INDEX

S.No. Practical Name Date Remark

1 Introduction to MATLAB Environment.

2 Introduction to MATLAB as a Calculator.

3 Introduction to MATLAB as a MATRIX manipulation.

4 Introduction To Script file and Function File.

5 Write a Script File to Plot a sin curve.

6 Write a Script file to calculate the factorial of a

number.

7 Write a Function file to print Fibonnaci series.

8 Write a Script File for Keyboard command.

9 Write a Script file to plot a circle of given radius.

10 Explain the command who. whos , clear, save, load,

clear all, & diary command.

11. Write a script file to create a menu with mane circle plot and two Option Cartesian and polar.

12 Write a Script File to Generate and write a

temperature table.

13 Create an Structure array that store multiple record.

14 Write a Cell Script to publish a report using MATLAB

15 Plot the Expression (for grouth of the population). Given:- Where t is the date in Years and t=[1790 to 2000].

16.

Write a Script file to compute sine series of the

given Value of ‘x’ and ‘n’ using given Formula.

17.

Write a Function File to compute sine series of

given Value of ‘x’ and ‘n’ using given Formula.

18.

Write a Function file to find whether a given

number is even, if even it returns even

otherwise returns 0.

19.

Make a plot of the function f(x) =sin(1/x) for 0.01<x<0.1 . How did you create x so that the plot looked good.

Aim :-Brief Introduction to MATLAB .

INTRODUCTION:

MATLAB stands for Matrix Laboratory. MATLAB was written originally to provide easy access to

matrix software developed by the LINPACK (linear system package) and EISPACK (Eigen system

package) projects.

MATLAB is a high-performance language for technical computing. It integrates Computation,

visualization, and programming environment. Furthermore, MATLAB is a Modern programming

language environment: it has sophisticated data structures, contains

Built-in editing and debugging tools, and supports object-oriented programming. These factors

Make MATLAB an excellent tool for teaching and research. MATLAB has many advantages

compared to conventional computer languages (e.g., C, FORTRAN) for solving technical

problems. MATLAB is an interactive system whose basic data element is an array that does not

require dimensioning. The software package has been commercially available since 1984 and is

now considered as a standard tool at most universities and industries worldwide.

It has powerful built-in routines that enable a very wide variety of computations. It also has

easy to use graphics commands that make the visualization of results immediately available.

Specific applications are collected in packages referred to as toolbox. There are toolboxes for

signal processing, symbolic computation, control theory, simulation, optimization, and several

other fields of applied science and engineering.

MATLAB Desktop

When you start MATLAB, the MATLAB desktop appears, containing tools (graphical user

interfaces) for managing files, variables, and applications associated with MATLAB.

The first time MATLAB starts, the desktop appears as shown in the following illustration.

Command Description Example

Cd Display current directory

Change current directory

cd

cd

c:\experiments\hoo

Dir Display file names in current

directory

dir

Edit Launch MATLAB editor edit hoo.m

Delete Delete files delete hoo.m

Help Display help for MATLAB functions in

Command Window

help screen

Helpdesk Display Help browser Helpdesk

For running experiments, it might be safer to use MATLAB with -nojvm option, because the window system (above) does not always accept the getchar function.

Variables

Global Variables: If you want more than one function to share a single copy of a variable,

simply declare the variable as global in all the functions. Do the same thing at the command line

if you want the base workspace to access the variable. The global declaration must occur before

the variable is actually used in a function. Although it is not required, using capital letters for the

names of global variables helps distinguish them from other variables. For example, create an M-

file called falling.m.

function h = falling(t)

global GRAVITY

h = 1/2*GRAVITY*t.^2;

Persistent Variables: If you want the same function to keep using the same variable, on subsequent runs of the function, use a persistent variable.

Characteristics of persistent variables are

You can declare and use them within M-file functions only. Only the function in which the variables are declared is allowed access to it. MATLAB does not clear them from memory when the function exits, so their value is

retained from one function call to the next.

You must declare persistent variables before you can use them in a function. It is usually best to

put your persistent declarations toward the beginning of the function. You would declare

persistent variable SUM_X as follows:

persistent SUM_X

If you clear a function that defines a persistent variable (i.e., using clear functionname or

clear all), or if you edit the M-file for that function, MATLAB clears all persistent variables

used in that function.

You can use the mlock function to keep an M-file from being cleared from memory, thus

keeping persistent variables in the M-file from being cleared as well.

Initializing Persistent Variables. When you declare a persistent variable, MATLAB initializes

its value to an empty matrix, []. After the declaration statement, you can assign your own value

to it. This is often done using an isempty statement, as shown here:

function findSum(inputvalue)

persistent SUM_X

if isempty(SUM_X)

SUM_X = 0;

end

SUM_X = SUM_X + inputvalue

This initializes the variable to 0 the first time you execute the function, and then accumulates the

value on each iteration.

Arithmetic Operators

Operator Description

+ Addition

- Subtraction

* Multiplication

/ Right division

\ Left division

^ Power

: Colon operator

Relational Operators

Operator Description

< Less than

<= Less than or equal

to

> Greater than

>= Greater than or

equal to

== Equal to

~= Not equal to

Logical Operators

A = [0 1 1 0 1];

B = [1 1 0 0 1];

E = [1 2 5 3];

Operator Description Example

&

Returns 1 for every element location that is

true (nonzero) in both arrays, and 0 for all

other elements.

A & B = 01001

| Returns 1 for every element location that is

true (nonzero) in either one or the other, or

both, arrays and 0 for all other elements.

A | B = 11101

~ Complements each element of input array, A. ~A = 10010

xor

Returns 1 for every element location that is

true (nonzero) in only one array, and 0 for all

other elements.

xor(A,B)=10100

Matlab Common Symbols and Operations

Symbol Description Example

*

An asterisk in a filename specification is

used as a wildcard specifier.

Dir(‘January_*.mat)

Will find all m files

containing

January_*.

: The colon operator generates a sequence

of numbers that you can use in creating or

indexing into arrays.

--C = A(1, 2: 4)

Creates C = [1 0 0]

-- N = 1:40

Creates a sequence

of incremental

numbers from 1 to

40. You can also use

the syntax

-N= first:step:last

For other

increments

, A comma is used to separate the following

types of elements.

-Separate elements

belonging in the

same row C=[1,0,0]

-Separate indexes of

an array D=E(1,2)

D=[2]

-Separate

arguments when

calling a function.

.

Add fields to a MATLAB structure by

following the structure name with a dot

and then a field name:

-DATA(i).rt =

reactiontime

-DATA(i).trial = i

… To continue a Matlab statement on a

different line

() Parentheses are used mostly for indexing

into elements of an array or for specifying

arguments passed to a called function.

A(1)

; The semicolon can be used to construct

arrays, suppress output from a MATLAB

command, or to separate commands

entered on the same line.

E = [1 2;5 3]

‘ ‘ Single quotes are the constructor symbol

for MATLAB character arrays.

S = 'Hello

World'

[] Square brackets are used to delimitate the

contents of a matrix. But empty square

brackets are used to DELETE rows or

columns of a matrix.

E(:,2)=[]

E = [1

5]

Operator Precedence

You can build expressions that use any combination of arithmetic, relational, and logical operators. Precedence levels determine the order in which MATLAB evaluates an expression. Within each precedence level, operators have equal precedence and are evaluated from left to right. The precedence rules for MATLAB operators are shown in this list, ordered from highest precedence level to lowest precedence level:

1. Parentheses () 2. Transpose (.'), power (.^), complex conjugate transpose ('), matrix power (^) 3. Unary plus (+), unary minus (-), logical negation (~) 4. Multiplication (.*), right division (./), left division(.\), matrix multiplication (*), matrix

right division (/), matrix left division (\) 5. Addition (+), subtraction (-) 6. Colon operator (:) 7. Less than (<), less than or equal to (<=), greater than (>), greater than or equal to (>=),

equal to (==), not equal to (~=) 8. Element-wise AND (&) 9. Element-wise OR (|) 10. Short-circuit AND (&&) 11. Short-circuit OR (||)

Some mathematical functions

Y = round(X) Round to nearest integer

Y = fix(X) Round towards zero

Y = ceil(X) Round toward infinity

Y = floor(X) Round towards minus infinity

Y = mod(N,n) Modulus after division

Y = rem(N,n) Remainder after division

Y = abs(X) Absolute value and complex magnitude

Y = sqrt(X) Square root

Keywords

MATLAB reserves certain words for its own use as keywords of the language. To list the keywords, type

iskeyword

ans =

'break' 'function

'

'case' 'global'

'catch' 'if'

'continue' 'otherwis

e'

'else' 'persiste

nt'

'elseif' 'return'

'end' 'switch'

'for'

'try'

Aim :- Write A script File For example of keyboard command.

a = ones(10);

for i=1:10

disp(i)

a(:,i)=i*a(:,i);

if i==5

keyboard

end

end

Output :-

>>a =

1

2

3

4

5

K>> return

6

7

8

9

10

Aim:- Write a script file to create a menu with name circle plot

and two option Cartesian & polar.

Sol :-

% plotting a circle.

r=input('Enter the desires radies');

theta = linspace(0,2*pi,100);

r = r*ones(size(theta));

coord=menu('circle plot','cartesian','polar');

if coord==1 % if first option is selected

plot(r.*cos(theta),r.*sin(theta))

axis('square')

else

polar(theta,r);

end

output:

enter value of radius 8

If you click on Cartesian on dialog box. Then following figure

comes appers.

If you click on polar on dialog box. Then following figure comes

appers

-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

2

4

6

8

30

210

60

240

90

270

120

300

150

330

180 0

Aim :- Create an structure array that store mltiple record.

>> fallsem(2).course='sna';

>> fallsem(2).prof='mohan';

>> fallsem(2).score=[32 43 54];

>> fallsem

fallsem =

1x2 struct array with fields:

course

prof

score

>> fallsem(2).course

ans =

sna

>> fallsem(3).course='cds';

>> fallsem(3).prof='narendra';

>> fallsem(3).score=[23 65 77];

>> fallsem

fallsem =

1x3 struct array with fields:

course

prof

Aim - Write a Script File named sine series to evaluate sine series for given

value of x & n using given formula.

Sol :-

sinseries(x)

n=input('enter the number of terms in sin')

for k=1:n

sum=sum+(-1)^(k-1)*(x^(2*k -1))/(fact(2*k-1));

end

Output :_

> sinseries

enter the value of xpi/6

Enter the no. of terms in sine series

sum =

0.5000

Aim :- Write a Function File named Cosine series to evaluate Cosine series for

given value of x & n using given formula.

Sol :-

function a=cosineseries(x)

n=input('Enter the no. of term in the expansion series');

sum=0;

for k=1:n

sum=sum+((-1)^(k-1))*(x^(2*(k-1))/factorial(2*(k-1)));

end

a=sum;

OUTPUT :-

cosineseries(pi/3)

Enter the no. of term in the expansion series5

ans =

0.5000

>> cosineseries(pi/3)

Enter the no. of term in the expansion series2

ans =

0.4517

Aim :- Write a Script File named sine series to

evaluate sine series for given value of x & n using

given formula.

Sol :- sinseries(x)

n=input('enter the number of terms in sin')

for k=1:n

sum=sum+(-1)^(k-1)*(x^(2*k -1))/(fact(2*k-1));

end

Output :_

> sinseries

enter the value of xpi/6

Enter the no. of terms in sine series

sum =

0.5000

Aim :- Write a Function File named Cosine series to

evaluate Cosine series for given value of x & n using

given formula.

Sol :-

function a=cosineseries(x)

n=input('Enter the no. of term in the expansion series');

sum=0;

for k=1:n

sum=sum+((-1)^(k-1))*(x^(2*(k-1))/factorial(2*(k-1)));

end

a=sum;

OUTPUT :-

cosineseries(pi/3)

Enter the no. of term in the expansion series5

ans =

0.5000

>> cosineseries(pi/3)

Enter the no. of term in the expansion series2

ans =

0.4517

Aim :- Make a plot of the function f(x)=sin(1/x) For 0.01<x<0.1 How did you create x so that the plot looked good. Sol :-

x=linspace(0.01,0.1,100)

y=sin(1./x)

plot(x,y)

xlabel('x value')

ylabel('y value')

output:-

0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.11-1

-0.8

-0.6

-0.4

-0.2

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

x value

y v

alu

e

Aim :- Express plot the expression (determine in modeling the

growth of the us population)

P(t)=197273000(1+e-0.0313(t-1913.25))

Where t is the date ,in years AD,using t=1790 to 2000

Sol :-

t=(1790:2000)

p=197273000.*(1+exp(-0.0313.*(t-1913.25)))

plot(t,p);

Output :-

1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 20000

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10x 10

9

Aim:- Write a script file to generate and write a temperature table.

SOL :_

Step 1 :-Create an m file and write following coding.

f=-40:5:100;

c=(f-32)*5/9;

t=[f;c];

fid=fopen('temparature.table','w');

fprintf(fid,'```````````````````````\n');

fprintf(fid,'Tempareture table\n');

fprintf(fid,'fahrenheit celsius\n');

fprintf(fid,'%4i %8.2f\n',t);

fclose(fid);

Step 2 :- Save script file with name temprature.m .

Step 3 :- To execute script File write filename on the window.

Output :-

> temprature

>> t

t =

Columns 1 through 11

-40.0000 -35.0000 -30.0000 -25.0000 -20.0000 -15.0000 -10.0000 -5.0000 0 5.0000 10.0000

-40.0000 -37.2222 -34.4444 -31.6667 -28.8889 -26.1111 -23.3333 -20.5556 -17.7778 -15.0000 -

12.2222

Columns 12 through 22

15.0000 20.0000 25.0000 30.0000 35.0000 40.0000 45.0000 50.0000 55.0000 60.0000

65.0000

-9.4444 -6.6667 -3.8889 -1.1111 1.6667 4.4444 7.2222 10.0000 12.7778 15.5556 18.3333

Columns 23 through 29

70.0000 75.0000 80.0000 85.0000 90.0000 95.0000 100.0000

21.1111 23.8889 26.6667 29.4444 32.2222 35.0000 37.7778

Aim :- Write A script File For keyboard command.

Sol :-

a = ones(10);

for i=1:10

disp(i)

a(:,i)=i*a(:,i);

if i==5

keyboard

end

end

Output :-

>>a =

1

2

3

4

5

K>> return

6

7

8

9

10

Aim :- Introduction to Script file and Function File .

A script file is an external file that contains a sequence of MATLAB® statements. By typing the

filename, you can obtain subsequent MATLAB input from the file. Script files have a filename

extension of .m and are often called M-files.

Scripts are the simplest kind of M-file. They are useful for automating blocks of MATLAB

commands, such as computations you have to perform repeatedly from the command line.

Scripts can operate on existing data in the workspace, or they can create new data on which to

operate. Although scripts do not return output arguments, any variables that they create

remain in the workspace, so you can use them in further computations. In addition, scripts can

produce graphical output using commands like plot.

Scripts can contain any series of MATLAB statements. They require no declarations or

begin/end delimiters.

Like any M-file, scripts can contain comments. Any text following a percent sign (%) on a given

line is comment text. Comments can appear on lines by themselves, or you can append them to

the end of any executable line.

Function File :-

A Function file is also an M file, Like a script file, except that the variable in a function file are all

local. Function files are like program or subroutines in Fortran and function in C. A function file

Begin with a function definition line, Which has a well defined list of inputs and outputs.

Aim :- Introduction To MATLAB as a calculator.

Sol :-

>> 2+2

ans =

4

>> 3-4

ans =

-1

>> 3\3

ans =

1

>> 3/4

ans =

0.7500

>> 6^7

ans =

279936

>> 3*6

ans =

18

>> sin(pi/6)

ans =

0.5000

>> cos(pi)

ans =

-1

Aim :- How to create a cell.

Sol:- cell:- A cell is most versatile data object in MATLAB. It can contain any data

type of data- an array of numbers, strings, structure,or cells. An array of cell is

called a cell array.

Creating cell arrays:- the ‘cell’ function creates empty cell arrays of the specified

size.

c=cell(2,2);

>> c(1,1)={[12 23 34; 12 67 78; 56 78 09]};

>> c(1,2)={'narendra mohan'};

>> c(2,1)={[2i,1-7i,-5]};

>> c(2,2)={['mittal','gupta','garg']}

Output :-

c =

[3x3 double] 'narendra mohan'

[1x3 double] 'mittalguptag

OUTPUT:-

After click on ‘c’ cell present on workspace window the following window appers.

Content indexing in Cells:-

In content indexing the braces are used in reverse manner. The cell indices are

put in curly braces while the cell contents are mentioned on right side of the

assignment statement .

>> c{1,1}=[12 23 34; 13 45 56; 45 67 78];

>> c{1,2}='narendra';

>> c{2,1}=1-7i;

>> c{2,2}=['mohgj','hgjgu']

c =

[3x3 double] 'narendra'

[1.0000 - 7.0000i] 'mohgjhgjgu'

>> celldisp(c) % display full cell contents.

c{1,1} =

12 23 34

13 45 56

45 67 78

c{2,1} =

1.0000 - 7.0000i

c{1,2} =

narendra

c{2,2} =

mohgjhgjgu

>>cellplot(c) % graphical display of cell architecture use cellplot.

narendra

1-7i mohgjhgjgu

Aim :- Write a script file to create a sine curve.

Coding:-

theta = linspace(0,2*pi,50)

x=theta;

y=sin(theta);

plot(x,y)

axis('equal');

xlabel('x coodinates')

ylabel('y coodinates');

title('SINE CURVE');

Output :-

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

-2

-1.5

-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

x coodinates

y c

oodin

ate

s

SINE CURVE

Aim :- How to Publishing reports.

Sol:-

You can create a fancy , formatted reports in HTML, XML MS word and MS

Powerpoint using MATLAB built in publisher.

Step 1:-

Format the script as a cell script:

%% Publishing REports- A Simple Example

%% Description

% Plot a spiral

%% Create vectors theta and r

%

theta = linspace(0,10*pi,200); % 200 points between 0 & 10*pi.

r=exp(-theta/10);

%% Plot the spiral using polar plot.

polar(theta,r)

%%

% *BOLD TEXT*

Output :-

You can use the same steps to publish the report in other formats by selecting

Edit publish configuration dialog box.

If you publishing reports in Word document then Edit publish configuration

output setting Output Format : doc. AS shown in figure.

Output:-

Publishing Reports- A simple example Description ........................................................................................................................................ 35

create vectors theta and r.................................................................................................................. 35

plot spiral using polar plot ................................................................................................................. 35

Description %plot a spiral given by r=e^(theta/10),0<=theta<=10*pi

%

create vectors theta and r theta = linspace(0,10*pi,200);

r=exp(-theta/10);

plot spiral using polar plot polar(theta,r)

Aim :- Write a script File to Generate an Overlay Plots

with HOLD command.

Sol:- hold Command is used to freeze the current plot

in the graphics window.

% script file to generate an overlay plots with HOLD command.

x=linspace(0,2*pi,100); % generate vector x

y1=sin(x); % calculate vector x

plot(x,y1) % plot(x,y1) with solid line

hold on % invoke hold for overlay plots

y2 = x;

plot(x,y2,'--') % plot(x,y2) with solid line.

y3=x-(x.^3)/6 + (x.^5)/120;

plot(x,y3,'o')

axis([0 5 -1 5])

hold off

OUTPUT:-

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7-1

-0.8

-0.6

-0.4

-0.2

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

Aim :- Generate Overlay plots using plot command.

Sol:- Plot command is used to providing more argument to generate more plots in

the same graphic window.

t=linspace(0,2*pi,100);

y1=sin(t);

y2=t;

y3=t-(t.^3)/6 + (t.^5)/120;

plot(t,y1,t,y2,'d',t,y3,'o')

axis([0 5 -1 5])

xlabel('t')

ylabel('Approxim,ation of sin(t)')

text(3.5,0,'sin(t)')

gtext('linear approxmation'

OUTPUT:-