Index

Accept ance angle, 475-476Ad aptive delt a modulation (ADM), 12G--124Adapt ive differenti al PCM (ADPCM)

CCIIT standard, 4, 123-131embedded, 123-124, 129-131fixed-rate, 124--129speech quality, 162-163tra nsmission bit rate, 160-162transmission of signaling, 142-144transmission of voice-band da ta, 142-144use with digital speech interpolation,

244--246Adaptive predictive coding (APC) vocoder,

148- 150ADSL,722-731Advanced Television System (ATV) , 32Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC) ,

32Algebraic CE LP (ACE LP), 153Aliasing, 89Alignment jitt er, 451Alternate mark inversion . See bipolarAmer ican National Standards Institute (ANSI).

See ANSIAmplitude distortion, 707Ampl itude-shift keying (ASK ), 363, 364

binary, 37G--374Analog vs. digital transmission, 15-1 6Analog-to-digital (AID) conversion, 22-2 4

coders, 85Analysis-by-synthesis adaptive predictive coding.

See hybrid codersAngle diversity, 581Anomalies, 61-62

Anomolous prop agation, 559ANSI , 11, 12, 14, 28Antennas

beam width , 585directional, 588-589gain, 586omnidirectiona l, 587polarization , 587sectorized, 588smart, 589-590waveguide, 587

ARPA NET, 28Asynchronous multiplexing. See pulse stuffingAsynchro nous tandeming , 142Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) , 10, 762,

764--776Asynchronous transmission, 26, 180, 2OG--214AT&T, 6Attenuation distort ion . See amplitude distortionAutocorrelation

of Barker codes, 199-2 00of pseudorandom sequences, 311

Automatic protect ion switching, 467Automatic request for repetition (ARQ), 30, 328Availability

64 kbls channels, 24defined , 38,40effect of redund ancy, 41-43failure, 40failure rate, 40interna tional standards, 57-65maintenance and logistics practices, effect of,

45-47mean time between failures (MTBF), 40--42

799

800 Index

mean time between outage (MT BO) ,41- 43,46

mean time to repair (MTT R), 40-42, 45-46mean time to service restoral (MTSR), 40, 46outage, 41, 67parallel combinat ion, 44parallel -series combinat ion, 45as performance objective, 22, 38-47reliability, 40series combination, 43- 44series-parallel combinatio n, 44-45unavailability, 39, 40, 44

Avalanche photodi ode (APD) , 490, 491, 537

Background bit error rate (BBER) , 48Backgro und block error (BBE), 61Backward adaptive predict ion, 151Bandwidth, 366-367Bandwidth-distance product, 477Barker codes, 199-200Barnett -Vigants mode l, 573-5 74Baseline wander, 260Baud , 289BBE ratio (BBER) , 61Bell, Alexander Graham, 2-3Bell System

fiber optics, 5satellite transmission, 4

Biphase. See diphaseBipolar

B6ZS, 267B8ZS, 267Bipolar N-Nero Substitut ion (BNZS) ,

266-267coder, 265-266, 274-275high-density bipolar N (HDBN), 267-268waveforms, 264-265, 274-275, 302

Bipolar violations, 265Bit count integr ity

ITU-T objectives, 68-69performance allocation meth od, 68-72

Bit error rate. See also probability of errorconfidence levels, 665-668measurement, 663-668and quality, 38, 39, 47, 48-51 , 55, 57

Bit inte rleaving, 179Bit justification. See pulse stuffingBit stuffing. See pulse stuffingBlock codes

2BIQ,440cyclic redundancy codes, 331-332Hamming codes, 330kBnT,283-284mBnB,280-283

parity check codes, 329Reed-Solomon (R-S) codes, 332

Bond distribution, 55Broadband connectivi ty, 25Broadband Wireless Access (BWA), 755-760Buffer, elastic

with plesiochro nous synchronization,631-638 .

with pulse stuffing, 203Buffered timing, 26-27Bunched frame structure, 183, 184, 186, 192-193Burst frame structure . See bunched frame

structure

Cable modem, 25, 732-739Carson's rule, 375CCIR, l1CCITT, l1CELP, 151-153CEPT, 14, 24, 214Cesium frequency standard, 625-62 7, 656Channel banks, digital, 219-220Channel capacity, 4, 24Channel vocoders, 145-147Character interleaving, 179Chromat ic dispersion , 478Clipping. See overload distortionClocks

accuracy, 200, 613, 656maximum time interval erro r (MTIE),

654-655stability, 613, 656stratum levels, 621, 654

Coaxial cable, 438, 441-444Coded mark inversion (CMI), 268-269Code-division multiple access (CDMA), 9, 15, 319,

320,323,326-327,581Code-excited linear prediction (CELP). See CELPCodirectional timing, 26Coherence time, 575Coherent detection

defined , 369M-ary FSK, 384-385M-ary PSK, 389-3 90PSK, 369

Comfor t Noise Gen eration (CNG) , 153Commissioning tests, 38-39Companding

A-law, 105, 106, 110-112block diagram, 99improvement factor, 101instantaneous, 121logarithmi c, 101- 105u-law, 101- 105,106,110-112

piecewise linear segments, 105-106syllabic, 121-122

Compression, video, 31Condit ioned diphase , 264Conditioning, 711-712Continuously variable slope delta modulation

(CVSD) , 122-123, 141

speech quality, 162-163Contradirectionaltiming, 26Convolutional coding, 332-340Coordinated Universal Time (UTe), 615-616,

656-657Correlative coding. See partial responseCross constellation, 423Crosst alk, 440, 451-454, 501-502Cryptographic equipment, 15CSU, 686-687Cyclic redundancy check (CRe), 678-680, 717Cyclic redundancy codes, 331-332

Data circuit terminating equipment (DCE).See DCE

Data compression, 717-718Data OverCable Service Interface Specification

(DOCSIS),737-739Data terminal equipment (DTE). See DTEData transmission, 24-30, 47, 57-59 ,180

asynchronous, 26synchronous, 26

DCE,25-27Defects, 61-62Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency

(DARPA),28Defense Information Systems Agency (D ISA) , 13Degraded minute (DM) , 48, 56, 57Delay, 76-77

and quality, 38Delta modul ation (DM) , 24

adaptive schemes, 120-124quantizing distortion, 114-116, 138--139slope overlo ad distortion, 113, 117-119,

139-140 ,141-142transmission bit rate, 24, 160-162transmission of signaling, 142-144transmission of voice-band data , 142-144

Diagnostic Acceptability Measure (DAM), 137Diagnostic Rhyme Test (DRT), 137Differential PCM (DPCM), 24, 31

adaptive scheme s, 120-124block diagram , 112quanti zing distortion, 116-117transmission bit rate , 24,160-162transmission errors, effects of, 140-141

Differential phase-shift keying (DPSK), 713

Index 801

Diffraction , 555-558Digital channel bank , 219-220Digital Circuit Multiplication Equipment (DCME),

243-244Digital cross-connect system (DCS), 693-698Digital radio

link testing, 671-672quality, 59-60

Digital speech interpolation (DSI) , 239-244.Seealso TAS1

Digital subscriber loop (DSL). See DSLDigital sum variation (DSV), 260Digital Video Broadcast (DVB), 32Digital vs. analog transmission, 15-16Digroup, 216Diphase, 264, 272-273Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) , 156-158Disparity , 260Dispersion

defined ,285in digital radio systems, 574-575fade margin , 595-596in fiber opt ic cable, 477-478

Dispersion compensating optical fiber, 483Disper sion shifted optical fiber (DSF) , 482Distributed feedback (DFB) laser, 488Distributed frame structure, 183-184, 186, 193-194Diversity. See also angle diversity ; frequency

diversity ; polarization diversity ; space diversity;time diversity

diversity combiners, 582-583diversity improvement, 583-585implicit diversity, 581-582

Doppler shift, 575-577Drift. See wanderDSL, 25, 440, 454-455 , 722-732DSU, 686-687DTE, 25-27 , 686Ducting , 561Duobinary, 291-295 . Seealso partial response

Echo control, 718-720Effective earth radius, 558EIA, 28-30 , 441

Encryption, 15, 17Envelope delay distortion, 707-709Envelope detection, 369Equalization

adaptive, 307-309decision feedback , 307-309fractionally spaced, 309midpoint, 712minimum mean square error, 307-308postequalization , 712

802 Index

pree qualization, 712preset , 306transversal filter, 301- 305zero-forcing, 305-306

Error allocation,6~7

Error block (EB), 61Error contro l, 715-7 17Error models, 52- 56Erro r parameters, 4&--51Erro r seconds (ES), 48, 56, 61Erro r-free block (EFB), 48, 51, 57Erro r-free seconds (E FS), 48, 51, 53, 57, 664ES ratio (ESR) , 61ETSI , 14,32European Community (EC)

fiber optics, 6Synchro nous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) , 6

Euro pean Confere nce of Postal andTelecommunications Administratio ns (CEPT).SeeC EPT

Europea n digital hierarchy, 14, 24, 534, 652European Telecommuni cations Standards Institute

(ETSI). See ETSIExchange Carrie rs Standards Associatio n (ECSA),

12- 13,14Expert system, 685Exten ded superf rame format (ESF), 21&--219Eye patterns, 301, 680

Fade margindefined , 568, 595dispersive, 595- 596testing, 671-672

Fading. See multipath fading; power fading; shado wfading

Failure, 40Failure rate, 40Far-end crosstalk (FEXT), 452-454, 501Fast fading, 566Fault isolation, 467-468, 681-685Fiber optic cable

advantage over metallic cable, 473-474atte nuat ion, 47&--480bandwidth-distance product, 477dispersion, 477-478dispersion-flattened,482dispersion-shifted, 480, 482general charact eristics, 474-477graded-i ndex, 481multim ode,477repeater spacing, 50&--513, 537rise time, 512-513single-mode, 478step-index, 480-481

submarine, 6--8, 513-5 17transatlantic, 6, 513transpacific, 6, 513wavelength, 486W-index, 482

Fiber opticsin local area networks, 749use by AT&T, 6use by MCI Worldcom, 6use by SPRI NT, 6use in Canada , 5use in Europea n Comm unity (EC), 5, 6use in Japan , 5use in submarine cable, 6--8use in United Kingdom, 5

Flat fading, 575Foldover distort ion. See aliasingFormant vocoder, 145, 147Forward adaptive prediction, 151Forward error correcti ng (FEC) codes, 30, 328Four-wave mixing (FWM), 482Fractional frequency difference, 617Fractional T1 (FT1), 222Frame, 179Frame bit monitoring, 677Frame structures, 183- 185Frame synchro nization

cooperative, 181- 183false resynchronization, 194-196forwar d-acting, 181, 182frame acquisition mode, 185frame acquisition time, 186frame alignment, 189frame alignment time,1 91-1 94frame mainte nance mode, 185, 186, 189-191,

197-198frame patterns, 198- 200frame reacquisition time, 186, 192frame search mode, 185, 186--188, 197-198handshaking, 181- 183misalignment detection, 185, 191modes of operation, 185-198time to loss of frame alignment, 186

Free-space loss, 54&--549Frequency accuracy, 617Frequency allocatio ns, 590-591Frequency deviation, 374Frequency diversity, impro vement factor, 579- 580,

584-585Frequency sources, 623-629Frequency stability, 617Frequency-division duplexing (FDD), 323- 324Frequency-division mult iple access (FDMA) ,

323,324-325Frequency-division multip lex (FDM), 5, 15, 706

Frequency-shift keying (FSK) , 363, 364binary, 374-377M-ary, 381-386

Fresnel zones, 553-555Fritchman error model, 55Fullwidth at half maximum (FWHM). See FWHMFWHM,486

Gaussian minimal-shift keying (GMSK) , 408Gaussian noise, 275-280, 710Global Positioning System (GPS) , 615-616, 644,

649-652Globalstar, 9, 590Graded-index optical fiber, 481Gray coding, 411

Hamming codes, 330High speed serial interface (HSSI) , 30High-definition television (HDTV), 9, 30,

32,161High-density bipolar N (HDBN), 267-268Higher-Data-Rate DSL (HDSL), 723-724Hybrid coders, 150--155Hypothetical reference circuit (HRC), 22, 33-37,

57,77

Impulse noise, 710INMARSAT,9Integrated digital network (ION), 746Integrated Services Digital Networks (ISDN),

60--61Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) , 10, 762broadband, 762-764narrowband,761-762Synchronous Optical Network (SONET), 10,

14-15INTELSAT, 4-5 , 9Interframe coding, 135Interleaving, 340--342Intermodal dispersion. See multimode dispersionInternational Maritime Satellite (lNMARSAT).

See INMARSATInternational Organization for Standardization

(ISO), 11-12,28International Radio Consultative Committee

(CCIR). See CCIRInternational Telecommunications Union (lTV), I IInternational Telegraph and Telephone

Consult ative Committee (CCITT). See CCITTInternet Protocol (IP) , 28, 155-156Intersymbol interference (lSI) , 72, 258, 285,

440,446Iridium, 9, 590

Index 803

lTV Radio Sector (ITV-R) , 11, 13,32availability standard, 39, 59-60error performance, 55-56 , 62-64frequency allocations, 591

lTV Telecommunications Sector (ITV-T), 11, 13,14,15,28-30,33

availability standard, 39, 57-58, 61, 68-69, 74error performance, 55-56, 64video coding, 156

JapanFiber optics, 5Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NIT), 5

Japanese digital hierarchy, 14, 74, 534Jitter, 72-76

accumulation in digital multiplexers, 214accumulation in digital repeaters, 214,

445-451alignment jitter, 451allocation, 73-76measurement, 668-670pulse stuffing jitter, 206-210and quality, 38sources , 72, 446-447waiting time jitter, 207-208

K factor, 558-559

Laplacian distribution, 95-96Large effictive area optical fiber (LEAF), 483Laser , 485, 487-489Laser diode (LD) , 485, 487Level variation, 711Light-emitting diodes (LED), 485-487Linear predictive coding (LPC) vocoder, 145,

147-148Line-of-sight (LOS) propagation

anomalous, 559atmospheric absorption, 561atmospheric effects, 558-563diffraction , 555-558free-space loss, 548-549Fresnel zones, 553-555path profiles, 563-566rain attenuation, 562-563reflections, 549-552terrain effects, 549-558

Loading factor , 93-94Local area networks (LAN), 749-750Local exchange carrier (LEC), 6Longley-Rice model , 571-572Long-term LPC (LTP), 155Loop timing, 27

804 Index

LORAN C, 644-648, 657Low-bit-rate coders. See narrowband coders

M13 signal format , 224, 225, 227Manchester coding. See diphaseMarconi , Guglielmo, 3Markov chain , 55M-ary baseband transmission, 289-291Master-slave synchronization, 638-640Matched filter, 369Material dispersion, 478Maximum time interval error (MTIE), 618MCI Worldcom , 6Mean Opinion Score (MOS) , 137-138Mean solar time, 614Mean time between failures (MTBF) , 40-42Mean time between outage (MTBO), 41-43,

46Mean time to repa ir (MTTR), 40-42 , 45-46Mean time to service restoral (MTSR) , 40, 46Metropolitan area network (MAN), 750Microbending, 479Minimum-shift keying, 403-408Minimum-shift keying (MSK), 363, 400Modem

cable, 25, 732-739defined, 705-706PCM,25V.90, 720-722voice-band,713-715

Modulation index, 375Morse, Samuel , 2Moving Picture s Expert Group (MPEG),

156-160Multi-carrier modulation (MCM) , 412, 414Multimode dispersion , 477-478Multipath delay spread, 575Multipath fading

causes, 566-567effect of diversity, 579-585frequenty-selective fading, 575parameters, 574-578statistical properties, 568-571testing, 671-672

Multiple Accesscode division, 323, 326-327frequency division, 323-325time division, 323, 325-326

Multiplex hierarchyEurope (CEPT), 14,24,229-231higher-order, 223-228hybrid,231-234Japan, 14, 231North America, 14,24,218-228

Multiplexing, 2Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) , 789,

791-792Multipulse excitation, 153-155Mutual synchronization, 640-642

Nakagami -Rice distribution, 569-570Narrowband coders , 161National Communications System (NCS), 13National1nstitute for Standards and Technology

(NIST) , 13,615Nation al Telecommunications Inform ation

Administration (NTIA), 13,590National Television System Committee (NTSC) ,

31,32,33Near-end crosstalk (NEXT), 452-454 , 459, 501Network management, 691-693Network monitoring, 687-691Network synchronization

external refer ence, 642independent clock, 630-638master-slave, 638-640mutual,640-642pulse stuffing, 629

Networking multiplexer, 746-749Neyman distribution, 52-55Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT) , 5, 214Noise

Noise bandwidth, 366Noise figure, 594-595white noise, 365

Noncoherent detection, 369Nonreturn-to-zero (NRZ)

conditioned, 262polar, 261, 270-271unipol ar, 261

Non-zero dispersion shifted optical fiber(NZ -DSF) ,482

North Ame rican digital hierarchy, 14, 24, 74,215-228, 534, 652

Numerical aperture (NA), 476Nyquist bandwidth, 288Nyquist criterion , 285, 288Nyquist , Harry, 3-4Nyquist rate , 286Nyquist sampling theorem, 85

Offset quadrature phase-shift keying (OQPSK),363, 399-400

Okumura-Hata model, 572-573OMEGA,644On-off keying (OOK), 370-374, 473Open systems interconnection (OSI) model, 28

Operat ion and maintenance (O&M) standards,38-39, 662-{j63

Optical amplifiers, 497-500Opti cal detect ors

avalanche photodiode (APD), 490. 491characteristics, 538coher ent detection , 493direct detect ion, 491-49 2, 493heterodyne detection, 496homod yne detection , 493-495PIN photodiode, 490-491quantum limit, 491respons ivity, 489

Optical fiber cable . See fiber optic cableOptical networks, 776--793

1P over optica l, 788-793optical transport networks, 785-788passive optical network (PON), 782-785

Optic al repeaters, 496--497,513Optic al sources

characteri stics, 538coupl ing efficiency, 485power efficiency, 485quantum efficiency, 485spectral width , 486

Orderwire, 468Orthogonal frequency-division multipl exing

(OFDM), 363. 412-41 5Out age. 41, 67Overload distort ion. 91, 95-96 , 139-140

Packet circuit multiplication equipment (PCME),246

Packet multiplexing. 244-246PAL, 31Parit y bit monitoring, 677-{j78Parity check codes. 329Part ial response

classes, 296--298error detection, 300error performance. 300- 301eye patterns. 301filter. 301- 305M-ary.298-300preceding, 295-296waveform. 291-295

Path profiles. 563-566PCM modem . 25Performanc e measurement, 21- 22Performance monitoring techniques

c-bit parity, 227cyclic redundancy check, 678-Q80eye patt ern , 680frame bit, 677

Index 805

parit y bit, 677-{j78pseudo error detector, 68O-Q81signal format violations, 677test sequence. 676

Performance objectivesavailability. 21, 38-47bit count inte grity (BCI), 67- 72delay, 76--77error rate. 47-{j5jitter, 72- 76qualit y. 22, 24. 30, 33. 38. 47-{j7slip. 67- 72

Personal commun ication network s (PCN), 10-11,751-760

Personal communi cation service (PCS), 9-10Phase jitter, 710-711Phase -locked loop (PLL) , 210Phase-shift keying (PSK) , 363, 364

binary. 377-380, 713differenti al,378-379M-ary, 386--394

Jr/4 QPSK . 363. 401-402Piezoelectri c effect. 623PIN diode, 490-491, 537Pleisochronous Digital Hier archy (PDH)

Europe, 14, 24, 214-2 15Japan, 14. 214-215North America, 14,24,214-215

Plesiochron ous, 652Poisson distributio n, 48- 55, 56Polar waveform , 261Polarization diversity, 580Power fading, 567-568Power spectral density, 269-275Probability of error

ASK. 372- 374, 380-38 1binary codes, 275-280BPSK.378-380FSK. 375-377 , 380-38 1M-ary FSK, 385- 386M-ary PSK, 390-392MSK. 400, 408OQPSK, 400. 408n / 4 QPSK , 400, 408PSK,380-381QAM,396--399QPR,410-412tandem repeaters, 455-456

Propagation models, 571-574Pseudoerror detector , 68O-Q8 lPseudorandom sequences, 311-3 12, 318, 664Pulse amplitud e modul ation (PAM), 289Pulse code modulation (PCM)

block diagram, 86code words. 106--110, 151

806 Index

coding, 85, 86-87history, 4loading factor, 93-94overload distortion, 95-96,139-140,

141-142performance, 57-59present-day use, 4--5, 23-24, 30-31quantizing distortion, 138-139, 141-142quantizing , quantization, 85-86, 89-98sampling, 85, 87-89speech quality, 162-163standards, 5transmission bit rate, 24,160-162transmission errors , effects of, 96-98,140-141transmission of signaling, 142-144transmission of voice-band data , 142-144voice digitization standards, 24zero code suppression, 110

Pulse stuffingin network synchronization, 629positive, 201-203positive-negative , 201,203-204positive-zero-negative, 204smoothing loop, 210-214stuff coding, 205-206stuffing jitter, 73waiting time jitter, 207-208

Pulse stuffing jitter, 73,206-210

Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM),394--399,714

Quadrature partial response (QPR), 408-412Quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK), 394Quadrature signal representation, 387-388Quality

anomalies, 61--62background bit error rate (BBER), 48background block error (BBE), 61BBE ratio (BBER), 61bit error rate (BER), 38, 39,47, 48-51, 55,57defects, 61--62degraded minute (DM) , 48, 56delay, 38error allocation , 65--67error block (EB), 61error models, 52-56error parameters, 48-51error seconds (ES), 48, 56, 57, 61error-free block (EFB), 48, 51, 57error-free seconds (EFS) , 48, 51, 53, 57ES ratio (ESR) , 61jitter, 38as performance objective, 22,24, 30, 33,38,

47--67residual bit error rate (RBER), 48

service requirements, 57SES ratio (SESR), 61severely errored second (SES), 48, 57, 61standards, 57--65timing slips, 38

Quality of service, 772-776Quantization noise, 24Quantizing distortion, 91-95, 114--117, 138-139Quantizing, quantization, 22-23

defined , 89linear , 89-91nonlinear, 98--101overload distortion, 91,95-96,139-140quantizing distortion, 91-95, 114--117,

138-139transmission errors , effects of, 96-98

Quartz crystal oscillator, 623--625

Radio frequency (RF) transmission , 259Radio refractivity, 558Raised-cosine filter, 288Raman Effect , 499-500Rayleigh distribution , 568-570Rayleigh scattering, 479Redundancy, 41-43, 260Reed-Solomon (R-S) codes, 332Reeves, A., 4Reflections, 549-552Refraction, 558-559Regenerative repeaters, 444--445Regular-pulse excitation (RPE), 153-155Relative drift, 618Reliability, 40, 670--671Repeater spacing

coaxial cable, 464--466fiber optic cable, 508-513multipair cable, 456-459

Reproducability, 617Residual bit error rate (RBER), 48Return-to-zero (RZ)

coder , 263, 271-272waveform, 263,271-272

Rice-Nakagami distribution, 569-570Rise time, in fiber optic systems, 512-513Rubidium frequency standard, 627--629, 656Running digital sum (RDS), 260

Sampling theorem, 4, 87-89Satellite transmission

versus fiber optics, 9history, 4--5for personal communication networks ,

754--755

quality, 47, 60-61for time and frequency dissemination,

649--{\52Scramblers

pseudorandom, 310-312 , 318self-synchronizing, 312-316

SECAM,31SES ratio (SESR), 61Settability, 617Severel y errored second (SES) , 48, 57, 61Shadow fading , 566, 567-568 , 570Shannon, C. E., 4Signal constellation, 387, 418, 423-424Signal-to-distortion (S/O) ratio , 85

delta modu lation (OM), 113-116, 142- 143linear PCM, 91-95 , 142-143logarithmic PCM, 101-105, 142-143

Signal-to-noi se (SIN) ratio , 364Single-Line OSL (SOSL), 723-724Single-mode optical fiber , 481Slip, timing , 24, 38, 67-72 , 613, 670Slope overload, 117-119, 141-142Slow fading , 566Snell 's law, 558-559SNMp, 691--{\93Soliton transmission, 517- 520Source coders, 85Space diversity, improvement factor ,

580,584Spectrum efficiency, 363Speech interpolation, 180, 236-246Spre ad spectrum

anti-j amming, 316, 322code division multip le access, 317direct sequence, 318-321frequency-hopping, 318-319 , 321-322

SPRINT, 6Stability, 617Standard refr action , 559Standards orga nizations

European Comm unity (EC), 14International, 11-12 ,28NATO, 14Pacific are a, 14United States, 12-14,28

Statistical multip lexing, 180dat a, 236-238packet, 244-246voice-band , 236, 239-244

Step -index optica l fiber, 480-481Subband coding , 31, 131-134 ,161Submarine cable , 6-8, 515-517Subrate data mult iplexing (SROM), 220-222Subrefraction, 559-560Superframe form at (SF) , 216-218

Index 807

Superrefraction, 560-561Synchronous detection . See coherent detectionSynchronous Oigital Hierarchy (SOH), 534-537

characteristics, 15as internationa l standard, 10, 14-15use in European Community (EC), 6use in submarine cable, 7

Synchro nous Optical Network (SO NET), 766,777-781

characteristics, 14-15layers, 520-521mappings, 529-534multiplex, 227, 234-235network architectures, 777-781rings, 778-781signal structure, 521-523synchronization, 523-526virtual tr ibut aries , 526-531

Synchronous transmission, 26SYNTRAN, 227, 228System gain, 592-594System noise , 594-595Systematic drift , 617--{\18

Tcarrier,5with multip air cable , 438, 461-464

TASI ,239TCP/Ip, 28Telecommunication Management Network (TMN) ,

691--{\93Telecommunications Industries Association (TIA),

12,441Time assignment speech interpolation (TASI) .

SeeTASITime dispersion , 575Time diver sity, 580-581Time interval error (TIE), 618Time standards, 614--Q16

Coordinated Un iversal Time (UTC),615--{\16

mean solar time, 614univers al time (UT) , 614--Q15

Time-compressed multiplexing (TCM) , 762Time-division duplexin g (TOO), 324Time-division multiple access (TOMA), 9,15,

323,325-326Time-division multiplexing (TOM)

asynchronous, 180, 200-214bit inte rleaving , 179char acter interleaving, 179plesiochronous, 179-180, 200synchronous, 27, 179, 180-200voice transmission , 24word interleaving, 179

808 Index

Timingasynchro nous, 26synchronous, 26

Timing slip, 24, 38, 67-72, 613, 670Transcoding, 222-223Transform coding, 31, 134-136Transistor , 4Transmission channels, 259Transmission codes

bala nced, 260satura ted, 260zero -disparity, 260

Transmission Control Prot ocol (TCP), 28, 155Transversal filter, 296-298, 301-305Trellis-coded modulation (TCM)

coding gain, 415, 420-421Euclidean distance, 415-416general structure, 421-42 2set partit ioning, 416, 420-421

Twisted-pair cablechara cteristics, 438-439repeater spacing, 456-45 9transmission bit rates, 440

Unavailability, 39, 40, 44Unipo lar waveform, 261Universal time, 614--615U.S. Department of Comme rce

National Institute for Standards andTechnology (NIST) , 13,615

National Telecommunications InformationAdministration (NTIA), 13

U.S. Department of DefenseDefense Information Systems Age ncy

(DISA) ,13National Communications System (NCS), 13

U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) ,13,32 ,367-368,590-591

U.S. Naval Observatory (USNO), 615User Datagram Protocol (UDP), 155UTC, 615-616

Vector quantization. See CELPVery Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT) .

SeeVSATVideo coding, 156-160Video teleconferencing, 30, 32-33 , 161Video transmission, 30-33, 47, 57

television, 31-32video teleconferencing, 30, 32-33, 161

Virtual Private Network (VPN) , 750-751Viter bi decoding, 335-340, 415-41 6, 417,

421Vocoders, 85, 144-150Voice Activity Detection (VAD), 153Voice over IP (VoIP), 155- 156Voice transmission, 22-24, 47, 57, 180Voice-excited vocoder (VEV), 147VSAT,9

Waiting time jitter, 207-208Wander , 72, 73Waveform coders, 85Wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) , 7,

501-508add/dro p multiplexe r (A DM) , 506-508dense WDM (DWDM), 504-506

White noise, 365Wide area network (WAN), 750, 761- 776Wideband coders, 161Word interleaving, 179

Zero code suppression , 110Zero-forcing equalizer, 305-306