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Index
Note: The letter ‘n’ following the locators refer to notes cited in the text.
Aalto, Alvar, 156ABC (American Broadcasting Company),
202activism
consumer, 103–5political, 126
Adams, Samuel Hopkins, 219, 222Adenauer, Konrad, 254Adorno, Theodor W., 8, 83n47, 171–73,
175, 176, 182advertising
analyses of, 5, 176, 178basic processes of, 96brand-name, 107n18creativity and, 96, 98n13enjoyment of goods and, 174feedback loops and, 93–94fictional characters and, 101–2fruit and vegetable consumption and,
241Graham and, 200herbal medicine and, 221impact of, 41in Japan, 57manipulation in, 37modernization of, 95–99Nazi Germany and, 139, 253professionalization of, 100–103propaganda and, 140of proprietary medicine, 218–19religious, 197–98
advertising agents, 96–97, 98, 101
Advertising the American Dream(Marchand), 102
Advertising, The Uneasy Persuasion(Shudson), 41
AEG company, 254, 257affluence
advertising and, 41in America, 37in Germany, 174Nazi vision of, 136–37religion and, 198rise of, 24sustainability and, 111
Affluent Society (Galbraith), 161Affluenza (De Graf ), 38Africa, 69–80
consumer culture in, 6decline of consumption in, 72–73holistic approach to, 73–75lack of adapted goods in, 69local contexts of, 75material possessions in, 75–78precolonial imports to, 74–75
African Americans, 4, 197agency, human, 70agrarian protectionism, 129agricultural goods, 63, 235agricultural production, 232, 233agricultural research, professionalization
of, 9, 234–35, 238, 241air travel, 202, 203alcohol, 43, 219–20
268 ● Index
Algeria, 178–79alienation, 173–74, 176“alternate attendance” system, 53aluminum, 119aluminum cans, 112Aly, Götz, 252, 260American exceptionalism, 44, 196Americanization, 44, 149
see also anti-Americanism;westernization
American Medical Association, 218American Revolution, consumer politics
and, 43American Tobacco Company, 97, 108n33,
255Annales school, 114Anslinger, Harry, 224anthropology, consumption studies and, 6,
77, 78anti-Americanism, 180
see also Americanizationanticommunism, 180anticorporatism, 114antinuclear movement, 113antipollution rhetoric, 113Antonioni, Michelangelo, 185Anxieties of Affluence, The (Horowitz),
114apartments, 60apocalyptic critics, 182–84“Apocalyptic and Integrated Intellectuals:
Mass Communications and Theoriesof Mass Culture” (Eco), 182
Appadurai, Arjun, 70, 71Applebee, Joyce, 43appliances, efficiency of, 112, 113appropriation, cultural, 78–79architects, 58Aristotle, 182Armour Company, 104Arnould, Eric, 75, 76Aron, Cindy, 41–42art as counter to alienating technology,
173arts and crafts, Japanese, 58Ascona, Switzerland, 117aspirin, 213Atlantic City, 42Aunt Jemima, 101
Austria, 19, 25–26authentic play, 173–74autobahn, 142–43automobile industry, 44, 92–93, 103, 113,
118automobiles
as alienating, 173–74in Japan, 60–61rise of chain supermarkets, 156tourism and, 116–17
autonomyof business-state relationships in Nazi
Germany, 260in the LAW, 73
Ayers, James C., 107n19
Balbier, Uta, 8–9Baldwin Locomotive Works, 105–6Ballard, Martha, 214, 215Barrows, Cliff, 204Barth, Heinrich, 75Barthes, Roland, 8, 171–72, 176–80, 181,
186–87Bartrams, 211Baudrillard, Jean, 22, 77Beach, Wooster, 214beautification societies, 117Bebel, August, 129, 136Beckert, Sven, 118behavioral strategies, 70Belize, 76Belk, Russell, 71belonging, 200, 206Benedict, Ruth, 181Benson, Susan, 41Berghoff, Hartmut, 7, 10, 21, 126Berliner Freiheit, 156Berlin, Germany, 133Bernays, Edward, 175Bernecker, Walther, 17Bertalanffy, Ludwig von, 105–6Bess, Michael, 114Betty Crocker, 101Bibles, 197, 200bicycles, 57, 78big box stores, 45, 150, 155, 157, 164Billy Graham Evangelistic Association
(BGEA), 201biodiversity, loss of, 115–16
Index ● 269
Biological Reichsanstalt, 238biological roots of consumption, 45–46Birth of a Consumer Society, The
(McKendrick, Brewer, andPlumb), 20
black market, 130, 131, 132, 139Blake, Eugene Carson, 206Blaszczyk, Regina Lee, 42, 90–91, 92, 100Blue Guides (Hachette, pub.), 179Böhme, Hartmut, 229Bok, Edward, 219, 222Bondanella, Peter, 186Bond novels (Fleming), 185Boorstin, Daniel, 38, 44Bourdieu, Pierre, 22, 70, 77bourgeois society, 177, 179, 182
see also Rotary Clubs in Germanyboycotts, 43–44branding of foods, 231Breen, Tom, 43Bremen, Germany, 156, 157–58Brewer, John, 20“bright life” (akarui seikatsu), 59Britain, 2, 17–18, 20, 24–25, 26,
27, 118Brown, Elijah P., 198Brown, John K., 105–6Brüning, Heinrich, 133–34Bryce, James, 116Buffet, Bernard, 180Building a Housewife’s Paradise
(Deutsch), 41Building the National Parks (McClelland),
117“bulk” manufacturers, 91, 95Burke, Timothy, 77business history
consumption research and, 21, 25,89–106
definition of “modernization,” 96integration of, 97interactive system approach to, 90
business leadersmass consumption and, 253see also Rotary Clubs in Germany
business operations, practical problemswithin, 89–90
buyer lists, 138
Calder, Alexander, 184Cameroon, 76Campbell, Colin, 76–77Campbell Soup Kids, 102Caniff, Milt, 186cannabis, 223–24cape aloes, 214capitalism, power of, 172–73Capp, Al, 186Captains of Consciousness (Ewen), 41carbon dioxide concentration, 120–21Caribbean, sugar production in, 118Carlson, W. Bernard, 105Carrier, James, 73Carter, Jimmy, 114cartoon figures in advertising, 101–2Case, Clinton Pierce, 91Cash, Johnny, 201celebrities, religious conversion and,
200–201censorship, 133, 253ceramics, 75Certeau, Michel de, 19, 22, 26, 79Chandler, Alfred D., 96“changing needs,” 77Charitè hospital, 232Chicago Tribune, 195children and consumption, 42China, 52chocolate, 25Christian Democratic Union (Germany),
172church, 181, 199–200
see also religionChurching of America, 1776–2005, The:
Winners and Losers in Our ReligiousEconomy (Finke and Stark), 197
cinemas, 141citizens
as clients, 27as consumers, 127, 175see also consumer citizenship
Civil Rights Movement, 4civil society, 126Clarke, Sally H., 92, 103class
consumption and, 21, 25, 182religion and, 203–6revival meetings and, 198
270 ● Index
class—continuedsymbolic power of goods and, 179see also bourgeois society; middle class
clinical drug trials, 219, 223closed works, 184, 186clothing, 54, 56, 57, 59, 60, 78–79Club of Rome, 111, 112coca, 223Coca-Cola, 2, 40, 97, 140, 217, 223cocaine, 223coding of goods, 26coffee, 119Cohen, Lizabeth, 26, 41, 43, 103–4, 127,
158–59, 160Cohen, Mickey, 200Cold War, 20, 126–27Colgate-Palmolive, 178collective actions, 25Cologne, Germany, 158, 159colonies
consumer protests and, 126France’s relationship to, 176, 178–79
Columbia Guide to AmericanEnvironmental History (Merchant),114
Comaroff, Jean, 78–79comic strips, analysis of, 184–85commerce, compatibility with religion,
197commercialization
of downtown shopping streets, 160of leisure, 173of public space, 175–76public sphere decline and, 158of religion, 196–99
commercial space as social space, 158–60Commissioner for Price Formation
(Germany), 138, 139commodification
cultural process of, 9of entertainment, 57of herbal medicine, 211–12, 217of religion, 8–9, 197of romanticized past, 62
commodity history, 7, 81n19, 118–19communication, consumption as, 76–77communism, delegitimation of, 24communist countries, former, 24
comparative analysis of consumptionpatterns, 19, 44
comparative history, 17–18compatibility of business-state
relationships in Nazi Germany,259–60
competence, consumer, 103“Competition” (Nelson), 99Coney Island, 42confidence, consumer, 99–105, 108n29conformity, social, 40, 184, 186connotation, 177conservation movements, see
environmentalismconservatism, 161“conspicuous consumption,” 76, 199consumer activism, interactive systems
and, 103–5consumer agencies (Verbraucherkammern),
126, 131“consumer capitalism,” 126consumer citizenship, 10, 26, 104, 138,
160–62, 176, 178–79consumer cooperatives, 21, 26, 62, 129,
132consumer culture
in Africa, 6appeal of interactions, 102–3business history and, 89–106emulative spending and, 20, 37feedback loops in, 90–95in Germany, 10interdisciplinary approach, 105in Japan, 5–6mass consumption and, 70“mass culture” and, 37religion and, 196social isolation and, 40traditional, 77in United States, 9–10
consumer democracy, 38consumer desires, efficiency and, 38, 39,
112–13consumer education, 239–40consumer goods, see goodsconsumer history courses, 40consumer interests, 104, 143
Index ● 271
consumerismas alien import, 51–52environmental toll of, 111Graham’s acceptance of, 204–5immigrants and, 38premodern, 53–56as Western invention, 64
consumer organizations, 18, 23consumer preferences, 92, 105consumer protection agencies, 126, 138consumer protests, 7, 126consumer research, 94–95consumer rights movements, 42, 43consumers
alienation of, 176manipulative marketers and, 93as political actors, 42–44, 129
consumer societiesas knowledge societies, 9, 229vs. mass consumer societies, 24religion in, 196–99role of plants and animals in, 114–16spatial transformation of, 150
consumer spending, 103–4“consumers’ republic,” 104, 127Consumers’ Republic, A (Cohen), 26, 41“consumer-taxpayers,” 161consumption
alternative approaches to, 73biological roots of, 45–46Cold War and, 126–27as communication, 76–77comparative analysis of, 19concepts of citizenship and, 160–62conformity and, 40connection with lifestyle, 117–18continuities of in Africa, 74–75as emulation of aristocracy, 20environmental history and, 6–7, 13n17,
61, 111–21, 142–43, 163–65ethical, 3, 27, 71, 126, 135European historiography and, 17–27families and, 42fascist dictatorships and, 249in former communist countries, 24generational differences of, 25growth of, 72–73identity formation and, 199intellectual dimension of, 8
jeremiad against, 37–38local adaptations of, 150metaphors of, 205morality and, 3national histories of, 18–19National Socialism and, 137, 249–61normalized, 252overwork and, 37paradigm shift, 1as partial loss of control, 70political history and, 7–8, 26–27, 43,
125–44, 161procurement and, 73–74public places of, 151public vs. private, 161questioning of, 62rational approaches to, 58reasons for increased interest in, 1–2religious behavior and, 206–7role of in future, 26as science-based, 229shortcomings of, 71–73significance to social order, 70as social action, 81n19as softening factor, 83n47states’ role in, 127subsistence, 129symbolic acts of, 4as systematic act of manipulation of
signs, 22virtual, 141–42, 144in West Germany, 156–57see also Africa; consumption geography;
consumption politics in Germany;European historiography; gender;green consumption; Japan; massconsumption; suburbs; UnitedStates
“consumption control,” 252consumption geography, 149–65
economic implications of, 155–58environmental costs of, 163–64
consumption historiographyin Africa, 69–80cross-cultural comparisons, 44expansion of, 44–46in Japan, 51–64in the United States, 37–46
“consumption junction,” 105
272 ● Index
consumption politics in Germany,127–44
“consumptionscapes,” 71consumption studies
anthropology and, 77business history and, 21history of science and, 9macroeconomic dimension of, 72–73
Continental Can Company, 108n33continuity
of African consumption patterns,74–75
of business-state relationships in NaziGermany, 260–61
conversions, religious, 200–201cookies, internet, 94–95corn, 115–16, 231corporations
as interactive organizations, 6language and power, 179–80shift to, 41social responsibility of, 3
Cottolene brand, 231Counter Cultures (Benson), 41Country of the Pointed Firs, The (Jewett),
215country stores, 41Cowan, Ruth Schwartz, 105, 113Cowles, Calvin, 216creativity, 96, 98n13creolization, 78Cronon, Bill, 115cross-cultural comparisons, 44Cross, Gary, 5Crutzen, Paul J., 121cultural appropriation, 78–79cultural studies, 1, 5, 44–45, 125culture
low vs. high, 177, 183, 185–86, 187as symbolic act, 178
“culture houses,” 58“culture industry,” 8, 182–83“Culture Industry, The: Enlightenment as
Mass Deception” (Adorno andHorkheimer), 172
“Cultures of Consumption” researchprogram, 20
Cuno, Wilhelm, 254currency controls, 137
“customer consumers,” 127customer service, German Rotary Clubs
and, 255“cynical relativism,” 181
dam construction, 117data-gathering strategies, 100Daunton, Martin, 20, 26, 126Davensport, Stewart, 196Debeir, Jean-Claude, 120Debord, Guy, 22debt, 44, 141Decision magazine, 201, 205Degussa company, 254deindustrialization, 1–2
see also industrializationdemand-oriented economics, 134–35
see also supply-side economicsdemocracy, consumer, 38denotation, 177department stores, 18–19, 23, 41,
45, 253depoliticization of citizens, 27desexualization, 178desires of consumers, 38, 39, 113“detergent wars,” 178Deutsch, Tracey, 41Dialectic of Enlightenment (Horkheimer
and Adorno), 171, 182“Dialectics of Rationalization, The: On
Pauperization in Production andConsumption” (Habermas), 174
Dichter, Ernest, 38diets, 19, 23, 25, 39, 57, 60
see also food“Dirt and Smut Law” (Schund- und
Schmutzgesetz) (Germany, 1926), 133dishware, 90–91Disney, 42Disneyland, 42, 156n40distribution of consumer goods,
quantitative analysis of, 23–24domesticated animals, narrowing gene
pool of, 115Douglas, Mary, 70, 77“Down and Out Downtown” (Time
magazine), 156Downs, Anthony, 163
Index ● 273
downtown commercial districts, 41,152–53, 156
drug reform, 222, 224drugs, 27Duke, James Buchanan, 108n33Durkheim, Émile, 39Dutch Touring Club, 23
East Germany, 126, 164see also Germany
eating patterns, see diets; foodEclectics, 214ecoconsumerism, see green consumptioneconomic historians and lack of
communication with culturalhistorians, 44–45
“economic miracle” in Japan, 59–61,67n36
economicsdemand-oriented, 134–35supply-side, 133, 198
economic stabilization, 132–34Eco, Umberto, 8, 171–72, 180–86,
186–87, 189n41educational system, Japanese, 57education, consumer, 239–40Edwards, Jonathan, 196, 204efficiency of products, 112–13electrical goods in Japan, 60, 61electricity and consumption, 139Electro campaign (Germany, 1934–35),
139electronic age, advertising in, 41Eli Lilly company, 213Ellerbrock, Karl-Peter, 21Ellwood, Robert S., 198“Emergency Program” (Sofortprogramm)
(Germany, 1932), 134empirical studies, 77–78employment in Japan, 59emulative spending, 20, 37Encyclopedia of World Environmental
History, 114“End Is at Hand, The” (Eco), 181–82energy projects, 113engines, diesel, 78England, 2, 17–18, 20, 24–25, 26, 27,
118entertainment, religious, 198, 203–4
entertainment technologies, 199entrepreneurs, 20, 41n22, 197environmental history, consumption and,
6–7, 13n17, 61, 111–21, 142–43,163–64
environmentalism, 114, 116, 163envy, 41, 127Erhard, Ludwig, 257Erzberger Finance Reform (Germany,
1920), 132ethical consumption, 3, 27, 71, 126, 135Eucken, Walter, 254Europa bauen (Montanari), 17European historiography, 17–27
lack of, 17–18overemphasis of American impact, 18public consumption and, 44separation of consumer and mass
consumer societies, 24trade with Africa, 74see also France; Germany; Nazi
GermanyEuropean Institute for Food History, 25evangelicals, consumer culture and, 196Evans, Sterling, 119evolutionary history, 7, 114–16Ewen, Stuart, 41exceptionalism, American, 44, 196exclusion, shopping centers as locations of,
160expenditure on consumer goods, 58,
59–60, 68n47
face-to-face business transactions, 100,101
Factor Four (Club of Rome), 112“fair consumption,” 71fair trade, 3, 27Fair Trade Law of 1896 (Germany), 129family enterprises, 23“Family of Man, The” exhibit, 179“fashion intermediaries,” 90–91, 100
see also intermediariesfast-food practices, 25Featherstone, Mike, 70Federal Housing Administration (United
States), 156feedback loops, 90–95, 102–3, 105Feiffer, Jules, 185
274 ● Index
fertilization, chemical, 230, 234festivals, 174Fett, Sharla M., 215fictional characters in advertising, 101–2Fifties Spiritual Marketplace, The
(Ellwood), 198films, Hollywood, 133, 141Finke, Roger, 197First Great Awakening, 196, 197Fleming, Ian, 185flexible production, 96–97, 98, 99Flink, James, 44focus groups, 100Food & History journal, 25food
concerns about industrially processed,235–36
control structures of, 129frozen, 239, 240German imports of, 137preservation of, 235processed, 240quality assurance of, 238rationing of, 131, 138safety of, 62scientific knowledge and, 230–31shortages of, 130–31, 137–38social history and, 25standardization of, 231see also fruit and vegetable consumption
in GermanyFood Law of 1927 (Germany), 131food riots, 21food supply, 26–27, 128–30Forcing the Spring (Gottlieb), 114Ford, Henry, 92–93, 133, 135, 255Fordism, 133, 251foreign trade, 137“Form as Social Commitment”
(Eco), 183Foucault, Michel, 23Four-Year Plan of 1936 (Germany),
137–38, 239, 252Fowler, Nathaniel, 101France
collective actions in, 25“consumer capitalism” in, 126consumer culture theory in, 176–80consumption history, 17–18, 20, 22
eating practices in, 19environmental history in, 114
Francks, Penelope, 5–6Frankfurt School, 8, 126, 174, 175, 182Frank, Thomas, 39fraud, medicine makers and, 219freedom, decay of, 83n47free time, 175
see also leisureFreud, Sigmund, 251Friends of the Unrighteous Mammon
(Davensport), 196frozen food, 239, 240“frozen speech,” 177, 179–80“Fruit Garden Colony,” 117fruit and vegetable consumption in
Germany, 231–41advertising and, 241growing levels of, 232–35, 233preservation of, 235processing of, 238rise in, 240as “weak” food, 235, 236, 241
“Führer principle,” 256fundamentalist rhetoric, 204Funk, Casimir, 236
Galbraith, John Kenneth, 24, 37, 161,162
Gallup organization, 257gambling, 43Gell, Alfred, 72gender, 25, 42, 58, 241
see also womengene pools, 115General Motors, 92–93general systems theory, 106generational differences in consumption,
25geographic displacement of goods, 18geography of consumption, see
consumption geographyGer, Gülitz, 71German Agricultural Society, 234German Democratic Republic (GDR), see
East GermanyGerman Historical Institute (GHI), 3“German Weeks,” 239
Index ● 275
Germanyconservation movement in, 116“consumer capitalism” in, 126consumer culture theory in, 10,
172–76consumption history, 17–18, 20–22consumption politics in, 27, 127–44consumption regulations in, 130economic stabilization in, 132–34environmental history in, 114, 116,
117food crisis in, 130–31food imports, 137food patterns in, 19, 231food policy in, 238–39Four-Year Plan of 1936, 137–38marketing of agricultural goods in, 235market research in, 257“massification” in, 251nutrition in, 9, 230–42observations on consumption in, 134pig species in, 115professionalization of agricultural
research, 234–35public spheres in, 159–60rearmament drive, 137revolution of 1918–19, 131rise in retailing space, 158social control in, 127–28standard of living in, 129see also East Germany; fruit and
vegetable consumption; NaziGermany; West Germany
Germany, Federal Republic of, see WestGermany
Gershiere, Peter, 81n19Gesellschaftsgeschichte (history of society),
77GfK (Gesellschaft für Konsumforschung), see
Society for Consumer Researchgift giving, 61Giggie, John M., 198ginseng, 216, 217Glickman, Lawrence, 43, 104global warming, 111“God and Golf” (Graham), 205Goebbels, Joseph, 137, 141Gold Dust Twins, 101golfing, 205
Goodman, Douglas, 77goods
advertising and enjoyment of, 174agricultural, 63, 235biographies of, 72coding of, 26communicated meaning of, 38distribution of, 23–24erotic dimension of, 183expenditure on, 58, 59–60, 68n47functions served, 45geographic displacement of, 18imbalanced flow of, 71industrially produced vs. locally made,
76–77manufactured, 63role of in defining status, 39–40specifically adapted, 69symbolic value of, 126, 178–79traditional, 62, 66n16, 68n47transformation of, 78
Gottlieb, Robert, 114governments, language and power of,
179–80Graham, Billy, 8–9, 180, 195–96,
200–207acceptance of consumerism, 204–5race and, 203–4as salesman, 205–6use of the media, 200–203
Graham, Franklin, 206Graham, Ruth, 202–3Grazia, Victoria de, 44, 150, 178, 254Great Awakening, First, 196, 197Great Depression, 43, 133Great Divergence (Pomeranz), 52“Great Family of Man, The” exhibit, 179green consumption, 7, 114, 117–18green rhetoric, 112Grieve, Maude, 224Gruen, Victor, 153, 154, 159n60Grzimek, Bernhard, 116gum, chewing, 45gute Policey (“good policy”), 127
Habermas, Jürgen, 8, 13n25, 171–72,172–76, 186n24
Hachette publisher, 179Hahn, Hans Peter, 6
276 ● Index
Hamblen, Stuart, 200Handbook of Church Advertising (1921),
197Hannover, Germany, 162Hansen, Karen, 79Hapag Lloyd, 149, 151, 154Hardwick, M. Jeffrey, 41Harrison Narcotics Act (United States,
1914), 223Harvey, David, 164Haupt, Heinz-Gerhard, 5Haustein, Sabine, 17–18Hayes, Peter, 252Hay, Margret, 79healers, local, 214–16Hearst, William Randolph, 175Heath, Deborah, 79Henkel, Hugo, 254Henthorn, Cynthia Lee, 41herbal medicine, 211–25
commercial importance of, 213–14commodification of, 9, 211–12, 217decline of, 224development of a market, 216–17inflated advertising of, 221markets and, 213–14professional care and, 213revival of, 225use of alcohol in, 219–20see also medicine
Hermans, Heinz, 158Hetch Hetchy campaign, 117highway beautification, 118highway construction, see roadshiking, 116Hilton, Matthew, 20, 26, 27, 114, 126Hippie Handbook (Cain), 118Hirsch, Eric, 78historical disciplines, integration of
consumption in, 6–8Historic Preservation Act (United States,
1966), 167n40Hitler, Adolf, 135–37, 138, 142, 143,
172, 249, 252, 259Hohenzollern monarchy, 7Holiness Movement, 197holistic approach to consumption history
in Africa, 73–75, 80Homer Laughlin China Company, 91
Honduras, 119Hopkins, Claude C., 94horde walking (Hordenwandern), 116Horkheimer, Max, 8, 83n47, 171–73,
175, 176, 182Horowitz, Daniel, 8, 10, 37, 39, 114Horowitz, Roger, 115“Hour of Decision” radio program, 201,
202household technology, efficiency and, 112,
113housewives, 58–59, 62, 138housing in Japan, 58, 59Hugh-Jones, Stephen, 77Hundhausen, Carl, 257hunger, 21, 131hunger tariffs, 129hyperindividualism, 258hyperinflation, 131
identityconsumption and, 199Japanese, 58regional, 21
IG Farben company, 254Ikea, 164Imagining Consumers: Design and
Innovation from Wedgewood toCorning (Blaszczyk), 90
immigrants, consumerism and, 38import duties, 129–30imported goods, 76–77, 78income, disposable, 161income hierarchy, American, 45individualism, 38, 39, 40, 200, 258industrialization, 5, 57
see also deindustrialization“industrial miracle,” 6industry, 181“Industry and Sexual Repression in a Po
Valley Society” (Eco), 181inflation, 131, 253innovation, 22–23, 107n22Institute for Commercial and Urban
Planning (Institut Gewerbebetriebe imStädtebau), 154
Institute of Social Research, 172integrated critics, 182integration of business, 97
Index ● 277
intellectuals’ relationship with popularculture, 8, 181–84
interaction patterns, see feedback loopsinteractive system approach, 90, 93–94,
95, 104–6interests, consumer, 104, 143intermediaries, 94
see also “fashion intermediaries”International Commission for Research
into European Food History, 25International Harvester, 108n33internet, 94–95, 107n20interviews, 201“iron triangle,” 241, 242Irresistible Empire (de Grazia), 44, 150irrigation development, 55Isherwood, Baron, 70isolation, social, 40, 199Italy, 22, 23, 25, 180–6
Jacob, Heinrich Eduard, 119Jacobs, Jane, 41, 159Jacobs, Meg, 43, 104Jahrbuch für Wirtschaftsgeschichte journal,
21–22James, Harold, 17James, Jeffrey, 73jams, fruit, 238, 239Japan, 5–6, 51–64
conflict with United States, 58“economic miracle” and, 59–61,
67n36hidden consumer in, 63impact of “Westernization” on, 56–59,
66n20“lost decade” and, 62neglect of consumer history, 52postmodern consumerism in, 51, 63premodern consumerism in, 53–56Western impact on, 56–59
Jewett, Sarah Orne, 215Jewish business owners, 253job-creation programs, 133, 134–35,
139John Birch Society, 186Johnson-Hanks, Jennifer, 76Judt, Tony, 172juices, fruit, 238, 239, 240Jungle, The (Sinclair), 104
Just, Flemming, 25J. Walter Thompson (JWT) Company,
95, 102
Kaelble, Hartmut, 17Kafka, Franz, 184Kalamazoo, Michigan, 153Kaplan, Steve, 19Karo brand, 231Kassel, Germany, 152, 158Katona, George, 38Kaufhof department stores, 140, 257Kazan, Elia, 180Keeling, Charles David, 120Keeling Curve, 120–21Kellogg’s brand, 231Kelly, Grace, 185Kenya, 79Kickapoo Indian Medicine Company,
222kimonos, 54, 57, 59King, Martin Luther, Jr., 114, 204knowledge, organizational, 18knowledge societies, 9, 229König, Wolfgang, 21Korff, Gottfried, 75Krippendorf, Jost, 116Kurlansky, Mark, 118
labeling regulations, 131, 137, 221ladies’ groups, 104Laird, Pamela W., 6, 41, 218Landschaftsfresser, Die (Krippendorf ), 116land-use patterns of retailing, see
consumption geographylanguage
continuity in, 260–61power and, 179–80religious, 205see also rhetoric
Lassiter, Matthew, 161, 163Lauritzen, Lauritz, 160Laux, James, 44laws, sumptuary, 54Leach, William, 41, 197League of Nations, 236Lears, Jackson, 39, 41, 219Lebensraum (living space), 135, 137
278 ● Index
Lebensreform (Life Reform) movement,117
Lebergott, Stanley, 38Le Bon, Gustave, 251legislation, consumer-oriented, 102,
103–5leisure, 41–42, 54, 57, 60, 139–40, 173,
175“Less Affluent World” (LAW), 71, 73, 75,
76–77Leyel, Hilda, 224licensing, medical, 220Liebig, Justus von, 211, 230Life magazine, 195, 202Life Reform (Lebensreform) movement,
117lifestyle and consumption, 117–18Light-Green Society, The: Ecology and
Technological Modernity in France,1960–2000 (Bess), 114
Li’l Abner comic strip, 186Limits to Growth (Club of Rome), 111literary criticism, 176, 186Little Orphan Annie comic strip, 186living space (Lebensraum), 135, 137Loewy, Raymond, 174Logemann, Jan, 7–8, 10, 44LOHAS (“Lifestyle of Health and
Sustainability”), 117–18loneliness, 199Look magazine, 206Los Angeles Times, 195“lost decade” in Japan, 62luxury consumption, 27, 136Lydia Pinkham’s Vegetable Compound,
220–21, 224Lynd, Helen Merrell, 224Lynd, Robert, 224
macroeconomic dimension ofconsumption, 72–73
Macy’s department store, 255Madison Square Garden, 195magazines, 57, 59, 60, 202mail order catalogs, 41, 212Main Street USA, Disneyland’s, 156,
167n40Main-Taunus Center, 149
Mall Maker: Victor Gruen, Architect of anAmerican Dream (Hardwick), 41
malls, 41, 158–59Manau Loa Curve, 120–21Manau Loa Observatory, 120Mann, Thomas, 254Mann, Wilhelm, 257manufactured goods, 63Marchand, Roland, 41, 94, 102“market empire,” 44marketing
of agricultural goods, 235Graham and, 200problems of, 91–93
market integration of fruits and vegetables,240
Market, Morals, and Religion (Imber, ed.),196
market research, 257markets, herbal medicine and, 213–14Marling, Karol Ann, 42Marschall, Luitgard, 119Marshall Field’s department store, 255Martineau, Pierre, 94Marxism, 22, 129, 172, 174, 182mass comfort and socialism, 136mass consumption
business leaders and, 253consumer culture and, 70desire and, 39German Rotary Clubs and, 254–56historical alternatives to American-style
geographies of, 151natural commodities and, 115Nazi Germany and, 250–52pedestrian malls and, 151political dimension of, 160–63spatial layout of societies, 149–65symbolic meanings of, 8
mass cultureapocalyptic intellectuals and, 183conspicuous consumption and, 199consumer culture and, 37denunciation of, 186politics of, 186rise of in Germany, 131see also popular culture
mass evangelism, 8, 195–207“mass and flow” producers, 91
Index ● 279
“massification,” 251mass media, 133, 175–76“mass men,” 251, 258mass tourism
environmental impact of, 116–17Nazi Germany and, 139–40see also tourist consumerism
mass transit, see public transportation“master race,” 135, 137, 141, 143material pleasure vs. simplicity, 38–39material possessions in Africa, 74, 75–76Mather, Cotton, 214Matt, Susan, 41Mauch, Christof, 118Mazola brand, 231McClelland, Linda Flint, 117McCormick, Cyrus Hall, 97McGirr, Lisa, 198McGovern, Charles, 43McKendrick, Neil, 20McNeill, John R., 121McRobbie, Angela, 72Mead, Margaret, 181meat eating, 56Meat Inspection Act (United States,
1906), 104meatpacking, 104media
Nazi Germany and, 140–41religion in the, 201–3see also mass media
medical care as part of housekeeping,215
medicalization, 212medicine
advertising and, 219domestic, 214–16labeling regulations of, 221marketing and advertising of, 211over-the-counter, 220pharmaceutical industry and, 9, 213,
216–17proprietary, 218–22regulation of, 212see also herbal medicine; self-dosing
medicine shows, 221–22Mennen Company, 97, 102Mennen, Gerhard, 95, 100merchandizing of religion, 198–99
Merchant, Carolyn, 114Merck company, 213Merck’s 1901 Manual of the Materia
Medica, 213Merki, Christoph Maria, 118–19Merton, Robert, 94Mexico, 119middle class
Graham’s portrayal of, 195, 202–3racial integration of, 161religion and, 199–201, 203–4religious language and, 205see also class
Middletown (Lynd and Lynd), 224Midwife’s Tale, A (Ulrich), 214military research, 199Miller, Daniel, 70, 127Miller, Joseph, 72Mintz, Sidney, 18, 45, 70, 77, 118misappropriation, 79
see also appropriation, culturalMix, Tom, 101Model T Fords, 40Modern Herbal, A (Grieve), 224–25modernism, 96, 99, 100, 259
see also postmodernismMöhring, Maren, 25money, devaluation of, 131Montanari, Massimo, 17Monte Verità, 117Montgomery Ward department stores,
257Moody, Dwight L., 196, 198Moore, Laurence, 197moral consumption, see ethical
consumptionMorley, David, 78Mother Siegel’s Curative Syrup, 218motivation research strategies, 94–95motorization in Nazi Germany, 142–43“Mountain of Truth,” 117Mr. Peanut, 101muckracking magazines, 104multitasking, 46Munich, Germany, 19, 154, 159, 162myth, 177–80Mythologies (Barthes), 171, 176–80, 181“Myth Today” (Barthes), 177
280 ● Index
Nader, Ralph, 113, 114Nakanishi, Satoru, 56National Biscuit Company (NABISCO),
98, 101National Council of Churches, 200, 206national histories of consumption, 18–19,
44National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration (United States), 120National Socialist Party (Germany), 134
the autobahn and, 142–43consumption and, 7, 137, 249–61food policy of, 238–39German Rotary Clubs and, 254–56interest in United States, 250–51see also Nazi Germany
nation-statespolitics of consumption and, 19role in consumption, 127
Native Americans, 222Nature’s Metropolis (Cronon), 115Nazi Germany, 249–61
advertising and, 139, 253business-state relationships in, 259–61consumer education and, 239–40consumption politics and, 138as dictatorship of deprivation, 137dissolution of German Rotary Clubs,
256diversity of business interests in, 253food policy, 238–39ideology of, 10incompatibility of American capitalism
in, 255–56mass consumption and, 250–52mass tourism and, 139–40motorization and, 142–43promise of mass consumption, 136,
251–52propaganda in, 141prosperity in, 135radio and, 140–41, 252rail networks and, 143shortages and, 143–44skepticism of American market
capitalism, 258–59standards of living in, 135, 143United States as object of curiosity to,
259
virtual consumption and, 141–42vision of affluent society, 136–37see also National Socialist Party
(Germany)needs
development of, 76–77mobilization of, 174
neighborhood centers in West Germany,156–58
Nelson, Eliza, 215Nelson, Richard R., 99neoliberalism, 20, 125Netherlands, 2, 22–23, 25New Deal, 127New Labour Party (Britain), 27“new moralism,” 37New Nutrition Science, 236newspapers, 57, 202Newsweek magazine, 195New York Public Interest Research Group,
114New York Times, 149, 195, 198Niethammer, Lutz, 21Niger, Republic of, 75–76Nolan, Mary, 250Nonnenbruch, Fritz, 136“non-rational” motivations, 94normalcy, narratives of, 261normalized consumption, 252Norwood’s Tincture, 218nostalgia in Japan, 62nuclear power plants, 113nutrient paradigm, 230–31
see also fruit and vegetable consumptionin Germany
nutritional knowledge, 241nutritional propaganda, 237, 239Nütznadel, Alexander, 25N. W. Ayer & Son, 98
objects of desire, affluence and, 174Offer, Avner, 44Office of the Commissioner for Price
Administration (Germany), 138Ogersby, Bill, 42Olympic Games (1936), 255Olympic Games (1972), 154Open Work, The (Eco), 184open works, 184, 186
Index ● 281
opium, 213, 217, 223Oppenheim family, 254organizational knowledge, transfer of, 18Ortega y Gasset, José, 251overwork, consumption and, 37
Packard, Vance, 37, 39, 114Papen, Franz von, 133parents and consumption, 42Paris Match magazine, 177, 179Parke-Davis company, 213, 223–24parking spaces, 154, 155Parkin, Katherine, 41patent medicine, 218, 219–20
see also proprietary medicinePatten, Simon, 39pauperization, 174Peace with God (Graham), 204Peale, Norman Vincent, 199Peanuts comic strip, 185peasants, consumption practices of, 25–26peddlers, 54pedestrian malls (Fussgängerzonen)
environmental impact of, 163as part of public sphere, 159–60revival of downtown shopping districts
and, 152–53in the United States, 152–54in West Germany, 151–52, 154–55
Peiss, Kathy, 42People of Plenty (Potter), 37“people’s community” (Volksgemeinschaft),
10People’s Radio, 140–41“peripheral countries,” 73Peruvian bark, 214, 217pessimism, social-Darwinist, 135pesticides, 235, 238Pharmaceutical Era, The, 223pharmaceutical industries, 9, 213, 216–17Philip Morris company, 255photojournalism, 202pig species, 115Pinkham, Dan, 221Pinkham, Lydia, 101, 221placebo effect, 219planned obsolescence, 114plastic, 78, 199play, authentic, 173–74
play as work, 173Plumb, J. H., 20Pocketbook Politics (Jacobs), 43Poetics (Aristotle), 182political actors, consumers as, 129political consumer activism, 2, 42–44, 126political dimension of mass consumption,
160–63, 186political history, consumption and, 7–8,
19, 26–27, 40, 125–44political organizations, 26political regimes, consumer protests and,
126political stability, 127Pollan, Michael, 115–16Pollock, Jackson, 184pollution, 113Pomeranz, Kenneth, 52pomology, 233Pont St. Esprit, France, 19Pope, Daniel, 218–19popular culture, 37, 181–84, 185
see also culture; mass culturepostmodernism, 2, 20, 63
see also modernismPotter, David, 37, 44poultry production, 115Power of Positive Thinking, The (Peale),
199power relations
bourgeois society and, 177, 179of capitalism, 172–73imbalanced flow of goods and, 71symbols and, 179–80see also appropriation, cultural
preachers as salesmen, 197predictability, see standardized productionPreliminary Imperial Economic Council
(Germany), 131prescriptions, 218, 222–23preserved food, 236, 238–39, 240Prestholdt, Jeremy, 79price controls, 43, 138, 140, 252Principles of Successful Church Advertising
(1908), 197Printers’ Ink trade journal, 98–99printing technologies, 97Prize, The (Yergin), 120processing, industrial, 235–36, 238
282 ● Index
Proctor & Gamble, 97, 178procurement and consumption, 73–74Prodöhl, Ines, 118productivity, mobilization of needs and,
174product safety, 62products, see goodsprofessional care, herbal medicine and,
213progress, scientific development as, 217Prohibition (United States, 1920–33), 39promotional strategies, 97, 100–103propaganda, 135, 139, 141, 142, 237, 239proprietary medicine, 218–22protectionism, agrarian, 129Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of
Capitalism, The (Weber), 196protests
consumer, 129, 130environmental, 113–14social, 128student, 162
psychoanalysis, 199public concerns of industrially processed
foods, 235–36, 238public consumption, 7, 44, 161, 162, 163
see also public sphere; publictransportation
public health advocates, 104public policy, 43–44, 132public relations specialists, 101public sphere
decline of through commercialization,158–59
transformation of, 13n25, 175–76public transportation, 7, 153, 154, 156,
161, 162n75purchasing decisions, 99purchasing power, 43Pure Food and Drug Act (United States,
1906), 104, 219, 221, 222Puttkamer, Joachim von, 24
Quaker Oats, 97, 101quality assurance, 27, 62, 238quality reductions, state-sanctioned,
138–39quantitative analysis, 17–18, 23–24,
40–41
quinine, 214Quinn, Eithne, 42
raceGerman Rotary Clubs and, 255–56Graham and, 203–4integration of in middle class, 161riots, 153, 156
“racial value,” 135, 137racism, 141radio, 59, 107n20, 133, 140–41, 201, 252radio broadcasting, 101radio plays, experimental, 173Rafinesque, C. S., 211rail networks, 57, 114, 143, 232–33Rainier, Prince of Monaco, 185Ralph Lauren clothing, 206rational consumption and socialism, 127rationing, 138“reactionary modernism,” 259reconstruction associations
(Aufbaugemeinschaft), 157–58recycling quotas, 113Redclift, Michael, 45reform
consumer, 104drug, 222, 224
refrigerators, 60, 240, 252regime changes, 126, 128regulation
consumer confidence and, 100, 105food, 237of food supply, 26–27medical licensing, 220of medicine, 212, 221, 222–24in Nazi Germany, 130, 131, 137of retail markets, 42–43
religionadvertising and, 197–98advertising language and, 205affluence and, 198class and, 199–201, 203–6commercialization of, 196–99commodification of, 8–9, 197consumption patterns and, 206–7as entertainment, 198, 203–4in the media, 201–3
religious revival meetings, 195–96, 197,198, 205–6
Index ● 283
reputations, personal, 100, 101–2Resor, Stanley, 95resorts, 41–42resource use, 7, 111, 112, 120restaurants, 57retail businesses, number of, 157retailers’ associations, 138retailers, small, 156retailing
decline of, 41government regulation of, 42–43land-use patterns in, 155–58in Tokugawa Japan, 54
rhetoricantipollution, 113fundamentalist, 204green, 112see also language
Rhetoric (Aristotle), 182Riesman, David, 173, 175riots, 21, 130, 156Ritzer, George, 44, 77roads, 118, 142–43, 199Roosevelt, Franklin D., 4Rosanvallon, Pierre, 22Rotary Clubs in Germany
business-state relationships, 259–61dissolution of, 256“mass men” and, 258National Socialism and, 254–6United States and, 10, 256
Rothacker, Erich, 13n25Rudorff, Ernst, 116rural communities and consumption,
25–26, 55, 56Rusby, Henry Hurd, 223Rush, Benjamin, 214Russell, Edmund, 115Rutz, Henry, 77
saccharin, 119safety, product, 62Sahlins, Marshall, 74Sales Law of 1933 (Germany), 138salesmen
Graham as, 204–6preachers as, 197
sales reports, 92–93Sampson, Henry, 98
Sandgruber, Roman, 26Satisfaction Guaranteed (Strasser), 41Satterthwaite, Ann, 41Saussure, Ferdinand de, 176Scanlon, Jennifer, 42scarcity, 24Schildergasse, 159Schivelbusch, Wolfgang, 119Schleicher, Kurt von, 133Schleichwege (hidden paths), 24Schulz, Charles, 185Schumacher, Ferdinand, 101Schütze, Günther, 154scientific development as progress, 217scientific history and consumption studies,
9scientific knowledge, food and, 230–31,
236scientists, 9Scranton, Philip, 91Sears Roebuck department stores, 212,
257Second Book (Hitler), 136Sedlmaier, Alexander, 150self-control, 38–39self-dosing, 214–16, 220–21, 222, 224self-help guides, 199“self-identification,” 185self-service stores, 18, 23, 155, 157, 240self-stylization, 202–3Selling God: Religion in the Marketplace of
Culture (Moore), 197semiotics, 177Senegal, 79sense data and consumption, 45–46Serengeti Must Not Die (Grzimek film),
116service societies, 199In the Servitude of Power (Debeir), 120Seven-Year Plan, Soviet (1958–65),
126sewing machines, 60Shakers, 216–17, 218, 223Shammas, Carol, 40Sherwin-Williams Company, 97shopping, American-style, 41shopping patterns, 156
284 ● Index
shopping spacesin Japan, 57as locations of exclusion, 160number of retailers and, 157as social spaces, 158–59, 168n60in West Germany, 7–8, 10see also big box stores; department
stores; malls; pedestrian mallsshopping streets, 150
see also pedestrian mallsShopping Towns USA (Gruen), 159shortages
food, 131, 137–38Nazi Germany and, 143–44, 252, 253
Shudson, Michael, 41Siemens firm, 254signified, 177signifier, 177signs, 22, 177Silverstone, Roger, 78Simon, Bryant, 42simplicity, 38–40, 133Sinclair, Upton, 104Singer, Isaac, 97skepticism, consumer confidence and,
104–5Sloan, Alfred P., Jr, 92Sloanism, 45Smith, Mark M., 46smuggling of goods, 24soap, 77social action, consumption as, 81n19social capital, 100–103, 104social change, open works and, 186social control in Germany, 127–28Social Democratic Party (SPD)
(Germany), 21, 129–30, 143, 162,172
social differentiation, 25–26, 77social history, consumption research and,
25social insurance, 128social interactions, public places of
consumption and, 151socialism, 127, 136social order, significance of consumption
to, 70social protests, 128social reconciliation, advertising and, 139
social responsibility in Graham’s message,204–5
social space, commercial space as, 158–60Society for Consumer Research
(Gesellschaft für Konsumforschung,GfK), 10, 250, 256–61
Society for the Promotion of GermanPlant Breeding, 234
“Sociological Notes Concerning theRelationship of Work and Leisure”(Habermas), 175
Sögestrasse, 157–58Soluri, John, 119Sonderweg (special path), 21Soper, Kate, 126South Africa, clothing in, 78–79Southern Baptist, 195, 197space
malleability of, 7representations of, 150
spa towns, 117SPD, see Social Democratic PartySpiekermann, Uwe, 9, 21Spittler, Gerd, 73sponsorship, 221Stage, Sarah, 220standardized production, 96–97, 98, 136,
217, 231, 237standards of living, 52, 129, 135, 143, 175Stark, Rodney, 197Stars Christian Fellowship Group, 200statistical analysis, 94status, role of goods in defining, 39–40Stearns, Peter, 39, 74Steffen, Will, 121Stehr, Nico, 229Steinmetz, Willibald, 27Stern, Jon, 41–42Steve Canyon comic strip, 186Stiftung Warentest, 114Stockhausen, Karlheinz, 184store hours, 43stores, spatial layout of, 150Strasser, Gregor, 134Strasser, Susan, 9, 41structural adjustment programs (SAP), 73structuralism, 22Structural Transformation (Habermas),
175–76
Index ● 285
“Structure of Bad Taste, The” (Eco),185–86
student protest movement, 162study tours, 154Sturdivant, Frederick, 156subsistence consumption, 129suburban shopping centers, 154Suburban Warriors: The Origins of the New
American Right (McGirr), 198suburbs
American environment movement and,163
conservatism and, 161creation of, 151, 199as homogenous, 159public spending, 155zoning regulations and, 155, 156
Sudan, Republic of, 78sugar, 45, 118–19sumptuary laws, 54Sunday, Billy, 196, 198, 202, 204, 205Superman comic strip, 184, 185supermarkets, 23, 44, 61, 115–16, 156,
240supply-side economics, 133, 198
see also demand-oriented economicssurveys, consumer, 92–93, 100Sweden, collective actions in, 25Sweetness and Power (Mintz), 118Swift Company, 104Switzerland, 22, 23, 117Sydney Morning Herald, 202symbolic acts
of consumption, 4, 8, 38, 39, 60–61,126, 206
culture as, 178power relations and, 179–80
symbolic value of goods, 126synthetic drugs, 217, 224synthetic foods, 131
talcum powder, 95, 100, 102Tanner, Jakob, 23Tanzania, 79Tastes of Paradise (Schivelbusch), 119Taussig, Michael, 79taxes
consumption-related, 141income, 53
inheritance, 130, 132public goods and, 163
Taylor, Frederick W., 99tea, 77technologies
alienation and, 173–74diffusion of, 22–23, 55efficiency and, 112entertainment, 199environmental impact of, 113production, 45
televangelism, 202television, 60, 185, 201testimonials in advertising, 102test journal, 114Teuteberg, Hans-Jürgen, 21textile industry, 75, 137texts, open vs. closed, 184–85TGV train system, 114thalidomide, 27Third Reich, see Hitler, Adolf; Nazi
GermanyThompson, J. Walter, 257
see also J. Walter Thompson (JWT)Company
Thomson, Elihu, 105Thomsonians, 214Thomson, Samuel, 214Till, Emmett, 179Time magazine, 156, 195, 202, 205Toadstool Millionaires (Young), 219tobacco, 39Tokugawa period in Japan (1600–1868),
5–6, 52, 53–56, 63Tomes, Nancy, 225tourist consumerism, 7, 42, 116–17
see also mass tourismtrademarks, 101–2, 103, 105trade organizations, 100traditional products, 62, 66n16, 68n47traffic-free zones, see pedestrian mallstrams, 57translation, 8, 171–72transnational organizations, spread
of, 18transnational studies of consumption, 18travel reports, Rotarian, 255–56Trentmann, Frank, 18, 20, 24, 25, 77n47,
126
286 ● Index
Treppenstrasse, 152Trumbull, Gunnar, 126Tuareg people, 78twine, 119
Uekötter, Frank, 6Uestra transit company, 162Ulrich, Laurel Thatcher, 214Uneeda Biscuit campaign, 98unemployment, 134Unilever, 23, 178United Society of Believers (Shakers),
216–17, 218, 223United Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR),
126–27United States, 37–46
conflict with Japan, 58consumer culture in, 9–10consumers’ societal roles in, 127economic implications of geography of
consumption, 155–57as example of faulty urban planning,
154, 161n26expansion of consumption history field
in, 44–46German Rotary Clubs and, 255green consumption in, 118Hitler’s stance on, 135–36interest of National Socialists in,
250–51market research in, 257middle-class consumers in, 161as object of curiosity to Nazi Germany,
259pedestrian malls in, 152–54religion in consumer society, 196–99shopping spaces as social spaces in,
158–99United States Dispensatory, 224United States Pharmacopoeia, 214, 223Unsafe at Any Speed (Nader), 113uprisings, 131
see also protestsurban consumer society, 151–52urban development law
(Sädtebauförderungsgesetz) (Germany,1971), 160
urban infrastructure, United States and,161
urbanization in Japan, 57U.S. Steel, 108n33
van Binsbergen, Wim, 81n19Vaus, Jim, 208n34Veblen, Thorstein, 37, 76n47vegetable consumption, see fruit and
vegetable consumption in Germanyvegetarianism, 117, 236Vershofen, Wilhelm, 257virtual consumption, 141–42, 144vitamins, 235, 236–37, 241Vogel, Hans-Jochen, 154, 162Volkswagen, 141, 142, 252Vries, Jan de, 64
wages, 43, 174waitresses, 57Wallendorf, Melanie, 75Walmart, 44, 155Wanamaker, John, 99war, 59, 253Warde, Alan, 72“war socialism,” 130washing machines, 60Waste Makers, The (Packard), 114“waste mentality,” 112On the Waterfront (Kazan film), 180Watts riots (1965), 156Weber, Max, 38, 196Weck system, 235Weems, Robert, 42, 104Weimar Republic, 7, 27, 131, 132, 143,
251welfare services, 130, 134welfare states, 128–29, 132, 143Welskopp, Thomas, 18West Africa, 78westernization, 5, 66n20
see also AmericanizationWest Germany, 113, 126, 172
middle-class consumers in, 161–62neighborhood centers, 156–58pedestrian malls in, 151–52, 154–55shopping spaces in, 7, 149see also Germany
Whin’s Vegetable Drug Plant Farm andSchool of Medicinal Herb Growing,224
Index ● 287
Whole Earth Catalogue, 118Wiedenhoft, Wendy, 77Wiederaufbau, Der (German periodical),
157Wiesen, Jonathan, 9–10Wilk, Richard, 76Wilson, Grady, 200Winston, Diane, 198Wissell, Rudolf, 133women, 4, 41, 104, 212, 215
see also housewiveswomen’s magazines, 59, 60women’s organizations, 23Woolworth, F. W. and Co, 91, 255work, industrial, 8working-class consumption, 21
working conditions as alienating, 174work, play as, 173works, open vs. closed, 184–85, 186World Health Organization, 231World Wide Pictures, 201wrestling, 178
Yergin, Daniel, 120Yosemite National Park, 116–17Young, James Harvey, 219Youth for Christ International, 195, 203
Zamperini, Louis, 200Zeller, Thomas, 118Zimbabwe, 77, 79zoning regulations, 43, 155, 156