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2Issue
Specific
Housing2.1 Inclusive Housing
2.2 Slums
2.3 Disaster
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2.1
2.1 Inclusive Housing
What is Inclusivity?
3.2A
Historical Overview
3.2B
The Case for a More Inclusive City
3.2D
Today‟s Exclusive City
3.2C
Inclusivity at the local level
3.2E
Inclusive Complexes
3.2F
ex-cludetr.v. ex·clud·ed, ex·clud·ing, ex·cludes1. To prevent from entering; keep out; bar: 2. a jar sealed to exclude outside air; an immigration policy that
excludes undesirables.3. To prevent from being included, considered, or accepted; reject: 4. The court excluded the improperly obtained evidence.5. To put out; expel.
ex·clu·sive1. Excluding or tending to exclude: exclusive barriers.2. Not allowing something else; incompatible: mutually exclusive
conditions.3. Not divided or shared with others: exclusive publishing rights.4. Not accompanied by others; single or sole: your exclusive
function.5. Complete; undivided: gained their exclusive attention.6. Not including specified extremes or limits, but only area
between them: 20-25, exclusive; that is, 21, 22, 23 and 24.7. Excluding some or most, as from membership or participation:
an exclusive club.8. Catering to a wealthy clientele; expensive: exclusive shops.
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2.1
2.1 AWhat is inclusivity?
There are different interpretations of inclusivity.
• Including future residents in the entire design process• Including different groups of people:1. Including all social groups: socially inclusive, but not necessarily
economically2. Including all economic groups: economically inclusive, but not
necessarily socially3. What we term super-inclusivity, or including different social and
economic groups
The level of inclusivity can be measured by:1. The physical proximity between different groups2. The level of social interaction between the different social or
economic groups
Economic status and occupation
Household structure
Cultural, religious or
ethnic differences
Education
Disability
Age
Sexual orientation
Caste system
inclusive1. including (almost) everything within its scope2. An inclusive list of Wiki formats3. including the extremes as well as the area between4. Numbers 1 to 10 inclusive
inclusiveness (uncountable)1. The property of being inclusive.
inclusivity (Social Welfare) (Sociology) (Government, Politics & Diplomacy) 1. the fact or policy of not excluding members or participants on the
grounds of gender, race, class, sexuality, disability, etc.
In the western context inclusivity has generally come to mean inclusion of the aged and the disabled, while in most of the developing world it implies economic, religious and cultural integration.
Inclusiveness can be better defined by first defining exclusiveness.
3.2A3.2B
3.2D
3.2C
3.2E3.2F
Exclusive Housing is housing which is inclusive to only one (or some) particular social or economic groups. It thus excludes everyone else not belonging to these groups.
In today’s scenario the criteria is generally the spending power, though there are many cases of housing being exclusive to a particular class or religion, for example, Jain only buildings in Mumbai. There have also rare instances of extraordinarily exclusive housing, such as vegetarian-only in Soami Ngar, New Delhi.
Inclusive Housing is thus housing which is not exclusive to any particular social or economic group.
Super-inclusive housing would include all groups of people, whether of different economic strata, religious beliefs, sex, familial and household structure, jobs or professions, disabilities, age, or even sexual preference.
In the western context inclusivity has generally come to mean inclusion of the aged and the disabled, while in most of the developing world it implies economic, religious and cultural integration.
Inclusive housing does not try to equalize everyone and bring them to the same socio-economic level, but rather accepts and respects their differences.
Leading from the different interpretations of inclusivity, there are also different interpretations of inclusive housing:
Socially inclusive or economically?The super-inclusivity discussed earlier is not feasible. Human communities centre on the existence of a shared interest that enables trust. Thus, generally, a community can be either socially inclusive or economically inclusive.
This report shall discuss economic inclusivity.
The level of Spatial IntegrationThe proximity between different economic groups can range from adjacent apartments on the same floor or adjacent plots to nearby sectors or zones exclusive to one income level.
The level of Social InteractionThere is debate regarding the extent of social interaction required. Some sources consider the existence of a ‘community’ paramount (and so only living next door is not inclusive), while others say that just spatial proximity is sufficient. One might claim that spatial proximity would automatically result in social interaction, but present examples of apartment buildings leave this open to argument.
For the purpose of this study we shall consider the opportunity social inclusiveness important.
Another interpretation of inclusive housing is to integrate the surrounding site conditions and residents with the designed housing.
Inclusive housing can also mean involving the future residents in the entire design process.
Most current housing is geared towards exclusivity. Amrapali SkyBungalows (bottom right) offer private lifts and separate staff lifts.
Unitech (bottom left) has a range of ‘luxury’ homes to choose from.
3.2A3.2B
3.2D
3.2C
3.2E3.2F
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2.1
[Before 3500BC]
During the Palaeolithic times, communities were small,homogeneous and extremely close-knit for safety fromwild animals. However, as soon as agriculture becamethe way of life, there was more prosperity and stability.Though initially, settlements like Catalhuyuk wereextremely compact, with common walls and equalityin society, eventually, the stability led to largercommunities, which had more time to interact witheach other, leading to disputes and distinctions as well.This is when social stratification started, with thepresence of a leader and his followers, reflecting in thearrangement of dwellings. Especially pre-classicalcivilizations , for example, Mesopotamia and Egypt,had an established social order, with the necropolisbeing central, surrounded by a ring of richersettlements, further skirted by the poor.
[3500BC to 200AD]
The Greeks were the first to plan consciously onthe basis of unity despite segregation.Hippodamian planning was based onoccupational sectors but provided communityspaces for ample exchange of ideas and topromote the feeling of community. Similarstrategies were used in Roman cities too, whichdeveloped their own typology for housing – theRoman insula, an apartment house having anarea of 73sqm, located in occupationallydivided sectors.
[700AD onwards]
In the middle-east, by the 7th century AD, Islamiccities took form, which is where the basicneighborhood concept started. Theseneighborhoods were cul-de-sacs with houses onboth sides, and only one gated entry. Hence,they were inclusive in a sense, and yet exclusive.Division of neighborhoods was on the basis oflineage. Tribals were highly honoured, followedby the Saiyids, who were the noblemen andthen the artisans and agriculturalists. Importantexamples include Damascus and Jeruselam.
[1100AD to 1500AD]
In the medieval city, the castle or palace was locatedat one end, church in the center surrounded by themarket, which was the main place for interaction. Thecommon man lived in densely packed, unhygienichousing. There was a segregation of the aristocracy andthe peasant. Eventually, the city exploded out of thewalls, with the richer people inside the walled city andpoor squatters outside. Some examples are Vienna andBerlin.
[1500AD to 1700AD]
With the renaissance, the medieval city was just cleaned and beautified further with gardens and avenues, i.e. no majorplanning changes were made. However, the an intellectual and artistic revolution took place because of which a newtype of class arose, apart from the nobility and peasantry – the clergy. These people were involved inmentally/intellectually demanding tasks, not farming or other physical strains. This also reflected in architecture andhousing.
2.1B(a)Historical Overview: Inclusivity in Housing Global
(Top) 3D of a Roman Insula
(Bottom) A typical medieval city
3.2A3.2B
3.2D
3.2C
3.2E3.2F
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Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution was a period from mid-18th
century to early 19th century when major changes in
modes of production and technology occurred. The
Revolution had many important social and economic
consequences.
1. Migration
While industrial workers were paid higher wages than farm
labourers and there was thus an economic incentive for
individuals to find industrial jobs and move into industrial
towns. By the 19th century people were moving to cities in
unprecedented numbers.
2. Early Housing
Living conditions during the Industrial Revolution varied
from the splendour of the homes of the owners to the
squalor of the lives of the workers.
The Revolution reshaped the urban environment, not least
by concentrating workers in the new industrial towns and
suburbs linked and supplied by railways.
Garden Cities
The building of new towns was encouraged. The
founding of new communities had been pioneered in
Britain by town planner Sir Ebenezer Howard. The
“garden city” settlements of Letchworth (1903) and
Welwyn (1920), built according to his ideas, had been
designed as self-contained cities that were protected
from urban encroachment by greenbelts, or farmland
areas, and which contained proportionate areas of
residences, industry, and agriculture.
The Post-industrialized Society
The post-industrialized new towns were socially inclusive
to an extent, but they were certainly economically
exclusive. On the other hand, communal facilities
provided by some housing provided opportunity for
greater social interaction within the core (not necessarily
inclusive) group of residents.
Technology and Communication
Technological advancements have had a great impact
on social structure, especially in cities, which has directly
affected housing as well. This synergetic relationship can
be seen from the discovery of fire to the advent of
agriculture and more recently, the printing press and
industrialization. However, today, these advancements
are happening at an exponential rate with mobile
phones, computers and the internet becoming common-
place. Some impacts are as follows:
• Awareness and Globalization: People today are more
informed and there is a dilution of strict traditional
prejudices with a more universal attitude. This means
people by nature have become a little more
accommodating and thus, inclusive.
• Lack of personal interaction: Communication through
internet and phone calls has reduced personal face-
to-face communication. Also, gadgets such as
televisions etc. have reduced the need for people to
pas time by spending it with others – All in all, socially,
a less dependant society.
Poor people lived in very small houses in cramped streets.
These homes would share toilet facilities, have open
sewers and would be at risk of damp. Other workers lived
in sheds, railway yards, and factory cellars, without even
sanitation facilities or water supply. Settlements grew
around the factories. In some cases, housing was
provided to workers by their employers.
3.Socially Inclusive
These tenements were, in a way, socially inclusive
because they were shared by people from different social
backgrounds (but similar economic ones).
4. Decongesting Industrial Towns and Cities
By the early twentieth century, as a response to the
overcrowded and polluted conditions evident, people
were being induced to move out of the industrialized
towns and cities in order to decongest them.
3.2A3.2B
3.2D
3.2C
3.2E3.2F
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Indus Valley Civilization
Although some houses were larger than others, IndusCivilization cities were remarkable for their apparent, ifrelative, egalitarianism. All the houses had access towater and drainage facilities. This gives the impressionof a society with relatively low wealth concentration,though clear social levelling is seen in personaladornments.
Vedic
•These settlements, one of the earliest on Indian
soil, were automatically socially inclusive, due
to the absence of any other cultural group.
•However, economic and vocational
exclusivity is apparent from the basic planning
of such villages., based on the caste system.
•They consisted of four distinct quarters; the
marketplace with the traders and merchants,
the middle class (vaishya) quarter, the upper
class (kshatriya and brahmin) quarter and the
citadel. This clearly stratified society into
distinctly different built identities, separated by
the main thoroughfares. This vocational
planning was the basis of most cities that came
up later, though in varying degrees.
Tuglaqs
The Muslim invaders since the 12th century AD,had settled in and around Delhi and parts ofNorth India. These societies tended to alienatethe local Hindu population, as they taxed themfor not being Muslim. Obviously, inclusivity wasnot the order of the day.
Mughal
• Delhi‟s old city furthered the idea of the Vedic
village, except that there were a variety of cultural
pockets, called Mohallas, which were exclusive to a
particular religious group, say Hindus or Muslims.
• However, economic disparity existed within these
mohallas, which was evident in the difference of
dwelling sizes.
• Despite these differences, the settlement was a low
rise, high density one.
• The streets were meant only for pedestrians or
animals, making it the main artery for trade and
interaction.
• A similar situation is found even today, in the „Pols‟ of
Gujarat.
British colonial rule
• During the Raj, the colonial bungalow was the most common „housing‟, especially in New Delhi. This wascharacterized by a single story house, with a servants quarter at the back and a boundary wall all around. This setuppromoted the nurturing of a symbiotic personal relationship between the owners and the servants (such as gardener,cook etc.) These houses were inclusive within themselves, though a sense of community was still missing.
• The British lived in separatist colonies, often referred to as „white towns‟, with Indians in neighboring „black towns‟.Even newer cities like New Delhi were planned majorly for the aristocracy and the car, excluding the lower classes.
2.1B(a)Historical Overview – Inclusivity in Housing Indian
(Top) Plan of a Vedic village – division based on caste and occupation
(Bottom) Colonial Bungalow of Delhi
CitadelKshatriya/ Brahmin
VaishyaMarketplace
Servant’s quarter
Main House
Garden
3.2A3.2B
3.2D
3.2C
3.2E3.2F
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Liberalization [1991]
Post-Independence, what existed was a „License Raj‟
with stringent rules and regulations, which basically led to
widespread corruption, preventing smaller businesses
from coming up. This led to a great divide between the
rich and the poor, which was naturally reflected in
housing as well, which was certainly not inclusive.
The major breakthrough came with liberalization in 1991,
which resulted in the rise of the „middle class‟. Today
there is more homogeneity in society, than there was
pre-liberalization. Also urbanization has increased, which
means more poor people are migrating from villages to
cities. Thus, the city has to become more inclusive than it
ever was
Pre-independence Planning
The only significant colonial planning concept was the
one that Lutyens adopted for the design of New Delhi.
• Largely administrative and residential, the new city had
wide avenues and a very low density land use.
• The houses were primarily for the rich and the „poor‟
were left behind in Shahjahanabad.
• However, as discussed earlier, within a bunglow,
between the owner and the servants, there was some
amount of inclusivity.
Post-independence Era
With the end of British rule, the desire to start on a tabula
rasa became widespread. Modernism, which had been
catching on in the west for the first part of the 20th
century, came as the answer to new age planning. The
experiment started with Le Corbusier‟s Chandigarh and
was replicated, with some modifications, by many more
cities. Some of the major impacts of modern planning on
the inclusivity of a city, were:
• Gentrification
As seggregation of land use took place, certain parts of
the city would be specifically reserved for a certain kind
of housing. This not only killed diversity but slowly led to
inflated land prices, which resulted in the ouster of the
poorer masses to the city periphery.
• Intolerance towards the informal
Modern planning often advocated elevational control
and repetition of elements. Informal construction was
looked down upon and often removed or shifted outside
the city to „beautify‟ it.
(Below) Plan of Lutyens Delhi, designed by the rich, for the rich
(above) Mixed land-use pattern (above) Seggregated land-use pattern
Residential
Commercial
Official
3.2A3.2B
3.2D
3.2C
3.2E3.2F
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Buffer SpacesWhen different economic groups live close together, the characteristic and design of the buffer space or neutral zone separating them become of paramount importance.
These spaces, both ‘no –man’s land’ and so ‘everyone’s land’ should be areas where all economic groups can interact. Examples are:
• Parks and green spaces, which offer equal recreational opportunities for all economic groups
• Markets and commercial areas, which also directly offer employment to LIG and EWS groups
• Shared facilities like places of worship, hospitals, etc.• Transport nodes like metro stations, roads and paths
Hauz Rani and Saket
The importance of buffer spaces can be understood by considering the case of Hauz Rani in South Delhi. In the
2.1 EInclusivity at the local level
Inclusivity needs to be achieved on the local level amongst HIG, MIG, LIG and EWS neighbourhoods.
Employment and CommuteMost residents of HIG and MIG groups and some of the LIG group would travel to the commercial/ office centres for work. On the other hand, most LIG and EWS residents would find work in HIG and MIG areas in the service and informal sectors: for example as household help or daily service providers, or as vegetable, fruit and grocery vendors.
They would also help develop and be employed in local markets and other commercial areas serving HIG and MIG groups.
Having these different residential areas close-by reduces commuting time, expense and effort. The richer groups also benefit by having closer market areas, again reducing commuting time. Thus, integrating neighbourhood types on the local level –which automatically results in a more inclusive development- is also more convenient for all.
Infrastructure and development for allIn most modern cities the trend has been the displacement and shift of the underprivileged either towards the periphery of the cities or into areas which are “environmentally degraded” and thus do not provide viable living conditions for the rest of the masses. These areas do not receive adequate infrastructure and development funding and focus as compared to more affluent areas, and thus become even worse places to live, most times without even the most basic of services.
Achieving inclusivity on the local level, that is, having neighbourhoods comprising of different economic backgrounds next to each other ensures that development benefits are equally distributed and shared by all communities and not accrued to only one.
3.2A3.2B
3.2D
3.2C
3.2E3.2F
early1980s the DDA appropriated most of the marshy
land which was the site of the historical Hauz to construct
the Saket Sports Complex. Afluent Saket neighbours Hauz
Rani -a predominantly Muslim urban village- and the two
are separated by the Press Enclave Road.
At some point the DDA ‘sports complex’ was at a stage of development when it constituted three large fields without any barriers distinguishing the open spaces. Saket residents and the Hauz Rani villagers moved freely throughthe area and the DDAconstructed a paved pedestrian path and bridge which Saket with Hauz Rani. Children from Saket played football every evening with their peers from Hauz Rani.
In 1990 the interim sports complex was razed and supplanted by a more elaborate version. Since only Saket residents could afford the complex, the camaraderie was lost and the two neighbourhoods almost became hostile to each other for a time.
(Bottom) open space as buffer. (Right) Malviya Nagar, Hauz Rani and Saket separated by different buffer spaces.
Malviya Nagar
Hauz Rani
Sake
t
Shivalik
Bus depot
open
Metro
market
Pre
ss E
ncl
ave
Rd
.
Police station
Jal Board
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2.1FInclusive Complexes
Talking of housing complexes, inclusivity is not only
something that they ought to achieve with their
surroundings, but also within themselves. It is possible to
have people from different economic backgrounds
residing in the same housing complex. The factors which
are imperative for inclusivity to be achieved within a
housing scheme are:
1. Social Interaction or Employment
Consider a scenario where people from slightly
different economic backgrounds (say MIG and HIG, or
MIG and LIG) are „neighbors‟. The only possible reason
for these groups of people to want to live in such close
proximity, is the desire for social engagement and
shared community spaces. Both groups are usually not
dependant on each other in any other way. Such a
mix of housing is possible with variation in plot or
apartment size.
Now, consider a scenario where the complex houses
people with very large background differences in
(say EWS and HIG or MIG). Here, the only way the
housing can be inclusive, without inconveniencing
either party, is if the poor work for the rich, which
makes for a socially and economically sustainable
system. This is one of the most common typologies of
housing complexes, owing to a law which makes it
mandatory for a builder to provide a certain
percentage of EWS or LIG housing, when building for
MIG or HIG groups. More often than not, the EWS
housing is reserved for servants who work for the
people from the MIGs and HIGs.
3. Incremental Development
Affordability on the face of it is one thing. The unit
should be affordable in the long term as well. In short,
housing will only be inclusive if the poor see it as a long
term investment. This is because, land prices are
constantly increasing, and families from weaker
sections of society tend to increase in size. They
usually, cannot afford to buy another bigger
space/plot. This leads to problems of overcrowding
and unsanitary conditions.
The only way a housing complex can maintain
inclusivity is by making sure that the poor do not feel
the urge to sell their flat/plot and move out. This can
be achieved in the following ways:
• Additive Housing: Incase of plotted housing, if
adequate space is left, there is a scope of adding to
one‟s dwelling, when need be. This can also be done
by following a set of guidelines or ideas for adding to
one‟s unit.
• Flexible spaces: In case of apartments, or even
houses, the possibility of dividing a space into larger
number of usable units is extremely advantageous. For
instance, a one bedroom studio apartment may be
designed such that on the birth of a child, the same
apartment can be divided into two bedrooms.
2. Affordability
A housing complex can only be considered inclusive if
atleast some of its units are affordable by a range of
economic groups. Affordability within a housing
complex can be achieved in the following ways:
• Cross Subsidy: This is done by charging the rich with
market rates (or auctioning), whereas the poor are
given a small subsidy on their smaller units. In this
method the builder still makes a net profit as all
subsidy negotiations are within the same set of units.
• Variation in unit size: This automatically brings in a
range of plot or apartment sizes, which translates to a
variety of ranges.
• Credit/Loan assistance: These are small loans (micro-
finance) which are given to low income families so
that they can get a house without any delay,
potentially caused by inadequate finances.
• ‘Self help’ model: This is a development strategy in
which basic services such as plumbing and electricity
are provided in an otherwise empty site, which is then
left free to be inhabited by people. This means that
even plot sizes and house typologies are decided
unanimously within the group of people. The crux of
the idea is that traditional settlements were also
unplanned and hence more sustainable. This is an
application of that, except with proper services.
• ‘Site + Services’ model: In this model, the varied plot
sizes as well as service cores (stairs, water, electricity
etc.)are provided. The house itself is upto the
inhabitant to build. These flexibilities allow
personalization, not only in terms of tastes, but also in
terms of the amount of money one wants to spend.
• Low rise High Density development: High rises tend to
have higher building and maintenance costs
(Left) Doon Trafalgar, Dehradun; Housing complex with reserved EWS units. (Right) Artist’s colony, Belapur; Incremental housing with variation in plot size
3.2A3.2B
3.2D
3.2C
3.2E3.2F
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Incremental development
The architect designed a large number of combinations
for the dwellings so that maximum diversity could be
achieved. The possibility of vertical expansion and
peripheral additions was kept in mind.
Case Study
Project: Aranya Community Housing, Indore
Architect: Vaastu Shilpa Foundation
(B.V. Doshi, Ahmedabad)
Client: Indore Development Authority
Year of Completion: 1989
Site Area: 85 sq km (8.5 HA)
Ground Coverage: 58% Residential
6.73% Commercial
23.5% Road space
8.15% Open spaces
No. of Dwellings: 6500 plots (6 sectors)
Population: 60,000 (EWS-65%; LIG-11%; MIG-14%; HIG-9%)
Type: Site + Services
Social engagement and dependency
• ‘Spine and cluster’ settlement: There is a main arterial
road which is a very important economic stimulus, for
vendors etc. which binds the colony together. Also,
clusters tend to provide middle spaces which are a
great for community activities.
• Most houses have the „otta’ (outdoor platform) in front,
which becomes a place for social interaction and
enlivens the street.
Affordability
• Only services (connections + core) have been provided
on site. The actual building is left upto the buyer, for
more flexibility in terms of budgets and materials. 80
prototype houses were built by Doshi just as guidelines
which may or may not be followed for future
development.
• Low rise high density development model has been
adopted with tallest buildings being commercial centers
at the ends of the spine, which are 5 storeys high.
• Cross subsidy has been provided for EWS and LIG
groups by selling HIG plots on market value and
auctioning the land for commercial purposes.
• A variety of plot sizes have been provided, from 35.32
sqm for EWS to 613.94 sqm for HIG
(Above) Site plan - Aranya (above) Plots with basic services only (above) Street view in Aranya
3.2A3.2B
3.2D
3.2C
3.2E3.2F
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Economic zoning
This „Zoning‟ has been done to achieve a greater variety
of plots and prices.
•HIG groups have been placed near the highway
•MIG is near the arterial road
•EWS and LIG are in the middle
3.2A3.2B
3.2D
3.2C
3.2E3.2F
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2.1