Index

Acland, Sir Richard: and Jewish refugees, II6Aden: So, 199,244Afghanistan: seeksJewish refugees, 134-5Akzin, Benjamin: urges bombing of Auschwitz,

246-8, 312; biographical sketch, 342Albania: 152; 157Aleppo: emissaries reach, 222, 226, 228, 268Allam, Major: fliesover Auschwitz, 317Allen, David: 59,60,96,97,290Allen, Floger: ISO,3°3, 3°5,319-20Alter, Viktor: shot, 13IAmerican Palestine Committee: 176Amiens: attack on prison at, 285,328Amsterdam: Jewish Council in, 105, 121;

deportations from, 145; exchange lists sentto, 174

Anderson, Sir John: and aid to Jews, 178Angola: possibleJewish 'asylum' in, 289Anti-Semitism: referred to by Winston

Churchill, 49, 76,164; by Adolf Hitler, 72;by Herbert Morrison, 77,109; in a ForeignOffice telegram, IIO; by the Archbishop ofCanterbury, 126; at the War Cabinet, 133;in the House ofCommons, 139, 140; inanswer to the Chief Rabbi, 208; by the WarFlefugee Board, 256

Antonescu, Marshal: 69Arabs: and British policy, 21, 36-7, 4~, 76,

132, 147, 152, 171, 176,219,224,226, 300;German relations with, cited, -3I 3

Argentine, the: possible protest through, 107Athens: Jews deported to Auschwitz from

(April 1944), 201 and (June 1944), 258Attlee, Clement: 108, 109, III-2, 128, 132, 171,

300Auchinleck, General: and a possible refugee

haven, 36Auschwitz: an early report of (3 May 1941), IS;

first gassing experiments at (September 194I),16; Jews first deported to (March 1942),34-5; first gassings ofJews at (4 May 1942),35; first reports reach the west of, 45, 51, 52,54; the continuing deportations to (August1942-November 1944), 61-2, 73, 86, 88, 92,II3, II5, 122, 129-30, ISO, 152, IH, 154,155,158,161, 162, 174, 175, 181, 184-5, 216;not mentioned or known, 70, 73, 85--{), 97,105, 121, 139, 146, 174, 175, 184, 192, 228;factories at, 86, 142, 175, 176,207,215, 262,282-3; mentioned, but without impact, 92,129,130, 145, 151, ISS, 161; 'protectivecustody' reported at (July 1943) 151; a revolt

at (October 1943), 158; the truth revealedagain, but without impact (March 1944),179-80; aerial reconnaissance over, 190-1,216,222,249-50,275,302-3,309,317,321;escape from (7 April 1944), 192-7; furtherescape from (27 May 1944), 215--{); thegassings continue at (April-November 1944),201, 205,209,210-11,216,220,222,225,228,231-2,249,25~,260,281,292,301-2,

3°8-9,314,322,324,326,327; reports about,reach the west (June 1944), 231, 23H,244-5, 248,251-3, 262-5, 268; bombingappeals concerning, 216-7, 236-7, 245, 246-8,252,255,264,269,278-9,285,301,303--{),312,318-20; and the 'goods for blood'proposal, 243; a poet deported to, 306-7;bombed in error, 315; a further revolt at(October 1944), 324; Polish Government'sappeal concerning, 324-5; broadcast over theBBC concerning, 325, 326; publication ofreport by escapees from, 327; furtherphotographs over, 331, 332, 334, 335; lastdeaths at, 332; last days of, 333--{); liberated(27January 1945), 337-8.

Australia: 'too far away', 109; Germans in,120; and HungarianJewish refugees, 289

Austria: Jews deported from, 14, 16,20,124,155, 263

BBC: broadcasts about Nazi atrocities over,42-3,44,46; appealed to, 56, 58n.l; seeksguidance, 97; and public declarations, II 8;and the truth about Auschwitz reaches thewest (June 1944), 232-3; and the Hungariandeportations, 255, 265, 279-80; andAuschwitz warning (October 1944), 325, 326

Backe, Dr: and need to feedJews, 83Bader, Menahem: 175--{),267,27o,280Baltic States: Jews of, 16Barlas, Chaim: and Jewish refugees, 32, 75, u6,

122, 168, 186,201,207,242,271; biographicalsketch of, 342

Barry, Captain: over Auschwitz, 321Baxter, J.1. : in Palestine; 164Bedzin: fate ofJews in, ISO-I, 152, 153, 180;

aJew from, at Monowitz, 308Behar,Joshua: meets refugees, 271Belgian Congo: Germans in, 336Belgium: Jews of, 14; Jews deported from, 61,

63,65,70,71,72, 81, 86, 97, 121, 139, 153,155.174,192; news of fate ofJews of, 179;exchange lists fOJ" Jews of. 159. 163.205;

Index 357

renewed deportations of (May 1944), 210,232; the destination of deportations from,revealed (June 1944), 234, 263; furtherdeportations (August 1944), 301

Bella Citta, the: reaches Istanbul, 201Belzec: death camp at, 25, 26. 62, 64,86;

named in the west (August 1942),65, 81;and (November 1942).92.93,94,97. 102;gassings continue at, 105. 113, 121; 'neverheard of, 170; gassings end at, 174,236;death toll in, 329n.2

Ben Gurion, David: 37. 90, 92; and the 'goodsfor blood' exchange, 212-3, 228-9, 280, 281;and Lord Moyne's assassination, 330;biographical sketch of, 342

Bend, Edward: seeks to protest, 262Bennett. J. S.: 98; and Jewish 'sob-stuff', 99Ben-Zvi, Itzhak: blames 'civilized nations', 90Bergau: internment camp, 123Bergen-Belsen: Jews deported to Auschwitz

from. 158;Jews from Holland deported to,26o; Jews from Hungary sent to, en route toSwitzerland, 261; Jews reach Istanbul from,271; Jews from Hungary to go to Spain from,289; Jews from Auschwitz deported to, 327,334,336

Berle, A. A.: his 'blunt and cruel conclusion',135

Berlin: report of deportation ofJews from, 17;Hitler prophesies 'the complete annihilationof the Jews' in, 20; a film shown in (July1941). 29; Jews deported from, 57. 58. 120;Hitler re-iterates Jewry will be 'wiped out'(September 1942), 72; and proposed reprisalair-raids (January 1943), 107; report ofdeportations from (January 1943), 114 and(March 1943), 120-1. 122; bombed, 142; adeportation from, 175; Birkenau postcardsposted from, 192; Jews reach Auschwitzfrom, 205, 292; atrocities in, reported, 293;renewed deportations from (August 1944),302 and (September 1944), 314

Bermuda Conference: 127, 129, 131-7;criticized, 138-41, 166

Bernadini, Monsignor Philippe: 33. 188,200Bernburg: euthanasia experiment at, 16Best, DrWerner: in Denmark, 156Bialystok: revolt at (August 1943), 153Biltmore Conference: 37, 39Birkenau: extension of Auschwitz opened at

(16 August 1942), 46; medical experimentsat, 52; its gas chambers a secret (September1942),73,85-6; a labour camp reported at(April 1943), 129; 'protective custody'reported in (July 1943). Iii; Jews deported to(1943-4).154; report of deportations to(October 1943), 161; extension of (January1944), 175; 'increased number ofJews' at.176; guards attacked at (March 1944), 179;a postcard from (April 1944), 192; escapefrom (April 1944). 192-7; its true functionstill hidden (April 1944), 206; first aerialreconnaissance over (May 1944),216,222;'Jews in danger' at (June 1944). 233. 234,

235-6; and the 'goods for blood' proposal,243; a second aerial reconnaissance over (26June 1944). 249-50; full report of, reaches thewest (4July 1944).262-4; possible bombingof railway lines to, 269-72, 303-6, and of gaschambers in, 327; 'the sensation of beingtotally abandoned in', 3°1; a third aerialreconnaissance over (9 August 1944), 302-3;photographed (20 August 1944), 308 and(25 August 1944), 309; Allied bombers flyover (late August 1944), 311; bombed inerror, 315; photographed (13 September1944),317; total deaths at, estimated (26November 1944). 329; photographed (29November 1944), 331 and (21 December1944),332; again bombed in error (26December 1944). 332; evacuation of(18January 1945), 335; destruction of evidenceat, 335-6; last days of, 336, 337

Blechhammer: synthetic oil production at, 190.322; a bombing target, 207, 223, 301, 308,3II; final bombing raid on (20January 1945),335

Blum, Leon: 96Board of Deputies of British Jews: 19, 5f. 74,

108,312-3.326Bohemia and Moravia (the 'Protectorate' of):

Jews deported from, 25,·32; Jews reachIstanbul from, 173; news oHate ofJewsdeported from, 180

Bohumin: a bombing target, 308, 3I I

Bolivia: and Jewish refugees, 200Bombay: 'Teheran children' at, 80Boris, King of Bulgaria: opposes deportations,

122, 287; biographical sketch of, 343Boryslaw: deportation from, 185Bottomley, N. H.: and the bombing of

Auschwitz. 301. 319; biographical sketch of,342

Boyd, E. H.: and Jewish refugees, 22, 75-6Bracken, Brendan: 46Brand, Joel: and the Gestapo offer, 'goods for

blood', 201-2, 204. 212, 214, 217-8, 219,221-2,223,224-5,226-7,228,230,240-4,253-6,258,259-60,267-9,277-8,280,285-6,296. 297; biographical sketch of. 342

Bratislava: messages sent through, 83, 151,154-5.232-3 ; Jews escape to, from Poland,154; the truth about Auschwitz reaches,203-4; an appeal from (May 1944), 216. 236

Braun, Bina: seeks to escape, 162Brazil: 117. 128.313Brest-Litovsk: Jews murdered at, 86British Honduras: and Jewish refugees, 132Brotman, A. G.: 51. 312. 326Brown, William: and Jewish refugees. 119Bucharest: 75 ; refugees from, 294Buchenwald: concentration camp, 16,30,259,

292,336Budapest: 112,245,250,251,252.266,268,

292.312. 322. 326Bulbul. the: refugees on, 294Bulford, Mrs Helen: at Auschwitz, 338n.1Bulgaria: and Jewish refugees. 38;Jews of, 71.

358 Index

80,81; warnings to, 82; opposition todeportations from, 91n. I; rescue effortstowards Jews of, 98--9, 102-3, 116, 125, 128,134-5,136,148; threat to Jews of, 122;Jewsof, saved (1943), 122-3, 287; fears for Jews of(1944), 185

Bund, the: reports on Nazi atrocities, 39-44,46-7,50,55,61,65,70,75

Burzio, Monsignor Giuseppe: 204Butcher, Herbert: and Jewish refugees, 140

Cadogan, Sir Alexander: and Jewish children,77

Calder, Ritchie: and publicity for atrocities, 334Campbell, Sir Ronald: 276Canada: and Jewish refugees, 109, III, II2, 128,

284,289,296'Canada': at Auschwitz, 194Canterbury, Archbishop of: 100, 125, 126, 134Casablanca: II.7, 199Cavendish-Bentinck, William: on Jewish and

Polish exaggeration, 150; and the bombing ofAuschwitz appeal, 303-4, 319; biographicalsketch of, 343

Cazalet, Victor: and Jewish refugees, 139-40Cender, Sarah: her recollections, 3°9;

biographical sketch of, 343Cesme: refugee ships reach, 37-8Chaucer: quoted, 166Cheetham, Lady: 312, 319, 320Chelmno: first gassing at, 18,20,25,26; news

of the gassings reaches the west (May 1942),40,61 and (July 1942), 52, and (September1942),87; gassings continue at, 105, 121;further news of reaches the west (July 1943),151; gassings end at, 174,236; death toll in,329n.2

Cherwell, Lord: and Palestine, 147-8Chichester, Bishop of (George Bell): 136-7, 138Chile: willing to help refugees, 200Chorow: an industrial centre, 247Church of England: 'burning indignation' of,

100Churchill, Clementine: 'the terrible events', 104Churchill, Randolph: 24, 276Churchill, Winston: and the 'tortured peoples',

19; and Jewish refugees, 24-5, 103, 141,276-7,284,297; opposed to the 1939Palestine White Paper, 21, 132, 147, 171-2,177; supports a specifically Jewish militaryforce, 48--9, 261, 276, 291; and reprisals, 50,106-7; appealed to, 56, 108, 177, 185,208--9;'indignation' of, 68; opposed to 'anti-Zionistand anti-Semitic' attitudes, 76; 'muchmoved', 101; and the 'terrible sufferings' ofthe Jews, 148; a film show of, 152; and post­war retribution, 158--9, 160--1; and the futureof Palestine, 164,219; and Jewish terrorismin Palestine, 186-8, 298; and an appeal toTito, 188,256-7; and the 'goods for blood'exchange, 218, 260, 270, 277, 285--<}; a furtherwarning from, proposed (June 1944), 223; hisanxiety recorded, 225; learns the truth aboutAuschwitz, 252; and the bombing of

Auschwitz, 269-70, 271-2, 301; and anappeal to Stalin, 276; and Allied air-raids(July 1944),283-4; 'this martyred race', 291;and the Polish uprising in Warsaw, 299, 322;and a Polish appeal for new protest (October1944), 325; tells Eden of 'the greatest andmost horrible single crime', 341

Clauberg, Dr: at Auschwitz, 52Cluse, William: 103-4, II I; biographical

sketch of, 343Cole, Lieutenant-Colonel Stanley: his plan to

help Jews, II 6-7Colegate, Arthur: critical ofJewish refugees,

140; biographical sketch of, 343Cop: railway bridge at, 278Copenhagen: Jews saved in, 156Corfu: 152,157,228,258Cornwallis, Sir Kinahan: 80Costa Rica: and Jewish refugees, 200Cracow: fate ofJews in, 31-2, 41, 144, 145;

'no longer any Jews' in (July 1943), 151Cranborne, Lord (later Marquess of Salisbury):

and Jewish refugees, 25, 36-8, 76, 78, 126,148; and the proposed Jewish military force,48--9; biographical sketch of, 343

Crete: 76, 157Cripps, Sir Stafford: and Zionism, 147-8Croatia: Jews in, 29, 30, 152; Jews 'evacuated'

from, 73; fate ofJews in, reported, 150Cuba: and Jewish refugees, 200Culbertson, Paul: fears a rabbinical 'kick', 58Cyprus: internment camp in, 75; possible

refuge in, 76, 98, III, II7; 'full', 297Czech Government-in-Exile: 74, 208, 232, 246,

262,278,290,325Czechoslovakia: Jews deported from, 14, 17,

20,29, 97; Jews at Auschwitz from, 178--9,263

Czerniakow, Adam: his suicide, 63, 94Czernowitz: refugees from, 294-5Czestochowa: postcard from (August 1942),

65--<}; 'no longer' any Jews in (July 1943), 151Dachau: concentration camp, 15,292Dacre, Lord (Hugh Trevor-Roper): and anti-

Jewish atrocities, IIon.3Dafni, Reuven: a parachutist, 183Daily Mail: reports killing ofJews, 43Daily Telegraph: reports Nazi atrocities against

Jews, 43, 46, 47Daladier, Edouard: 96Dannecker, Captain Theodor: in Italy, 157Dante: cited, 73Darien, the: intercepted, 24-5David, A.: 53n.aDavis, Norman: and Jews in ghettoes, 159--QO;

biographical sketch of, 343Debrecen: bombed, 220De Gaulle, General: 19, 103Dejong, Rosine: rescued, 271Denmark: Jews of, 14, 156De Valera, Eamon: II7Dew, A. R.: 'these wailing Jews', 312;

biographical sketch of, 343Dexter, Robert c.: reports atrocities, 293

Index 359

Dill, General: and the bombing of Auschwitzrequest, 321

Dixon, Pierson: 208-9, 276Dobkin, Eliahu: 79, 91,171,210,251 n.r ;

biographical sketch of, 343Dor de Val: at Cesme, 37-8Draney: internment camp at, 61, 123, 145,

200-1,260,306Drohobycz: bombed, 249Duckwitz, G. F.: and the Jews of Denmark, 156Dugdale, Blanche: 98, 101-2; biographical

sketch of, 343-4Dulles, Allen: 233Durbrow, Elbridge: and 'fantastic ...

allegations', 58 .Dutch Guiana: and Jewish refugees, 109

Easterman, A. L.: 93, 95,181-2,282;biographical sketch of, 344

Eaker, Lieutenant-General Ira c.: 207;biographical sketch of, 344

Eastern Galicia: killings in, 40, 55Eastern Upper Silesia: 73, 151,246Eastwood, Christopher: and Jewish refugees,

291Ebensee: concentration camp at, 302Edelstein, Jacob: shot, 235Eden, Anthony (later Earl of Avon): 22, 24, 36,

37, 50, 53; and the Great Power Declaration(of December 1942), 96-7,101-2; andJewish refugees, 108, 116, 118-9, 125, 127,131,134,136, 140-1, 146, 177-8; andPalestine, 132, 147, 165, 171, 176, 177,219;and war crimes, 159, 160; Declaration by (30March 1944), 185--{), 187; and an appeal toTito, 188; and the 'goods for blood' proposal,214,218, 223,240,254-5,257, 25~0, 267-9,277, 285--{); and the Chief Rabbi's proposalfor 'protected person' status for Jews, 225--{);and the Hungarian deportations, 252, 265,276; and the proposed bombing ofAuschwitz, 269-72, 284-5, 304, 305--{); andHungarian refugees, 290-1, 297, 300, 313;and the call for a protest about Auschwitz(October 1944), 324-5

Egypt: 21, 76, 113, 238n·3, 297, 330Ehrlich, Henryk; shot, 131Eichmann, Adolf: 18, 19-20, 123, 178, 184; and

the Gestapo offer 'goods for blood', 201-2,204,216-7,226-7,228,229,242-3;biographical sketch of, 344

Einsatzgruppen: Nazi killing squads, 15-16, 19,27

Einstein, Albert: 104Eire: 117, 314Elting, Howard: forwards report of a Nazi

extermination plan (August 1942), 57-8Emergency Committee for Zionist Affairs: 30,

61,78, 101, 177Emerson, Sir Herbert: 173,280; biographical

sketch of, 344Epstein, Eliahu: and Iraq, 79-80Eritrea: and Jewish refugees, 36Essen: bombed, 142

Estonia: Jews of, 27Euxine, the: at Cesme, 37-8

'Family Camp': at Auschwitz, 169, 178-9, 193,194,209,232-3,234-5,259

1. G. Farben: factories of, and slave labour, 86,175, 176, 190,249,283,315,321,326

Farkas, Gisi: 204Farquar, Harold: his objection to Jewish

refugees 'overbidding' guides in the Pyreneesand thus disturbing Allied escape routes citedby Eden, 286; biographical sketch of, 344

Farrell, V. c.. 56n.2Fedhala: refugee camp at, 284Fildermann,Wilhelm: his report (ofJanuary'

1943), 114; biographical sketch of, 344'Final solution': beginning of, 27Finland: Jews of, 91Fishman, Rabbi J. L.: 187; biographical sketch

of, 344-5Fleming, Squadron-Leader: and jewish

refugees, 274Flinders, Fanny: witnesses atrocities, 293Florence: Jews deported from, 162Flossenbiirg: Jews deported to, from Auschwitz,

314,3 17Focsani: bombed, 221, 225Foggia: Allied air base at, 190,225,299,301,

307,3 17,322,328Fossoli: Jews deported from, 258France: Jews of, 14;Jews deported from, 52,

54,55-6,57,61,65,68,70,72,85,86,97,121,155,166,174,175; news of fate ofJewsdeported from, 179; the deportationscontinue (March 1944), 185 and (May 1944),211 and (June 1944), 222; report ofdeportations reaches the west (June 1944),232, 234, 260, 263; further deportations from(August 1944), 301 and (September 1944) 314

Frank, Hans: Jews 'must be done away with',20; urges 'a more rigid policy', 32

Frankfurt-on-Main: fate ofJews from, 53Franz, Mrs L.: at Auschwitz, 338n. I

Fraser, Lindley: and Nazi atrocities, 279-80, 326Friend, Squadron-Leader: over Auschwitz, 335Frischer, Ernest: his report, 64; urges bombing

of Auschwitz, 303; biographical sketch of,345

Fulop, Ladislav: saves himself, his wife andchild, 294

Galicia: Jews of, murdered, 121Garrett, Walter: 248-9, 253Gas experiments: proposed, 13; carried out, 16,

18; reported, 31, 40, 43,56,149-50,168-9,263,275,294

Gater, Sir George: and Jewish refugees, 274Gdynia: a bombing target at, 301Gedye, Eric: his plan, 182Gelsenkirchen: labour camp at, 259Genghis Khan: 'put to shame', 139Gerhardt, Harrison A.: and the bombing of

Auschwitz appeal, 248, 303, 321; biographicalsketch of, 345

360

Gerlier, Cardinal Archbishop: protests, 68--9German Red Cross: 178--9German Telegraph Service: 325Germany: Jews deported from, 14, 16, 17,25,

29,32,45,65,81,97, 120-1, 124, 155,263Gibson, Eve: her recollections, 152Gibson,Wing-Commander Guy: 152Gleiwitz, deportation from: 336Goldin, Joseph: 168Goldmann, Dr Nahum: 39,47, 79n.2, 1I7, 162,

181,210,214,228,240, 245n.3, 251; and thebombing of Auschwitz request, 321; andJewish immigration to Palestine, 329;biographical sketch of, 345

Gross, Andor: and the 'goods for blood'proposal, 212, 222, 253, 258, 268, 280, 286;biographical sketch of, 345

Golomb, Eliahu: and Jewish terrorism, 187Grant, Air Commodore 'Tubby': 303-4, 305Greece: Jews of, 14, 122, 129-3°, 157-'-8, 163,

166,174,231,234, 263;Jewish refugeesreach,284

Greenwood, Arthur: and Jewish refugees, 1I6Grenfell, David: protests, 147Groningen: deportations from, 83Gross Rosen: gas conduits sent to, 331;

evacuations to, 336Gruenbaum, Yitzhak: 81-2, 123,205,207;

urges bombing of railways to Auschwitz,219-20,222, 305; urges warnings, 224,257-8; and the 'goods for blood' proposal,258; renews his bombing of Auschwitzappeal, 314-5, 318; biographical sketch of,345

Gryn, Hugo: his recollection, 301Guatemala: 'negative action' of, 200Guggenheim, Professor Paul: 85, 245n.3Gurs: internment camp, 28--9, 67Gypsies: victims of Nazism, 40; deported to

Auschwitz, 210, 3lI, 325-6

Haining,Jane: dies at Auschwitz, 293-4, 338n.l;biographical sketch of, 345

Haiti: and Jewish refugees; 200Haj Amin el-Husseini: protests to Hitler (May

1943), 136n·3Halifax, Lord: 101, 1I0, 125, 165, 171; and the

Riegner rescue scheme, 168; and AmericanZionists, 176-7; and the 'goods for blood'proposal, 218, 225, 228, 244, 259-60; andJewish refugees from Hungary, 288, 289, 298

Hall, Donald: 181-2Hall, G. H.: 223, 255, 257, 274, 282, 297;

biographical sketch of, 346Hall Patch, G.: opposes 'disreputable' action,

330

Hamburg: Jews deported from, 121n.r ;bombed, 142; poison gas reported made in263; Jews deported from Auschwitz to, 292

Hankey, R. M. A.: 214, 224, 229; biographicalsketch of, 346

Harrison, Leland: 58,71,84-5,172,197-8;biographical sketch of, 346

Hartenstein, Major: at Auschwitz, 196

Index

Harvey, Oliver: 36, 132Hassenberg, Arie: his recollections, 308;

biographical sketch of, 346Henderson, Ian: and Jewish refugees, 135, 168,

287,291; and the 'goods for blood' exchange,212,229-30,241,254,281; and a proposedappeal, 282; and the first news of Auschwitz,290; and British interests in the Near East,300; and the bombing of Auschwitz request,304-5; and Jewish tendency 'to exaggerate',334; and the liberation of Auschwitz, 338;biographical sketch of, 346

Hertz, Rabbi: his suggestion, 208--9, 225-6;biographical sketch of, 346

Heydebreck: labour camp at, 179Heydrich, Richard: murdered, 50Himmler, Heinrich: 46,142,228,331Hinsley, Cardinal: 47; biographical sketch of,

346Hirsch, Freddy: at Auschwitz, 178--9Hirschmann, Ira: 175,225,242-3,244,253,

289; biographical sketch of, 346Histadrut (jewish Labour Federation): 91-2,

164, 171Hitler, Adolf: and the Jews, 13, IS; prophesies

'the complete annihilation of the Jews' (30January 1942), 20; cited, 42, 44, 57, 65, 66,69,70; re-iteratesJewry will be 'wiped out'(30 September 1942), 72; elated, 72; his plansreported, 83, 84; his threats to be takenseriously, 85; his prisoners, 96; and reports ofan 'Extermination Plan', 99-100, 1I00lI,172; and possible negotiations with, 118, 119,127,135; referred to, 125, 138, 152, 161; andthe Jews of Denmark, 156; his 'fury', 184;and oil, 207; and Hungary, 183-4, 224n.3,296

Hoare, Sir Samuel: 284, 289Hogg, Quintin: his protest, 147Hojer, Axel: reports German poison gas

experiments (February 1942), 31; biographicalsketch of, 346

Holland: Jews of, 14, 17, 30, 48, 52, 54, 57, 58,61,63,65,70,71,72,81,83,86,88,97, lOS,1I4, 1I5, 121, 145-6, 153, 155, 162, 166, 174,175, 184-5, 192, 197,210; rescue effortstowards Jews of, lIS, 1I7, 120, 123, 174; Jewsreach Istanbul from, 173; news of fate ofJews deported from, 179, 232, 234, 260, 263;renewed deportations from, 314

'Holocaust', the: referred to (I December 1942),97 and (23 March 1943), 126

Honduras: and Jewish refugees, lIS, 174Horthy, Admiral: 69, 183-4, 245n.3, 266, 267,

286-7,288,296,297,298,300, 303; over­thrown, 314; biographical sketch of, 346-7

House of Commons: fate ofJews referred to in(8 September 1942), 68; (17 December 1942),103-4; (19 May 1943), 138-41; (14 December1943), 165-7; (5July 1944), 265; anticipationof questions in, 97, 133, 173; questions in,111-2, 116, 119, 125, 274

Howard, Leslie: killed, 174n.1HUber Max: protests, 245n.3, 266

Index

Huddle,]. Klahr: 197,200Hull, Cordell: 127, 165,224,314Hungary: Jews of, 30, 33-4, 39,69-70,71,81;

Jewish refugees from, 78; opposition todeportation in, 91n. I; rescue efforts towardsJews of, 98-9, 112, 114, 116, 173, 178, 197n.l;the fate of the Jews of (1944), 175, 182-4, 185,188,189,192,198,199,201-2,207,209-10,219-20,222,226-7,23 2,234,235-6,239,240-4,245,246-8,250-1,251-3,260-1,264,275,276,279-80,286-7,291-2,296,298,300,314,320,322,326,329-30

Hurd, Sir Percy: and 'public uneasiness', 119

Institute ofJewish Affairs: 87, 161Inter-Allied Conference on War Crimes: 19International Red Cross: 17,3 1,64,91,99, 108,

III, 113, 114-5, 129, 153, 159-60, 169,205,209, 220, 224, 228, 229, 241, 245, 254, 258,266,271,287,289-90,292,294,312,3 13,314,330

Iran (Persia): 78-80, 238n.1Iraq: 21, 78-80, 113, 171Isle of Man: possible Jewish refuge in, I I IIsrael, Wilfrid: and refugees, 173-4Istanbul: the truth about Auschwitz published

in (March 1944), 179-80; the 'goods forblood' emissary to, 204, 212, 227

Italy: Jews of, 69, 8I; warnings to, 82;opposition to deportations from, 91n.r ;deportation ofJews from, 156-7, 175,201,211,222,263 ; Jewish refugees in, 199; flightsover Auschwitz from, 19Q-I, 216-222,249-50,275, 302-3, 309, 317, 321; flights toWarsaw from, 299

Jamaica: a possible haven, 128James, Wing-Commander Archibald: critical of

Jewish refugees, 129Jassy: Jews slaughtered at, 75Jawischowitz: labour camp at, 129,206Jefferys, Lieutenant: over Auschwitz, 32IJesuit priests: imprisoned, 69Jewish Agency for Palestine: 17, 23, 25, 28, 33,

59,66,75-6,79-80,81,88-92,98,101,107,112-3,114,116-7,123, 127, 131, 134, 144,145, ISO, 153, 157-8, 159, 162-3, 168, 186,228,234; 'sob-stuff' of, decried, 99; resents'Nazi discipline' charge, 164; criticism of,165; and exchange lists, 174; and the fate ofthe Jews of Hungary (1944), 184, 188, 199,214, 228-9, 239, 240-4, 253- 4, 267-9, 277- 8,280, 28I, 288; and the Mauritius deportees,186-7; and the bombing of Auschwitz,278-9,303-6; and Lord Moyne's assassination,330

Jewish Army: the question of, 48-9, 261, 276,291

Jewish Frontier: publishes atrocity details(September-November 1942), 87

Jewish Telegraphic Agency ..report, 187,278-9Johnson, Herschel V.: 275, 293Johnson, Ida: witnesses atrocities, 293Joint Distribution Committee (the 'Joint'): 23

Joseph, Bernard: 91,117, 127n.3, 184,292;biographical sketch of, 347

Kahany, Menahem: in Geneva, 29, 78,120, 131,160, J74, 189, 192; biographical sketch of, 347

Kantor, Alfred: his postcard, 192Kaplan, Eliezar: hopeful news from, 290Karski, Jan: his report, 93-5; biographical

sketch of, 347Kastner, Rudolf: 204-5, 241, 251; biographical

sketch of; 347Katowice: 247Karyn: massacre at, 131Katznelson, Yitzhak: at Vittel, 144, 174, 200-1,

deported to Auschwitz, 306-7Kazbek, the: refugees on, 295Kellar, A. J.: and Nazi motives, 253Kenya: possible Jewish refuge in, 98Kelly, David: reports on disappearance ofJews,

16-17Kerr, Sir Archibald Clark: 241, 281, 337Khan, Faiz Mohammed: seeksJewish refugees,

134Kharkov: war crimes trial at, 168-9Kielce: fate ofJews in, 90Kiev: fate ofJews in, 18, 110Klages, Otto: 227, 286Knatchbull-Hugessen, Sir Hughe: and Jewish

refugees, 22-3, 13S, 281-2, 287; and the'goods for blood' proposal, 212, 226, 228,229, 242, 244; biographical sketch of, 347

Koestler, Arthur: 'some morbid obsession',170; biographical sketch of, 347-8

Kopecky, Dr Jaromir: and the 'truth' aboutAuschwitz, 232-4, 245, 246, 262; biographicalsketch of, 347

Korczak, Janusz: goes to his death, 94Kos: 157; Italian officers murdered on, 158-9Kosice: appeal to bomb, 236-7, 246; Jews

deported to Auschwitz through region of,264Kot, Professor Stanislaw: 144Kovno: 25, 151; Jews escape from, 162; mass

murder in, 293; a deportation to Auschwitzfrom, 314, 317

Kozy: escapees avoid, 196Krasnansky, Oskar: 203-4, 231, 232;

biographical sketch of, 348Krasnodar: war crimes trial at, 149; killings at,

recalled, 169Krausz, Moshe: in Budapest, 241, 244-5, 251,

255, 268, 269, 290, 326; biographical sketchof,348

Kremer, Dr Johann: at Auschwitz, 73Krumey, Hermann: 'the deportations would

cease', 227Krupp: 86, 142,262,279,327Kubowitzki, Dr Leon: and the Red Cross, 169;

and the bombing of Auschwitz, 256;biographical sketch of, 348

Kulka, Erich: quoted, 215, 308, 332-3;biographical sketch of, 348

Kullmann, Dr G. G.: possible mission of, 281Kurcyusz, A. N.: reveals truth about

Auschwitz (March 1944), 179-80

Index

Laski, Harold: complains to Churchill, 148Latvia: fate ofJews of, 8I, 84-5Lauterbach, Leo: in Jerusalem, 35, 48, 67, 82;

biographical sketch of, 348Laval, Pierre: 96, II 8Law, Richard: and the Riegner telegram, 59;

and the Karski report, 93-5; and the BermudaConference, 132-3; and Jewish refugees, 163;and the bombing of Auschwitz request, 306;biographical sketch of, 348

Leder, Eliezer: in Istanbul, 206Lehman, Governor: his tennis shoe, 44Lesitz: telegraphic error for Belzec, 92Les Milles: internment camp, 67, 68Libya: and Jewish refugees, 139Lichtheim, Richard: his messages from Geneva,

28-30,32-3,34,35,39,47-8,53,61,64-7,6<)-73,78,81-7,88,90-1, lOS, II4, 120-1,122-3, f29, 143-4, 152, ISS, 156, 174, 188;his report oh April 1944, 197-8; furtherreports and warnings from, 199-200, 205-6,228; and the truth about Auschwitz (June1944),234-6,250,251,257,260; andHungarian Jewish refugees, 28<)-90, 292;biographical sketch of, 348--9

Lichtenstein, Fritz: and refugees, 174, 25In.ILidice: reprisals at, 50; 'never heard of, 170Lincoln: air base at, 238Lindenbaum, Shalom: his recollections, 3I I,

315-16; biographical sketch of, 349Linton, Joseph: in London, 29, 73, 88,98--9,

101, II7, 122, 135, 164, 186,244,254; andthe bombing of Auschwitz appeal, 304-5,309, 310, 31<)-20; reports the fate of a poet,306-7; biographical sketch of, 349

Lipovsky Mikulas: Auschwitz escapees at, 203,231

Lipson, Daniel: his awkward question, 173Lisbon: 173,251,276,287Lithuania: fate ofJews in, 85, 151,263,293Little, Dr: urges help for Jews, 119Livingston, H. B.: in Geneva, 57, 59, 206;

biographical sketch of, 349Locker, Berl: and Jewish refugees, 98Lodz: ghetto in, 16,32,40,43,71,90; 'doomed

to die', lSI, 236; Jews deported to Auschwitzfrom, 302, 3II, 314, 317

Long, Breckenridge: 172; biographical sketchof,349

Lourie, Arthur: 30,47,48,67,71, 101Lowrie, Donald A.: his report, 64Lublin: fate ofJews in, 41, 43, 47, 51, 52, 54,

86,151; liberated, 295, 333; total deaths inregion of, 329; public 'anaesthetised' to, 334

'Lublinland': proposed Jewish reservation,13-14; Jewish deportees in, 51, 52, 54, 100

Lucas, Senator: at Bermuda, 132Luke, S. E. V.: and Jewish refugees, 22Luxembourg: Jews of, 14Lvov (Lwow, Lemberg): fate ofJews in, 19,

40,43,52,65, II3; resistance at, 162; reportof killings in (March 1944), 181

Lyons: protests in, 68, 69

Macaulay. T. B. : and the effect of distress onthe human mind, 138

Macedo, Carlos de: and deportation ofJews, 17Macedonia: Jews deported from, 122, 125, 157Mack, John: 'they have no status in any land',

140Maclaren, Captain D.: and nazi atrocities, 334McClelland, Roswell: 233, 246, 248-9, 313-4,

327;biographical sketch of, 349McCloy, John J.: and the Auschwitz bombing

appeals, 238, 248, 255-6, 303, 321, 327-8;biographical sketch of, 349

Mackillop, Douglas: in Geneva, 78, 174,251;biographical sketch of, 250

MacMichael, Sir Harold: and Jewish refugees,24,33-4,36,80,133; and an incident inPalestine (November 1943),165; and Jewishrescue squads, 171; and the 'goods for blood'proposal, 212-3, 228--9,230, 242; assassinationattempt on, 298; biographical sketch of, 350

Madagascar: and Jewish refugees, 109; a possibleJewish colony, 147

Maglione, Cardinal: 69,71,104; biographicalsketch of, 350

Maher Pasha, Ahmed: 330Maisky, Ivan: 97, 101,281Majdanek: Jews gassed at, 62, 86, 105, 121;

report of gassing at, reaches the west, 14<)-50;further slaughter at (November 1943), 162;Jews deported to Auschwitz from (April1944),201,231; mentioned, 236; moredeportations to Auschwitz from (July 1944),292; death toll at, 329n.2; photographed atliberation, 333-4

Malines: internment camp, 153Mallet, Victor: reports on deportations, 16Manchester Guardian: reports killing ofJews, 43;

urges Hitler's threats to be taken seriously,85; reports truth about Auschwitz, 252-3; afurther report in, 257

Mandel, Georges: 96Mann, James: and a Polish appeal, 320-1Marchbanks, Mr: and an urgent appeal, 255,

265Matitza, the: refugees on, 186Martin,John: 106, 185,208,276; biographical

sketch of, 350Martin, Kingsley: and a New Statesman article

on Nazi atrocities (9January 1943), 110-1and IIon.I; biographical sketch of, 350

Masaryk,Jan: and the Jews, 74Mason, Paul: and the bombing of Auschwitz,

318-20,326; and Jewish refugees fromHungary, 32<)-30;and the liberation ofAuschwitz, 337-8; biographical sketch of, 350

Maunsell, Brigadier: his objection, 253Mauritius: 24, 98, II4, 186-7Mauthausen: concentration camp, IS, 30, 302;

Dutch Jews reported murdered at (December1942),105; Hungarian Sonderkommandotrained at, 184; a deportation to Auschwitzfrom (August 1944), 308; a deportation fromAuschwitz to (September 1944), 317;crematorium motor sent to (November

1944), 33IMay, Doris: 47, 48, 67, 101, 136, 157Medmenham: 190Mefkure, the: sunk 294Mein Kampf: quoted, 13Melchett, Lord: 101, 187Mexico: :lndJewish refugees, 314'Mexico': at Auschwitz, 196Mihai, the: reaches Istanbul, 33, 34, 38Mikolajczyk, Stanislaw: 46-7Milanowek: prisoners taken to Auschwitz from,

51Milca, the: reaches Istanbul, 189Millard, Guy: 303, 319; biographical sketch of,

350Minsk: Jews deported to, 29Mircea, the: reaches Istanbul, 33, 34, 38Mohne and Eder dams: breached, 143Molotov, Vyacheslav: his Note of6 January

1942, 18-19Monowitz: slave labour camp at, 175; German

synthetic oil and rubber plant at, 190-1,215,216,222,232,249-50,302-3,309,321-2,327,328, 330, 334-5; report of an escapee from,223; designated a bombing target, 282-3;bombed (20 August 1944), 307-8 and (13September 1944), 3I5-16, 317; Jews from,gassed (17 October 1944), 326; photographed(29 November 1944), 331-2; further raid on(26 December 1944), 333; final photographsOf(I4-I5January 1945), 334-5; partialevacuation of, 335; final bombing raid on,335; liberated, 337

Montauban, Bishop of: protests, 67Montgomery, Colonel: sceptical, 214Montor, Henry: 'so startling ... a picture',

71-2Moore, Sir Thomas: and reprisals, 50Moravska Ostrava: a bombing target, 3I IMordowicz, Czeslaw: escapes from Auschwitz,

215-6,231; report by, 231-2, 235-6, 269,327, 329; biographical sketch of, 350

Morgenthau, Henry: and the Riegner rescuescheme (1943),167,172; and the WarRefugee Board, 172, 173,214,217; and theAuschwitz bombing appeals, 237, 256; andthe 'goods for blood' proposal, 286;biographical sketch of, 350

Morina, the: refugees on, 294Morrison, Herbert: and Jewish refugees, 77,

108-9, II9, 128, 132, 146; biographical sketchof, 350

Moscow Declaration, the: on war crimes,160-1, 178

Moyne, Lord: and Jewish refugees, 22-3, 24-5;and Jewish rescue squads, I70n.I, 257; andBritain's Middle East policy, 176; and the'goods for blood' proposal, 229, 230, 242,253; and Jewish refugees reaching Greece,284; assassinated, 330; biographical sketch of,350-1

MUlier, Filip: at Auschwitz, I96n.IMunich: Jews deported from, I2In.IMunkacs: an appeal to bomb, 237, 246

Index

Murphy, Flight Sergeant: over Auschwitz, 317Mussolini, Benito: 69; overthrown, 152, 156

Namier, Lewis: and Jewish refugees, 23-4,75-6,98, 128-9, 186; and the Riegnertelegram, 59; and Jewish terrorism, 187;biographical sketch of, 351

New Guinea: Germans in, 336Nathan, Mrs Alice: at Auschwitz, 338n.INew Statesman and Nation: reports anti-Jewish

atrocities (9January 1943), IIo-INew York Times: 44, 52, 55, 144; 'atrocity

details' published in (26 November 1944), 329New York Times Magazine: report in (january

1944), 170New Zealand: 'too far away', 109; and

HungarianJewry, 289, 300News Review: and 'large gas stations', 51Newsam, Sir Frank: sees 'fundamental

difficulties', 296Nicaragua: and Jewish refugees, 200Niehaus, Max: visits Auschwitz, 178Nitra, Rabbi of: 209, 312Nordhausen: evacuation to, 336Normandy Landings: 190,207-8,220,222,

223,238,260,273,281,285,297Norton, Clifford: in Berne, 85,95,251;

biographical sketch of, 351Norway: Jews of, 14; Jews deported to

Auschwitz from, 86; reports of deportationsfrom, 91, 102; exchange scheme rejected for,119; Jews reported to have reached Auschwitzfrom, 263

Nuremberg Laws: (of 1935), 13Nyasa, the: refugees reach Palestine on, 173-4

Odessa: anti-Jewish atrocities in, 19, 110Odertal: Allied bombing target at, 207;

bombed, 315; remains a primary target, 322'Operation Children': 154'Operation Frantic': 220, 225, 238, 249, 301,

322

'Operation Jericho' : 285, 328'Operation Overlord': 207'Operation Pointblank': 143, 175, 190Oranienburg: concentration camp, 15,263Osborne, Francis d'Arcy: and the Vatican,

104-5; biographical sketch of, 351Oswiecim: see index entry for Auschwitz

Pabianice: Jews deported to Auschwitz from,158

Pakistan: 147Palestine: 21, 22-5, 32, 36-8, 48, 74, 78, 87,

102,261,329,339; eye-witnesses of Naziterror reach, 88-92; and refugees from Nazi­dominated Europe (during 1943), 109, III,112-3,120, 128-9,140, 166; Eden'immovable' on, 132; the future of, discussed,147-8,219,269; exchange schemes for Jewsfrom, 120, 143-4, 145, 146, 151, 153, 162,206; incidents in (1943),164-5; and theJews of Hungary, 182-3,245,274,287,288,289,290-1, 300; Jews on way to, through

Istanbul (1944), 189, 271, 332-3; and the'goods for blood' proposal, 214, 229, 242,267

Palestine Post: reports Nazi atrocities(November 1942), 89-90; on Jewishterrorism, 187

Panama: and Jewish refugees, 200Paraguay: 115, 197-8,200Paris: Jews deported from, 52, 58, 61-2, 73,

122, 150, 153, 155, 158, 162, 181,201,2°5,210,260,292, 303

Peake, Osbert: 131-2, 138,296-7; biographicalsketch of, 351

Pechersky, Alexander: leads death camp revolt,158 and n.2

Pees: deportation from, 266Pehle, John W.: 'not a Jew', 173; and the

Auschwitz bombing appeals, 237-8, 248,255-6,312,320-1,327-8; British criticismof, 244; and the 'goods for blood' proposal,244, 28o; biographical sketch of, 351

People, the: reports three million Jewsmurdered (October 1943), 161

Perth, Lord: protests, 147Peru: and Jewish refugees, 200Petain, Marshal: rebuked, 69Pink,]. R. M.: 'stamp on this', 135Pinkerton, L. C.: '212, 219, 224, 314Pinsk: children massacred at, 45; Jews

murdered at, 86Piotrkow: fate ofJews in, 90Pius XII, Pope: 71,104-5,314; biographical

sketch of, 351Plaszow:Jews reach Auschwitz from, 205;

a deportation from, reported, 257Polpress Bulletin: and Auschwitz, 338Poland: German invasion of, 13; Lublinland

'reservation' in, 13-14; ghettoes set up in,16,20; death camps set up in, 25-6; slavelabour in, 30; Jews deported to, 39; reportofJews murdered in (May 1942), 39-44;and (july 1942),45, 53 and (August 1942),54,64; destruction ofJewish communitiescontinues in (1942-3), 82-3, 91, 121, 174;Jews from camps in, deported to Auschwitz,205,263; British aid to, 299-301

PolishFortnightly Review: reports Naziatrocities against Jews, 44; reports onAuschwitz, 45, 51

Polish Government-in-Exile (the 'LondonPoles'): 14-15, 16-17,40-44,46,51,55,88,99,100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 106, 149, 181,208,257,305,324,326

Polish Major, the: his report, 234, 246, 262,265, 290, 329

Pollak, Dr: helps Auschwitz escapees, 202-3. Poltava: air base at, 220, 225, 238, 249, 301,

322Pomerania: Jews deported from, 153Pomerantz, Venya: leaves Istanbul, 212;

biographical sketch of, 3SIPoniatowa: resistance at, 162Ponsonby, Colonel: does not wish to 'annoy'

Germans, 60-1

Index

Portal, Sir Charles: and reprisals, 106-7Portugal: and the Jews, 17, 108, 114,213,214,

226,261, 289,3 13Pozner, Dr Chaim: receives news of a Nazi

plan, 56, 58n.l; and efforts to help Jews inNazi Europe, liS, 159, 174; and the truthabout Auschwitz reaches the west (june1944), 244-5; and the appeal to bombAuschwitz, 245; biographical sketch of, 351

Prague: Jews expelled from, 29, 57, 58, 114Presov: an appeal to bomb, 236-7, 246Proskauer,Joseph: wants direct British

approach to the Germans (1943), 127

Quarantine Camp: at Auschwitz, 194

Raczynski, Count Edward: 93, 96,101,104,106, 177; biographical sketch of, 352

Radom: Jews killed in, 41 ; Poles sent toAuschwitz from, 54

Ramat Hakovesh: incident at, 164-5Randall, A.W. G.: 74,108--9,134,147,168,

214,217,218,223,229,241,242,253-4,280,284, 287, 288; biographical sketch of, 352

Rathbone, Eleanor: and Jewish refugees, 117-8,138--9, 147, 165-7; biographical sketch of, 352

Ravensbriick: concentration camp, 34, 52, 292,326, 336

Red Cross: see index entryfor International RedCross

Representation of Polish Jews: 177, 182Reprisals: 50-I, 106-7, 143,250,258Reuter: and the 'unknown destination', 63Reynaud, Paul: 96Rhodes: 76, 152, 157,288,302Ribbentrop,Joachim: 122Richter, Samuel: at Auschwitz, 338n.1Riegner, Gerhart: reports on the fate ofJews in

Nazi Europe (27 September 1941), 17; 'wehad to do what we could', 28, 33; passes onmessage of a Nazi mass murder plan (8August 1942), 57-61, 64, 70, 75, 95; furthernews reaches, of mass murder, 81, 84; hismessages to the west (during 1943), 114, 146,152, 161; rescue scheme of (April 1943),167-8, 172; suggests 'world wide appeal' tosave HungarianJewry (March 19«), 184;reports on Jewish fate in Nazi Europe (April1944), 197-8, 199-200; responds to appeal'find my son', 205-6; and the truth aboutAuschwitz reaches the west (june 1944),232-3,235,245-6; biographical sketch of, 352

Riga: 25, 63, 81, 90, 124, 162, 248Ripka, Hubert: 262, 264-5; biographical

sketch,352Ritchie, D. E.: and 'news value' of massacre

stories, 46Ritz, Hans: and use of gas vans, 168--9Roberts, Frank: 50, 59,74,96,97,224,242,

325; biographical sketch of, 352Roebuck, Arthur: 'rescuers or accomplices', 296Rome: 156, 157, 162Rommel, Field Marshal Erwin: 48, 72Roncalli, Angelo (later Pope John XXIlI) :

helpsJews, 122, 287; biographical sketch of,352

Roosevelt, Franklin D.: and war crimes, 53, 74;appealed to, 56; and the Vatican, 71, 104;Hitler's view of, 72; and the Allied Declaration(of December 1942), 101; and the BermudaConference, 127; Churchill appeals to, 141,159; and the Riegner rescue scheme (1943),167; re-election prospects of, 171,244; andthe War Refugee Board (1944), 172-3; andthe Palestine White Paper of 1939, 177; andone of the 'blackest crimes' of all history, 184,265; a further warning from, proposed, 223;and the 'goods for blood' proposals, 277-8;and the Polish uprising in Warsaw, 299; andthe bombing of Auschwitz, 312

Rosenheim,Jacob: appeals for bombing, 236--7,238,248; biographical sketch of, 352

Rosin, Arnost: escapes from Auschwitz, 215-6,231; report by, 231-2, 235-6,26g, 327, 329;biographical sketch of, 352

Roth, Leiutenant: flies over Auschwitz, 317Rothschild, James de: appeals to Allies, 103Rotta, Monsignor Angelo: 224n.3, 266Royal Air Force: 47, 50, 107, 190--1,236,255,

279,285,299,321,328Ruhland: oil plant at, bombed, 238Rumania: Jews of, 22, 30, 33-4; expulsion of

Jews from, 66, 96, 114; Jews remaining in,69-70,71,81 ;Jews on way to Palestine from(1942),75-6; warnings to, 82, 162; rescueefforts towards Jews of, 9~, 116, 129, 167-8,178, 185; appearance of orphans in'harrowing', 150;Jews reach Istanbul from(1944),173,186,189,201,332; the Jews of(in 1944), 175; a partisan project for, 182,197n.l; rescue ofchildren of (lune-November1944),251,294-5

Rumbold, Algernon: and Jewish refugees,134-5

Ruthenia: Jews forced into ghettoes in, 201;Jews deported to Auschwitz from, 209, 220,223,264

Saarbriicken: deportations from, 314Sachsenhausen: evacuation to, 336St-Vincent, General de: protests, 68Salin, Professor Edgar: a message through, 56Salonica:Jews of, murdered, 122, 129-30, 153;

'all trace of them has been lost', 145; 'sent toPoland', 174-5

Salvador: II5, 200Salvador, the: sinks (12 December 1940), 21Samuel, Viscount: 104, 126, 147Sargent, Sir Orme: 324-5Saudi Arabia: 21Scherer, Dr E.: and Auschwitz, 253Schiff, Otto: and Jewish refugees, 77Schroeder: and deportations from Hungary, 227Scharf, Jona: 'They said I had made it up', 295;

biographical sketch of, 353Schwarzbart, Dr Ignacy: 42-4,144,256;

biographical sketch of, 353Schwarzheide: labour camp at, 259

Index

SelaJredine, the: reaches Istanbul, 327Selborne, Lord: and aid to Jews, 178Sered: Jews from, leave Auschwitz

(November 1944), 327Shauliai (Shavli): fate ofJews in, 151Shertok, Moshe: 88--9, 107-8, 127, 164-5, 184,

186--7, 199; and the 'goods for blood'proposal, 212-3, 226--7, 228--9, 229-30, 240--4,253-5,257-8,259,267--9,280,281;andtherescue,of Hungarian Jewry, 274, 288, 290;and the liberation ofeastern Europe, 295;and the bombing of Auschwitz request, 305,314-5; and Lord Moyne's assassination,330;biographical sketch of, 353

Shinwell, Emanuel: Eden's pledge to, 2gQ-ISicily: Allies land on, 149; possible refugee

camp on, 291; 'full', 297Siemens: 262, 279, 327Sikorski, General: 19,42,74-5, 106, 107, 139;

biographical sketch of, 353Silesia:Jews deported from, 52; Jews deported

to, 85; distance of, from Britain, 285;renewed deportations from, 302

Silverman, Sydney: 58, S9-6I, 93-7, II3, II9,140, 181, 185,265

Sinclair, Sir Archibald: and the bombing ofAuschwitz, 271-2, 284-5, 304, 30S;biographical sketch of, 353

Singer, Katherina: at Auschwitz, 179;biographical sketch of, 353

Skalite: Auschwitz escapeesreach, 197,202Siessor, Sir John: and Allied aid to Poland, 319

n.zSlovakia: Jews of, 30, 32-3, 34, 35, 39;Jews

deported from, 52, 57, 61, 65, 8'1, 83, 155;a report smuggled from, IS4;Jews reachIstanbul from, 173; a message reachesIstanbul from, 176; news offate of Jewsdeported from, 180; a partisan project for,182; fears for Jews of, 185; escapeesfromAuschwitz reach, 197; renewed deportationsfrom, 302,308,314, 326

Slovenia: Jews deported from, 54Smuts, Jan Christian: his telegram, 152Snow, T. M.: and Jewish refugees, 21;

biographical sketch of, 353Sobibor: death camp at, 25, 26, 62, 63n. I, 86;

first reports in the west of, 44, 94, 97, 102;gassings continue at, lOS, 121, 145; furthernews of reaches the west Guly 1943), 151 and(September 1943), 155; revolt at (October1943),158; gassingsend at, 174,236; deathtoll at, 329n.2

Sommer, Dr Arthur: his message, 56, 58n.1Sonderkommando: at Auschwitz, 195, 23I; revolt

of (October 1944), 324; gassing of(November 1944), 331

Sorensen, Reginald: and Jewish refugees, 103,II6

Sosnowiec: report of woman from (November1942),92; report ofa labour camp at (April1943), 129; fate ofJews from, revealed(March 1944), 180; Jews deported toAuschwitz from (September 1944), 314

South Africa: 289, 300Soviet prisoners-of-war: 16, 45Soviet Union: German invasion of, IS; fate of

the Jews of, 18-19,29; and the condemnationof German atrocities, 97, 1°3; and theGerman invasion of Hungary (1944), 184;and the 'goods for blood' proposal, 229, 241,254,267,280; 'far fetched' suspicions of,276--7; 'reluctant to get mixed up in Jewishaffairs', 282; Jewish Agency appeals to, 295;Board of Deputies appeals to, 312-3

Spain: 68,108,109, II8, II9, 127, 136, 199,200,213,214,217,226,261,266,269,289,313-4

Spectator, the: report of atrocities in (December1942), 102

Speer, Albert: 207Squire, Paul c.: in Geneva, 59, 84, 85Stanley, Oliver: and Jewish refugees, 98-9,

102-3, 108-9, II2, II6, 125, 128, 132, 146,148, 186--7; and the 'goods for blood'proposal, 217; and Jewish refugees fromHungary, 296, 297, 300; biographical sketchof,353-4

Stalin: and Nazi crimes, 159, 160, 223, 268, 269,270,272,276; and the Polish uprising inWarsaw, 299

Stanczyk, P.: and a Jewish appeal, 5ISpaatz, General: 301, 319; biographical sketch

of,353Stara Zagora, the: refugees on, 333Starachowice: Jews sent to Auschwitz from, 3I ISteiner, Erwin: hears Auschwitz escapees, 203Steinhardt, Laurence A.: in Ankara, 201, 223,

225,226, 228, 229, 244; biographical sketchof,354

Stern Gang: killings by, 187,330Sternbuch, Isaac: a bombing appeal sent

through, 236, 312Struma, the: fate of refugees on, 21-24; effect of

sinking of, 32, 36, 76Stutthof:Jews deported to Auschwitz from,

169; Jews from Auschwitz deported to, 259Suez Canal: 36, 76, 80, II3Sweden: II4, 131, 134; Danish Jews reach

safety in, 156; help for Hungarian Jewryfrom, 188,267,269,287,290,292,314,326,329; Auschwitz escapee aims for, 215

Sweden, King of: appeals to save Jews, 266Swiss Telegraphic Agency: reports deportations,

122, 125Switzerland: 27; news of the Jewish fate

reaches, 56--7, 81--<i; information sentthrough, 28-30, 39, 56--7,64-73, 81; refugeesforbidden to cross into (August 1942),66,77;and help to Jewish refugees, 78; refugeecamps in, II4; food parcels from, II4; andexchange lists, 120, 143-4, 145, 146, 151,162-3,174; border still closed (October1943), 157; and the VittelJews, 168, 199-200;approaches to, on behalf of Hungarian Jews,188,254,257-8,259;266,267,290,291,297,313, 320, 330

Syria: 147, 189,271,291,297

Index

Szenes, Hannah: 'we are too late', 183; her fate,224

Szmulewski, David: at Auschwitz, 193Sztojay, Dome: and the Jews of Hungary, 184,

224n·3, 266; biographical sketch of, 354

Taganrog: killings at, 169Tahourdin,]. G.: 219Tangiers: Jewish refugees at, 199; a possible

haven,313Tari, the: refugee ship, 259Tasker, Flight Lieutenant: over Auschwitz, 317Tass: Auschwitz report of, 338Taylor, Myron C.: 71, 104-5; biographical

sketch of, 354'Teheran children': 78-80, II3, II4, 120Theresienstadt (Terezin): ghetto of, 20, 32, 65;

Jews deported to Auschwitz from, 86, 154,169; food parcels sent to, 129; deportationsfrom, reported in the west, ISO, 161; 'familycamp' from, at Auschwitz, 169, 178-9, 193,194,209,232-3,234-5, 259; Jews deported toAuschwitz from, and gassed, 324, 325

Thieberger, Rosa: seeks to escape, 162Thrace: Jews deported from, 122, 125, 157The Times: quoted (16 December 1939), 13-14;

reports killing ofJews (30June 1942), 43 and(ro july 1942), 47; reports French deportations(July-September 1942), 52, 54, 55--<i, 67-9;reports fate of Warsaw Jewry (August 1942),63,94; reports 'Deliberate Plan ofExtermination' (December 1942),99-100;and Jewish refugees (April 1943), 128-9;publishes the Bishop of Chichester's appeal(May 1943), 136--7, 138; and the Warsawghetto uprising, 144; and 'Nazi Brutality toJews', 145; and an incident in Palestine, 164

Tiso, Father Josef: 33Tito,Josip Broz: his partisans, 183, 184, 185,188Tittman, Harold H.: l0STittmoning: internment camp, 123Toros, the: reaches Istanbul, 332Toulouse, Archbishop of: protests, 67Transjordan: and Jewish refugees, 109, 113Transnistria: Jews deported to, 96; attempts to

help Jews of, 163, 167-8; Jews reach Istanbulfrom, 295, 332

Transylvania: Jews deported to Auschwitzfrom, 209,223, 264

Treblinka: death camp at, 25, 26, 55, 62, 63n.l,64,65,86; reported in the west (November1942), 92,94-5,97, 102; gassings continue at,105, II3, 121, 144; mentioned in the Houseof Commons (May 1943), 139; mentioned ina letter reaching Istanbul (July 1943), 151;revolt at (August 1943), 153; further newsreaches Istanbul about (September 1943), ISS;and the Jews at Vittel, 168; 'never heard of';170; gassings end at, 174; a report of earliergassings reaches the west (April 1944), 198and (June 1944), 234, 236; a plan of, reachesLondon (August 1944), 305; death toll in,329n. l

Tribune de Geneve: and the Jews of Holland, 48

Trieste: Jews deported from, 157; deporteesreach Auschwitz from, 191,292,314,324

Tripoli: and Jewish refugees, 139Trzebinia: oil refinery at, bombed, 301, 328Tunisia: and Jewish refugees, 139Turkey: and Jewish refugees, 22, 32, 37-8, 75,

II2, II8, 128, 148, 163, 186, 188, 199,258,271,282,294-5,327,332; and the Jews ofHungary, 266, 269, 289

Ukraine: fate ofJews in, 19Ullman, Dr F.: appeals for Red Cross action,

245; biographical sketch of, 35.United Nations: II8, 125, 126, 144, 148, 177,

219,248,251, 265,280United States, the: 18, 27, 30, 79,101-3,108,

II7, II8, 123, 125, 127, 128,270; and theBermuda Conference, 131-5, 136-7, 139, 141;and Jewish 'pressure', 165; 'generous-hearted'people of, 166; Eden's criticism of, 173,177-8; Foreign Office criticism of, 182; andthe German occupation of Hungary (1944),184; and the Vittel deportees, 200-1 ; and the'goods for blood' proposal, 218, 219, 225, 226,242,254,259-60,275,280,286; Eden's fearof oil dominance of, 219; and .the bombingof Auschwitz proposal, 246-8, 285, 320-2;and Jewish refugees, 276, 284, 288, 289, 296,298, 300, 3I 3

United States Air Force: 107, 143, 190-1, 216,219,220-1,238,255,266,279,301,307,3 15,322, 328, 334

'Unknown destination', the: 63, 73,87, 105,145, 150, 192,203,228; revealed (june 1944),234-5; re-iterated, 257, 260

Upper Silesia: deportations to, 86,121,129;'alarming reports' from, 146; Allied bombertargets in, 190; a postcard from, 206;'slaughters' at, reported (june 1944), 233, 235,236,248,251,272,279,303; Allied air-raidsthroughout, 308, 3I 1; slave labourersevacuated from, 335

Uruguay: and Jewish refugees, 200

Van D'Elden: his report, 53Vatican, the: 33,60,69,71,104-5,152, 157,

246,249, 264,266Veesenmayer, Dr Edmund: 183, 184, 266;

biographical sketch of, 354Venezuela: passports of, II 5Vichy France: camps in, 28-9; Jews of, 30,

55-6,64,66,68-9,76-7,81,131; Germanoccupation of, 88

Vienna: Jews expelled from, 29, 57, 58, II4;deportations from, 175, 314; oil installationsin, photographed, 317

Vilna: fate ofJews in, 40, 42-3,55, 151,293Vitebsk: killings at, 169Vittel: internment camp, 123, 144, 168, 174,

191-2, 197, 199-260,228,260, 306; Jewsreached Istanbul from, 271

Vrba, Rudolf: at Auschwitz (1942-4),192;escapes (April 1944), 192-7; reaches Slovakia,202-5.231; biographical sketch of, 354

Index

Vrba-Wetzler Report: drafted, 203; its fate.209.216,231,232-6.245.246,248,262-5,266,290; published in Washington, 327-9

Vyshinsky, Andrei: 241. 337

Walker, A. E.: 228, 254, 272. 305-6Wallenberg, Raoul: in Budapest, 326Wannsee: conference at, 18, 19-20. 26, 27War Cabinet Committee on the Reception and

Accommodation of Refugees, 108-9. II2,II8-9, 128. 132. 146, 163: 173.177-8,217-8,254,280-1.296-7,3 13

War Refugee Board: 172, 174, 175. 177-8, 199;bombing appeal to. 209, 219. 236-7, 246-8,303.312,320-1,328; and possible negotiationswith the Gestapo. 228, 229, 241. 242. 244.254-6.268,278,280,286; atrocity detailscirculated by, 275; and Hungarian Jewishrescue efforts, 287, 289,290,298,313-14;atrocity details reach, 293

Ward, Colonel Sir Lambert: and Jewishrefugees, 139

Warren, Fletcher: 'keeping the door open', 275Warsaw: and Auschwitz, 15,51; ghetto set up

in, 16, 17, 18; fate ofJews in, 31, 32, 41-2.47,55,60.64-5,71,82.90.92,93-5,99.108,130, 236; rumours in, reported, 43; ghettouprising in. 131. 134, 135, 143, 144; 'nolonger any Jews in' (luly 1943), 151; letterfrom a survivor of (November 1943). 163;Polish uprising in (August 1944), 299-301 ;Poles deported to Auschwitz from (September1944),317.326; Allied air support for, 300-1,322

Wartheland:Jews killed in, 40. 55Weissmandel, Rabbi Dov: messages sent

through, 83. 204. 209; an appeal from (31May 1944), 216-7, 245; biographical sketchof, 354-5

Weizmann, Dr Chaim: 25. 29, 37, 38. 39, 47.60; appeals to Lord Halifax, 125; fearsreprisals, 143; Churchill's promise to, 164;and an incident in Palestine, 164-5; appeals toChurchill (March 1944). 185, 188; and the'goods for blood' proposal, 214. 218-9, 223-4,229,240,241,255,267-9,286; and Tiro, 185,256-7; and the Jewish Brigade Group, 261 ;and the bombing of Auschwitz appeal, 269,284,285,306; and Jewish immigration toPalestine, 329; and Lord Moyne'sassassination, 330; biographical sketch of, 355

Welles, Sumner: 127Westerbork: internment camp at, 123, 145, 155,

260Wetzler, Alfred: escapes from Auschwitz

(April 1944), 193-7; reaches Slovakia, 202-5;the effect of his escape. at Auschwitz itself.2I 5; biographical sketch of, 355

Wheeler. Flying Officer: over Auschwitz, 335Whittall. A. W.: at Istanbul, 32, II6, 189Wiesel. Elie: 210n.lWinant, John G.: 53,97Windecker, Adolf: and the fate of the Jews in

Riga. 124 .

368 Index

Winkelmann, Dr Otto: in Hungary, 184Wise, Stephen: messages to, 57n.2, 58, 5g--60;

and the Bermuda Conference, 127; and theRiegner rescue scheme, 167; and the Jews ofHungary, 207, 210, 228, 251; and Jewishimmigration to Palestine, 329; biographicalsketch of, 355

Wiskemann, Elizabeth: passeson news ofAuschwitz, 232-3; biographical sketch of, 355

Wisliceny, Dieter: and Hungarian Jewry, 243Witlinski, Lieutenant: at Auschwitz, 338World Jewish Congress: 17, 19,67,84,87,93,

')6-7, II4, 121, 129, 146, 152, 159, 161,245;rescue scheme of (1943), 167-8, 169; urges'fresh and emphatic warnings' (March 1944),181; urges 'a world wide appeal' (March1944), 184; urges various protests (April1944),188; its relief organization 'Relico',206; a deportation message of (June 1944),

257; appeals to bomb Auschwitz, 303

Yemen: 21, 244Yugoslavia: Jews of, 14, 16,29, 30;Jews

deported from, 61,85,87,97,122; partisansin, 182-3; Jews reach Auschwitz from, 205,263

Zagreb: fate ofJews in, 150Zaslani, Reuven: his warning, 197; his mission,

257; biographical sketch of, 355Zilina: Auschwitz escapees questioned at,

203-4; an appeal to bomb, 246Ziwian, Gabriel: escapes from Riga, 81Zuckermann, Yitzhak: letter from (November

1943), 163 and n.rZygielbojm, Szmul: 42-4,53,108; commits

suicide, 135-6, 144; biographical sketch of,355