Index Cards - HG file•Koran –Islamic Bible •Hinduism –the main religion of India that is based on Aryan beliefs •Caste system –(Hinduism) a lifelong social

Index Cards - HG

• Hunter-Gatherers – people who hunted food

and gathered berries

• Nomads – people who move from place to

place

• Culture – the way in which people react

with their environment, including their

technologies, beliefs, customs, and art

Index Cards - HG

• Technology – tools/methods that help

humans perform tasks

• Migrate – to move from place to place

• Division of Labor (Specialization of Labor)

– dividing out jobs between male/female,

young/old in order to make the work load

easier

Index Cards - HG

• Domesticate – tame (plants & animals)

Index Cards – Stone Age

• Surplus – Extra supply

• Agriculture – Growing plants and raising animals for food.


• Archaeology – the study of past cultures

through the things that remain such as

buildings, tools or pottery

• Artifact – weapons/tools and other things made by humans


• Division of Labor – dividing out of jobs

between male/female, young/old in order to

make the work load easier

• Irrigation – watering crops

Index Cards - Mesopotamia

• Civilization – group of organized people in

a culture

• Fertile – rich soil

• Mesopotamia – land between the rivers

Tigris- Euphrates

Index Cards

• Plateau – area of high flat land

• Ziggurat – rectangular platforms that form a

huge pyramid structure

• Artisans – skilled workers


• City-states – a city with its own government

and traditions

• Dynasty – a ruling family

• Empire – a large territory


• Cuneiform – wedge-shape marks made on

damp mud with a stylus

• Scribe – record keepers

• Polytheism – worship of many gods

• Monotheistic- worship one god


• Code of Hammurabi – set of 282 laws in

which the punishment fits the crime as well

as the social class of the offender and the

victim

• Conquest – the defeat of another group

Index Cards

• Astronomy – study of the moon, planets,

and stars

• Delta – a triangular shaped area of soil at

the mouth of a river

• Silt – black soil

Index Cards - Egypt

• Papyrus – a reed plant that grew along the

shores of the Nile River used to make paper

and other products

• Cataract – waterfalls/rapids

• Pharaoh - King

Index Cards - Egypt

• Hieroglyphics – Egyptian picture writing

• Unify – to unite

• Pyramid – tomb/grave

Index Cards - Egypt

• Mummy – preserved body wrapped in strips

of linen

• Economy – the way people manage

resources

Index Cards - Egypt

• Rosetta Stone – decoding of Hieroglyphics

• Mummification – process of preserving a

dead body (embalming)

Index Cards - Egypt

• Tribute – forced payment

• Savanna – a grassy plain

Project

• Shoe box must have dwelling (cave, lean to,

or a stone house)

• Needs water source

• If hunter-gatherer – Need tools or animals

they hunted

• If Stone Age – Need domesticated animals

and plants

Index Cards - Egypt

•Barter – change one good for another

Index Cards - Egypt

• Monotheism – the worship of only one God

Index Cards - Egypt

• Society – organized community that consists

of rules and traditions

Index Cards – World Religions

•Religion – an organized system of beliefs,

ceremonies, practices and worship that center

around one or more gods.

•Judaism – the monotheistic religion founded by

Abraham

•Christianity – the monotheistic religion based on

the life, teachings, death, and resurrection of

Jesus Christ


• Islam – the monotheistic religion revealed to and

based on the teachings of Muhammad

• Koran – Islamic Bible

• Hinduism – the main religion of India that is

based on Aryan beliefs

• Caste system – (Hinduism) a lifelong social

group into which one is born


• Buddhism – religion founded by Siddhartha

Gautama and is based on the teachings of

Buddha

• Meditate – to clear one‟s mind (Buddhism)

• Karma – a person‟s fate brought on by

himself

• Confucianism – a way of thinking and

living based on the teachings of Confucius


• Daoism/Taoism – the belief in finding the

“way,” or the dao, of the universe

Index Cards - China

• Double cropping – growing 2 crops on the

same land in the same year

• Levees – a dike used to control flooding

• Terrace – a platform of earth

• Loess – a yellowish brown soil that blows

in from a desert

Index Cards - China

• Mandate – authoritative command

• Mandate of Heaven – the divine right to

govern everyone…God called leader

• Ancestor – a person from whom one is

descended.

Index Cards - China

• Calligraphy – Chinese style of writing

• Pictograph – pictures that represent words

• Monopoly – a person or group who has complete

control of a product

• Silk Road – connected China in East Asia to

Central Asia and Southwest Asia. Goods were

traded along this route. (China‟s silk, Europe‟s

Glass, India‟s cotton cloth, Asia‟s grapes, figs,

cucumbers, and walnuts)

Index Cards - China

• Aristocrat – a person who is a member of a

high social class

• Middleman – a person who goes between

buyers and sellers

• Bureaucracy – a group of appointed

officials who are responsible for different

parts of the government

Index Cards - China

• Civil Service – the practice of using skills

and talents to work in the government

• Seismograph – an instrument that warns of

a coming earthquake and measures its

strength

Index Cards - Japan

• Island – land completely surrounded by

water

• Typhoon – violent storm from the ocean

Index Cards - Japan

• Isolation – set apart, kept to oneself

• Tanka – an unrhymed poem of 5 lines

• Clan – a group of families related by blood

or marriage

Index Cards - Japan

• Samurai – warrior

• Daimyo – running leaders and land owners

• Shogun – most important Lord that

controlled military affairs, justice, and

economy

• Bushido – code of honor

Index Cards - Japan

• Shinto – Japanese religion based on „the

way of the spirits.‟ They believe that nature

has living spirits that will guide and protect

• Animism - belief that all things are alive

and have their own spirit

• Sect - small religious groups with distinct

beliefs within a larger religious group

Index Cards - India

• Monsoon – strong winds that blow one way

in summer, another way in winter.(

produces rain in summer)

• Subcontinent – a large mass of land that is

part of a main continent, but is separated by

physical features (mountains, etc.)

• Nirvana – the state of wisdom and freedom

from the cycle of rebirth

• Reincarnation – the process through which

a person goes from one life to another

Index Cards – India

• Brahmin – a priest who held the highest

place in Aryan society

• Caste – a lifelong social group into which

he/she is born

• Enlightenment – a state of pure goodness

• Dharma – divine law

Index Cards - India

• Stupas – Buddhist shrines

• Epic – a long poem that tells about

legendary or heroic deeds

• Raja – Prince

• Guru – teacher

• Caste- a social group that someone is born

into and cannot change.

Index Cards - India

• Kshatryas – Warriors and rulers

• Vaisyas – common people

• Sudras – unskilled laborers and servants

• Pariahs – untouchables who collected

garbage, cleaned stables, and handled the

dead

Index Cards – GreeceRepresentative Democracy- Citizens choose a

small group to make laws/decisions.

• Mediterranean Sea – major waterway of

Europe

• Athens – birthplace of democracy

• Peninsula – land that is surrounded by water

on 3 sides

• Agoras - outside marketplaces

• Direct Democracy- people gather at a mass

meeting and vote.

Index Cards - Greece

• Hellenistic Period – time period when the

Greek language and culture was spread

throughout the world by Alexander

• Assembly – a group of Athens male

citizens that passed laws

• King Philip II of Macedonia – Alexander‟s

dad


• Democracy – a form of government where

men have a voice/power

• Citizenship – the rights and responsibilities

of belonging to a country

• City-states – a small separate nation

• Polis – a small city-state


• Philosophy – study of the meaning of life (

Love of wisdom)

• Philosopher – one who studies the meaning

of life

• Socratic method – a way of teaching in

which the teacher asks students questions

that makes students use logic to figure out

things

Index Cards - Rome

• republic-a form of government in which the

citizens have the right to vote

• plebeians-less wealthy landowners,

merchants and small farmers

• patricians- wealthy landowners, who

became Rome's ruling class

Index Cards - Rome

• counsels-officials who managed the govt

and the army

• *dictator- someone who has total control of

the people

Index Cards - Rome

• tribunes-representatives of the common

people (lawyer)

• assemblies-a group of representatives that

make decisions on government (congress)

• checks and balances- a system used to limit

the power of a person or group

Index Cards - Rome

• senate-Roman representatives in the

government

Index Cards - Rome

• Julius Caesar – Roman dictator and strong

military leader who was well-liked, reduced

taxes, built new buildings and created a

better life for plebians. When he declared

himself dictator for life, the Senate killed

him.

Index Cards - Rome

• Octavian (Augustus) – relation of Caesar

who took over after his death and ruled

during the Pax Romana. He expanded the

empire, reorganized the military and

government, thus creating a new era. He

was crowned emperor of Rome.

Index Cards - Rome

• Trajan – emperor who ruled after Augustus

during the Pax Romana and expanded the

empire to the largest extent in Europe.

Index Cards - Rome

• Internal – something that comes from

within

• External – something that comes from

without

• Germanic tribes – tribes of people from

Germany

• Pax Romana – time of Roman peace

Index Cards - Rome

• Aquaduct – human-made channel built to

carry water

• Keystone – the piece in the middle of an

arch that provides support

Index Cards – Middle Ages

• Middle Ages/ Midieval Times: the time

period between ancient history and modern

history

• feudalism: a system of government and a

way of life

• manor: lands divided into smaller divisions


• nation - states: (England, France, Spain) an

area that had a strong central government

ruled by a king and had their own laws and

governments and shared the same culture.


• vassels: noble who served a Lord of a

higher rank

• serfs: peasants who worked on the manor

• knights: warriors of honor who fought on

horseback

• clergy: priests, bishops and cardinals of the

Roman church

• nobles: Kings and Lords


• fief: a gift of land

• tithe: giving 10% to the church

• squire: a knight in training


• knight - English soldier who protected the

king and his land

• chivalry - code of conduct of knights that

stressed the importance of courage, loyalty

and devotion to duty.

• Magna Carta - document of 63 rules that

the nobles wanted King John to obey. It

limited the power of the king and is the

basis for many laws in Europe today.

Magna Carta

Limited power of king

The King:

•Could not put people in jail without a trial

•Could not tax people without permission

•Could not force the church to do anything

•Had to follow all the rules that everyone else had to

follow

This document led the way to a representative

government where people helped make laws

(Parliament)


• Crusades - Major military expedition by

Christians to win back control of Holy

Land.

• expedition - a journey for a special purpose

The Crusades

• Began as a way of recapturing the recently seized

Holy Land – Palestine from the Turks

– Wanted to free it from Muslim rule

– Stop a Turkish conquest of the Byzantine Empire

• Crusades was series of wars that lasted for

centuries and was fought in different regions

The Crusades• Had mixed success

– Did not permanently re-conquer Palestine, but did

regain control temporarily

– When combined with the Reconquista (retaining of

Spain from the Muslims), it succeeded in neutralizing

Muslim advances in mainland Europe.

– Interaction of people and ideas from other cultures

allowed parts of Europe (Italian peninsula) to develop

cities of trade and commerce that caused an

EXPANDING, TRADE-BASED European economy.

– Created an interest in overseas land that developed a

desire to explore the Western Hemisphere.

Index Cards – The Church

• pope- the leader of the Roman Catholic

church

• monks-Men who devote their lives to

religion and lives in a monastery

• priests- religious leaders in the Catholic

church

• nuns-a woman who devotes her life to

religion and lives in a convent

Notes – The ChurchRoman Empire fell…

Catholic Church became #1» Source of stability

» Source of self-identification

How?

• Monasteries – started as service to God• Became education centers

– Created universities (Notre Dame Cathedral)

– Degrees of Theology

• Preserved Christian writings (Bible, Scriptorium)

• Art – stained glass, paintings, books (Book of Kells)

Notes – The Church

Primary goal of monasteries:

Spread Christianity!

• Wanted ideal communities

– Live holy

– Live dedicated

• Eventually, created Religious Orders• The Franciscans & Dominicans

– Spread Christianity

– Promoted living the Catholic teachings

Index Cards – The Church

• Epidemic – a rapid spread of a disease over

a wide area

• Bubonic Plague/Black Death – an epidemic

spread to humans by fleas from rats. It

spread throughout Europe and Asia because

of traveling merchants.

• Anti-Semitism – abuse of Jewish people

Index Cards – Byzantine Empire

• Justinian Law – laws of the ancient Romans

collected by Byzantine scholars and

organized into a code of laws for the

Byzantine Empire under Emperor Justinian

Index Cards – Renaissance

• Renaissance – rebirth. It began in Italy and

was a period of renewed interests in art and

learning in Europe

• Patron – rich people that will pay artists to

complete their work

• Commerce – trade

• Secular – worldly views


• City-states – independent cities with their

own government

• Venacular - native languages such as

German and French.


• humanism- an intellectual movement

focused on human virtue, accomplishments

and potential of humanity


• anatomy- the study of the human body

Chiaroscuro- using light and shading

Contrapposto- having the body twisted as the

head and /or shoulders face a different

direction than the hips or legs

Perspective- showing depth through three-

demensions


• indulgences- pardons from punishments of

sins

• Reformation-reforming the Roman Catholic

church beliefs and practices

• Counter-Reformation-movement to stop

changes in the Catholic church

Index Cards – Africa

• Sahara Desert - largest desert in the world

and it is located in Africa

• Rainforest - a tropical woodland having at

least 100 inches of rain a year

• Savanna - a grassy plain


• Ghana - 1st West African kingdom that was

based on the gold and salt trade

• Mali - a rich kingdom of the West African

savanna

• Songhai - a kingdom of the West African

savanna


• Monotheistic – worship of only one god

• Islam - religion that worships Allah and

claims Palestine as its Holy Land.

„Rewind‟ Questions– Africa

• What were the names of the 3 major

kingdoms of the W. African savanna?

• What were the 2 main items for trade?

Questions– Africa

• What caused the rise of W. African

empires?

• What caused the fall of W. African

empires?

• How did Islam affect the W. African

empires?

Big Ideas – Africa

• West African civilizations:

– Became major trading ports (gold from

savannas & salt from the desert)

– Developed centralized governments

– Spread Islam (Berbers through trade, then the

elite joined)

– Preserved African traditions


• Ghana, Mali, and Songhai were kingdoms

located on vast savannas

– Had a network of rivers used for irrigation and

trade.

• Rivers provided access to Atlantic Ocean

– Had surplus of crops (allowed for trade)


• Religion

– Worshipped one god

– Had traditional African beliefs

– Once was Christian

– Converted to Islam

• Spread under the Mali leaders

Quiz– Africa

1. What were the names of the 3 major kingdoms

of the W. African savanna?

2. What were the 2 main items for trade?

3. What caused the rise of W. African empires?

4. What caused the fall of W. African empires?

5. What religion did W. Africa convert to?

6. How did this religion help shape the W. African

empires?

7. How were rivers beneficial to W. Africa?

Index Cards– Exploration

• Columbian Exchange: exchange of goods and

ideas between America and Europe

• Triangular Trade: the trading of slaves also called

the Middle Passage

Notes– Exploration

• Overland trade was dangerous and expensive

– Looked for sea route to Asia

• Columbus discovered new land

– Created a race for land, trade, and natural resources

– Major Powers: Spain, Portugal, England, France

• Columbian Exchange moved plants, animals,

foods, people, diseases to new world

– Domesticated new plants & animals

– Destroyed ecological stability of areas

– Brought diseases that killed many Native Americans

• Small pox, measles

Notes– Exploration

• Columbian Exchange moved plants, animals,

foods, people, diseases to new world

– Domesticated new plants & animals

– Destroyed ecological stability of areas

– Brought diseases that killed many Native Americans

• Small pox, measles

• New crops & livestock increased populations

– Maize & Potatoes

– Horses

• Two-way communication

Index Cards – Mesoamerica

• Incans-a people of a powerful South American

empire

• Mayans-people who established a great

civilization in middle America

• Aztecs-people who lived in the valley of Mexico


• tribute- payments made by lower class to the

rulers of the upper class

• quipu-a knotted rope used by the Incas to keep

records


• Incans-a people of powerful South American

empire

• Mayans-people who established a great

civilization in middle America

• Aztecs-people who lived in the valley of Mexico

Documents

Index Cards - HG file•Koran –Islamic Bible •Hinduism –the main religion of India that is based on Aryan beliefs •Caste system –(Hinduism) a lifelong social