r 1

INDEX

'Aaron Ha Kodesh', niche for" !I7, 1I8, 185 n.

Abraham, prophet, 45 Acacius, Bishop of Caesarea, 52 Ackroyd, Peter, 149 Acre, Bishop of, 8 Acta (annual reports), 89, 177-8 n. Acts of the Apostles, The, 1I, 70, 89,

137-8, 143, 190 n. Actus Silvestri, 36-7 Adam, 9 Aelia Capitolina (pagan temple), Jeru­

salem, 21, 40, 42-3, SI, 62, 63, 121,168 n. 174 n.

Agritius, Bishop of Trier, 28 aitia ('the reason for the penalty'), 86-

90, 96, 106 alba, 78-9, 175 n. Alexamenos (graffito of mocking

cruxific), 141-2 Alexander (Cappadocian bishop), 42 Alexander (son of Simon of Cyrene),

109 Alexander VI, Pope, 93 Alexandria, Egypt, 49 A1f6ldi, Andrew, 127 Alf6ldi, Geza, 17 5 n. Alfred, King, 7, 72 Allectus (usurper), 24 Alpha/Omega symbolism, 125-7, 134 Altmann of Hautvillers, 27 Ambrose, Bishop of Milan

on crucifixion nails used in bridle, 20,64,66

and fifth version of Titulus, 86 and Inventio Crucis, 20, 22, 57, 73,

150-1 on origins of Empress Helena, 25

on Roman fragment of Titulus, 91, 178 n.

Ananias, High Priest, 89 Anastasia (daughter of ConstantiusI,

36, 125 Anastasis (rotunda of Holy Sepulchre),

45, 1I6 Anastasius IV, Pope, 18 Andrew (disciple of Jesus), II4 ankh cross, 133 Antioch; Syria, 49 Antonia Fortress, Jerusalem, 66 Aphrodite, see Venus, Temple of Apollo, god, 33 Aramaic language, 102-4, 175 n., 182

n. Aratus (philosopher); 141, 190 n. Archangel Michael, 7 I Areopagus (philosophers' assembly),

Arianism, 34, 36, 37, 52 Arius, Presbyter, 34-5, 36, 37 Arthur, King, 23 Arthur Stone, Tintagel, 191-2 n. Asclepiodotus, King, 23 Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, 157-8 Athanasius, Bishop of Alexandria, 37 Attalus the Christian, 88 Augustus, Emperor, 43, 79, 87, lIS Aurelius Victor (biographer), 29

Baldwin I, Emperor of Con­stantinople, 8

Baldwin IT, Emperor of Con-stantinople, 68

Bahat, Dan, 187 n. Banjas, excavations at, 1I5 baptismal tanks, 126, 188 n.

i i. "

Ij I1 ill

I; 11 'i

,1

INDEX

Bar Kokhba, 40, 43, 134, 137 Bedini, D. Balduino, 181 n. Ben-Chorin, Shalom, 105-6 Benoit, P., Milik, J. T., and de Vaux,

R.,137 Berger, Klaus, 188 n. Bergman, Ingmar, 162 Bethlehem, 41, 42, 44, 45 Bethsaida, excavations at, II4, 145-6 Bible Codices, 81, 82, 83-4, 94, 95, 176

n., 179 n. BibliothecaBodmeriana, Cologny, 132 Biddle, Birthe, II9 Biddle, Martin, II6, II9, 186-7 n. Black, Matthew, 165 n. Boccaccini, Gabriele, 101 Boccaccio, Giovanni, 24 Bodleian Library, Oxford, 138 Book of Common Prayer, 82, 83, 95 Bordeaux Pilgrim, 45, 54, 60, 168 n. Borgehammar, Stephan, 165 n., 168-

71 n., 178 n. Britain, 22-5 British Museum, 143 Broshi, Magen, 120 Buddhism, 138 Bultmann, Rudolf, 13 Burckhardt, Jacob, 47 burial sites, 50-I, 132, 189 n. Bury St Edmunds, 72 Byzantium, see Constantinople

C. Cornelius Gallus (prefect), 86 Caccianemici, Gerardo, Archbishop

of Bologna, 91, 92, 161 Callimachus (Greek philosopher), 190

n. Caesarea, Maritima, 49, 175 n.

temple in, 80, 99, 104, II5 Caesarea Philippi (now Banjas) excav­

ations at, II 5 Caiaphas ossuaries, Talpiot, II6, 185

n. Caligula, Emperor, 14 Calleva Atrebatum, see Silchester Callisto Catacombs" Rome, 142-3,

191 n.

Calvary, Mount, see Golgotha Cana, Galilee,.I 14 Carlisle, Cumbria, 78 Cassius Dio (Roman historian), 79,

175 n. Catecheses (Cyril), 53, 54 causa poenae ('the reason for the

penalty'), 86-90, 96, 106, 183 n. Chaplains' Department (HM Armed

Forces), 128-9 Chaucer, Geoffrey, 59 Chi,144-5 Chi-Rho monogram, 16, 17, 32, 127,

133,151-2,165 n. described by Eusebius, 129-30 in Hypogaeum of the Acilians, 131-2 increased use in fourth century, 123 on leather fragments (P,Mur. 164),

134-7, 141 in Silchester Basilica, 125 XP abbreviation for, 126-7, 131

Chios, island of, 69 Cmesimon (or Cmeston!Chresis)

symbol, 125-7, 141 Christian artefacts, 6, 7, 56, 169 n.

and anti-Semitism, 92 authenticity of, 69-71, 154 cross of penitent thief, 68 from crown of thorns, 67, 68-9 crucifixion nails, 20, 21, 64, 66-7,

172 n. 'fanciful', 70-1 forefinger of St Thomas, 67-8, 69 healing properties of, 21, 70 sold to Louis IX, 68-9, 70, see also

Titulus Crucis; True Cross Chri~tians and Christianity

catacombs, 142-3 concept of 'witness', 56, 61-3, 159-

60 Constantine, see Constantine the

Great, Emperor early use of cross, 14-17, 124, 141,

145-6, 151 Edict of Milan, 35-6, 121, 126, 188

n.

l 1

I I

,I

T i I INDEX 197

historical basis of, S0-2, 160

Jerusalem community, SI, 76--7, 79 liturgy, 55-6, 59-60, 61, 71 mass conversions of, 109-10 persecutions, 35 separate church buildings, 124,

187-8 n. symbolism of the Trinity, 138-40 theological schism, 34-5, 36, 39 transvaluation, 140 ,unique union of Divine and human,

62-3 and use of Staurogram, 132-4

Chrosroes II, King, 6 Chrysopolis, battle of, 30, 38 Chrysostom, John, 54,74-5,76,152 church buildings, 124, 187-8 n. Church of the Ascension, Mount of

Olives, 44 Church of the Nativity, Bethlehem,

41,44,45 Cicero, Marcus Tullius, 10, 135 Cirencester, Sussex, 144 Claudius, Emperor, 175 n. Claudius II Gothicus, Emperor, 26 Clement of Alexandria (theologian),

139, 140 Cleopas (uncle of Jesus), 77 Codex Alexandrinus, 82, 83, 84, 95,

176 n., 179 n. Codex Q, 17 6 n. Codex Sinaiticus, 81, 82, 94, 95 Codex Vaticanus, 82, 94, 95 Codex Washingtoniensis, 83-4 Coel of Colchester, King, 23 Columbus, Christopher, 92 Constans I, Emperor, 130 Constantia (half sister to

Constantine), 28 Constantine II, Emperor (formerly

Constantius), 130 Constantine the Great, Emperor

in Britain, 25, 27 conversion to Christian Faith, 33-

4, 35-6, 130-1, 160, 167 n. Edict of Milan, 35-6, 121, 126 execution of C!ispus, 28-9, 39

and title of Augusta, 30-1 Jacobus on, 9 ~yths surrounding origin of, 23-4 nse to power, 26-7

vision of the cross, IS, 16, 17,31-3, 127-9, 134

Constantinople (capital of Eastern Roman Empire), 64, 67, 68, 91

Constantius Chlorus, Emperor (father of Constantine), 23, 24-S, 25-6, 33, 36, 125, 187 n.

Constantius II, Emperor, 53, 130 Coptic manuscript, 190 n. Couasnon, Charles, 4S Couchoud, P. 1., 186 n. Council of Nicaea see Nicaea,

Council of Crispus (son of Cons tan tine), 28-9, 39,

48, 130 Cromwell, Thomas, 72 Cross, see True Cross cross-palindromes, 143-4, 152, 186 n.,

191 n. Crusades, 7-8, 68, 91, 122, 124, 152 crucifixion, 10-14,36,66-7,68,73-4,

172 n. crucifixion nails, 20, 21,64,66-7, 172

n. cryptograms, 16-17 CUISUS publicus system, 43-4 Cynewulf (Anglo-Saxon poet), 7, 20 Cyril, Bishop of Jerusalem, 52-5, 66,

151

Dalrymple, William, 59 David, King, SI, II6-17 Dead Sea Scrolls, 11-12, 85, 102, 135,

H4, 157, 181 n. Decius, Emperor, 121 Deichmann, Friedrich, 165 n. Delta, 137-8 .

Deuteronomy, II2 Diaspora, Jewish, II3, 120 Dio Cassius (historian), 14 Diocletian, Emperor, 26, 35, 125 disciplina arcani, 16-17 Di Segni, Leah, 180 n.

~I INDEX

Dismas (crucified penitent thief), 68 Domine ivimus ('Lord, we have

arrived!'), 62, 63, II9-2I, 151 Domitian, Emperor, I4 Domitius Domitianus (usurper), 26 Donatism, 34, 36 Drach, M., ID2-3

Dream of the Rood, The (Anglo-Saxon poem),7

Drepanum (now Herkes), Asia Minor, 25

Drijvers, Jan Willem, 15,46-7, 178 n. Drusus (brother of Tiberius), I75 n. Dura Europos, church at, 124

Eck, Werner, 174 n. Edessa, city of, 69 Edict of Milan, see Milan, Edict of Edict of Toleration (Galerius), 36 Egeria (female pilgrim), 45, 46, 55-6,

60-2,71,90,91, I5I,172 n., 178 n.

Egyptians, II9, 140 Elagabalus, Emperor, 64 Elen of Carnarvon, 24, 166 n. Elene (Cynewulf), 7,20 Eleona Church (Church of the

Ascension), 44 Elkanah (father of Samuel), i 10 Elon, Amos, 38 Emmaus (disputed site of Res-

urrection appearance), II4 Encaenia, festival of,s 6 Enlightenment, the, 154 Ephesus (capital of Proconsular Prov-

ince of Asia), 70 Erasmus, Desiderius, 82, 83, 95 Essenes, 135, 157 Eudocia, Empress, 57-8 Euhemerus (Greek philosopher), 156 Eusebius, Bishop of Caesarea

(Constantine's biographer), ID, 25,28,40,175 n.

on Golgotha, 5 I on Helena's pilgrimage, 40-1, 43,

44-5 on martydom of Attalus, 88

on Martyrium basilica, 45-6, 50 on pilgrimages, 42 silence on lignum cIUcis, 47-50, 54,

IS I, 169 n. on vision of the Cross, 31-3, 129-

30

Eusebius of Nicomedia (Syrian prelate), 37

Eustathius of Antioch, 37,44, 167 n. Euthychius of Alexandria (church

historian), 173 n. Eutropia (mother of Fausta), 45 Eutropius (historian),25 Exaltation of the Cross, feast of the,

91

Fausta, Empress, 28-9, 39, 48 Feast of Weeks, 107-10 Firmilian, Bishop of Caesarea, 42 Fleury, Rohault de, 102 Fontana, Domenico, 65 Foster, John, 192 n. Frederick, Elector, 70 Freer Gallery of Art, Washington, 83 Fundaci6n S. Luca Evangelista, Bar-

celona, 157 fundus Laurentus, Rome, 30, 37 {urca cross, 12

Galeria Valeria, Empress, 30 Galerius, Caesar, 26, 30, 35, 36 Galla Placidia, Dowager Empress, 91 Gamaliel (rabbi), III Garden Tomb, 184 n. Gelasius of Caesarea (a Nicene), 20,

46 Geoffrey of Monmouth, 23 Georgia, Queen of, 8 Gibbon, Edward, 24, 35, 38,47, ISO Glastonbury, Somerset, II4 Goethe, Johann Wolfgangvon, 18 Golden Legend, The (Jacobus), 9-10,

20,23 Goldsmith, Oliver, IDI Golgotha, Jerusalem, 9, 45,5 1,53,73-

4, II5, 173 n.

f ! ! INDEX 199

Good Friday, 56, 59, 83, 91 Gordian, Emperor, 134 Gordon, General Charles, 161 Gospels, 13, 16, 72, 80-90, 147, 153,

154,' 155-8, 176 n., see also indi­vidual bookS

graffiti, 132 Domineivimus, 62,63, Il9-2I, 151 Palatine mocking crucifix, 141-'-2,

15 1 in 'Tomb of David' synagogue, I I 8-

19 Graves, Robert, 5 Greek

Alpha/Omega symbolism, 125-7 Chi,I44-5 Chresimon (or Chreston/Chresis)

symbol, 125-7, 141 Delta, 137-8 inscription on Titulus, 80-5, 90, 93-

4, 95-9 tachygraphy, 134, 135-6, 141 Y/OY (Ypsilon/omikron + ypsilon),

96-8, 180 n Greek Cross, 124, 145 Greek New Testament, 82, 83,94,95 Greene, Graham, 150 Greenwich Dome, London, 153 Gregory, Bishop of Nyssa, 52, 54 Grenfell, Bemard, and Hunt, Arthur,

138 Guarducci, Margherita, 16-17 Gustafsson, B., 184 n.

Hadrian,Empero~40,62,63, 121, 159 Hakim bi-Arnr Allah, al- (caliph of

Egypt),I22 Harris, Ruth, 153 Hasmonean Palace, Jerusalem, 66 Hattin, battle of (1187),8,58,152 healing miracles, 21, 70, 172 n. Hebrew

inscription on Titulus, 80-5, 90, 93-4,95-9, 101-6, 181-2 n.

Taw sign, 144-5 Hebrews (New Testament), 132

Hegesippus (Church historian), 5 I, 77, I74n.

Helena Augusta, Empress, 9, 14, 165 n.,I66.n.

birthplace and background, 25-6, 36 British princess myth, 22-4 conversion to Christianity, 36-7 crucifixion nails, 20, 21, 64, 67 cult of, 57-8 estates in Rome, 29-30, 3.7, 58, 64 Evelyn Waugh's book on, 18, 19,22-

3,38,15 0

and execution o~ Crispus, 29, 39 Inventio Crucis, 19-22, 46-9, 57,

66,73,15 1 in Jerusalem, 4, 20-2, 42, 45-6 pilgrimage, 38, 40-2, 43-5 and private holy relics, 64, 7I remains of, 18 and title of Augusta, 30-1 and Titulus Crucis, 63-5, 66, 90

Hengel, Martin, IO-Il, 173 n. Henry of Huntingdon (English

chronicler),23 Henry VIII, King, 24, 72 Heraclius I, Emperor, 7 Herculaneum, Italy, 133, 143, 191 n. hereditas fidei, 20

Herod Agrippa I, 5 I, 74, 75 Herod the GIeat, 5 I Herodotus (historian), 12 Herzog-August-Bibliotheck, Wol-

fenbuttel, 176 n. hieroglyphs, 16 Hippolyte Delehaye (scholar), 154 Historia Ecclesiastica (Gelasius), 20 Holy Cross Day, 91 Ho~y Grail, Il4 Holy Sepulchre, Church of the, 40, 45,

50, 54, Il6, 122 holy sites, 50-2, 61-2, 74, IlO, Il4-

15, 122, 161, ryo n., see also indi­vidual named sites

Horus, god, 140 Hoxne (treasure), 187 n. Hundred Years War, 23, 24 Hypogaeum of the Adlians, 131-2

1 l

, 1 i j

1 j j

j

j I

.1

I

I

I

INDEX 200

Icklingham baptismal tank, 126, 188 n.

Imad, al- (secretary to Saladin!, 8 India, 69, 172 n. indulgences, 93 InnocentDl, Pope, 92-3 INRI monogram, 71, 86 International Red Cross, 124 Inventio Crucis, 19-22, 46-9, 57, 66,

73,150-1 Isaiah scroll (Dead Sea Scrolls!, 144 Isis, goddess, II9, 140 Itacism, 98-9

Jacob of Volterra, 103 Jacobus de Voragine, Archbishop of

Genoa, 9-10, 20, 23 James (brother of Jesus!, 51, 75, 76, 77 James (brother of John!, 75 Jason of Thessalonica (Christian!, 87 Jenkins, Simon, 153 Jerome (ascetic and scholar!, 55, 71 Jerusalem, 168 n.

Aelia Capitolina, 21, 40, 42-3, 51, 62,63, 121, 168 n. 174 n.

Christian community in, 51,76-7, 79, 107-14, II7

and Council of Nicaea, 49 destruction of sites, 122 and Empress Helena, 4, 20-2, 42,

45-6 fragment of lignum crucis, 8,58 fragment of Titulus, 55-6, 91 Golgotha, 9, 45, SI, 53, 73-4, II5,

173 n Holy Sepulchre, 40, 45, 50, 54, II6,

122 Jewish authorities in, 86-7 pilgrimages to, 42-3, 55-6 Praetorium, 65-6 Scala Santa (Holy Staircase!, 65-6 tradition of holy sites, 51-2,74, 122

Jesus Christ, 63 burial of, 72, I12-I3 causa poenae, 86-90, 96, 106 crucifixion of, 67, 68, 172 n. family of, 77, I10

fanciful artefacts of, 70-1 historicity of, 39

. and Holy Staircase, 65 and Pontius Pilate, 86-8 Second Coming, 52 and solar religion, 33 XP abbreviation for, 126-7

'Jesus Papyrus' (fragments of St Mat­thew's Gospel!, 157, 158

Jesus Papyrus (Thiede and d'Ancona!, 1-2,153,155,157

Jewish authorities, 86-7 J oel, Book of, 85. John, Bishop of Jerusalem, 22 John, the Evangelist, 61 Jonah, 132, 142 , Jonathan (son of Saul!, III

Joseph of Arimathea, 52, 72, 76, I10-13, 114

Josephus (Jewish historian), I1, 51, 175 n., 191 n.

Judaea,82 Judas Iscariot, 22 Julian the Apostate, 44 Julius Caesar, 86, 87 Justin Martyr (Christian apologist!,

10,32,89 Justinian, EmperoI, 68

'King· of the Jews', see causa poenae Knox, Ronald, 150 Koskennierni, Heikki, 157 Kroll, Gerhard, 103, 181-2 n., 191 n.

Labarum (Christian sign!, 32-3, 130, 131,167 n.

Lactantius (tutor to Crispus! qn Constantine's vision of cross, 3 I,

127-8, 130 on separate church buildings, 124,

187 n. and Staurograrn, 132, 133, 134

Lane Fox, Robin, 165 n. Last Supper, I 17 Lateran Church, Rome, 65 Latin .

graffiti at Golgotha, 62, 63, I19-2I

1

200 INDEX

Icklingham baptismal tank, u6, 188 n.

Imad, al- (secretary to Saladin), 8 India, 69, 172 n. indulgences, 93 InnocentIII,Pope, 92-3 INRI monogram, 7I, 86 International Red Cross, i24 Inventio Crucis, 19-22, 46-9, 57, 66,

73, 150-1 Isaiah scroll (Dead Sea Scrolls), 144 Isis, goddess, II9, 140 Itacism, 98-9

Jacob of Volterra, 103 Jacobus de Voragine, Archbishop of

Genoa, 9-IO, 20, 23 James (brotherofJesus), 5I, 75,76,77 James (brother of John), 75 Jason of Thessalonica (Christian), 87 Jenkins, Simon, 153 Jerome (ascetic and scholar), 55, 71 Jerusalem, 168 n.

Aelia Capitolina, 2I, 40, 42-3, 5I, 62,63, 12I, 168 n. 174 n.

Christian community in, 5I, 76-7, 79, I07-14, II7

and Council of Nicaea, 49 destruction of sites, 122 and Empress Helena, 4, 20-2, 42,

45-6 fragment of lignum crucis, 8, 58 fragment of Titulus, 55-6, 91 Golgotha, 9, 45, 5I , 53, 73-4, lI5,

173 n Holy Sepulchre, 40, 45, 50, 54, lI6,

122 Jewish authorities in, 86-7 pilgrimages to, 42-3, 55-6 Praetorillm, 65-6 Scala Santa (Holy Staircase), 65-6 tradition of holy sites, 51-2,74, 122

Jesus Christ, 63 burial of, 72, II2-13 causa poenae, 86--90, 96, I06 crucifixion of, 67, 68, 172 n. family of, 77, lIO

fanciful artefacts of, 70-1 historicity of, 39

. and Holy Staircase, 65 and Pontius Pilate, 86-8 Second Coming, 52 and solar religion, 33 XP abbreviation for, u6-7

'Jesus Papyrus' (fragments of St Mat­thew's Gospel), 157, 158

Tesus Papyrus (Thiede and d'Anconal, 1-2, 153, 155, 157

JeWish authorities, 86-7 Joel, Book of, 85 John, Bishop of Jerusalem, 22 John, the Evangelist, 61 Jonah, 132, 142 , Jonathan (son of Saul), I I I Joseph of Arimathea, 52, 72, 76, lIo-

13, lI4 Josephus (Jewish historian), lI, 5 I,

175 n., 191 n. Judaea,82 Judas Iscariot, 22 Julian the Apostate, 44 Julius Caesar, 86, 87 Justin Martyr (Christian apologist),

IO,32,89 Justinian, Emperor, 68

'King of the Jews', see causa poenae Knox, Ronald, 150 Koskennierni, Heikki, 157 Kroll, Gerhard, I03, 181-2 n., 191 n.

Labarum (Christian sign), 32-3, 130, 13I, 167 n.

Lactantius (tutor to Crispus) .on Constantine's vision of cross, 3 I,

U7-8, 130 on separate church buildings, 124,

187 n. and StaUIogram, 132, 133, 134

Lane Fox, Robin, I 6 5 n. Last Supper, II7 Lateran Church, Rome, 65 Latin

graffiti at Golgotha, 62, 63, lI9-21

:.1

l I 1 l

I ,I

T !

INDEX 201

inscription on Titulus, 80-5, 90, 93-4,95-9,175 n.

Leonardo di Sarzana, 103 Licinius, Emperor, 27, 30, 35..,.6, 38,

39, 121, 126, 192 n. lignum crucis (wood of the Cross), 9,

39,178 n. Cyril on, 53-4 dispersal of fragments of, 53, 54-5,

63,66,71- 2 Encaenia festival, 56 Eusebius's silence on, 47-50, 54 Jerusalem fragment of, 8, 58

Louis IX, King, 68-9, 70 Lucian (head of theological school), 37 Lucius IT, Pope, 91 Lullingstone mural, Kent, 143 Luther, Martin, 5-6, 65, 70 Lydgate, John, 24

Macarius, Bishop of Jerusalem, 6, 21-2,40,44,49, 66, 73

McGrath, Alister, 149 Magdalen College, Oxford, 157 Maier, Paul L., 163 n. Maitrya ('the Buddha wh'o will come

next'),I38 Majority Text, 81-4, 95, 176 n. Malachi, Book of, 147 Mamre, church at, 45 Mamucium (Manchester), 143 Manichaeans, 138-9 Mar Saba (monk), 140 Marcian, Emperor, 58 Marinus, Pope, 7,72 Martyrium (basilica at Holy

Sepulchre), 45 Matthias (successor to Judas), IIO Maundy Thursday, 82 Maxentius (Roman Emperor), 23, 27,

31,32,33,128,191-2 n. Maximian, Emperor, 24, 25, 26, 33 Melania the Elder, 22 Melania the Younger, 44 Melito of Sardis, Bishop, 42 Meryem, Queen of Persia, 6-7 Migdal (Magdala), excavations at, II5

Milan, Edict of (313), 35-6, I2I, 126, 188 n.

Mildenhall (treasure), 187 n. Milne, H. J. M., 137 Milton, John; 24 Milvian Bridge, battle ofthe (312),27,

31, 33, 3~ I2~ 130 Mimouni, Simon Claude, 185-6 n. Minervina (mother of Crispus), 28 Miriucius Felix (Roman lawyer and

author), 16, 142, 143, 144 minuscule manuscripts, 81-3 Mithras, 124 Montefiore, Hugh, 1'23 Mount of Olives, 41, 44-5, II6 Mussolini, Benito, 30, 58, 64 Mylapore, India, 69

Nash Papyrus, 102, 181 n. Nazareth/Nazarene controversy, 89,

96-9, 104-6, 153, 182 n. Nero, Emperor, 16 New Testament papyri, 83, 193 n.

DeltainP29, 137-8, 139, 140, 190n. Jesus Papyrus, 157 P45, 139, 140, 15 1 P75, 82 Papyrus Bodmer 14,16 P.OXY·4404 (or PI04), 157-8 Staurogram in, 132-'3

Newman, Cardinal TohnHenry, 49-50 Nicaea, Council of (325), 34-5, 36, 38-

9,40,49 Nicodemus, II3-I4, 184 n. Nicomedia, Christian church in, 35 Nomina Sacra, 98, 126, 137-8, 181 n. Norway, 73

Octavius (dialogue by Minucius Felix), 142, 143, 144

Old Testament papyri, 102, 181 n. Orderic Vitalis (chronicler), 24 Origen (Christian scholar), 42, 48, 167

n. Ortona, in the Abruzzi, 69 Osiris, god, 140 Ossius, Bishop of Cordoba, 32

'I i

I j

! ! I ,; l

I j 1 I

202 INDEX

ossuaries, II5-I6, II8, 177 n., 185 n., see also Yehohanan

P. Mur. 164 (leather fragments of tachygraphy), 134-7, 140, 152-

Paedogogium, Rome (school for pages), 141-2

Paladini, Ferdinando, 93 Pan, shrine to, I I 5 papYli

New Testament, see New Tes­tament papyri

Old Testament, 102, 181 n. PaIaclete (Comforter), 138 Passover, Feast of the, IIO patibulum cross, 12 Paula (wealthy widow), 44 Paulinus, Bishop of Nola, 22, 54 Pella, Peraea, 5 I, 76 Persians, 6-7, 12, 26 Petronius (writer), 157 Philip (disciple of Jesus), II3, II4 Philip the Arab, Emperor, 121 Philo of Alexandria (Jewish thinker),

177 n. Philodemus, scrolls of, 133 Philostorgius (Arab historian), 25 Pilgrim of Piacenza, 178 n., 179-80 n. pilgrims and pilgrimages, 42-3, 55-9,

153 to Banjas site, II5 Bordeaux Pilgrim, 45, 54, 60 Domineivimus, 62, 63, II9-21, 151 Egeria, 45, 46, 55-6, 60-2, 71, 90,

91, IS I, 178 n. Empress Eudocia, 57-8 Empress Helena, 38, 40-2, 43-5 Feast of Weeks, 107-10, 183 n. graffiti by, 62, 63, II8-21 to Holy Sepulchre, 62, 63, 77 and Holy Staircase, 65 and importance of witness, 61-2,

II4,I59-60 Pinkerfeld, J., 117-18 Pitt-Rivers, George, 165 n. Pixner, Bargil, 117, 146, 181 n. Plato (Greek philosopher), 140, 141

Plutarch (Greek historian), 140, ·141 Pompeii, Italy, 143, 152-Pontius Pilate, 65-6, 175 n.

anti-Semitism of, 177 n. and causa poenae, 86-8 details of Jesus in Acta, 89, 177-8 n. and Titulus, 13, 79, 80, 96

'Pope Eusebius', 9 Prime, W. c., 163 n. Psalms, 61-2, 147 Pseudo-Epimenides (Greek

philosopher), 190 n. Puech, Emile, 157 Pulcheria, Empress, 58 Pythagoras (Greek mathematician),

140

Quintilian (Roman rhetorician), 10,

79 Qumran Caves, mDead Sea, 144, 157

radiocarbon analysis, 154, 180 n. Ramelli, Ilaria, 156-7 Rarnleh, battle of, 8 Resurrection, 108 Revelation, 125-6, 147 Richard the Lionheart, 8 Roberts, David, 45 Rockefeller Museum, Jerusalem, 135,

176 n. Roman{s)

Christian conversion, 109-10 and crucifixion, 10-12 military standard, 128-9 and titulus, 13-14, 79-80

Romans (New Testament book), 141 Rome, 49

Callisto Catacombs, 142-3 Helena's estates in, 29-30, 37, 58,

64 Santa Croce in Gerusalemme, 3, 30,

47,63-5, 66-5),71, 91-100 St Peter's basilica, 16-17, 37, 65 Vatican Museum, 18 Vatican necropolis, 17 Vatican Scavi, 64

Rottini, Don Luigi, 178 n.

I1

11

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INDEX 203

Rufinus of Aquileia (monk and scholar), 20-2, 74, 102

Russell, Bertrand, 158 Ruth (Old Testament book), 107

St Augustine of Hippo, 20, 138-9, 140 St John, Gospel according to, 5, 138

Augustine's treatise on, 139 on crucifixion, Il, 67, 68, 69, 70 Titulus, 13, 71, 72, 74-5, 79, 80-1,

82-3, 84, 85-90, 94 use of Staurograms in, 132-3

St John the Baptist, 71,191 n. St Luke, Gospel according to, 16, 67,

107, 109, 143 on Joseph of Arimathea, Il 1 sun as symbol of God, 147 Titulus, 13,72, 81-3, 84, 85-90, 94 use of Staurograms in, 132-3

St Macrina (sister of Basil the Great),

54 St Mark, Gospel according to, 147

reassessment of, 156-7 Titulus, 13,79,84,85-90

St Matthew, Gospel according to, 63, 132

on Joseph of Arimathea, III

reassessment of oldest surviving fragments, 157-8

sun as symbol of God, 147 Titulus, 13,79, '84, 85-90

St Nicholas of Myra, 70 St Paul (formerly Saul), 63-4, 85, 171

n. and 'concept of 'witness,' 61, 160 on crucifixion, 10, Il, 14-15 healing power of artefacts, 70 on the Resurrection, 109 and Trophimus, 176 n.

St Peter, 63-4, 72, 75, 85, 108-9, 171 n., 183 n.

St Peter's basilica, Rome, 16-17, 37, 65

St Stephen, 109 St Thomas, 67-8, 69, 172 n. St Vartan and the Armenian Martyrs,

Jerusalem, II9, 151

Ss Marcellino e Pietro, fundus Laur-entus,37

Saladin, Sultan, 8 Samuel, prophet, I I I

San Nicola, Cathedral of (Bari), 70 San Tome, India, 69 Sanhedrin, lII-12, II4 Santa Claus, 70 Santa Croce in Gerusalemme, Rome,

3,30,47,63-5 crucifixion nail, 66-7 fragment of Titulus, 91-100 . holy artefacts, 67-9,.71 sarcophagi, 143 SATOR palindrome, 143-4, 152, 186

n., 191 n. Scala Santa (Holy Staircase), 65-6 Second Coming, 52 Seneca the Younger (Roman

philosopher), 12 Sessorian Palace, Rome, 30, 58,64 Seth, son of Adam, 9 Seventh Seal, The (film), 162 Severus, Lucius Septimius, Emperor,

64 Severus Alexander, Emperor, 69 Shahrbaraz, General, 6 Shavuot (Feast of Weeks), 107-10 Sheba, Queen of, 9 Shroud of Turin, 154-5 shrouds, 72, 154-5 Silas (early Christian disciple), 87 Silchester (Calleva Atrebatum), 124-

5 Cross mosaic, 124-5, 151 lead seal, 12 5

Simon of Cyrene (carried Christ's cross), 80, 109

Sim~n Peter of Bethsaida, see St Peter Simonetti, Michelangelo, 18 Sixtus V, Pope, 65 Skeat, T. C., 193 n. Socrates (Greek philosopher), 22 'Sol Invictus', cult of, 33, I30, 146, 192

n. Solomon, King, 9, 5 I Sordi, Marta, 121, 156-7

~

1 j I

11

I 1

1 I i

1

I I

204 INDEX

Souter, Alexander, 176 n. Sozomen (Constantinople historian),

22,174-5 n. Spenser, Edmund, 24 Spottorno, Vittoria, 157 Staurogram (Cross monogram), 31,

127-8, 130, 132-4 Strickert, Fred, 145-6 Strickert, Gloria, 145 Suetonius (Roman historian), 10, 14,

86, 175 n. Sukenik, Eliezer 1., 116, 184 n. Sulpicius Severus (historian and

hagiographer), 22, 54, 166 n. sun religion, 33, 64, 130, 131, 146-7,

192 n. supernatural, 156, 167 n. Sybil, and prophesy of cross, 22 Symeon Bar Cleopas (cousin of Jesus),

77,II7 syncretism, 138-9

Tabernacles, Feast of, 110 tabula dealbata, 78-9, 175 n. tachygraphy, 134-7, 140-1 Tacitus (Roman historian), 80, 156,

191 n. Talmon, Shemaryahu, 157 Taw sign, 144-5 Temple scroll (from Dead Sea Scrolls),

II-12 Tertius (scribe), 190 n. Tertullian (apologist and theologian),

12, 15, 32, 120, 142 Tertullus (Jewish advocate), 89 Testa, Emanuele, II8, II9 Tetley, Joy, 149 Tetragram, 106 Theodora, Flavia Maximiana, 26, 29,

36, 125 Theodora and Nilammon, com­

memorative inscription to, 134 Theodoret, Bishop of Cyrrhus, 22, 36,

74,172 n. Theodosius IT, Empe1or, 33 Theodosius I, 'the Great', Emperor,

20, 150, 178 n.

Theophilus (dedicatee of St Luke's Gospel and Acts), 183 n.

Tiberius, Emperor, 12, 80, 87, 175 n. Tiro (shorthand writer), 135 Titus (Roman Emperor), 135, 137 Titulus Crucis, 47, 58, 152, 159, 161,

179 n. actual wording on, 85-90 Ambrose's description of, 86, 91,

178 n. attempts to reconstruct Hebrew

text line, 101-6 ~

causapoenae, 86-90, 96, 106, 183 n. earliest account of veneration of,

59-60 and Empress Helena, 63-5, 66,90 fragment in Jerusalem, 55-6, 91 fragment in Rome, 90-100, 175 n.,

179-80 n. Gospel accounts of, 13, 71, 72, 74-

5,79,80-90 immediately after Jesus death, 72,

172-3 n. as family heirloom, 77 physical attributes of, 78-80, 93 and Pontius Pilate, 13, 79, 80,'96 profile of possible writer of, 96 as Roman deterrent, 13-14,79 survival of, 78 . trilingualism of, 80-5, 93-9, 152,

176 n. Tixter, Mauretania, 54 'Tomb of David' synagogue, U6-18 TorPignattara(mausoleum), 18, 165 n. Trajan's column, 167 n. Tree of Eternal Life, 9 Trier, Germany, 25, 27-8 Trinity, doctrine of the, 138-41 Trophiinus (companion of St Paun

176 n. triumphal superscription, see Titulus

Crucis tropaeum (symbol of victory), 32 Trophimus (Ephesiant 176 n. True Cross (Vera Crux), 161-2

as Christian symbol, 14-17, 124, 141, 145-7, 15 I

'/

il

t l 1

1

INDEX 205

during Crusades, 7-8,152 crucifixion nails, 20, 21, 64, 66-7,

172 n. held by the Persians, 6-7 inscription on headboard of, see

Titulus Crucis Inventio Crucis, 19-22, 46-9, 57,

66,73, 15 1 Jacobus da Voragine and, 9-10 Luther's attitude to, 5-6 wood of the, see lignum crucis

Tyche, goddess, 174 n. Tyndale, William, 82

Usetar Bamik (of Zoroastrianism), 138

Valentinian III, Emperor, 91, 92 Valerius of Bierzo (Spanish abbot), 60 Vatican, Rome, 17, 18, 64 Venantius Fortunatus (Latin poet), 7 Venus, Temple of (Aelia Capitolina),

21, 40, 42-3, SI, 62, 63, 77, 121, 168 n., 174 n.

Vera Crux, see True Cross Vergil, Polydore (English historian), 24 Vemet, JoanM., 157 Vespasian, Emperor, 79 Victor, Ulrich, 156, 180 n. Vincent, 1. H., 45 Vindolanda, Northumberland, 73, 78 Virgil (Roman poet), 33

Vita Constantini (Eusebius), 31-3,40-1,49, 129-30

Vulgate version of the Bible, 98

Wadi Murabba'at, near Dead Sea, 134, 136, 140, 152

Walsh, John, 155 Wartburg Castle, Germany, 70 Water Newton (treasure), 187 n. Watts, Isaac, 123 Waugh, Evelyn, 18, I9i 22-3, 38, ISO William of Malmesbury (historian), 23 Wilson, Ian, 155 . Wohl Museum, Jerusalem, 66 wood of the Cross see lignum crucis

XP abbreviation, see Chi-Rho mono­gram

YjOY (Ypsilonjomikron + ypsilon), 96-8,180 n

Yaruk, governor of Ramla, 122 Yehohanan (crucifixion victim), 12-

13,66,67, II2, II3, 173 n., 179 n. York (Eburacum), 25, 27

Zechariah, prophet, 20, 172 n. Zias, Joseph, 172 n., 183 n. Zion (Sion), Mount, )2, 76, II6-I8 Zoroastrians, 138 Zosimus (Greek historian), 29