPT is given in the table below. Preference for this

purpose should be accorded to NWFP species.

Sl. No Botanical name Common name 1 Acacia nilotica Babool, Keekar 2 Calamus tenuis Cane 3 Carissa spinarum Karaunda 4 Pithecolobium dulce Jungal jalebi 5 Acacia catechu Khair 6 Zizyphus spp. Ber/Jharberi 7 Caesalpinia decapetala Aela

Barbed wire fencing, normally of three strands, is adopted for more intensive

protection. For the purpose fencing posts of Eucalyptus, generally, of 1.5m length and of 10-

20cm diameter class are used. For providing more protection, if needed, taller fencing posts

may be used with increased number of strands of barbed wire. Wooden fencing posts are to

be treated for prevention of damage by termites. RCC fencing posts or iron angles may also

be used for enhancing the period of utility of the fencing but for this purpose more finances

are needed.

b) Soil Work:

Soil work is started after rains (mid-October) and is to be completed before March to

ensure proper soil weathering during summers. Before commencement of the soil work,

8

the area is to be surveyed thoroughly and after that proper alignment is to be done on the

field regulating the spacing in between in the process. Following activities are carried out

under soil work:-

• 50 to 888 pits of size 45cm x 45cm x 45cm per hectare are proposed for different

models/treatments. The spacing and number of pits depend upon forest type and the

type of intervention proposed. The pit to pit distance will not be less than 3m in any

case.

• In places where water-logging conditions prevail during rains, mounds of appropriate

dimensions are to be made.

• Harrowing/chak ploughing will be done for grasses/legumes propagation. Tufts/seeds

of grasses and legumes will be transplanted/sown (in case of open/degraded forest

areas).

c) Drainage Line Treatment:

Although Terai region, in general, is not susceptible to soil erosion as compared to

Vindhyan and Bundelkhand regions because of flatter lands and dense vegetative cover but

some specific locations, particularly, along river banks need site specific drainage line

treatment in shape of in-situ and ex-situ SMC works for checking erosion of river banks and

consequent depletion of forest cover.

The important principles to be kept in view while planning SMC works (Rama Rao,

1962) are:-

• Increasing the time of concentration and thereby reducing run-off, thereby water to be

absorbed and held by the soil.

• Intercepting run-off along slopes, so as to reduce the flow to less than the critical

velocity for reducing erosive power of the flowing water.

• Protection against damage owing to excessive run-off.

Surface run-off depends on soil texture, slope and type of vegetative cover. SMC

works are designed to slow down the velocity of run-off and facilitate infiltration of rain

water. For the design of hydrologic structures, quantitative estimates of run-off rates,

volumes and distribution are to be worked out. Structures and spillways are planned to

impound maximum run-off, which can be expected in a special recurrence interval.

9

For estimation of run-off rational method is the most preferred method. This method

is expressed by an equation.

Q=CIA/360

Where, Q=design peak run-off rate in m3/sec, C=run-off coefficient, I=intensity of

rain in mm/hour for the design recurrence interval and for duration equal to the time of concentration (T) of the watershed and A=watershed area (ha)

The time of concentration (T) of the watershed is given by

T=0.1947(k) 0.77

K=√L3/H

Where, T=time of concentration (min). L=maximum length of travel (m), and

H=difference in elevation between most remote point and outlet (m)

The conceivable measures of Drainage Line Treatment for the region are given below:-

• Gully Head Stabilization

Peripheral bund along gully head

• Gully Bed Stabilization

Live hedges

Brush-wood check dams

Small Earthen bunds

• Gully Bank protection

Vegetative spurs

Crate wire spurs

Retaining walls

• Gully Head Stabilization

Peripheral bund along gully head

Gully once formed goes on expanding in size if proper control measures are not taken

up in time. The water pouring into the gully from the top goes on eroding the head

with ingress into the table lands. To stabilize the gully head attempt is made to stop

10

influx of water from the table land into the gully. In the process, earthen bund is made

along the gully head which on one hand stops water getting into the gully and on the

other hand directs the water to safer directions.

• Gully Bed Stabilization

Live hedges

Live hedges help in reducing the stretch of continuous flow of water thereby reduce

the velocity considerably; hence bring down the erosive power of run-off. Live

hedges are developed in the contour furrows in the gully beds. These help in

conserving the soil moisture, controlling the soil loss and help in improving moisture

regime, which provide conducive environment for natural as well as planted grasses

and tree species to come up.

Brushwood check Dams

Brushwood check dams are constructed as per site requirement in small gullies (1.2 to

2.1 m deep) where wooden posts are abundantly available. Such check dams viz.,1)

Single row-post check dams 2) Double row-post brushwood check dams are

described below:

Single row- post brushwood dam

The construction begins by easing the side slopes of a gully to 1:1. Posts of self

sprouting tree species of about 10-15 cm diameter are driven into the beds and banks

of the gully to a depth of about 0.75-0.9 m below the surface and about 0.6-0.9 m

apart. Top of the posts are kept at such a height that they form a distinct notch of

adequate size to discharge the water flow safely without undermining the dam at the

11

ends. A 15 cm thick layer of litter is placed on the floor of the gully between the posts

extending upstream to the proposed base of the dam and downstream end of the

apron. Green branches of tree are placed on the top of the litter lengthwise along the

gully with butt ends facing upstream, the longer ones at the bottom and shorter on the

top till the required height of the dam is attained. Cross poles are fixed on upstream

side of the structure and brushwood is tied to the structure with galvanized wire.

Double row-post check dam

For the construction of the double row post dams, the gully sides are sloped back and

two of wooden posts are erected across gully. The distance between the rows is not

kept more than 0.9 m. The posts are driven at a distance of 0.5 m apart in a row to go

at least 0.9 to 1.2 m into the hard bed of the gully. A 15 cm layer of litter is laid on the

floor of the gully again extending to the proposed base of the dam and downstream to

the end of the apron. A 0.3 m layer of brushwood is laid on the apron and tied to the

lower row post. A row stake is driven through the middle of the apron into the floor of

the gully and brushwood is tied to it to form a dense mat. The space between the two

rows is filled with brushwood laid across the gully. This is compressed tightly and

held in position with the wire. Litter is placed on the upstream side of the dam.

Small Earthen bunds

12

Earthen bund is constructed at the head of gully to divert the run-off coming to the

gully. These are used to divert the run-off above the gully head and to allow it to flow

at a non erosive velocity to a suitably protected outlet. Diversions also serve the

purpose of soil and water conservation by allowing the water to flow only in desired

direction.

Gully Bank Protection

Vegetative Spur

Spurs are structures constructed at an angle extending from the bank towards the

stream thereby deflecting the current away from the eroding bank and directing the

flow centrally. Spurs can be effective in controlling the stream bank erosion and

reclaiming the area of stream bank where meandering of streams takes place. If site

condition permits, hardy species of vegetation (Arundo donax, Ipomea carnea,

Eulaliopsis binata etc.) can be planted to serve as spurs for flow diversion. However,

these are effective in small streams with comparatively less run-off and sediment

discharge. Vegetative spurs are constructed in smaller streams where current of the

water is not too fast whereas crate wire spurs are preferred where the streams are big

and consequent erosion of the river banks is comparatively much more.

Vegetative Spur

Crate wire spur

13

Retaining wall

For providing stability to river banks, retaining walls may be needed. Such situations

are often encountered in the region in control of torrent banks. Gabion retaining walls

are mostly constructed in soil conservation works as besides low cost, they are ideal

for unstable foundations. The gabion retaining walls can be built safely upto a height

of 3-4 m. Walls can be made with either the steps or the vertical side facing the

surcharge (sloping side).

d) Cultural operations/Stand improvement –

14

• General cultural operations:

Removal of climbers, unwanted creepers & grasses, and operations like

decongestion/thinning, singling of coppice shoots, pruning etc. which, in totality,

facilitate the growth of plants are known as cultural operations. These operations help

in assisting the natural regeneration as well. Following are the cultural operations

adopted: -

All dry, infected/diseased, uprooted, dead or dying trees are felled and removed.

Parasitic climbers/bushes/creepers hindering the growth of other important species

are removed.

Lesser important species will be removed, so that they do not hinder or suppress the

growth of prioritized NWFP species like- Asna (Terminalia tomentosa), Aonla

(Embelica officinalis), Mahua (Madhuca indica), Harr (Terminalia chebula), Bahera

(Terminalia belerica), Jamun (Syzygium cuminii) etc.

Canopy opening will be done in dense areas to facilitate the growth of light

demanding species.

Decongestion/Thinning of congested group of seedlings or trees will be done.

Propagation and protection of endangered, popular NWFP species will be carried out

(list annexed).

In coppicing species, only two healthy coppice shoots are left in diametrically

opposite place and rest are cut with sharp edged axe.

Pruning of malformed seedlings shall be done so that the trees attain straight bole.

No pruning will be done in any tree species above two-third of its height. Branches,

less than 5 cm in diameter will be exempted from cutting. Pruning in case of Haldu

(Adina cardifolia) and Semal (Bombax ceiba) will not be carried out.

In most of the species, cultural operations are done in the month of October-

November and February- March. Type, frequency and sequence of cultural operations

differ from species to species and will have to be carried out in accordance with the

prevalent management practices/systems.

15

Specific cultural operations for some important species are given below:

• A) Special cultural operation for Cane

Hoeing around the planted/established seedlings of cane is carried out for three

consecutive years and it should be complete by the end of January.

Regular pruning should be carried out.

• B) Cultural operations for Dhak and Dhauri

Cultural operation to be carried out between Nov. to late Feb.

Tending and singling operations to be carried out for four consecutive years.

• Specific Cultural operations for Bamboo

To overcome the problem of congestion cultural operations are preventive and

remedial step in bamboo plantation. Cultural operations carried out for bamboo are described

below:

All the dried and malformed culms will be cut at 15 cm height having at least one

inter-node.

As far as possible, branches of the culms will be cut and in exceptional case, the

culms, creating congestion in clump will be cut and removed.

For the outer growth of rhizomes, deep hoeing will be done around the clump over

a width upto 50 cm. and depth upto 20 cm. and the soil will be heaped in the shape

of a disc around the clump.

The miscellaneous tree species having lesser importance occurring around the

clump will be pruned.

The debris resulting from cultural operation will be removed from the site.

e) Raising seedlings:

Seedlings of desired species will be raised in the nursery as per requirement

taking into account 10% beating up in I year.

ii) I year (Plantation year)

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• Dressing of dug-up earth of CPT facilitates proper seed-sowing, this is to be

completed by the end of May.

• Filling of pits is done in the month of May with excavated weathered soil.

• Seed sowing of thorny NWFP tree/shrub species is done in two lines on the

dressed soil of CPT before rains for thorny live hedge which ensures additional

protection. To stabilize the earthen drainage line treatment structures, seeds of

grasses and NWFP species are also sown over them. This will also enhance

regular production of grasses and NWFPs.

• When the monsoon sets in, planting of suitable species (preferably NWFP species)

of optimum height will be carried out. Fertilizers (Bio/organic), micronutrients,

insecticides/termiticides are applied in the pits either at the time of filling of pits

or at the time of planting as per need. Thaola will be made around the plants for

conserving the moisture.

• In the harrowed/ploughed land tufts/seeds of grasses/legumes like- Dicanthium

annulatum, Cynodon dactylon, Cenchrus ciliaris, Stylosanthes scabra,

Stylosanthes hamata, Macroptelium atoopurpureum etc. will be transplanted/sown

in moderately dense forest areas (JFM Mode only) and in open/degraded forest

areas (both the modes with the exception of bamboo plantation in departmental

mode).

• First weeding & hoeing in Aug.-Sept., second in the month of October and third

weeding & hoeing/mulching are carried out after winter rains.

• Inspection path will be made after rains.

• Thatching over frost tender species of the like of Sal, Mahua etc. will be carried

out during November-December to protect plants against frost.

• Grass cutting in the strips of the planted area is to be carried out in the month of

January-February and the cut grass shall be taken away from the site for burning

or disposal in any other suitable manner.

• In bamboo plantations, pruning of culms will be done to avoid congestion.

17

• Fire lines cleaning and controlled burning are essentially done before fire season.

• Watch and ward will be provided to the plantation as per requirement.

• Fire Protection Measures:

5 m wide fire lines around the intervention area and 8m wide around forest

compartment boundaries and other major landmarks surrounding direct intervention

sites will be made and maintained.

Fire lines will be made during Oct.- Feb. Subsequent maintenance of fire lines such as

re-cleaning and brushwood removal/burning will be done before the fire season.

Intensive patrolling will be done during the fire season (mid- February to mid- June)

for detecting and controlling fires.

Basic fire protection equipments, such as- brushwood hooks, pick axes, spades,

brushwood cutters, shovels, buckets and helmets etc. will be procured.

iii) II year (1st Maintenance)

• Beating-up, i.e., re-planting of seedlings during rains and re-sowing of seeds just

before monsoon will be done upto 10% in failed pits and failed parts of

harrowed/ploughed land and CPT. The height of plants taken for planting should

be adequate.

• Two weedings & hoeings of seedlings will be required in first maintenance year.

First weeding & hoeing should be completed by end of September and second

weeding & hoeing/mulching after winter rains.

• Urea or other chemical fertilizers/micro nutrients will be used to ensure growth of

plants as per the requirement of site and species.

• Cultural operations/tending of prioritized NWFP species will be carried out as

required.

• Thaola will be repaired for conserving the moisture.

18




• Maintenance of fire lines will be done.

• Inspection paths will be repaired.

• Watch and ward will be provided to the plantation.

iv) III year (2nd Maintenance)

• Weeding and hoeing after monsoon will be done.




• Maintenance of fire lines will be done.

• Inspection paths will be repaired.

• Watch and ward will be provided to the plantation.

4. PROPOSED ACTIVITIES FOR BAMBOO CULTURAL OPERATION/ PLANTATION: The brief tabulated description of specific operation to be carried out in Bamboo cultural operations is as under:-

OPERATIONS IN UNIT AREA 1.0ha.

Year Proposed Activities Quantity 1 Protection measures (Cattle Protection Trench/Fencing) Upto 140 m 2 Soil Work- Pits/Mounds 200-500 3 Cultural operations in existing bamboo clumps Unit area 4 D LT Structures As per site requirement

0 year

5 Raising of seedlings As per requirement 1 Filling of pits As above 2 Dressing- up of dug- up earth of CPT Upto 140 m 3 Seed sowing on CPT, earthen DLT structures and planting

in pits As above

4 Maintenance of seedlings (April-June & July-March) As above 5 Pruning of bamboo culms As required in unit area 6 Weeding & hoeing Aug.-Sept., Oct. & after winter rains 7 Grass cutting in strips Jan./Feb. (in unit area)

I year

8 Fire lines creation: a. around intervention area - 5m wide

70 R.M./ha.

19

b. around compartment boundary - 8m wide 30 R.M./ha. 9 Making of inspection path After rains

10 Watch and ward 9 months 1 Beating up (re-sowing over CPT, earthen DLT structures

and re-planting in pits) Upto 10%.

2 Maintenance of seedlings (April-June) As above 3 Weeding & hoeing In Aug.-Sept. & after winter rains 4 Grass cutting in strips Jan./Feb. (in unit area) 5 Fire line maintenance As above 6 Repair of inspection path After rains

II year

7 Watch and ward 12 months 1 Weeding & hoeing In August-September 2 Grass cutting in strips Jan./Feb. (in unit area) 3 Fire line maintenance As above 4 Repair of inspection path After rains

III year

5 Watch and ward 12 months

5. PROPOSED ACTIVITIES FOR SAL ANR:

The brief tabulated description of specific operation to be carried out in SAL ANR areas is as under:-

OPERATIONS IN UNIT AREA 1.0ha.

Year Proposed Activities Quantity 1 Protection measures (Cattle Protection Trench/Fencing) Upto 140 m 2 Soil Work- Pits/Mounds 100-200 As per type of model 3 Shrub/Bushes cutting in rainy season Unit area 4 Hoeing of hard/grass covered soil in patches for

facilitating seed germination Unit area

5 Weeding and hoeing of naturally germinated Sal seedlings

Unit area

6 Climber cutting, pruning etc. Unit area 7 Singling (spacing out) of naturally grown seedlings Unit area 8 Raising of seedlings As per requirement

0 year

9 Shrub/Bushes cutting in winter season Unit area 1 Filling of pits As above 2 Dressing- up of dug- up earth of CPT Upto 140 m 3 Seed sowing on CPT and planting in pits As above 4 Weeding & hoeing Aug.-Sept., Oct. & after winter rains 5 Shrub/Bushes cutting in winter season Unit area 6 Fire lines creation:

a. around intervention area - 5m wide b. around compartment boundary - 8m wide

70 R.M./ha. 30 R.M./ha.

7 Making of inspection path After rains

I year

8 Watch and ward 9 months 1 Beating up (re-sowing over CPT and re-planting in pits) Upto 10%. 2 Maintenance of seed lings (April-June) As above 3 Weeding & hoeing In Aug.-Sept. & after winter rains 4 Shrub/Bushes cutting in winter season Unit area

II year

5 Fire line maintenance As above

20

6 Repair of inspection path After rains 7 Watch and ward 12 months 1 Weeding & hoeing In August-September 2 Fire line maintenance As above 3 Shrub/Bushes cutting in winter season Unit area 4 Repair of inspection path After rains

III year


6. PROPOSED MODELS FOR PLANTATIONS IN DEPARTMENTAL MODE:

Depending upon the density of forests, for departmental mode, the following

conceivable designs of treatments/plantations are as under-

i) Very Dense Forest area

D1-General Improvement Operation

D2-Sal ANR

ii) Moderately Dense Forest area

D3-Gap Plantation

D4-Sal ANR

D5-Enrichment Planting- cum- Stand Improvement

D6-Bamboo Cultural Operation/Plantation

iii) Open Degraded Forest area

D7-Block Plantation

D8-Plantation- cum- Stand Improvement

D9-Bamboo Cultural Operation/Plantation

i) PROPOSED MODEL FOR VERY DENSE FORESTS (Departmental mode)

Forests with crown density over 70% are kept under this category having natural

arrangement of closely spaced trees. In Terai, such forests are found widely distributed in

whole region and are mainly Sal forests. Some good plantations of species like Shisam, Semal,

Khair and Gutel also come under this category. Under-planting of Teak with mixture of Sal

associates in comparatively open Sal forests have also resulted in overall improvement in

density of such forests and today some of such areas also come under this category. Natural

very dense forests safely inhabit inaccessible areas, where biotic pressure is minimal.

Availability of moisture, better soil type and other requisites have helped in healthy growth and

survival of these forests. Grasslands with erect herbaceous annuals inside such forest areas

or in vicinity is a common feature. Some scrub like vegetation is also visible because of

consistent appearance of root-suckers and coppice shoots of certain species which either get

21

damaged year by year because of fires or do not have much vigour to grow. Invasive alien

species Lantana camara has started dominating the ground flora, and has started replacing

indigenous species of the like of Clerodendron infortunatum (good indicators of Sal) at some

sites.

However, lack of proper forest management as per working plan prescriptions caused

various problems for the quality and even survival of these forests. Mature and over-mature

trees of good quality are easily visible but regeneration, particularly of Sal, in sapling and

pole stage is either much deficient or is in deformed state. Tall unpalatable grasses have

grown up in high density, endangering survival of other important shrubs and herbs. Dense

and crowded forest conditions stress individual trees resulting in loss of vigour and

consequent inability to resist attacks of insects and number of other diseases. Closer spaces in

between the crowns of the trees facilitate the insects and disease to move from tree to tree

resulting in large areas of dead and dying trees of Sal and its important associates, similar is

the condition of Shisam plantations in which the fungi spreads from roots of one tree to those

of the nearby tree. High density prevents the individual trees from attaining the desired

diameter of stem and checks the quality improvement of species. The growing trees thus

remain thin stemmed and irregular shaped and their growth stops much earlier.

Therefore, to improve the structure of such forests and to promote natural

regeneration of desired species, stand improvement by opening the canopy, removing

undesirable undergrowth, preventing forest fires and regular tendings in the crop will be

carried out on an intensive scale. Plantation of NWFP species can be taken up in the available

open spaces.

GENERAL IMPROVEMENT OPERATION (Departmental Mode)-D1

This model aims to conserve existing forest resources and to take measures against

further degradation. Existing dense forest areas with forest crown density of over 70% will be

taken to improve the structure of the forest stands by thinning, pruning and cutting/removal

22

of climbers/creepers to promote regeneration of desired species mainly through natural

regeneration with some supplemental artificial regeneration. For growth of light demander

species canopy opening is also required as improvement work.

Important NWFP tree/shrubaceous species will be preferred for planting as per site

requirement. 50 pits per hectare (over 5% of unit area) will be dug for planting at a spacing of

3m x 3m. In patches infested with water-logging during rains, mounds of the dimensions

mentioned in S.O.R. will be made as per local conditions.

Protection and cultural operation of the root-stock will facilitate the growth of the

plants. Tending/cultural operations of Cane and other miscellaneous species will be done as

per their availability and necessity. For protecting the area CPT (continuous trench) will be

dug or fencing will be done in accordance with the site requirements and the finances

available. Live hedge is to be raised on dug-up soil of CPT. Seeds of thorny species providing

NWFP will be sown on dressed-up soil for this purpose. The fire lines will be created as

required and maintained. Area will be intensively protected by engaging plantation watchers.

The brief tabulated description of the operations is as under:-

OPERATIONS IN UNIT AREA 1.0ha. (D1)

Year Proposed Activities Quantity

1 Protection measures (Cattle Protection Trench/Fencing) Upto 140 m 2 Soil Work- Pits/Mounds 50 3 Cultural operations of misc. spp. Unit area

0 year 4 Raising of seedlings 58

1 Filling of pits As above 2 Dressing- up of dug- up earth of CPT Upto 140 m 3 Seed sowing on CPT and planting in pits As above 4 Maintenance of seedlings (April-June & July-March) 58 & 5 5 Weeding & hoeing Aug.- Sept., Oct. & after winter rains 6 Fire lines creation:


70 R.M./ha. 30 R.M./ha.


I year

8 Watch and ward 9 months 1 Beating up (re-sowing over CPT and re-planting in pits) Upto 10%. 2 Maintenance of seedlings (April-June) 5 3 Cultural operations/tending of prioritized NWFP species Unit area 4 Weeding & hoeing In Aug.-Sept. & after winter rains 5 Fire line maintenance As above 6 Repair of inspection path After rains

II year

7 Watch and ward 12 months 1 Weeding & hoeing In August-September III year

2 Fire line maintenance As above

23

3 Repair of inspection path After rains 4 Watch and ward 12 months

SAL ANR (Departmental Mode) – D2

Sal is a dominant tree species in the Terai region. It has good regeneration potential

under suitable conditions. Natural regeneration is the best option for Sal. In most of the areas

it is of seed origin and such forests are called High forests, in some areas Sal regenerates

mainly through coppice shoots because of excellent coppicing vigour. But most of the

seedlings/coppice shoots keep on dying back because of frost, biotic pressure and frequent

ground fires. In the dense Sal forests, selective canopy opening will be required to induce

regeneration of seed origin. Besides this, the treatment will include:-

• Cutting of undesirable plants, shrubs/bushes and climbers.

• Protecting the area with CPT (alongwith live hedge)/fencing and manual watch and ward.

• Hoeing of hard/grass covered soil in open patches for facilitating germination of Sal seeds.

• Protecting natural Sal associates and also planting the same mixed with Sal seedlings in pits dug at a spacing of 7m x 7m to an extent of 100 plants per hectare in gaps. In patches infested with water-logging during rains, mounds of the dimensions mentioned in S.O.R. will be made as per local conditions.

• Regular weeding & hoeing and adoption of fire protection measures.

The brief tabulated description of specific operations to be carried out in SAL ANR areas are as under:-


Year Proposed Activities Quantity 1 Protection measures (Cattle Protection Trench/Fencing) Upto 140 m 2 Soil Work- Pits/Mounds 100 3 Shrub/Bushes cutting in rainy season Unit area 4 Hoeing of hard/grass covered soil in patches for



Unit area

6 Climber cutting, pruning etc. Unit area 7 Singling (spacing out) of naturally grown seedlings Unit area 8 Raising of seedlings 116

0 year

9 Shrub/Bushes cutting in winter season Unit area 1 Filling of pits As above 2 Dressing- up of dug- up earth of CPT Upto 140 m 3 Seed sowing on CPT and planting in pits. As above

I year

4 Maintenance of seedlings (April-June & July-March) 116 & 11

24

5 Weeding & hoeing Aug.-Sept., Oct. & after winter rains 6 Shrub/Bushes cutting in winter season 7 Fire lines creation:


70 R.M./ha. 30 R.M./ha.


9 Watch and ward 9 months 1 Beating up (re-sowing over CPT and re-planting in pits) Upto 10%. 2 Maintenance of seedlings (April-June) 11 3 Cultural operations/tending of prioritized NWFP species Unit area 4 Weeding & hoeing In Aug.-Sept. & after winter rains 5 Shrub/Bushes cutting in winter season Unit area 6 Fire line maintenance As above 7 Repair of inspection path After rains

II year

8 Watch and ward 12 months 1 Weeding & hoeing In August-September 2 Shrub/Bushes cutting in winter season Unit area 3 Fire line maintenance As above 4 Repair of inspection path After rains

III year


ii) PROPOSED MODELS FOR MODERATELY DENSE FORESTS (Departmental Mode) Forests having crown density between 40% and 70% are included in this category. Such

forests have great variations of crown density and even consist of blank patches to be treated

for increasing the stock with project intervention. A sizeable chunk of forest in Terai region

falls under the category of moderately dense forests. Most of such forests are Sal forests which

consist of admixture of species like- Sandan (Ougeinia oogeinensis), Khaja (Bridelia retusa),

Bhilawa (Semecarpus anacardium), Tendu (Diospyros melanoxylon), Mahua (Madhuca

indica), Rohini (Mallotus phhillipensis), Amaltas (Cassia fistula), Jhingan (Lannea

coromandelica), Haldu (Adina cordifolia), Padal (Stereospermum suaveolens), Kachnar

(Bauhinia variegata), Papri (Bauhinia purpurea), Chila (Casearia gravolens),

Chamror (Ehretia laevis), Kharpat (Garugua pinnata), Gutel (Trewia nudiflora), Toon

(Toona ciliata), Paniyala (Bischoffia javanica), Patju (Putranjiva roxburghii), Safed siras

25

(Albizzia procera), Kala siras (Albizzia lebbek), Gular (Ficus glomerata), Neora

(Barringtonia acutangula), Bel (Aegle marmelos), Dhak (Butea monosperma), Duddhi

(Holarrhena antidysentrica), Khair (Acacia catechu), Dhauri (Lagerstromia parviflora), Harr

(Terminalia chebula), Bahera (Terminalia belerica), Aonla (Emblica officinalis), Arjun

(Terminalia arjuna), Jamun (Syzygium cuminii) etc.

The middle canopy and the under storey have sufficient variance in vegetation but it is

being consistently damaged by frequent fires and cutting by firewood collectors. The status of

medicinal shrubs and herbs is also deteriorating. Some planted areas inflicted with mortality

at some or the other stage also fall under this category.

Owing to heavy biotic pressure, frost, frequent ground fires and non-adherence to the

management prescriptions contained in the working plans, regeneration status of the forests is

not good. Blanks with stunted trees and unpalatable grasses are noticeable and these represent

upto 40% of the area in certain cases. This situation calls for intervention in the form of

treatments in form of gap plantation, enrichment planting- cum- stand improvement and

bamboo cultural operation (in existing bamboo clumps)/plantation (in blanks suitable for

bamboo plantation). Tending/cultural operations for important species will be carried out as

per working plan prescriptions.

GAP PLANTATION (Departmental Mode) -D3

In this model, priority will be given to the sites having large blanks/gaps in between

reasonably dense forests and will be filled with local high value timber species preferably

those which provide NWFPs, too as per site requirement. For this purpose, 444 pits per

hectare will be dug at a spacing of 3m x 3m. In patches infested with water-logging during

rains, mounds of the dimensions mentioned in S.O.R. will be made as per local conditions.

Natural regeneration will be facilitated at sites where rootstock is available.

Due to biotic pressure, the rootstock of some important species is available in form of

stunted growth. To overcome such type of problems, protection and cultural operations will

be carried out to facilitate the growth of trees in stunted form. Tending/cultural operations of

important species will be done as per requirement. For protecting the area CPT will be

dug/fencing will be done. Live hedge is to be raised on dug-up soil of CPT. Seeds of thorny

species providing NWFP will be sown on dressed-up soil for this purpose. The fire lines will

be created as required and maintained. Area will be intensively protected by engaging

plantation watchers.

26



Year Proposed Activities Quantity 1 Protection measures (Cattle Protection Trench/Fencing) Upto 140 m 2 Soil Work- Pits/Mounds 444 3 Cultural operations of misc. spp. Unit area 4 DLT Structures As per site requirement

0 year

5 Raising of seedlings 512 1 Filling of pits As above 2 Dressing- up of dug- up earth of CPT Upto 140 m 3 Seed sowing on CPT, earthen DLT structures and

planting in pits As above

4 Maintenance of seedlings (April-June & July-March) 512 & 46 5 Weeding & hoeing Aug.-Sept., Oct. & after winter rains 6 Grass cutting in strips Jan./Feb. (in unit area) 7 Fire lines creation:


70 R.M./ha. 30 R.M./ha.


I year

9 Watch and ward 9 months 1 Beating up (re-sowing over CPT, earthen DLT

structures and re-planting in pits) Upto 10%.

2 Maintenance of seedlings (April-June) 46 3 Cultural operations/tending of prioritized NWFP species Unit area 4 Weeding & hoeing In Aug.-Sept. & after winter rains 5 Grass cutting in strips Jan./Feb. (in unit area) 6 Fire line maintenance As above 7 Repair of inspection path After rains

II year


III year


SAL ANR (Departmental Mode) -D4

In the moderately dense Sal forests selective canopy opening will be required to

facilitate regeneration of seed origin. Besides creation of gaps by selective canopy opening,

this treatment will include the following activities which are more or less similar to those in

respect of very dense forest areas but the intensity of the activities will be higher:-

• Cutting of undesirable plants, shrubs/bushes and climbers.

• Protecting the area with CPT (alongwith live hedge)/fencing and manual watch and ward.

27

• Hoeing of hard/grass covered soil in open patches for facilitating germination of Sal seeds.

• Protecting natural Sal associates and planting the same mixed with Sal seedlings in pits dug at a spacing of 7m x 7m to an extent of 200 plants per hectare in gaps. In patches infested with water-logging during rains, mounds of the dimensions mentioned in S.O.R. will be made as per local conditions.

• Regular weeding & hoeing and adoption of fire protection measures.

The brief tabulated description of specific operations to be carried out in SAL ANR areas are as under:-


Year Proposed Activities Quantity 1 Protection measures (Cattle Protection Trench/Fencing) Upto 140 m 2 Soil Work- Pits/Mounds 200 3 Shrub/Bushes cutting in rainy season Unit area 4 Hoeing of hard/grass covered soil in patches for



Unit area

6 Climber cutting, pruning etc. Unit area 7 Singling (spacing out) of naturally grown seedlings Unit area 8 Raising of seedlings 231

0 year

9 Shrub/Bushes cutting in winter season Unit area 1 Filling of pits As above 2 Dressing- up of dug- up earth of CPT Upto 140 m 3 Seed sowing on CPT and planting in pits As above 4 Maintenance of seedlings (April-June & July-March) 231 & 21 5 Weeding & hoeing Aug.-Sept., Oct. & after winter rains 6 Shrub/Bushes cutting in winter season Unit area 7 Fire lines creation:


70 R.M. /ha. 30 R.M./ha.


I year

9 Watch and ward 9 months 1 Beating up (re-sowing over CPT and re-planting in pits) Upto 10%. 2 Maintenance of seedlings (April-June) 21 3 Cultural operations/tending of prioritized NWFP species Unit area 4 Weeding & hoeing In Aug.-Sept. & after winter rains 5 Shrub/Bushes cutting in winter season Unit area 6 Fire line maintenance As above 7 Repair of inspection path After rains

II year

8 Watch and ward 12 months 1 Weeding & hoeing In August-September 2 Shrub/Bushes cutting in winter season Unit area 3 Fire line maintenance As above 4 Repair of inspection path After rains

III year


28

ENRICHMENT PLANTING- CUM- STAND IMPROVEMENT (Departmental Mode) - D5 This model aims to improve forest stands by augmenting natural and artificial

regeneration of Sal, its associates and important NWFP species viz. Asna, Aonla, Haldu,

Gutel, Harra, Bahera, etc. Supplemental planting will be done in the areas where promising

rootstock is not available and the area is otherwise not responding to natural regeneration.

For planting in these areas 200 pits per hectare will be dug at the spacing of 5m x 4m. In

patches infested with water-logging during rains, mounds of the dimensions mentioned in

S.O.R. will be made as per local conditions.

Tending of existing rootstock of important species will be carried out as described in

preceding pages. For protecting the area CPT (continuous trench) will be dug or fencing will

be done in accordance with the site requirements and the finances available. Live hedge is to

be raised on dug-up soil of CPT. Seeds of thorny species providing NWFP will be sown on

dressed-up soil for this purpose. The fire lines will be created as required and maintained.

Area will be intensively protected by engaging plantation watchers.



Year Proposed Activities Quantity 1 Protection measures (Cattle Protection Trench/Fencing) Upto 140 m 2 Soil Work- Pits/Mounds 200 3 Cultural operations of misc. spp. Unit area 4 D LT Structures As per site requirement

0 year



4 Maintenance of seedlings (April-June & July-March) 231 & 21 5 Weeding & hoeing Aug.- Sept., Oct. & after winter rains 6 Grass cutting in strips Jan./Feb. (in unit area) 7 Fire lines creation:


70 R.M./ha. 30 R.M./ha.


I year



2 Maintenance of seedlings (April-June) 21 3 Cultural operations/tending of prioritized NWFP species Unit area

II year

4 Weeding & hoeing In Aug.-Sept. & after winter rains

29

5 Grass cutting in strips Jan./Feb. (in unit area) 6 Fire line maintenance As above 7 Repair of inspection path After rains


III year


BAMBOO CULTURAL OPERATION/PLANTATION (Departmental Mode)– D6

In working plans of the terai region divisions, separate working circle for bamboo

management has not been prescribed probably because of very few existing bamboo clumps.

But Pilibhit, North-Kheri, South-Kheri and Baharaich divisions are included under Bamboo

Mission Plan. In the project, Bamboo plantation model is also proposed for terai region.

Cultural operations include thinning of congested plants, hoeing around the clumps and piling

of dug earth around the rhizomes will be carried out in existing clumps. In blanks suitable for

bamboo plantation, 250 plants per hectare will be planted in pits as gap filling at spacing of

4m x 4m. Suitable species of Bamboo for Terai region are- Dendrocalamus hamiltonii,

Bambusa balcooa, Bambusa arundanacea, Bambusa nutans, Dendrocalamus asper etc. Live

hedge is to be raised on dug-up soil of CPT. Seeds of thorny species providing NWFP will be

sown on dressed-up soil for this purpose. The fire lines will be created as required and

maintained. Area will be intensively protected by engaging plantation watchers.

The brief tabulated description of Bamboo cultural operations is as under:-


Year Proposed Activities Quantity 1 Protection measures (Cattle Protection Trench/Fencing) Upto 140 m 2 Soil Work- Pits 250 3 Cultural operations in existing bamboo clumps Unit area 4 DLT Structures As per site requirement

0 year



4 Maintenance of seedlings (April-June & July-March) 289 & 26 5 Pruning of bamboo culms As required in unit area 6 Weeding & hoeing Aug.-Sept., Oct. & after winter rains 7 Grass cutting in strips Jan./Feb. (in unit area)

I year

8 Fire lines creation: a. around intervention area - 5m wide b. around compartment boundary - 8m wide

70 R.M./ha. 30 R.M./ha.

30

9 Making of inspection path After rains 10 Watch and ward 9 months 1 Beating up (re-sowing over CPT, earthen DLT


2 Maintenance of seedlings (April-June) 26 3 Weeding & hoeing In Aug.-Sept. & after winter rains 4 Grass cutting in strips Jan./Feb. (in unit area) 5 Fire line maintenance As above 6 Repair of inspection path After rains

II year


III year


iii) PROPOSED MODELS FOR OPEN/DEGRADED FORESTS (Departmental Mode)

Forest areas having crown density below 40% are included in this class and such

forests are found near the villages where uncontrolled grazing by domestic cattle has prevailed.

Unrestricted felling and lopping for fodder & fuel have worsened the situation and have

resulted in degraded and deformed stage of the forest and its vegetation. Such forests are also

found either in uplands with low water table or in areas of lowlands affected regularly by

floods. Such forests in uplands are mainly Sal forests but the quality of Sal is not good and

regeneration is much deficient. The undergrowth is also scarce and comprises of species

occurring in drier regions like- Karaunda (Carissa spinarum), Jharberi (Zizyphus mauritinia)

etc. Such forests on lowlands are miscellaneous forests comprising of poor density of

Shisham, Semal, Khair, Gutel etc. The floor of the forests is covered with palatable grasses

after monsoon and thus is almost a heaven for grazing by cattle. In summers, the graziers

burn such areas in hope of new succulent shoots for their cattle. This results in consistent

damage to the growth of tree & shrub species and the regeneration.

31

Grasses like- Moonj (Sacchrum moonja), Kans (Sacchrum spontaneum), Narkul

(Phragmites karka), Pater (Typha aungustata), Ullah (Themeda arundinaceae), Chota

pakhwa (Aristida hysterix), Gander (Vetiveria zizanioides) etc. are pre-dominantly found in

such forests.

In view of the prevailing condition in the above category of forests, the following

activities are proposed to ensure conservation and enhance production.

BLOCK PLANTATION (Departmental Mode)- D7

Planning of these plantations aims to increase forest cover, optimize forest production

and to ensure multi-storey vegetal cover for soil and moisture conservation. Species will be

chosen as per respective working plan prescriptions and site-specific conditions viz. edaphic,

climatic, succession stage etc. List of species annexed with this model should also be

consulted for the purpose.

Valuable NWFP species in general and medicinal species in particular will be mixed

with high value species in terms of timber quality for planting subject to locality factors. 888

pits per hectare will be dug for planting at a spacing of 3m x 3m. Harrowing/chak ploughing

will be done during 0 year for grasses/legumes propagation in form of inter-cropping as per

the availability of suitable patches of land. Tufts/seeds of grasses and legumes will be

transplanted / sown during I year.

The area is having root stock of local species, density of which varies from place to

place. Protection and cultural operation of the existing root stock will facilitate the growth of

the plants. Tending/cultural operations of Cane and other miscellaneous species will be done

as per their availability. For protecting the area CPT (continuous trench) will be dug or

fencing will be done in accordance with the site requirements and the finances available. Live




The brief tabulated description of cultural operation is as under:-


Year Proposed Activities Quantity 1 Protection measures (Cattle Protection Trench/Fencing) Upto 140 m 2 Soil Work- Pits/Mounds 888 3 Harrowing/chak ploughing Unit area (for inter-cropping of

fodder grasses) 4 Cultural operations of Cane and other misc. spp. Unit area

0 year

5 DLT Structures As per site requirement

32

6 Raising of seedlings 1026 1 Filling of pits As above 2 Dressing- up of dug- up earth of CPT Upto 140 m 3 Seed sowing on CPT, earthen DLT structures, planting in

pits and seed sowing/transplanting grass tufts on harrowed/ploughed land

As above

4 Maintenance of seedlings (April-June & July-March) 1026 & 94 5 Weeding & hoeing Aug.-Sept.,Oct. & after winter rains 6 Grass cutting in strips Jan./Feb. (in unit area) 7 Fire lines creation:


70 R.M./ha. 30 R.M./ha.


I year


and re-planting in pits and seed sowing/transplanting grass tufts on failed patches of harrowed/ploughed land)

Upto 10%.

2 Maintenance of seedlings (April-June) 94 3 Weeding & hoeing In Aug.-Sept. & after winter rains 4 Cultural operations/tending of prioritized NWFP species Unit area 5 Weeding & hoeing In Aug.-Sept. & after winter rains 6 Grass cutting in strips Jan./Feb. (in unit area) 7 Fire line maintenance As above 8 Repair of inspection path After rains

II year


III year


PLANTATION- CUM- STAND IMPROVEMENT (Departmental Mode)-D8

This intervention aims at improving stand by augmenting natural and artificial

regeneration of preferred species like- Asna, Harra, Bahera, Aonla, Gutel, Haldu etc.

Supplemental planting will be done in the areas where promising rootstock is not available

and the area is otherwise not responding to natural regeneration. For planting in these areas

400 pits per hectare will be dug at the spacing of 5m x 4m. In patches infested with water-

logging during rains, mounds of the dimensions mentioned in S.O.R. will be made as per

local conditions. Harrowing/chak ploughing will be done during 0 year for grasses/legumes

propagation in form of inter-cropping as per the availability of suitable patches of

land.Tufts/seeds of grasses and legumes will be transplanted / sown during I year.




33







fodder grasses) 4 Cultural operations of misc. spp. Unit area 5 D LT Structures As per site requirement

0 year

6 Raising of seedlings 462 1 Filling of pits As above 2 Dressing- up of dug- up earth of CPT Upto 140 m 3 Seed sowing on CPT, earthen DLT structures, planting

in pits and seed sowing/transplanting grass tufts on harrowed/ploughed land

As above

4 Maintenance of seedlings (April-June & July-March) 462 & 42 5 Weeding & hoeing in pits & CPT Aug.-Sept., Oct. & after winter rains 6 Grass cutting in strips Jan./Feb. (in unit area) 7 Fire lines creation:


70 R.M./ha. 30 R.M./ha.


I year

9 Watch and ward 9 months 1 Beating up (re-sowing over CPT, harrowed land, earthen

DLT structures and re-planting in pits) Upto 10%.


II year

8 Watch and ward 12 months 1 Weeding & hoeing In August-September 2 Fire line maintenance As above 3 Grass cutting in strips Jan./Feb. (in unit area) 4 Repair of inspection path After rains

III year


BAMBOO CULTURAL OPERATION/PLANTATION (Departmental Mode)- D9



But Pilibhit, North-Kheri, South-Kheri and Bahraich divisions are included under Bamboo

34












Year Proposed Activities Quantity 1 Protection measures (Cattle Protection Trench/Fencing) Upto 140 m 2 Soil Work- Pits 500 3 Cultural operations in existing bamboo clumps Unit area 4 D LT Structures As per site requirement

0 year



4 Maintenance of seedlings (April-June & July-March) 578 & 53 5 Pruning of bamboo culms As required in unit area 6 Weeding & hoeing in pits & CPT Aug.-Sept., Oct. & after winter rains 7 Grass cutting in strips Jan./Feb. (in unit area) 8 Fire lines creation:


70 R.M./ha. 30 R.M./ha.


I year


and re-planting in pits) Upto 10%.

2 Maintenance of seedlings (April-June) 53 3 Weeding & hoeing In Aug., Sept. & after winter rains 4 Grass cutting in strips Jan./Feb. (in unit area) 5 Fire line maintenance As above 6 Repair of inspection path After rains

II year


III year


35

7. PROPOSED MODELS FOR PLANTATIONS IN JFM MODE: Project envisages treatment of Village Forests in JFM mode. Since most of the

Village Forests would be part of the fringe areas of the Reserved Forests in the vicinity of

habitations, so, although such areas may be theoretically (as per crown density and

vegetation) similar to their counterparts being treated in departmental mode, hence

description of density-wise categories including vegetation found in the forests is not being

reiterated here, but as far as the regeneration and ground flora are concerned, these are

expected to be much behind the areas to be treated in departmental mode. Moreover, the

Project envisages some regular income and sufficient provisions for meeting up the day-to-

day requirements of villagers dependent upon such areas from the initial stage. That is why

lesser planting of tree species and much emphasis on inter-planting of NWFP species

(including grasses/legumes and medicinal plants) form the crux of plantations under JFM

mode. Selection of species will be in accordance with the desires/needs of JFMCs and

majority of FUG members subject to the suitability as per site conditions. Depending upon

the density of forests, the conceivable designs of treatments/plantations are as under-

i) Very Dense Forest area

J1-General Improvement Operation

ii) Moderately Dense Forest area

J2-Gap Plantation

J3-Enrichment Planting- cum- Stand Improvement

J4-Bamboo Cultural Operation/Plantation

iii) Open Degraded Forest area

J5-Block Plantation

J6-Plantation- cum- Stand Improvement

J7-Bamboo Cultural Operation/Plantation

General afforestation operations, specific operations for Bamboo plantation will

be similar to those of departmental plantations.

i) PROPOSED MODEL FOR VERY DENSE FORESTS (JFM Mode)

Ground situation in such forests being managed under Joint Forest Management is not much

different from their counterparts being managed under departmental mode. The only difference is

because of neighbouring habitations as mentioned above. Management priorities in JFM mode are also

different. Keeping this in view, only one activity in form of General Improvement Operation has been

36

envisaged for such areas in the project.

GENERAL IMPROVEMENT OPERATION (JFM Mode)-J1

This model aims to conserve existing forest resources and to take measures against

further degradation. Existing dense forest areas with forest crown density of over 70% will be

taken to improve the structure of the forest stands by thinning, pruning and cutting/removal

of climbers/creepers to promote regeneration of desired species mainly through natural

regeneration with some supplemental artificial regeneration. For growth of light demander

species canopy opening is also required as improvement work.

Important NWFP tree/shrubaceous species will be preferred for planting as per site

requirement. 50 pits per hectare (over 5% of unit area) will be dug for planting at a spacing of

3m x 3m. In patches infested with water-logging during rains, mounds of the dimensions

mentioned in S.O.R. will be made as per local conditions.

Protection and cultural operation of the root-stock will facilitate the growth of the

plant. Tending/cultural operations of Cane and other miscellaneous species will be done as

per their availability and necessity. For protecting the area CPT (continuous trench) will be

dug or fencing will be done in accordance with the site requirements and the finances

available. Live hedge is to be raised on dug-up soil of CPT. Seeds of thorny species providing

NWFP will be sown on dressed-up soil for this purpose. The fire lines will be created as

required and maintained. Area will be intensively protected by engaging plantation watchers.

The brief tabulated description of operation/plantation is as under:-

OPERATIONS IN UNIT AREA 1.0ha. (J1)

Year Proposed Activities Quantity 1 Protection measures (Cattle Protection Trench/Fencing) Upto 140 m 2 Soil Work- Pits/Mounds 50 3 Cultural operations of misc. spp. Unit area

0 year

4 Raising of seedlings 59 I year 1 Filling of pits As above

37

2 Dressing- up of dug- up earth of CPT Upto 140 m 3 Seed sowing on CPT and planting in pits As above 4 Maintenance of seedlings (April-June & July-March) 59 & 6 5 Weeding & hoeing Aug.-Sept., Oct. & after winter rains 6 Fire lines creation:


70 R.M./ha. 30 R.M./ha.


8 Watch and ward 9 months 1 Beating up (re-sowing over CPT and re-planting in pits) Upto 10%. 2 Maintenance of seedlings (April-June) 6 3 Cultural operations/tending of prioritized NWFP species Unit area 4 Weeding & hoeing In Aug.-Sept. & after winter rains 5 Fire line maintenance As above 6 Repair of inspection path After rains

II year

7 Watch and ward 12 months 1 Weeding & hoeing In August-September 2 Fire line maintenance As above 3 Repair of inspection path After rains

III year


ii) PROPOSED MODELS FOR MODERATELY DENSE FORESTS (JFM Mode)

GAP PLANTATION (JFM Mode)-J2

In this model, priority will be given to the sites having large blanks/gaps in between

reasonably dense forests and will be filled with local high value timber species and those

which provide NWFPs, too as per site requirement and the desires of JFMCs to maximize

benefits in the early years of the plantation establishment. For this purpose, 444 pits per

hectare will be dug at a spacing of 3m x 3m. In patches infested with water-logging during

rains, mounds of the dimensions mentioned in S.O.R. will be made as per local conditions.

Harrowing/chak ploughing will be done during 0 year for propagation of NWFPs (shrubs,

herbs, grasses/legumes) in form of inter-cropping as per availability of suitable patches of

land. Tufts/seeds of grasses and legumes will be transplanted / sown during I year. Natural

regeneration will be facilitated at sites where rootstock is available.

Due to biotic pressure, the rootstock of some important species is available in form of

stunted growth. To overcome such type of problems, protection and cultural operations will

be carried out to facilitate the growth of trees in stunted form. Tending/cultural operations of

important species will be done as per requirement. For protecting the area CPT will be

dug/fencing will be done. Live hedge is to be raised on dug-up soil of CPT. Seeds of thorny


38



The brief tabulated description of operations is as under:-




0 year



As above



70 R.M./ha. 30 R.M./ha.


I year


structures and re-planting in pits and seed sowing/transplanting grass tufts on failed patches of harrowed/ploughed land)

Upto 10%.

2 Maintenance of seedlings (April-June) 46 3 Weeding & hoeing In Aug.-Sept. & after winter rains 4 Cultural operations/tending of prioritized NWFP species Unit area 5 Grass cutting in strips Jan./Feb. (in unit area) 6 Fire line maintenance As above 7 Repair of inspection path After rains

II year


III year


ENRICHMENT PLANTING- CUM- STAND IMPROVEMENT (JFM Mode)--J3

This model aims to improve forest stands by augmenting natural and artificial

regeneration of Sal, its associates and important NWFP species viz. Asna, Aonla, Haldu,

39

Gutel, Harra, Bahera, etc. Supplemental planting will be done in the areas where promising

rootstock is not available and the area is otherwise not responding to natural regeneration.

For planting in these areas 200 pits per hectare will be dug at the spacing of 5m x 5m. In

patches infested with water-logging during rains, mounds of the dimensions mentioned in

S.O.R. will be made as per local conditions. Inter-planting of NWFPs (shrubs, herbs, grass

species and medicinal plants) will be undertaken. Harrowing/chak ploughing will be done

during 0 year for propagation of NWFPs (shrubs, herbs, grasses/legumes) in form of inter-

cropping as per availability of suitable patches of land. Tufts/seeds of grasses and legumes

will be transplanted / sown during I year. Natural regeneration will be facilitated at sites

where rootstock is available.









Year Proposed Activities Quantity 1 Protection measures (Cattle Protection Trench/Fencing) Upto 140 m 2 Soil Work- Pits/Mounds 200 3 Harrowing/chak ploughing Unit area (for inter-cropping of fodder

grasses) 4 Cultural operations of misc. spp. Unit area 5 D LT Structures As per site requirement

0 year



As above



70 R.M./ha. 30 R.M./ha.


I year

9 Watch and ward 9 months II year

1 Beating up (re-sowing over CPT, earthen DLT structures and re-planting in pits and seed

Upto 10%.

40

sowing/transplanting grass tufts on failed patches of harrowed/ploughed land)

2 Maintenance of seedlings (April-June) 21 3 Cultural operations/tending of prioritized NWFP species Unit area 4 Weeding & hoeing In Aug.-Sept. & after winter rains 5 Grass cutting in strips Jan./Feb. (in unit area) 6 Fire line maintenance As above 7 Repair of inspection path After rains 8 Watch and ward 12 months 1 Weeding & hoeing In August-September 2 Grass cutting in strips Jan./Feb. (in unit area) 3 Fire line maintenance As above 4 Repair of inspection path After rains

III year


BAMBOO CULTURAL OPERATION/PLANTATION (JFM Mode)– J4











sown on dressed-up soil for this purpose.

Live hedge is to be raised on dug-up soil of CPT. Seeds of thorny species providing

NWFP will be sown on dressed-up soil for this purpose. Harrowing/chak ploughing will be

done during 0 year for propagation of fodder grasses in form of inter-cropping as per

availability of suitable patches of land. Tufts/seeds of grasses will be transplanted / sown

during I year. The fire lines will be created as required and maintained. Area will be

intensively protected by engaging plantation watchers.



Year Proposed Activities Quantity 1 Protection measures (Cattle Protection Trench/Fencing) Upto 140 m 2 Soil Work- Pits 200

0 year

3 Harrowing/chak ploughing Unit area (for inter-cropping of

41

fodder grasses) 4 Cultural operations in existing bamboo clumps Unit area 5 DLT Structures As per site requirement



As above

4 Maintenance of seedlings (April-June & July-March) 231 & 21 5 Pruning of bamboo culms As required in unit area 6 Weeding & hoeing Aug.-Sept., Oct. & after winter rains 7 Grass cutting in strips Jan./Feb. (in unit area) 8 Fire lines creation:


70 R.M./ha. 30 R.M./ha.


I year



Upto 10%.


II year


III year


iii) PROPOSED MODELS FOR OPEN/DEGRADED FORESTS (JFM mode)

BLOCK PLANTATION – J5

Planning of these plantations aims to increase forest cover, maximize production from

the forests and to ensure multi-storey vegetal cover for soil and moisture conservation.

Simultaneously, avenues of instant benefits to the community (FUG) are to be enhanced.

Keeping this objective in view, the species for plantations will be chosen in accordance with

the desire of JFMCs and majority of the members of FUGs subject to prescriptions of

respective working plans and site specific conditions viz. edaphic, climatic and succession

stage etc. Thrust will be on non-timber tree species providing high value NWFPs. Density of

planting of tree species will be lower in comparison of the departmental mode so that more

42

open space may be available for intercropping of medicinal plants and other

shrubs/herbs/grasses for providing other NWFPs.

667 pits (per hectare) will be dug at a spacing of 3m x 3m for planting of tree species

(preferably non-timber but producing high value NWFPs). In patches infested with water-


local conditions. Harrowing/chak ploughing will be done during 0 year for propagation of

NWFPs (shrubs, herbs, grasses/legumes) in form of inter-cropping as per availability of

suitable patches of land. Tufts/seeds of grasses and legumes will be transplanted / sown

during I year. This is to reduce the heavy biotic pressure due to over-grazing by providing

sufficient fodder for the cattle for their stall-feeding. Natural regeneration will also be

facilitated at sites where rootstock is available.

Degraded forest areas, at places, have plenty of root-stock of different species, the

density, however, varies from place to place. Protection and necessary cultural operations

will provide impetus to the development of such root-stock into healthy trees. Cultural

operations of miscellaneous important species will be done as required. For protecting the

area CPT will be dug along the periphery or fencing will be done as per requirement and

availability of finances. Live hedge is to be raised on dug-up soil of CPT. Seeds of thorny






Year Proposed Activities Quantity 1 Protection measures (Cattle Protection Trench/Fencing) Upto 140 m 2 Soil Work- Pits/Mounds 667 3 Harrowing/chak ploughing Unit area (for inter-cropping of fodder

grasses) 4 Cultural operations of Misc. spp. Unit area 5 D LT Structures As per site requirement

0 year

6 Raising of seedlings 771 1 Filling of pits 667 2 Dressing- up of dug- up earth of CPT Upto 140 m 3 Seed sowing on CPT, earthen DLT structures, planting


As above

4 Maintenance of seedlings (April-June & July-March) 771 & 71 5 Weeding & hoeing in pits & CPT. Aug.-Sept., Oct. & after winter rains

I year

6 Grass cutting in strips Jan./Feb. (in unit area)

43

7 Fire lines creation: a. around intervention area - 5m wide b. around compartment boundary - 8m wide

70 R.M./ha. 30 R.M./ha.




Upto 10%.

2 Maintenance of seedlings (April-June) 71 3 Weeding & hoeing In Aug.-Sept. & after winter rains 4 Cultural operations/tending of prioritized NWFP species Unit area 5 Grass cutting in strips Jan./Feb. (in unit area) 6 Fire line maintenance As above 7 Repair of inspection path After rains

II year


III year


PLANTATION- CUM- STAND IMPROVEMENT (JFM Mode)--J6

This intervention aims at improving stand by augmenting natural and artificial

regeneration of preferred species like- Asna, Harra, Bahera, Aonla, Gutel, Haldu etc.

Supplemental planting will be done in the areas where promising root-stock is not available

and the area is otherwise not responding to natural regeneration. For planting in these areas

400 pits per hectare will be dug at the spacing of 5m x 5m. In patches infested with water-


local conditions. Harrowing/chak ploughing will be done during 0 year for grasses/legumes

propagation in form of inter-cropping as per availability of suitable patches of land.

Tufts/seeds of grasses and legumes will be transplanted /sown during I year. Tending/cultural

operations of existing rootstock of important species will be carried out as described in

preceding pages. However, for deciding intensity of planting of target species and cultural

operations, desires of JFMCs are to prevail subject to site conditions.

For protecting the area CPT (continuous trench) will be dug or fencing will be done in

accordance with the site requirements and the finances available. Live hedge is to be raised

on dug-up soil of CPT. Seeds of thorny species providing NWFP will be sown on dressed-up

soil for this purpose. The fire lines will be created as required and maintained. Area will be



44




0 year



As above

4 Maintenance of seedlings (April-June & July-March) 462 & 42 5 Weeding & hoeing in pits & CPT Aug.-Sept., Oct. & after winter rains 6 Grass cutting in strips Jan./Feb. (in unit area) 7 Fire lines creation:


70 R.M./ha. 30 R.M./ha.


I year

9 Watch and ward 9 months 1 Beating up (re-sowing over CPT, harrowed land, earthen

DLT structures and re-planting in pits) Upto 10%.


II year

8 Watch and ward 12 months 1 Weeding & hoeing In August-September 2 Fire line maintenance As above 3 Grass cutting in strips Jan./Feb. (in unit area) 4 Repair of inspection path After rains

III year


BAMBOO CULTURAL OPERATION/PLANTATION (JFM Mode)- J7








45


Bambusa balcooa, Bambusa arundanacea, Bambusa nutans, Dendrocalamus asper etc.

Live hedge is to be raised on dug-up soil of CPT. Seeds of thorny species providing

NWFP will be sown on dressed-up soil for this purpose. Harrowing/chak ploughing will be

done during 0 year for propagation of fodder grasses in form of inter-cropping as per

availability of suitable patches of land. Tufts/seeds of grasses will be transplanted / sown

during I year. The fire lines will be created as required and maintained. Area will be


The brief tabulated description of Bamboo cultural operations is as under:- OPERATIONS IN UNIT AREA 1.0ha. (J7)

Year Proposed Activities Quantity

1 Protection measures (Cattle Protection Trench/Fencing) Upto 140 m 2 Soil Work- Pits 400 3 Harrowing/chak ploughing Unit area (for inter-cropping of

fodder grasses) 4 Cultural operations in existing bamboo clumps Unit area 5 DLT Structures As per site requirement

0 year



As above

4 Maintenance of seedlings (April-June & July-March) 462 & 42 5 Pruning of bamboo culms As required in unit area 6 Weeding & hoeing Aug.-Sept., Oct. & after winter rains 7 Grass cutting in strips Jan./Feb. (in unit area) 8 Fire lines creation:


70 R.M./ha. 30 R.M./ha.


I year


and re-planting in pits and seed sowing/transplanting grass tufts on failed patches of harrowed/ploughed land)

Upto 10%.


II year


III year


46

ANNEXURE-I LIST OF SPECIES PRIORITIZED FOR CONSERVATION IN TERAI REGION

1- TREE SPECIES: Sl. No. Common Name Botanical Name

1 Sal Shorea robusta 2 Asna Terminalia alata 3 Teak Tectona grandis 4 Harra Terminalia chebula 5 Bahera Terminalia belerica 6 Aonla Emblica officinalis 7 Jamun Syzygium cumini 8 Arjun Terminalia arjuna 9 Bel Aegle marmelos 10 Lasoda Cordia mixa 11 Gutel Trewia nudiflora 12 Shisham Dalbergia sissoo 13 Semal Bombax ceiba 14 Kala siras Albizzia lebbeck 15 Safed siras Albizzia procera 16 Amaltas Cassia fistula 17 Khair Acacia catechu 18 Desi babool Acacia nilotica 19 Ambara Spondia pinnata 20 Dhauri Lagerstroemia parviflora 21 Bakain Melia azedarach 22 Baurang Hymenodictyon excelsum 23 Bilsa Salix tetrosperma 24 Dhak Butea monosperma 25 Gamhar Gmelina arborea 26 Haldu Adina cordifolia 27 Jhinghan Lannea coromandelica 28 Kachnar Bauhinia variegata 29 Khaja Bridelia retusa 30 Kusum Schleichera trijuga 31 Maida Litsaea glutinosa 32 Neem Azadirachta indica 33 Padal Stereospermum suaveolens 34 Paniala Bischofia javanica 35 Patju Putranjiva roxburghii 36 Phaldu/Kaim Mitragyna parvifolia 37 Pula Kydia calycina 38 Tun Toona ciliate

47

2- SHRUB/HERB/CLIMBER & CREEPER SPECIES:

Sl. No. Common Name Botanical Name 1 Satawar Asparagus racemosus 2 Aloe vera Aloe barbadensis 3 Giloe Tinospora cardifolia 4 Sarpgandha Rauwolfia serpentina 5 Ashwagandha Withania somnifera 6 Pipli Piper longum 7 Shikakai/Aila Caeselpenia dicapetala 8 Adusa Adhatoda vasica 9 Marorphali Helicteris isora 10 Makoh Zizyphus oenoplia 11 Mandookparni Centella asiatica 12 Van-haldi Curucuma spp. 13 Kalmegh Andrographis paniculata 14 Nirgundi Vitex negundo 15 Phalsa Grewia sapida 16 Ratti/Gunchi Abrus precatorius 17 Pindar Randia uliginosa 18 Van-Tulsi Pogostemon benghalensis 19 Van-Nimbu Glycosmia pntaphylla 20 Harjor Cissampelos pareira 21 Ramdataun Smilex prolifera 22 Rampan Smilex macrophylla 23 Kalimusli Curcuma orchioides 24 Punarnava Boerhaavia diffusa

3- GRASS SPECIES:

Sl. No. Common Name Botanical Name 1 Khus grass Vetiveria zizanoides 2 Citronella grass Cymbopogon winterianus 3 Lemon grass Cymbopogon flexuosus 4 Marvel Dicanthium annulatum 5 Gini grass Panichum antidotale 6 Para Brachiera mutica 7 Palmarosa/Jarakus/Raathar Cymbopogon martinii 8 Lappa Heteropogon contortus 9 Narkul (Reed) Phragmitis karka 10 Baib/Bhabhar Eulaliopsis binata 11 Doob Cynodon dactylon 12 Gurla/Chikuwa Chrysopogan fulvus

48

4- BAMBOO AND CANE (Baint) SPECIES:

Sl. No. Common Name Botanical Name 1 Lathi Bans Dendrocalamus strictus 2 Kata bans Dendrocalamus arundinacea 3 Naal bans Bambusa tulda 4 Balauka bans Bambusa balcooa 5 Kagji bans Dendrocalamus hamiltonii 6 Peela bans Bambusa vulgaris 7 Edible bamboo Dendrocalamus asper 8 Baint (Cane) Calamus tenuis

49

ANNEXURE-II

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF SOME IMPORTANT NWFP SPECIES

1) Glycyrrhiza glabra

COMMON NAME: Mulethi

FAMILY: Fabaceae

GENERAL DESCRIPTION

It is a hardy herb or under shrub. Its leaves are imparipinnate, flowers borne in axillary

spikes, lavender to violet in color, pods oblong to linear, compressed. Seeds are flat and deep

grey in color.

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS: Glycyrrhetinic acid, Isoliquiritigenin & Licochalcone.

SOIL & CLIMATE: The plants thrive in a dry, sunny climate and in deep moist soil,

particularly on bank of rivers. Loamy soils of light texture are ideally suited.

PHENOLOGY: Flower blossom in March and fruits comes in the month of August.

PART USED: Rhizome

50

NURSERY TECHNIQUE:

Propagation: Division of the crown or rooted cuttings of underground stems are planted 2 ft.

apart. Plant may also be propagated by seeds.

Land preparation: The soil should be well prepared and liberally manure for cultivation.

The planting is done in March early April.

Transplantation: Transplantation is done in March to April. Regular irrigation is necessary

until the plants are established. The growth is slow during the initial stage, requiring frequent

hoeing.

HARVEST &YIELD:

Plants are ready for harvesting after 3-4 years of planting. These are lifted in autumn after

rains. Soil is loosened, plants dug up and aerial parts removed. Root and underground stems,

after harvesting, are cut into pieces and dried slowly under cover. The yield of root is 3-5 t/

ha.

USES: Rhizome is chewed alone are with betel leaf for cough and cold. Rhizome and roots

are tonic, expectorant, demulcent and laxative, used for allaying cough and catarrhal

affections and irritable condition of membranes of urinary organs. Decoction of plant is used

to wash eyes. It is also used in conjunctivitis.

2) Tinospora cardifolia

COMMON NAME: Giloe

FAMILY: Menispermaceae

51

GENERAL DESCRIPTION:

It is large deciduous climbing shrub. It is found climbing on trees throughout tropical and

subtropical India.

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS: Berberne, Palmatine, Tembetarine, Tinocordiside and

Cordioside etc.

SOIL & CLIMATE: Light medium, sandy, loam soil rich in organic matter with adequate

drainage is suitable for the cultivation of T.Cordifolia. The plant grows in sub tropical and

tropical climate. It cannot tolerate high rain fall or water logged conditions.

PHENOLOGY: Flowering and fruiting occur between January and March.

PART USED: Stem

NURSERY TECHNIQUE:-

Propagation The plant can be cultivated through seeds. However, the seeds take almost

double the time as compare to stem cuttings to mature, but yield the same quantity the drug.

The seeds, if soaked in cold water for 24 hours, result in quick germination. The treated seeds

are soaked in polybag during May to July. Germination occurs after 10 to 12 days.

Germination percentage is between 80-90%, but can decrease in the absence of presoaking of

seeds. Seedlings are maintained in nurseries for upto 1 and ½ months.

Land Preparation: Stem cutting are idle for cultivating this commercial crop. The cuttings

can be obtained from mother plants from June to July, and sown directly in the field. Cuttings

are obtained from older stems with node, and should be sown within 24 hours of their

removal from mother plant. Meanwhile they should be half dipped in water in a vertical

position. The land should be ploughed, Harrowed, and made weed free. ½ dose of Nitrogen

(75 kg.) is applied to land preparation. Follow up dose of 75 kg Nitrogen, along with FYM is

recommended. A basal dose of FYM @10 tons per hectare should be apply at the time of

land preparation. Follow up dose of 10 tons/ha. Of FYM with Nitrogen is recommended.

The crop is grown in the rain-fed condition.

Transplantation: The stem cuttings with nodes are sown directly in the field an optimum

spacing of 3x3m is recommended for better yield. The plant requires support to grow, which

52

can be provided by raising wooden stakes or trellis. Already growing shrubs or trees can also

support the plant.

HARVEST & YIELD

The stem is harvested during autumn, by when it grows to a diameter of more than 2.5 cm.

The basal part is left behind to grow further the plant yields about 1500kg. of fresh woody

stem that is reduced to 300kg. of dry weight/ha. In about two years time.The stem should be

cut into small pieces and dried in shade.It can be stored in gunny bags, and kept in cool and

airy storage godowns. Stem bark peels of even by touch. Thus, the stem should be cut very

cautiously, as the peel

USES: Aqueous extract of this plant is taken once a day, along with honey, for

spermatorrhoea. Decoction of the stem of ‘giloe’ and bark of ‘neem’, each taken in equal

quantity is used during malaria fever.

3) Vitex negundo

COMMON NAME: Nirgundi

FAMILY: Verbenaceae

GENERAL DESCRIPTION

It is much-branched shrub up to 5 m tall or sometimes a small and slender tree. Bark is thin

and grey in color. Leaves are palmately compound. Flowers are bluish purple in color. Fruits

are black in color when ripe and 5-6 mm in diameter. It is abundant along riverbanks, in

moist situation, open wastelands and near deciduous forest.

53

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS: Casticin, Isoorientin, Chrysophenol D, Luteolin, P-

hydroxybenzoic acid, D- fructose etc

SOIL & CLIMATE: Vitex can tolerate alkaline and saline soils. It requires an annual

rainfall of 600 mm for good growth.

PHENOLOGY: Flowering occurs from February to March and Fruiting occurs from May to

July.

PART USED: Whole plant

NURSERY TECHNIQUES:

Propagation: Propagation is generally by stem cuttings that are first planted in polythene

tubes or nursery beds in May- June.

Land preparation: No specific method is available. General methodology will be followed.

Transplantation: Seedlings are transplanted after 2 months of sowing in the nursery.

Cuttings have been planted directly in the fields successfully. Nirgundi grows moderately to

fairly fast and can be managed by coppicing with a rotation of 2 years.

HARVEST & YIELD

It yields about 0.3 tons/ha of air-dry fuelwood when planted on contours 5 m apart.

USES:

Leaves are applied to rheumatic swelling of the joints and in sprains. The juice of leaves is

used for the treatment of foetid discharges. Roots are used in local medicine for dysentery.

4) Asparagus racemosus

COMMON NAME: Satawar

FAMILY: Liliaceae

54


Satawar is scandent, much branched, and spinous, under herb with tuberous roots. The roots

are fleshy, spindle shaped and light ash colored externally and white internally. Branches are

modified into cladodes with long basal decurved spine.Flowers are white, fragrant, and

minute, about 3 mm long and occur in solitary or fascicled, 2.5–5 cm long, racemes. Fruit is a

three-lobed, red coloured berry, up to 6 mm in diameter, with mottled seeds and oily

endosperm. Satawar is common throughout the tropical and subtropical regions, particularly

central India. By nature, the plant is xerophytic and prefers the semi-arid to subtropical, cool

environment.

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS: Sapogenins are the active principles found in the tuberous

roots. Chemical evaluation studies suggest that the sapogenins content varies in the range of

0.7%–0.9% in the tubers.

SOIL & CLIMATE: The plant prefers annual average rainfall of 600– 1000 mm or less, of

which 85% is received during July to September. A well-drained fertile sandy-loam to clay-

loam soil, with a pH of 6–8 is best suited for its cultivation with staking support. Satavar can

be grown in open land as well as under shade, but very high moisture levels result in rotting

of root.

PHENOLOGY: Flowering and fruiting occur in December –January.

PART USED: Roots

NURSERY TECHNIQUE

55

Propagation: Both seeds and crown rhizomes can be used for propagation. However, seeds

are preferable on account of high production that makes up for low germination percentage in

cultivation. Seeds may be collected from March to May when their colour changes from red

to black. Seeds are sown during the first week of June in well-prepared and raised nursery

beds containing good amount of FYM (farmyard manure). The beds should ideally be 10 m ×

1 m in size. Seeds are sown in lines 5 cm apart and covered with a thin layer of fine sand. The

beds are lightly watered at regular intervals using a rose water cane. About 7 kg of seeds are

required for raising seedlings for 1 hectare of crop. The seeds of satavar have a hard seed

coat. To obtain early and higher germination percentage, presoaking in water is required for

softening the seed coat. Higher germination is also achieved by soaking the seeds in cow

urine for 24 hours. The germination commences after 20 days of sowing and is completed

in 30 days.

Land preparation: The land should be given a deep disc ploughing, followed by harrowing

and levelling. The field is normally divided into plots, keeping one irrigation channel in

between two rows of plots. Ridges and furrows are made about 45 cm apart in the plots.

About 10 tonnes of well-decomposed FYM is thoroughly mixed in the soil one month before

transplanting. Satavar further requires a fertilizer dose of 60 kg nitrogen, 40 kg phosphate,

and 40 kg potash per hectare for optimum growth and higher tuberous root yield. One-third of

nitrogen and entire dose of phosphate and potash should be placed 10–12 cm deep in the rows

before transplanting.

Transplantation: The seedlings are ready for transplanting after 45 days of sowing. These

are transplanted in field at the onset of monsoon in July. Ridges and furrows are made 45 cm

apart and seedlings are transplanted on ridges, keeping the plant-to-plant distance at 15 cm.

The ridge method of transplanting is superior in comparison to flat method. Optimum number

of seedlings required per hectare using the recommended spacing is about 150 000. The

balance two-third N is applied in two equal split doses at ridges during September and in late

February. The fertilizer is broadcast in between the rows and mixed in soil followed by

irrigation, if the soil is dry. Satavar initially grows slowly for 60 days, which keeps inter-row

space virtually vacant, allowing easy weed growth. It is necessary to carry out three weeding

and hoeing operations to keep the field free from weeds for initial two month period. After

two months, Satawar grows enough to cover the inter- row spaces and prevents weed growth.

56

Water requirement of Satawar crop is not much. It can be grown without irrigation in areas

that receive 800–1200 mm of well-distributed rainfall. Irrigating the field once immediately

after transplanting is a must for establishment of seedlings in field. The second irrigation is

done after seven days of seedling establishment. If there is no rainfall and dry spell prevails

for more than 15 days, one more irrigation should be given. During winters, irrigation at 30-

day intervals is enough for good growth. Irrigation should be done during seed formation

stage and before harvesting of the tuberous roots for obtaining higher seed yield and easy

digging of tuberous roots. Deficient soil moisture during March–June brings down root yield

significantly. Hence, three to four irrigations during this period are essential.

HARVEST & YIELD:

The crop matures in 12 months after planting; however, for seed harvesting, it is

recommended to be harvested only after 20 months. Rabi season, that is, November–

December, is the best time for harvesting tuberous roots when the above-ground parts start

turning pale yellow. The crop, when harvested in 12 months, yields about 4–5 tonnes/hectare,

while harvesting after 20 months yields about 6 tonnes/hectare of tubers along with 35

kg/hectare of seeds, which are not obtained in the 12-month-old crop. After harvesting, the

tubers are washed well in running water thereafter, these are dried in open sun for one to two

days. The tuberous roots are then kept in luke warm water for one hour to soften the outer

covering of the tubers. It facilitates removal of outer skin. The harvested roots are peeled

manually by pulling their outer thin covering. These peeled tubers are then kept in shade for

four to five hours. The roots should be completely dry for storage. If the tuber breaks with a

cracking sound, it means that it has completely dried. Dried tuberous roots are packed in

cardboard boxes and stored. Boiled tubers turn yellowish and fetch much higher market rate.

Dry root in pieces of 5–15 cm × 1–2 cm are marketed as ‘A’ grade variety. The tuberous root

yields 10%–12% of dry matter after removal of outer wall. An average shade-dried tuberous

root yield of 3 tonnes per hectare is obtained from 20-month-old plants underexperimental

conditions. A two-and-a-half-year-old crop gives a dry yield of 4–5 tonnes per hectare. It

gives a seed yield of 30–35 kg/hectare. The estimated cost of cultivation is about Rs 100 000

per hectare, including land preparation, nursery raising, cost of planting material, FYM, cost

of transplanting, harvesting, peeling and processing for market, and so on. The calculated

yield of 20- month-old crop of Satavar is 3 tonnes/hectare, which can fetch net returns of

57

approximately Rs 62 500/hectare. Dry root in 5–15 cm × 1–2 cm pieces are marketed as ‘A’

grade variety.

USES:

It is used as anti-diarrhoetic, diuretic, nutritative, and tonic. It is also used in the disease of

blood, kidney, liver, scalding urine, rheumatism and gonorrhea.

5) Andrographis paniculata

Common Name: Kalmegh

Family – Acanthaceae


Kalmegh is a bitter annual herb, erect, 50 cm to 1m. in height, stem quadrangular, much

branched; leaves opposite, short petioled; flowers in racemes. Fruit capsule are linear, oblong

or elliptic; seeds about 12 in number, sub quadrate, brownish or creamy yellow. It is widely

distributed throughout plains of India

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS: Andrographolide, Neoanrographolide, Andrographiside

and deoxyandrographolide, etc are mainly found in Kalmegh.

SOIL AND CLIMATE: It can be cultivated on wide range of soils from loam to lateritic

soils with moderate fertility. It can be cultivated on shady wastelands also. The climatic

requirement of the plant is hot and humid conditions with ample sunshine. With the onset of

monsoon, plant grows luxuriantly and starts flowering with the moderation in temperature

during September.

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PHENOLOGY: Flowering and fruiting continues upto December.


NURSERY TECHNIQUES-

Propagation: Its propagation is through shattered seeds in nature. Vegetative propagation is

also possible in certain special cases through layering as each node is capable of producing

enough roots. Seeds are small and remain dormant for five to six months.

Land preparation: For raising crop in one hectare three beds of 10x2 m size should be

tilled, pulverized and leveled during the month of May. Liberal use of organic manure in

nursery is advised for raising healthy seedling. Seeds should be covered by very thin layer of

soil and compost mixture. Beds should be covered properly by suitable mulch and irrigated

regularly with water fountain till seedlings merge (6-7 days).Immediately after germination,

mulch is removed to avoid elongation of the seedlings. After 10-15 days, regular flood

irrigation can be given till it becomes ready for planting.

Transplantation: Transplanting of seedling is done in second fortnight of June at a row and

plant spacing of 45 to 60 cm and 30 to 45 cm respectively. Beds should be irrigated

immediately after planting. To begin with one or two weeding/hoeing are essential to get the

crop established. After establishment, crop grows well during monsoon and does not face any

competition from weed. The medicinal plants have to be grown without chemical fertilizers

and use of pesticides. Organic manures like, Farm Yard Manure (FYM), Vermi-Compost,

Green Manure etc. may be used as per requirement of the species

HARVEST & YIELD:

Maximum herb biomass can be obtained in 90-100 days beyond which leaves start shedding.

If crop is raised as annual crop and planted during the month of May to June. It should be

harvested by the end of the September when flowering is initiated leaves. Since the whole

plant contains active principles, entire harvested material is dried in shade and powdered. A

well-maintained crop grown during monsoon season yields 3.5 to 4.0 tons of dried herbs per

hectare.

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USES:

It is used as diarrhea, dysentery and fever etc.

6) Adhatoda vasika

Common Name: Adusa

Family: Acanthaceae


It is evergreen bushy plant with the height of 4-8 feet. It grows abundantly near rivers and

other water bodies. Its leaves are dark green in color with pointed tips.

CHEMICAL CONSTITUTION: Vasakin alkaloids, Adetodic acid etc.

SOIL & CLIMATE: It can grow on any type of soil and even on barren land.

PHENOLOGY: Flowers are white in color and occur in bunches. in the month of November

to March. Fruits occur from May to June.

PART USED: Leaves, Root, Fruits & flower.

NURSERY TECHNIQUES:

Propagation: Propagation is done by seeds and cuttings.

Land preparation: Before cultivation the land should be ploughed.

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A total of 4500 seedlings are 2-2.5 kg seeds/ ha are required for transplantation. Initially

polythene bags are filled with mixture of soil & FYM. The seeds are sown in these bags in

month of May to June. Seedlings can also be obtained through culm cuttings

Transplantation: In the month of July the prepared seed lings are transplanted in pits at an

interval of 1.5x 1.5 m prior to transplantation pits of size 45x45x45 cm are filled with soil &

FY M in equal proportion. As per requirement, light irrigation and weeding, hoeing can be

provided to the plants at regular intervals.

HARVEST & YIELD:

Once the plant is one-year-old, 1.5 -2.5 m in height than its leaves are collected and dried in

shade. The whole plant is uprooted cleaned, dried in shade and store. At the time of uprooting

the plant, some quantity of root is left in the ground so that crop can be obtained next year as

well.

USES:

It is used in Jaundice, Asthma, Chronic bronchitis and eyes disease and it is also used

to made yellow dye.

7) Curculigo orchioides

COMMON NAME: Kali musali

FAMILY: Hypoxidaceae

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GENERAL DESCRIPTION

Roots of kalimusali are straight, cylindrical, tuberous, 5–22 cm long, and 0.5–0.8 cm thick.

The external surface is brownish, marked with loosely spaced, prominent, transverse

wrinkles. Lateral roots are 5 cm or more in length, stout, fibrous, dull white in colour, and

spongy externally. Leaves are simple, sessile, crowded on the short stem with sheathing leaf

basalises, tapering into a short petiole, almost radical. They are 15–45 cm long and 1.2–2.5

cm broad, linear or linear–lanceolate, membranous, glabrous or sparsely soft haired. Flowers

are epigenous, bright yellow, bisexual or unisexual, with a lanceolate and membranous bract.

Ovary is tricarpellary, syncarpous, and trilocular with a fairly long slender beak (stipe). The

species occurs in shady areas of subtropical area other tropical zones. Basically, it is a

tropical plant and is found in almost all districts of India

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS: Curculigo roots contain acetone extractives (1.5%–1.8%),

ash (3.3%–3.9%), and curculigosides (0.2%).

SOIL & CLIMATE: It occurs from near-sea level up to 400 m altitude, especially in rock

crevices and laterite soil. It is a shade-loving plant and thrives well in areas that receive high

rainfall. It is considered to be a threatened species.

PHENOLOGY: Flowering and fruiting occur mostly from October to January, rarely

throughout the year.

PARTS USED: Tuberous roots and rhizomes

NURSERY TECHNIQUE:

Propagation: No stock is raised in the nursery. Tuber segments of size 1.5 cm × 2 cm,

obtained from mother plants, are planted directly in the main field at the onset of monsoon.

tuber segments are planted at an optimum spacing of 10 cm × 10 cm. About 70%–80%

sprouting is obtained after two months of planting in humid tropical regions.

Land preparation: Kali musali grows well in moist and humus-rich soils. The land is

ploughed well with the onset of monsoon. Organic manure is mixed before planting and

raised beds are prepared to prevent water logging. FYM (farmyard manure) at the rate of 20

tonnes/hectare is applied at the time of land preparation. Alternatively, FYM at the rate of 15

tonnes/hectare may be applied at the time of land preparation and NPK (nitrogen,

62

phosphorus, potassium) at the rate of 25:15:10 kg/hectare can be applied as top dressing

during October–November. If available, well-decomposed poultry manure at the rate of 2.7

tonnes/hectare, instead of FYM, mixed well with the soil at the time of land preparation gives

better yield.

Transplantation: The tuber segments are directly planted in the field in rows. About 70%–

80% germination/sprouting of tubers takes place after two months, when planted in humid

tropical areas. An optimum crop stand of 0.6–0.65 million is desirable for a pure crop with an

optimum spacing of 10 m × 10 cm or 10 cm × 15 cm, while intercropping with a coconut

gives a crop stand of approximately 0.2 million with a spacing of 20 cm × 25 cm. No

additional manure is required for crop management. Manual weeding is usually adopted.

Weeding twice at two and four months after planting is necessary to keep the crop weed-free.

No special maintenance practices are required except for regular weeding and watering

during dry spells. The crop is grown in rain-fed area during the monsoon period. After the

monsoon ceases, it is to be irrigated with 5 cm flooding fortnightly.

HARVEST & YIELD:

The plant starts flowering one month after planting and maximum number of flowers are

noted during second and third months of planting. Flowering takes place throughout the year.

However, fruits and seeds are not used as drug. Roots mature in the field in seven to eight

months and may be harvested by digging. The tubers are cleaned of the soil particles, dried

well in the shade, and stored in gunny bags. A dried tuber yield of 1000–1700 kg/hectare is

obtained..

USES:

Curculigo is used as a rejuvenating tonic, aphrodisiac drug, and diuretic. It is useful in

general debility, cough, jaundice, asthma, and piles.

8) Swertia chirata

COMMON NAME: Chirayata

FAMILY: Gentianaceae

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GENERAL DESCRIPTION

Chirayata is an erect, annual, branched herb, up to 1.5 m high. stem is robust and cylindrical

below, but four-angled upwards. Leaves are broadly lanceolate, opposite, sessile, about 10

cm long, acute at tip, and five-nerved. Floral characteristics Inflorescence is a large leafy

panicle. Flowers are numerous, greenish yellow, and tinged with purple. Sepals and petals are

four in number. Each petal lobe has a pair of green, honey-secreting glands. Capsules are

minute, ovate, about 6 mm in diameter, and sharp pointed. Seeds are smooth and many

angled. The species is distributed throughout India. The species may be cultivated at lower

elevations.

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS: The plant contains a bitter glycoside chiratin, which on

hydrolysis yields two bitter principles: ophelic acid, an amorphous bitter hygroscopic

principle, and chiratogenin, a yellow bitter glycoside, insoluble in water.

SOIL & CLIMATE: Loamy to sand loam, friable, and well-drained soils are suitable for its

cultivation. The soil should be enriched with FYM (farmyard manure), and if soils are clayey,

addition of sand is recommended. The crop can be grown in areas having mild rainfall (100

cm) in rainy season and in areas with long cold winter, receiving snowfall frequently.

PHENOLOGY: Flowering and fruiting takes place from July-September.


NURSERY TECHNIQUE

Propagation: The plant can be successfully propagated through seeds. Completely mature

seeds may be collected in autumn season. The crop is grown through nursery-raised

64

seedlings. Sowing is done in October– November, as seeds sown in March–April. Swertia

chirata show very poor germination and low survival rate. Seeds of chirayata germinate well

under nursery conditions in the media having FYM (farmyard manure), sand, and soil in

2:2:1 ratio. Seeds are sown in rows 10–15 cm apart and covered with 0.5-cm thick layer of

sand or fine soil. It takes about 25–28 days for complete germination to take place under

nursery conditions.

Land preparation: Land is prepared by ploughing two to three times, followed by

harrowing and planking to have a fine tilth as well as conserve moisture. Application of

vermicompost in the soil @ 3.75 tonnes/hectare and forest leaf litter @ 2 tonnes/hectare at the

time of field preparation is recommended.

Transplantation: Transplanting of seedlings is done in March–April, and the seedlings are

planted with the ball of earth at a distance of 45 cm × 45 cm in the field. The plant can be

intercropped with potato, as both species can be harvested within six to eight months, and the

time of sowing as well as harvesting of both species is almost the same. In open fields, potato

can be planted on raised beds, while Swertia is planted in the interspaces. However, it is often

preferred as a pure crop in cultivation.

FYM @ 10 tonnes/ hectare or vermicompost @ 3.75 tonnes/hectare and forest litter @ 2

tonnes/hectare are recommended as a basal dose. Thereafter, no other fertilizer is required.

Weeding along with hoeing is done manually once in a month. The field should be irrigated

as and when required, may be every alternate day during summers and weekly in winters.

HARVEST & YIELD:

Plants are collected when the capsules are fully formed during summer or in October–

November. Plants flower within six to eight months, and thus provide yield and seeds for

propagation every year. The whole plant is collected and dried. When harvested early, some

plants can be left in the fields so that seeds mature, which can be collected in October for the

purpose of growing next crop. Therefore, a piece of cloth should be placed below the plant

while harvesting. The seeds, after air drying, are stored in polythene-lined small jute bags to

be used as germplasm for next season. After harvesting, the plants should be dried in shade

and packed accordingly. About 3.75 tonnes/hectare of dried herbage yield is estimated in

cultivation in two years.

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USES:

Swertia chirata is a bitter tonic, carminative, laxative, anti-pyretic, febrifuge, anti-periodic,

anti-inflammatory, stomachic, and antihelmintic. It is used in treating piles, skin diseases,

ulcers, and diabetes.

9) Withania somnifera

COMMON NAME: Ashwagandha/ Palashparni

FAMILY: Solanaceae

GENERAL DESCRIPTION

An erect branched under shrub up to 1.25 m in height, minutely stellate tomentose.

Root fleshty, tapering, and whitish brown. Leaves ovate, flower greenish. It grows in

dried parts in subtropical regions.

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS: Roots contain alkaloid nicotine, somniferin, withanin,

withananine, somninine, tropine, pseudotropine, choline etc. Leaves contain withanone and

withaferine-A. Glycosides, vetaniol, starch, sugar and amino group is also present in roots.

SOIL & CLIMATE: W. somnifera grows well in sandy loam or light red soil, having pH

7.5-8.0 with good drainage. The semi-tropical areas receiving 500-750 mm rainfall are

suitable for cultivation of this rained crop. The crop requires dry season during its growing

period. Late winter rains are conducive for the proper development of the plant roots

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PHENOLGY: Flowers are yellow or green in color and occur in month of September –

October. Fruits are oval in shape and become red on ripening. Fruits ripen in March-April.

PART USED: Root, leaf seed

NURSERY TECHNIQUE

Propagation: Propagation is done by seeds.

Land Preparation: Ashwagandha is usually grown in fields which are not well covered by

the irrigation systems. The field on which food crops cannot be taken profitably for the above

reason may be used for Ashwangandha cultivation. The soil of the field selected for

Ashwagandha cultivation is well pulverized by ploughing, disking and/or harrowing.

Transplantation: The crop can be sown either by broad casting or in lines. Live to line

method is preferred as it increases root production and also helps in performing intercultural

practices properly. The seeds are usually sown about 1-3 cm deep in June- July in nursery. A

light shower after shower after sowing ensures good germination. About 500-750 gm seeds

are sufficient for 1 ha. field. Seeds can be treated, with Thiram or Indofil or Dithane

medicinal plants - 45 (@ 3 gm/kg seed), before sowing to protect seedlings from seed borne

diseases. The seedling after 25-35 days after sowing can be transplanted in the field

marinating 60 x 60 cm. Spacing between the plants & the rows. The seeds sown by

broadcasting or in the line in furrows should be thinned out by hand at 25-30 days after

sowing to maintain a plant population of about 30-60 plants per square meter (about 3.5 to 6

lakh plants/hectare). The plant density to be used may depend on the nature and fertility of

the soil. On the marginal land the population is kept high. The medicinal plants have to be

grown without chemical fertilizers and use of pesticides. Organic manures like, Farm Yard

Manure (FYM), Vermi-Compost, Green Manure etc. may be used as per requirement of the

species. To prevent diseases, bio-pesticides could be prepared (either single or mixture) from

Neem (kernel, seeds & leaves), Chitrakmool, Dhatura, Cow's urine etc.

Light shower after transplantation ensures establishment of seedlings. There is no need of

irrigation if rainfall is at regular intervals. Excessive rainfall/water is harmful to the crop. Life

saving irrigations may be applied, if required.

67

HARVEST & YIELD

The crop is ready for harvest in January-March at 150 to 180 days after sowing. The maturity

of crop is judged by drying out of leaves and yellow red berries. The entire plant is uprooted

for roots which are separated from aerial parts by cutting the stem 1-2 cm above the crown.

The roots are then either cut transversely into small pieces (7 to 10 cm) or dried as it is in the

sun. About 650-800 kg roots can be obtained from 1ha on drying it comes to 350-435 kg.

Berries are hand plucked separately. They are dried and crushed to take out the seeds. The

dried roots, entire or transversely cut into smaller pieces, have to be further cleaned, trimmed

and graded. The roots are beaten with a club which removes adhering soil and breaks off the

thin, brittle lateral rootlets. Lateral branches, root crown and stem remains on roots are

carefully trimmed with the help of knife. On an average yield from one hectare land under

commercial cultivation is approx 3- 5 quintals of dried roots and 50-75 kg seeds.

USES:

It is used in arthritis, blood pressure and swelling in joints. Leaves find their use in treatment

of skin diseases, swelling and healing injuries.

10. Piper longum

COMMON NAME: Pipli

FAMILY: Piperaceae

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GENERAL DESCRIPTION

Piper longum is a climbing under shrub, creeping and rooting below. The leaves resemble

beetle leaves and are shiny and smooth.

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS: The plants contain piperine and piplatin alkaloids. Piper

longuminine (0.2-0.25%) and piper longumine, silverine, sesamine, piplasterol, glycosides,

gingiberi, terpenoline, piplastini and sugar are also found in this plant.

SOIL & CLIMATE: It flourishes well in a rich, well-drained, loamy or red soil. Hot and

humid climate supports this plant. Especially the rainy areas are best suited for its cultivation.

It should be grown under partial shade with 20-25% shade intensity.

PHENOLOGY:

It bears small unisexual flowers in inflorescence in the month of October-November. it bears

ovoid fruits resembling green mulberry fruits. Its ripening period varies from January to April

and tastes like black pepper.

PART USED: Roots and Fruit

NURSERY TECHNIQUE

Propagation: It can be propagated through seeds and cuttings. Cutting is more preferable for

cultivation.

Land Preparation: Land should be ploughed two to three times and leveled properly. So

that water does not get logged in. To protect the crop from sun and frost, the farm is

boundaried on all sides using dry bushes. Raised beds of size 3mX2.5m are prepared in

which pits are dug at a spacing of 50cmX50cm. Pits are filled with soil mixed with 100gm

per pit of FYM.

Transplantation: The suckers establish well in rainy season. Vine cuttings can be rooted in

polythene bags filled with common pot mixture. The nursery can be raised during March-

April. Pest attack on roots can be avoided by mixing 10% DAP with potting mixture.

Excessive irrigation should be avoided and irrigation is to be done on alternate days to avoid

dampness and wilting of root cuttings. The cuttings planted in March-April will be ready for

planting in main field by the end of May. At the time of land preparation, 40-50 tones of cow

69

dung with nitrogen, phosphorous and potash in the ratio 20: 40: 40 per hectare should be

added to the soil. After one month of plantation, 100 kg DAP per hectare and 40 kg DAP per

hectare in July should be given for better yield.

HARVEST & YIELD:

4-5 months after plantation, plants start bearing flowers. The spikes are picked from the

vines after 6 months of planting. The spikes will be ready for harvest two month after their

formation on plant. They should be picked when blackish green and most pungent. Delay in

plucking will lead to loss of pungency. Harvested spikes are dried in sun for 4-5 days until

they are perfectly dry. The yield is around 400 kg per hectare. The yield increases in 3 years

to about 1000 kg per hectare. Thereafter productivity decreases. Besides spikes, thick stem

and roots may also be harvested after 18 month of planting. The average yield is 500 kg per

hectare. The dried roots yield is 200 kg per hectare.

USES:

Roots and fruits are used in palsy, gout and lumbago. It is used as a carminative, a tonic to

the liver, emanogogue, abortifacient, aphrodisiac, diuretic, digestive and as a general tonic. It

also finds its uses in acute and chronic bronchitis, paraplegia, enlargement of spleen etc.

11) Commiphora wightti

COMMON NAME: Guggal

FAMILY: Burseraceae

70

GENERAL DESCRIPTION

Commiphora is a slow growing, highly branched, spiny shrub or a small tree with crooked

and knotty branches ending in sharp spines. The stem is covered with silvery white, papery

bark that peels off as flakes from the older parts of the stem, whereas, the younger branches

are pubescent and glandular. Leaves are trifoliate; leaflets rhomboid, ovate, and entire at the

base and serrate at the apex. A short spell of rainfall initiates leaf formation. Flowers are

sessile and appear singly or in groups of two to three. Fruits are ovoid, reddish brown to

purple in colour. Guggal is a xerophyte and grows naturally in arid and rocky zones of India.

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS: The gum resin contains 3.2% gum and 19.5% mineral

matter chiefly consisting of silicon dioxide, magnesium, calcium, iron, and aluminum. It also

contains about 1.5% essential oil, which contains 6.5% myrcene and 11% dinyrcene. A

number of steroids have also been isolated from guggul like Z-guggul sterone and E-

guggulosterol I, II, and III.

SOIL & CLIMATE: The plant grows well in arid, sandy, and rocky tracts of tropical India.

Sandy or sandy loam soils are best for its cultivation.

PHENOLOGY: Flowering and fruiting occurs from March- April

PART USED: Stem

NURSERY TECHNIQUE

Propagation : Black coloured seeds may be used as planting material, although germination

averages around 40% only. The plant can be easily propagated through leafless stem cuttings,

prepared in May, or through air layering of 5–8-year-old mother plants in July–August. The

planting stock for raising the crop can be prepared in a nursery through seeds, stem cuttings

or air layering of 5–8- year-old mother plants. Only the black-coloured seeds are viable and

sown during March to June, preferably in poly bags. Seeds germinate within 7–10 days after

sowing in the rainy season. Leafless stem cuttings are planted in the nursery in May.

Similarly, air layering can be done during rainy season in July–August; roots develop in 15–

20 days after setting.

Land preparation Pits of size 45 cm × 45 cm × 45 cm are dug at requisite spacing of 2 m ×

2 m and refilled after mixing the sand, soil, and FYM in the ratio of 1:1:1.

71

Transplantation: The plantlets obtained from seeds and rooted twigs from cuttings or air

layerings are transplanted from poly bags in the rainy season (July/August) to the pits

containing a mixture of sand:soil:FYM (1:1:1). A crop stand of 2500 plants per hectare is

obtained with a spacing of 2 m × 2 m. Besides the basal dose of FYM provided in the pits,

the plants may be provided with growth regulators like IBA (10 mg/litre) along with organic

manures like hexameal @ 100 g/plant every month or NPK (nitrogen, phosphorus,

potassium) @ 75:130:30 g/plant after every three months up to a period of one year, which

helps in the better survival of plants. Manual weeding and hoeing are recommended at an

interval of 15–20 days during rainy season. After rainy season, weeding may be done at

monthly intervals. Irrigation with 8 litres of water per plant at an interval of 15 days results in

best growth of plant.

HARVEST & YIELD:

The plant should be allowed to grow for at least five to six years before commencing incision

of thick branches for extracting oleo-gum resin. The oleo-gum resin is tapped during winter,

from November–February, by making a 7–10-cm long incision in the main stem near the

base. The cut part is completely covered with resin in about a month’s time. The exuded gum

secreted is collected every week up to one month after which further exudation of gum stops.

After collection, the oleo-gum resin is stored in airtight plastic containers. A yield of 120–130

kg oleo-gum resin is obtained per hectare after about eight years.

USES:

It is taken with milk as an aphrodisiac and for gout .fumes from burning plant are inhaled in

typhoid, fever, bronchitis and nasal problems. The smoke of the resin is mosquito repellant

12) Datura somnifera

COMMON NAME: Dhatura

FAMILY: Solanaceae

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GENERAL DESCRIPTION

Datura consists of annual or perennial herbs, shrubs and tree growing mostly warmer part of

world. It is a glabrous, spreading herb sometimes becoming shrubby. The leaves are

triangular-ovate in outline and unequal at the base. The flowers are 17.5 cm long, often

double or triple, white on the outside. The fruits are globose, tuberculate; borne on a short

thick peduncle, the capsule dehisces irregularly exposing a mass of closely packed light

brown, flat seeds, which nearly fill the interior.

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS-Some of the Datura contain alkaloid rich in Scopolamine,

hyscyamiine and metalodin.

SOIL AND CLIMATE- Datura can be grown on a variety of soils but prefer rich alkaline or

neutral, clay loamy soil or tending to saline alkaline reaction, rich in organic matter for their

successful growth yield.

PHENOLOGY: Flowering occurs in June-July and fruiting occurs from August.


NURSERY TECHNIQUE

Propagation-Datura can be grown directly through seeds or by transplanting nursery grown

seedling.

Land Preparation: The nursery is prepared by mixing rotten FYM in to the beds. The seeds

are sown by the broadcast method on the beds and covered with a layer of sand and FYM.

The beds are kept moist by spraying water.

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Transplantation: The seedlings are transplanted at 30-45 cm spacing, when they are 8-12

cm tall and possess four leaves .The seeds are sown in rows 45-60Cm. apart covered with

soil. A spacing of 75x75 cm is recommended for obtaining higher yield and alkaloid content

of seeds for the crop planted in December and January. The first irrigation is given

immediately after sowing or transplantation, if there are no rains. The subsequent irrigation

may be given at intervals of 8-10 days, depending upon the weather conditions, till the final

harvest.

HARVEST & YIELD:

The crop is ready for harvesting, 6-7 months after sowing. While harvesting the entire plant is

cut. An output of 11.2-17 quintals per hectare of leaves and 8 quintals per hectare of seeds

may be expected. The harvested fruits are spread out under the sun until they open. The burst

open fruits are threshed with a stick to separate the seeds, which are dried in the sun and

packed in gunny bags when fully dried.

USES:

It is an antispasmodic, narcotic, and anodyne and is used chiefly to relieve the spasms of

bronchitis or asthma.

13) Centella asiatica

COMMON NAME: Mandookparni

FAMILY: Apiaceae

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GENERAL DESCRIPTION

It is a prostate, slender, herbaceous, creeping perennial plant with rooted nodes. Its leaves are

fleshy, simple with elongated petioles and sheathing leaf bases, smooth on upper surface and

sparsely hairy on the lower. Its flowers are red, pink or white. The fruits are dull brown,

laterally compressed with hard and thickened pericarp.

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS: Asiatic acid, asiaticoside, Madecassic acid, brahmic acid

and Centellose.

SOIL & CLIMATE: The plant is found in wet places, banks of streams and ponds

throughout the tropical and sub tropical regions of India.

PHENOLOGY: Flowering and fruiting occurs from April to October.

PART USED: Leaves

NURSERY TECHNIQUE

Propagation: The plant is propagated by seeds and stem cuttings.

Land preparation: The land should be appropriately tilled to make it weed free and planked

to a uniform level. For optimum yields, 10 t/h FYM, 50 kg/ha phosphorous, 30 kg/ha

nitrogen and 40 kg/ha potash are required to be mixed with soil. Transplantation:

The plant grows well under shade and can tolerate heavy shade of mango orchards. One node

stem cuttings can be planted 45X45 cm apart. The roots develop from nodes. The planting

can be done in February-March with assured irrigations and in July as rain fed crop.

HARVEST & YIELDS:

The leaves are harvested and dried in shade.

USES: Leaves are known to improve memory and serve as a nerve tonic. It can also be used

in dysentery, cough, boils and tumors, diabetes and severe head aches.

14) Aloe barbadensis

COMMON NAME: Ghritkumari

FAMILY: Liliacea

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GENERAL DESCRIPTION

It is a coarse looking plant 2-3 foot in height with a short stem and long leaves. Its flowers are

yellow and occur in dense racemes.

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS: Alain, Aloesin, aloesone, Aloinoside A& B.

SOIL & CLIMATE: A good sandy, coastal or loamy soil with pH upto 8.5 suits the growth

of Aloe Vera. It grows well in warm, humid or dry climate.

PHENOLOGY: Flowering takes place from March to April.

PART USED: Leaves

NURSERY TECHNIQUE

Propagation: It can be propagated through root suckers and rhizome cuttings.Cuttings

having at least two nodes from mature stems are planted in a well prepared nursery bed which

is filled with more sand and little compost. After some weeks the germination starts. The

germinating cuttings are transferred to the seedling beds. The nursery beds should be partially

shaded and the seedling should be protected from stray animals, harmful insects and certain

fungi.

Land preparation: Before cultivation the land should be ploughed. About 25 ton per

hectare cow dung manure can be added.

Transplantation: The best time for transplanting is the rainy season. When the cuttings are

small, they are planted into the field at the spacing of 60X30 cm. Plant to plant distance

should be 30 cm. About 20-25 thousand cuttings are required for one hectare of land. The

cuttings should be sown, two- third under the ground. The application of 150 kg per hectare

76

NPK is recommended near the root system near the soil, after the plants are stabilized.

Generally, 4-5 irrigation is required by the crop every year. Weeding should be done twice a

year.

HARVEST & YIELD:

The plant should be harvested 8-12 months after plantation. It can be done either manually or

mechanically. The yield of the fresh crop is around 15-20 tones per hectare.

USES: It is used as purgative, stomachic, cathartic and blood purifier.

15) Rauwolfia serpentina

COMMON NAME: Sarpagandha

FAMILY: Apocynaceae

GENERAL DESCRIPTION

The plant is a perennial under shrub growing to a height of 60-90 cm. Its leaves are simple,

7.5-10 cm long and 3.5 - 5 cm broad. The plant flourishes in hot and humid condition and ca

be grown both in the sun and in partial shade.

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS: It includes 80 alkaloids. The main chemical constituents

are Rauvanine, Reserpiline, Reserpinine, Serpentine, Serpentinine, picrinine, Rauvomitine,

Rauvolfinine, and Ajmelicien etc.

SOIL & CLIMATE: The plant grows in a variety of soils, ranging from sandy alluvial loam

to red lateritic loam or stiff dark loam. The ideal pH for this crop is from 4.6-6.2. It flourishes

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in hot and humid conditions and can be grown both in the sun and the partial shade. It prefers

a tropical or sub tropical belt having the benefit of Monsoon rains.

PART USED: Root

PHENOLOGY: It bears white or pink flowers in bunches in the month of October-

November. The fruits are whitish red in color that on ripening turn to brackish or black in

color. Fruits appear in the months of September-December.

NURSERY TECHNIQUE

Propagation: It can be propagated by seeds and also by vegetative means like root cutting,

stem cutting and leaf cuttings.

Land Preparation: The nursery should ideally be located in partially shaded areas with

irrigation facilities. The land is cleared of weeds and ploughed to a depth of 30 cm. Raised

beds are made which should contain one third the quantity of well rotten FYM and two third

of fine soil. Seeds are sown in mid May. The seeds should be soaked in water overnight and

the light seeds which float can be discarded. The seeds can be treated with Thiram at the rate

of 3 g/kg of seeds. The germination starts after 15 to 20 days and continues upto 40-50 days

after sowing.

Transplantation: 40-50 days old seedlings which have 4-6 leaves are ready for planting.

The seedlings are carefully dug out and the tap root should be cut. They are then dipped in a

0.1% solution of Emisan fungicide before planting to protect soil borne disease. The field is

divided into small plots for irrigation. About 15 cm deep furrows are dug at a distance of 45

cm. The seedlings are transplanted into furrows at a distance of 30X30 cm. 30 kg N, 60 kg P

per hectare land is required. One by third of Nitrogen and total phosphorous is mixed into the

rows before plantation. The remaining two third of nitrogen is given in two equal doses. One

dose is given after 50 days and the second dose is given in the rainy season.

HARVEST & YIELD:

The crop is ready in 18 months for harvesting. The fruits that are red or black in color are

collected and soaked in water for 15 to 20 hours. They are then pressed and seeds are

collected. The seeds are dried in sun for 2-3 days. 100 seeds weigh 2-3 grams. The next year

78

the roots are taken out. This is done after 8-10 days of irrigation. 1.5 feet ploughing is done to

take out the roots. The roots are then washed under running water and dried in shade.

USES:

The main use of the drug is as a sedative and hypnotic and for reducing blood pressure. The

drug is now largely used in insanity and high Blood pressure. The alkaloid stimulates the

central nervous system. Root is also considered as a anthelmintic and an antidote of snake

venom. Its decoction is given during labor pains to increase uterine contractions. Juice of the

leaves is used for the corneal opticity of eyes.

16) Bacopa Monneri

COMMON NAME- Brahmi

FAMILY: Scrophulariacea

GENERAL DESCRIPTION

It is a prostate or creeping, juicy, succulent, glabrous, annual herb rooting at the nodes with

numerous ascending branches. Leaves are simple, opposite, decusate, sessile, ovate, oblong

or entire. It is a perennial herb whose branches grow upwards. Flowers are solitary, white or

purple tinged with short pedicels and two bracteoles.

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS: It contains Brahmine, Herestene, Monnierin, and

Bacosides A&b.

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SOIL & CLIMATE: The plant can grow in areas with good irrigation facility or enough

water supplies. Mostly it is found in sandy loam or light black soil. Though it can grow on a

variety of soil types if the habitat provides wet and semi shade conditions. In North India, it

can grow in a wide range of temperatures (15-40˚C) and soil pH (5-7.5).

PHENOLOGY: Flowering occurs chiefly in September- October, sporadically throughout

the year. Fruiting occurs simultaneously with flowering.

PART USED: Leaves

NURSERY TECHNIQUE

Propagation: The best time for planting a nursery is from May-July. The nursery soil is

mixed with well FYM. Freshly collected shoot cuttings of 5-10 cm length bearing internodes

and rootlets should be manually embedded in the soil at a distance of 5 cmX10 cm in the well

prepared nursery beds followed by light irrigation. The cuttings develop roots within a week

of planting and are ready for transplanting in field in about 35-40 days.

Land preparation: The land should be appropriately tilled to make it weed free and planked

to a uniform level. For optimum yields, 10 t/h FYM, 50 kg/ha phosphorous, 30 kg/ha

nitrogen and 40 kg/ha potash are required to be mixed with soil. A basal dose of 20 kg/ha

zinc (zinc sulphate) is often required in areas like U.P

Transplantation: The cuttings with rootlets are transplanted in field at an spacing of 20X20

cm. Best time for transplantation is beginning of rainy season. Transplanted field is

immediately flooded. 3-4 manual weeding are required from the time the crop is 15-20 days

old, at about 20 day intervals. The crop is preferably kept inundated with water, at 4-5 cm

depth, throughout the growth period.

HARVEST & YIELD:

The crop can be harvested 75-90 days after planting. September-October is the best time for

harvesting. The produce is dried by spreading in the sun for 4-5 days, followed by shade

drying for next 7-10 days. They are then stored in airtight containers. As a pure crop, fresh

yield is 22.5 t/ha, reduced to just 5.5 t/ha on drying.

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USES:

Brahmi oil is used in asthma, bronchitis, diarrhea and snakebite. It is used in increasing

memory, diabetes, nervous disorders.

17) Gymnema sylvestre

Common Name: Gudmar

Family – Asclpiadaceae

GENERAL DISCRIPTION:

It is a woody climber with small yellowish flowers and simple opposite, ovate -elliptic hairy

leaves. It is found wild in various deciduous forests of India

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS: Gymnemic acid, Conduritol A, Gymnemagenin,

Gypenosides etc.

SOIL AND CLIMATE: The plant grows in a variety of soil and agro-climatic conditions in

tropical and sub-tropical regions.

PHENOLOGY: Flowering occurs in the months of April to June and Fruiting occur in the

month of July to September.

PART USED: Leaves and roots

NURSERY TECHNIQUES:

Propagation: It can propagate through Seeds and cuttings.

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Land preparation: The land should be well prepared and liberally manured for cultivation.

Transplantation: Mature seeds are collected between October-December and sown in

polybags or small plots as nursery. The seedlings raised are transplanted in field during

February-March. The plant grows well with the on-set of rainy season. The climber is given

proper support for its better growth and development. It can also be planted in between trees

as intercropping. Periodical weeding and hoeing is required, particularly during and after

rainy season. Periodic irrigation as and when required may be done (weekly/fortnightly). The

medicinal plants have to be grown without chemical fertilizers and use of pesticides. Organic

manures like, Farm Yard Manure (FYM), Vermi-Compost, Green Manure etc. may be used

as per requirement of the species.

HARVEST &YIELD:

After one-year leaves are ready for harvesting. The leaves are usually collected during

October-February and are cleaned, dried in shade. The roots are collected during summer and

are cleaned, washed and cut in to pieces and dried.

USES: It is used in diabetes, urinary troubles, gastric disorders and malarial disorders.

18) Cyprus rotundus

COMMON NAME: Nagarmotha

FAMILY:-Syperaceae


It is grass like thin plant, 40-60cm long containing bunches of small leaflets. Its Rhizome is

aromatic nature from which essential oils are obtained.

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SOIL AND CLIMATE: Sandy loam soil or medium black soil is required for its cultivation

therefore the climate of Bundelkhand suits Sypras scariosus

PHENOLOGY: Flowering occurs in the month of July and fruiting occur ii the month of

December.

PART USED: Leaves, Roots etc

NURSERY TECHNIQUE:-

Propagation: It can propagated through seeds.

Land preparation: The land is deeply ploughed and 15 t/ha. of FYM is mixed with the soil.

This work should be complete by April –May. And the land is left as such for some time for

weathering of soil.

Transplantation: Nagarmotha is propagated through rhizomes. The rhizomes are separated

in the month of June July and planted at 15x15cm. interval. Thus about 2 lacs plant be grown

per hectare a light irrigation is required just after the plantation. Seedlings can be seen 15-20

days after plantation. Maintenance of moisture is necessary for required growth of rhizome.

Therefore irrigation should be required after every 10-15 days interval one weeding is

necessary during the rainy season and after the rain it should be done as per requirement.

Hoeing is done in September October.

HARVEST AND YIELD:

The rhizome should be harvested 17-18 months after plantation in the month of Dec-Jan.

when the leaf start turning yellow. It is then cleaned and dried in shade.

USES: It has been use in Ayurvedic and Unani medicines. Its roots are use in stomachache,

syphilis, weakness etc.

19) Helicterus isora

COMMON NAME: Marorphali

Family: Steculiaceae

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A sub-deciduous shrub or small tree, bark grey in color, leaves are obovate or oblique-cordate

with serrate margin;scabrous above and pubescent beneath; flowers solitary or sparse

clusters; with red reflexed petals; turning pale blue when old, fruits greenish brown; beaked,

cylindrical, with spirally twisted carpels.

SOIL AND CLIMATE:-It requires a rich humus soil. In sandy and lateritic soils, the growth

is stunted. The annual rainfall of 120 cm and above is good for growth.

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENT: Diosgenin etc.

PHENOLOGY: Flowering occurs in October-November. And Fruiting occur in December-

January.

PART USED: Root, Fruit and Bark

NURSERY TECHNIQUES:

Propagation: Propagation is done through seeds,.

USES:

The decoction of root is applied on cuts and wounds. The expressed juice of the bark is

poured into ear infection. Powdered fruits are taken orally with small quantity of water or

sugar, during the griping bowels or stomachache. The pods are fried, mixed with milk and

given to children for intestinal worms.

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20)Solanum nigrum

COMMON NAME: Makoi

FAMILY: Solanaceae

GENERAL DISCRIPTION:

It is a stout branched, woody shrub attaining a height of 0.75- 1.5 m. The stem has spines, the

leaves are ovate to lobed with spines on both the surfaces. The flowers are white in colors and

the berries are yellowish when ripe or greenish. Seeds are small and brown in color.

CHEMICAL CONSTITUTION: Steroid, Alkaloid, Solamargine, Solasonin and

Solanigrine etc.

SOIL & CLIMATE: It is a hardy plant and can be cultivated on a wide range of soil under

various agro climatic conditions but it cannot withstand water logging. Though it can be

grown in all types of soils, the best soil for its successful cultivation is red lateritic soil with a

moderate quality of organic matter. The plant does not perform well in very clayey soil. It

prefer a moderate climate for successful growth.

PHENOLOGY: Flowering & fruiting - August to October.

PARTUSED: Whole plant

NURSERY TECHNIQUE

Propagation: It is propagated through seeds.

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Land preparation: Well before the time of transplanting, the field is thoroughly prepared

about 25 t/ ha, FYM is incorporated into the soil. It is divided into convenient size and ridge

are open.

Transplantation –when the seedling are 10-12 cm high and develop 6 leaves, they are ready

for transplanting into the main field.-In the absence of sufficient moisture in the soil, the field

should be immediately irrigated after transplanting. The crop is further irrigated at weekly

interval during first month and when required.

HARVEST & YIELD: The crop takes about 6 month to be ready for harvesting .The spiny

nature of the plant hampers plucking the berries at the right stage of maturity, which is very

important. During first of harvesting season, when the fruit is big, on an average one person

with gloves can pluck about 50 kg of berries. It may yield nearly 10,000kg\ha of fresh

berries, which, in turn, will give about 2500\ha of dried berries.

USES: It is used in eye disease, liver disorder, piles and skin diseases.

21) Hemidesmus indicus

COMMON NAME: Anantmul

FAMILY: Asclepiadaceae


It is a slender, laticiferous, twining, sometimes prostrate or semi-erect shrub. Roots are

woody and stems are numerous, slender, terete, thickened at the nodes. Leaves are opposite

and short petioled. Flowers are greenish outside and purplish inside. Seeds are numerous and

black in color with a silvery white coma. This species is distributed throughout the tropical

86

and sub tropical parts of India. It generally occurs on sub ravine slopes, twining n shrubs and

trees.

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS: Hemidosterol & Hemidesmol, Carotenoid, Pro vitamin A

& vitamin C

SOIL & CLIMATE: Loam to silt clay loam soils with appropriate humus are suitable for its

cultivation. The soil should be slightly alkaline with a pH of 7.5-8.5.

PHENOLOGY: Flowering is usually sparse and Occurs in October, while fruits mature in

January.

PART USED: Root

NURSERY TECHNIQUES:

Propagation: The plant can best be propagated from stem and root stock cuttings obtained

from more than one year old plants. The cuttings are planted in polythene bags or Styrofoam

trays between July and September. The cuttings establish or initiate roots in 30-45 days. The

cuttings may be treated with commercially available root promoting hormones before being

planted in the nursery. Nursery can also be raised in shade net house in early summer under

humid conditions.

Land preparation: The filed is ploughed and harrowed, and leveled properly. Pits of size

30X30X30 cm are dug at a spacing of 60X60 cm in the prepared field. A basal dose of about

1-2 kg of FYM is mixed with soil and sand in equal quantities for filling in the pits.

Transplantation: Rooted plantlets can be transplanted in the field at 3-5 leaved stage in

August and September under rainfed condition. The propagules are planted in 30X30X30 cm

pits with a spacing of 60X60 cm for better harvest. Only organic manure at the rate 1-2 kg

per plant is recommended to be mixed with the soil at the time of field preparation. As many

as 3-4 weeding are recommended for the crop. Two subsequent irrigations are required

during establishment stage, 15 and 40 days after transplanting.

HARVEST & YIELD:

A minimum period if 2.5 year is required for root maturity. Harvesting may be done in

December and January. The roots are dug with care and some part of the root is left within

87

the soil for regeneration. The harvested roots are washed, dried in shade, and stored in

moisture free packing in cool & dry places. A total dry root biomass of approximately 1.2

t/ha is obtained.

USES: It is used in leprosy, skin disease, fever, asthma, bronchitis, leucorrhea, blood

purification and other urinary diseases

22) Cassia angustifolia

COMMON NAME: Senna

FAMILY: Leguminosae

GENERAL DESCRIPTION

Senna is thorn less, brushing type plant whose height 40-120cm. It is perennial plant. Flowers

are bright yellow in co lour, arranged in axillaries or terminal racemes.

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS: Its leaves and pods contain senosoids, seed contains

rahenollow emodine, isorahemnetene, campheral, miyaresil, alcohol, phytosterolin and leaves

contains gum, calciumoxlate, roll and methyl anthroquinone compound are found.

SOIL & CLIMATE: Senna requires, light or medium loam soil with adequate and pH

varying from 7to 8.2. This plant can stand 4 to 500c temp. It can be grown as an early summer

(Feb –March) or winter (Oct-Nov) crop. Heavy rains and cloudy weather during growth are

harmful to crop. An average rainfall of 25-40 cm. distributed from June to Oct is sufficient to

yield good harvest.

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PHENOLOGY: Flowering takes place in winter season followed by immediate fruiting.

PART USED: Leaves and Fruits

NURSERY TECHNIQUE

Propagation: Senna is propagated by seed. Since the seed have a hard and tough seed –coat

a certain amount of abrading of its surface is necessary to include quick germination. The

seeds are planted either in Oct-Nov or in Feb- March. The seed are planted in lines about 30

cm. apart.

Land preparation: The land is prepared deep and exposed to sun for 110-115 days today out

the root of perennial weed followed by two cross ploughing harrowing and leveling. FYM is

incorporated into the soil at the time of final cross ploughing. Then the land is laid out into

plot of convenient size for irrigation channel.

Transplantation: The seeds are broadcast or sown in lines 30 cm apart. They should be

sown 1.5 to 2.5 cm deep into the soil. The germination commences on third day and is

completed with in fortnight before sowing. The field should be perfectly leveled, lest it

hamper uniform seed germination. The seed can also be dibbled on the inner side of ridges

opened at 45 cm. distance maintaining plant to plant spacing of 30 cm. It is advisable to

apply 30 kg P2O5, 30kg K2o and Nitrogen per hectare as a basal dose at the time of planting.

Nitrogen at the rate of 40 kg per hectare in two split dose is applied during the growing

season, especially when plants are young. 50% of N should be given at the time of sowing

and the remaining 50% of N is to be applied 90 days after sowing. The rain fed crop is grown

without irrigation and irrigated crop requires 5-8 light irrigation during the entire growing

season.

HARVEST & YIELD: It is found that Senna produces foliage containing higher sennosides

between 50-90 days of sowing .The first picking of the foliage crop should be done at 50-70

days age, depending upon the total plant growth. The leaves are stripped by hand when they

are fully grown thick and bluish green in color. The second picking is taken at 90-100 days

and third picking between 130-150 days when entire plant are removed, so that harvested

material include both leaves, and pod together. The harvested crop should spread in thin layer

in an open field to reduce its moisture. A good crop of Senna can gives 15q/ha of dry leaves,

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and7q/ha of pods, under irrigated and good management condition. Un-irrigated condition is

low range from 500-600 kg /ha, 80-100 kg pods per ha.

USES: It is used in treatment of jaundice, malaria, indigestion and asthma. It is also a very

good blood purifier.

23) Costus speciosus

COMMON NAME: Kewati

FAMILY: Zingiberaceae

GENERAL DESCRIPTION

The plant has broad, lanceolate, dorsally silky leaves on stout, some times ascending stem

.The flowers are white with a large in curved lip. The vegetative activity above, the ground

lasts for about 7-8 month.

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS: Diosgenin is reported in the rhizomes of this plant.

SOIL AND CLIMATE: They can be grown in a variety of soils ranging from coastal

alluvium to the heavy, brown forest type. It grows more on, more alluvial soils with pH 5.72-

7.5.

PHENOLOGY: Flowering commences during July and continues till the end of September

and the fruits ripen during the Middle of November.

PART USED: Rhizome and Seeds

90

NURSERY TECHNIQUE

Propagation-Although the plant can be propagated from seed, stem cutting and rhizome.

Commercially it is beings propagated through rhizome cutting. The cutting of rhizome pieces

for propagation should have at least two viable buds.

Land Preparation: The land is ploughed 2-3 times and the is brought to a fine tilth. FYM @

15t/ha is applied and mixed well with the soil and furrows are made 50 cm. apart.

Transplantation:-The rhizome pieces are placed at a depth of 8-10 cm. Take care to place

the eye of bud facing upwards horizontally in rows 50Cm. apart and covered with soil.

The sized pieces sprout slowly only after 40-45 days of planting .The best period of planting

is from third week of April to third week of May. Active growth period of the crop is from

July to mid September and the maximum turbenization takes place between Sep-Nov. The

tentative optimum dose for obtaining the maximum yield of diosgenin was observed to be

45kg N, 30kg P2O5 and 30 kg K2O along with 15 kg per ht of FYM. The FYM and half dose

of P and K are applied in two split dose at 20 and 60 days from the time of planting and

second dose after 60 days of planting.The crop requires a liberal supply of water for its

successful growth.

HARVEST & YIELD: It’s observed that the diosgenin content is maximum when the crop

is in an active stage. Two operations via harvesting the aerial shoots and digging out the

rhizomes are required to complete the harvesting of Costus. After harvesting the aerial

shoots, the most satisfactory and economical method to dig out the rhizomes is to run the

tractor twice or thrice over the field and simultaneously collect the uprooted rhizome

manually. The harvested rhizomes are spread out for a few days and the mud adhering to the

rhizomes is removed.

USES: Diosgenin is synthesized into sex hormones and steroidal drugs, which are widely,

used for their anti-fertility, anti-anabolic and anabolic, properties in family planning and

health programmes all over the world.

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24) Abrus precatorius

COMMON NAME: Gumchi

FAMILY: Fabaceae

GENERAL DESCRIPTION

It is a climbing herb found on hedges near villages and also in the forests. It is a deciduous

climbing shrub with greenish yellow branches. The leaves are pinnate and leaflets are ovate

or oblong. The inflorescence is thick and rigid. Its flowers are crowded; sub sessile, pale

purple to yellowish in color and the seeds are ovoid in shape.

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS: Abrine, Hypaphotrine, Trigonelline, Choline, Ricin,

Haemagglutinin, Abrusin & Abralin are some constituents of Gumchi.

SOIL & CLIMATE: It is found throughout in tropical and sub tropical parts of India in

almost every type of soil in shady places.

PHENOLOGY: Flowering is seen in August-October, while fruiting occurs from December

to January.

PART USED: Leaves, Seeds and Root

NURSERY TECHNIQUE

Propagation: Seeds and rhizomes are used for propagation. Seeds take long time for

germination. Therefore they are soaked in water for 24 hours to improve the germination

percentage.

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Land preparation: The land is deeply ploughed 2-3 times before the onset of rainy season.

10-12 tones FYM, 25 kg/ha Nitrogen, 50 kg/ha phosphorous and 60 kg/ha potash are also

mixed with the soil. Nitrogen can be divided to two equal parts and can be used after the end

of 4th and the 8th month respectively.

Transplantation: The old rhizomes, to be used for plantation are first kept on a moist sandy

surface for germination. When germination is complete, then they can be cut into small

pieces and planted 30X30 cm apart. This is done in the month of July-August. This crop

requires a lot of moisture so irrigation is done at an interval of 2-3 days.

HARVEST & YIELD: 6-7 months after sowing when the leaves turn yellow, the rhizomes

can be dug out. They are then cleaned and dried in shade. 40-50 quintals per hectare of Bach

can be obtained.

USES: Its roots are used in treatment of peptic ulcer and syphilis. The leaves are used in

leucoderma. The seeds are used as hair growth promoter and in treatment of arthritis, killing

lice, contraceptive and against skin diseases.

25) Acorus calamus

COMMON NAME: Bach/ Vach

FAMILY: Araceae

GENERAL DESCRIPTION

Vach is a semi- aquatic, perennial, aromatic herb that thrives best in marshy and moist places.

Its rhizomes are creeping in nature, horizontal, jointed, somewhat vertically compressed,

spongy within, pale to dark brown or occasionally orange brown in color. Its leaves are grass

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like or sword shaped, long and slender. The flowers are yellowish green, in a spadix and the

berries are green, angular with 1-3 oblong seeds.

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS: The main constituents of vach include Flavone, Asarone,

Acoradin, Calameone and Acorin.

SOIL AND CLIMATE: It grows in clay loams and light alluvial soils of river banks,

marshy and waterlogged areas. It is hardly plant and thus found growing in areas having

tropical to sub-tropical climate with good well distributed rainfall throughout the year.

PHENOLOGY: Flowering and fruiting takes place from April to August.

PART USED: Rhizome

NURSERY TECHNIQUE

Propagation: New rhizomes, taken from old vigorous plant, are planted in furrows at a depth

of 5-7cm at a spacing of 30-35 cm between the rows.

In rain –fed areas planting should be done in second week of June. February –March is the

ideal time of planting with assured irrigation.

For propagation through cutting , at the time of harvesting in December-January , rhizomes

are removed and tops kept for next planting .These are planting in February –March,30 cm

apart, leaving the leafy portion well above the ground.

Land Preparation: Details are not available.

Transplantation: The crop is planted at 30x30 cm spacing. Its water requirement is very

high and should, therefore, be planted in low lying areas with assured irrigation and good

water holding capacity. Frequent irrigation are necessary in summer season. Weeding is

beneficial in early stages of crop growth.

HARVEST & YIELD: The crop is harvested after one year when lower leaves benign to

turn yellow and dry i.e. in December-January. About 40q dry rhizomes can be harvested from

one hectare.

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USES: It is used in folk medicines for coughs, colds, bronchial throat and stomach troubles.

The rhizome powder is used for epileptic fits, for melodious voice, killing lice, snake bites,

for proper brain development and also as an insecticide.

26) Evolvulus alsinoides

COMMON NAME: Sankhapushpi

FAMILY:-Convolvulaceae

GENERAL DESCRIPTION:-This is annual to perranial herb that propogates through seed

and roots. Its branches are around 40cm long bearing white, purple or blue colour flowers.

SOIL AND CLIMATE: Sandy loam soil and medium black soil is required for its

cultivation. Warm climate is preferred by this plant

PHENOLOGY: Flowering and Fruiting occurs from July – August.


NURSERY TECHNIQUE:

Propagation: Its can be grown by direct seed sowing in the nursery and later transplanting

the seedling on to the land.

Land preparation: Land is ploughed deeply and 8 t/ha FYM is mixed with the soil. This

should be complete in April-May and land is then left for weathering .Sand, black soil and

FYM are mixed in a proportion 1:2:1,and this mixture is filled in polythene bag. The seed are

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later sown in these bags after a little rubbing to remove the seed coat and increase the

germination percentage.

Transplantation: Transplantation is started in first week of July and plant raised in nursery

are transplanted on the field at 25x25 cm. interval. Thus 1,60,000 plants can be grown on one

hectare land. Light irrigation is given after transplantation. Irrigation is provided regularly at

5-7 days interval accept during the rainy season proper weeding is required one or twice

during rain and as per requirement later on. Hoeing is done in September to October.

HARVEST AND YIELD: It can be harvested 100-120 days after transplantation. 20q/ha. of

Sankhapushpi can be obtained under good cultivation techniques.

USES: Whole plant is used in various diseases like fever, Urenogenital disorder, eye disorder

and diabetes. Its fruits help in increasing in memory power and growth of children

Documents

(Including NWFP Species) For Departmental Mode & JFM …uppfmpap.org/content/Terai.pdf · PLANTATION MODELS (Including NWFP Species) For Departmental Mode & JFM Mode TERAI REGION