Index

Note: The letter ‘t’ and ‘f’ in the index locators refer to tables and figuresrespectively.

AAAGL, see American Association

of GynecologicLaparoscopists(AAGL)

Abbou, C.C., 51, 52Abdominal and vaginal

hysterectomy, 165Abrams, P., 202AcuBot surgical system with CT

image guidance, 8f

Adler, J.R., 7Advincula, A.P., 161, 163, ,

167–168AESOP, see Automated

Endoscopic System forOptimum Positioning(AESOP)

Ahlering, T.E., 52, 53, 54, 58, 61,69, 82, 84, 86, 91

American Association of Gyne-cologic Laparoscopists(AAGL), 165

Anastasiadis, A.G., 90, 95Anesthesia and robotic assisted

surgeryanesthetic technique, 188–189

airway and ventilation, 189

analgesia, 190–191cardiovascular stability

and fluid management,189–190

enhanced recovery aftersurgery, 191–192

intracranial pressure, 190monitoring, 190, 191

epidural anesthesia, 187issues with, 185–188

challenges, 186–187image-processing/

insufflation stack, 186surgeon’s console, 186, 187

laparoscopic surgery,physiology of, 182–185

urology, 182Anghel, G., 75Anis, A.H., 196Antiphon, P., 71Appendicectomy, 166Artibani, W., 76, 89, 90Asynchronous Transfer Mode

(ATM), 16ATM, see Asynchronous Transfer

Mode (ATM)Atug, F., 84, 86Augustin, H., 79

233

234 Index

Auld, B.J., 165Automated Endoscopic

System for OptimumPositioning (AESOP),9, 15, 26, 31, 36

BBalaji, K.C., 124Baldwin, D.D., 135Barakat, R.R., 169Bargar, W.L., 6Barre, C., 71Bates, T.S., 89Bauer, J., 32Bayesian approach, 214Beecken, W.D., 124Begg, C.B., 88Benabid, A.L., 27Benson, J.T., 170Bentas, W., 52Beste, T.M., 166Bhayani, S.B., 81Bianco, F.J., , 88Bilateral preservation in

ORP/LRP/ RALP,recovery of potencyafter, 95t–97t

Binder, J., 47, 51, 52, 69Bisharah, M., 169Blanna, A., 68–69Bollens, R., 68, 71Bove, P., 15, 32Boyd, J., 5Brazier, J.E., 202Briganti, A., 94Brown, J.A., 73, 77, 82Bucerius, J., 200Burch colposuspension, 172Burgess, S.V., 99

CCaceres, F., 199Cadeddu, J.A., 29Cadiere, G.B., 168Capek, K., 4

Carcinoma in situ (CIS), 113, 128Carlsson, S., 54Catalona, W.J., 57, 68, 72, 81, 83,

89, 95Cavalcanti, A., 16CBA, see Cost-benefit analysis

(CBA)CEA, see Cost-effectiveness

analysis (CEA)Cepolina, F., 22Challacombe, B., 16, 21, 31Chammas, M., 45, 145Chang, S.D., 7Chien, G.W., 57, 58Chun, F.K., 83CIS, see Carcinoma in situ (CIS)Claxton, K., 214Clayman, R.V., 46CMA, see Cost-minimization

analysis (CMA)Colombo G., 4Colposuspension, robotic,

172–175Computed tomography (CT), 6, 8,

32–33Computer-aided manufacturing

systems, 26–28Control of lateral pedicles of

the bladder withclips/staples/harmonicscalpel, 118f

Cost-benefit analysis (CBA), 213Cost-effectiveness acceptability

curves, 226fCost-effectiveness analysis

(CEA), 213Cost/effectiveness of prostatec-

tomy techniques, 221Costello T.G., 133, 187Cost-minimization analysis

(CMA), 213Costs, decision modeling in

economic evaluation

Index 235

cost/effectiveness,prostatectomytechniques, 221t

effects/quality of life measures,219

internal/external consistency,220

results, 220–226uncertainty/sensitivity

analysis, 219–220Cost-utility analysis (CUA), 213CUA, see Cost-utility analysis

(CUA)Cubano, M., 15Cystectomy (robotic), position of

patient, 115f

DDakwar, G., 71Daneshgari, F., 171Danic, M.J., 188Dargahi, J., 14Dasgupta, P., 113, 114, 128Davidson, P.J., 89Davies, B.L., 7, 27da Vinci, TM

cable drive system, 37fendoscope, 11fEndowrist with three

additional DoF, 40ffinger manipulators, 37flaparoscopic DoF, 39fmaster–slave system

components, 10frobot, 36–39surgical arm, 38fsurgical system, 181system, 10–14, 173

advantages and disadvan-tages, robotic surgicalsystems, 14t

comparison of, 13tEndoWrist technology,

12–13patient side cart, 11

surgeon’s console, 10–11vision system, 10, 11. 12

Debruyne, F.M., 67Degueldre, M., 168Delaney, C.P., 203, 207Devol, G., 2, 38Diaz-Arrastia, C., 161, 166Dijkman, G.A., 67Dissection of preperitoneal space

and Trocar placementfor extraperitoneallaparoscopic approach,70f

Docking, 11Donald, H., 2Donker, P.J., 67, 71, 93Doridot, V., 167Dorsal venous complex (DVC),

50, 55, 56Douglas, S., 72, 117Drummond, M.F., 195, 196, 215,

222DVC, see Dorsal venous complex

(DVC)

EEastham, J.A., 88, 89, 92Ebbesen, M., 24EBL, see Estimated Blood Loss

(EBL)Economic evaluation, robotic

surgerychallenges of

follow-up data, 211outcome measure

thresholds, 211–212sample

size/recruitment/randomizationof patients, 210–211

definition, 195economic studies, 202–206fallacies in assessment,

206–210in healthcare programmes, 195importance of, 196–202

236 Index

Economic studies, characteristicsof, 207t

Eden, C.G., 47, 75, 90, 95Elhage, O., 1, 35, 126, 130El-Hakim, A., 75, 78, 80, 81Eljamel, M.S., 7Elliott, D.S., 171Ellison, L.M., 4El-Tabey, N.A., 124Endogru, T., 74, 80Endometriosis, 169Endotracheal (ET) tube, 185EndoWrist instruments, 11, 161EndowristTM technology, 69Endowrist R©, 39Epidural anesthesia, 187Erdogru, T., 72, 73Ergonomics, 35–36Esposito, M., 84, 91, 97Estimated Blood Loss (EBL), 52Extraperitoneal approach, 68,

71–72, 74, 93, 182descending technique, 71–72intrafascial preservation of

neurovascular bundlesfor, 93f

prostatic pedicle dissectionfor, 72f

and transperitoneal LRP,comparison, 73t

FFabrizio, M.D., 16, 32Falcone, T., 160Felder, R.A., 5Feneley, M.R., 89Ficarra, V., 199, 217Fiorentino, R.P., 166Fowler, F.J. Jr., 46, 53Frede, T., 75, 78Freitas, R.A. Jr., 16Functional robotics, 2

GGagnon, Y., 196Galich, A., 125Galli, S., 86, 90Gas embolism, 185Geary, E.S., 80, 89Gerges, F.J., 182Gettman, M.T., 71, 141, 143, 144,

200Gill, I.S., 68, 114, 128Giulianotti, P., 200, 201Glauser, D., 6Goad, J.R., 71Graefen, M., 71, 87, 94, 95Guilloneau, B., 68, 76, 86, 88, 93Gulati, S., 181, 185Gundeti, M.S., 155Guru, K.A., 124, 128, 170Gurusamy, K.S., 204Gynecology

oncology, 169robotic vs. laparoscopic, 175,

176tsurgery, robotic, 160surgical procedures, 162t–163turogynecology,

see Urogynecology

HHaber, G.-P., 114, 128Han, M., 72Hara, I., 98Harris, S.J., 7, 83, 89Health economics of robotic

surgerychallenges of economic

evaluation, 210–212characteristics of studies, 207teconomic evaluation, 196–202,

203tSee also Economic

evaluation, roboticsurgery

Index 237

efficacy/safety results ofrobotic vs. conventionalsurgery, 200t–201t

hospital costs, open/laparoscopic/roboticprostatectomy, 198t

reviews/trials, 204t–205tsteps, economic evaluation,

196–202suggestions/decision modeling,

212–226assessment measures,

213–214costs, 219–226economic evaluation

designs, 213–214economic modeling in

decision making,robotic prostatec-tomy, see Roboticprostatectomy

evaluation question/subjects, 212

Heemskerk, J., 203, 207Hemal, A.K., 113, 116Heminephrectomy, 153–154

See also Robotic pediatricurology

Hernandez, D.J., 30Herr, H., 113, 114Ho, G., 8Horgan, S., 201Hospital costs of open/

laparoscopic/roboticprostatectomy, 198

Howe, R., 14Hoznek, A., 71, 72, 73, 89, 95Hubert, J., 125Hull, G.W., 83Hysterectomy, 164–166

classification systemfor, 165t

laparoscopic, 161

IICE scatterplot of robotic

prostatectomyvs. laparoscopicprostatectomy, 225f

ICE, see Incremental cost-effectiveness (ICE)

ICT, see Information andCommunicationsTechnology (ICT)

IIEF, see International Indexof Erectile Function(IIEF)

Inagaki, T., 135Incremental cost-effectiveness

(ICE), 223Information and Communications

Technology (ICT), 23Integrated Service Digital

Network (ISDN), 16Integrated Surgical Systems Inc.

(ISS), 5–6International Index of Erectile

Function (IIEF), 213Intracorporeal suturing skills, 135Intrafascial preservation of

neurovascular bundlesfor extraperitonealapproach, 93f

Intraperitoneal insufflation,complications

of carbon dioxide, 185Intrathecal diamorphine, 190Invasive monitoring, 191

See also Anesthesia androbotic assisted surgery

ISDN, see Integrated ServiceDigital Network(ISDN)

ISS, see Integrated SurgicalSystems Inc. (ISS)

JJacob, F., 68Jakopec, M., 6

238 Index

Janda, M., 169Janetschek, G., 32Jarrett, T.W., 135Jenkins, T.R., 169Jensen, T.G., 23–24Johnson, A.G., 202Joris, J., 184Joseph, J.V., 60, 82, 84, 86, 91,

92, 96Jourdan, I.C., 36

KKahneman, D., 214Kallidonis, P., 67Kalogiannidis, I., 169Kao, T.C., 89Kasalicky, M.A., 9Kaul, S., 94Kavoussi, L.R., 9, 36, 46, 144Kawasaki, E.S., 16–17Kenney, A., 167Khan, M.S., 113, 159, 173Kho, R.M., 166Kirby, R.S., 67, 94Kleinhans, B., 89Koh, L.K., 188Krahn, M., 196–197Kramer, W., 47, 52, 69Kundu, S.D., 53Kutikov, A., 152

LLamade, W., 41Laparoscopic radical cystectomy

(LRC), 114, 123,126–128, 130

Laparoscopic technique, 46, 154,185, 206

and robotic-assisted minimallyinvasive surgery,comparison of, 176t

surgery, physiology of,182–185

Lavery, H.J., 62Leandri, P., 89

“Learning Curve for ALL”fallacy, 209–210

Lee, B.R., 15, 32Lee, R.S., 152, 155, 156Lein, M., 82, 83, 90Length of hospital stay (LOS),

216Lepor, H., 46, 54, 217Liatsikos, E., 67Lich–Gregoir procedure,

robotic-assisted, 154See also Robotic pediatric

urologyLink, R.E., 98, 99, 144Li, Q.H., 6Lithotomy and steep Tren-

delenburg position,49f

Lob, W.S., 5Lofland, J.H., 206Lorincz, A., 136LOS, see Length of hospital stay

(LOS)Lotan, Y., 99, 197, 198LRC, see Laparoscopic radical

cystectomy (LRC)Luke P.P., 136Lunca, S., 205

MMcGuire, A., 195, 196Madersbacher, S., 113, 126Magnetic resonance imaging

(MRI), 8, 27, 34, 167Mais, V., 167Marchal, F., 169Marchionni, M., 170Marescaux, J., 10, 16, 32Master–slave systems, 9–14

da Vinci TM system, 10–14Zeus system, 9–10

Matsunaga, G.S., 69Medical fields, robots in, 4–5

contact with patients, 4types of, 5

Index 239

Meininger, D., 184Melamud, O., 172Melvin, W., 201Meng, M.V., 46Menon, M., 47, 52, 53, 54, 57, 68,

69, 72, 75, 82, 84, 85, 86,88, 91, 92, 94, 96, 97, 98,99, 123, 124, 200

Mikhail, A.A., 60Miller, R., 124Minervini, A., 135Minimal invasive surgery (MIS),

197Mitrofanoff channel, 155

See also Robotic pediatricurology

Moehrer, B., 172Molpus, K.L., 169Monte Carlo simulation of

cost/effectiveness/NMB,224t

Montorsi, F., 71, 94Moon, D.A., 135Moore, R.G., 15Moran, M.E., 36Morino, M., 203, 204, 205, 207Mountain graph of ICE

scatterplot, 225fMouraviev, V., 219Mr Bot, 8, 34fMRI, see Magnetic resonance

imaging (MRI)Muhlmann, G., 201Muller-Stich, B.P., 204Multi-imager compatible

actuation principles insurgical robotics, 33–35

Muntener, M., 8Murphy, D., 14Murphy, D.G., 133, 140, 142, 143Mushtaq, I., 149Myers, R.P., 46

NNakadi, I.E., 203, 204, 207NASA, see National Aeronautics

and Space Administra-tion (NASA)

Nathan, S., 28National Aeronautics and

Space Administration(NASA), 14

National Health ServiceEconomic EvaluationDatabase (NHS EED),202

Natural Orifice TransluminalEndoscopic Surgery,(NOTESTM), 41

Nephrectomy, 190Nerve-sparing techniques, 57–60,

71, 94, 98Net Monetary Benefit (NMB),

213Neurovascular bundles (NVB),

50, 51, 57–58, 59, 93Nezhat, F., 159, 161, 169Nezhat, C., 159, 161, 169NHS EED, see National Health

Service EconomicEvaluation Database(NHS EED)

NMB, see Net Monetary Benefit(NMB)

Nocks, L., 2, 4Noonan, D., 14NOTESTM, see Natural

Orifice TransluminalEndoscopic Surgery,(NOTESTM)

Nuttall, M.C., 114NVB, path of, 51fNVB preservation, 59fNVB, see Neurovascular bundles

(NVB)

240 Index

OOlive, D.L., 165Olsen, L., 151, 153, 154Omar, A.M., 74Oncologic results, comparison

PSA recurrence, 86–87values, 86

PSM rates, 81, 86surgical margin, 81–86

Ong, A.M., 98Operative set up during clinical

trial of roboticpercutaneous access,30f

Operative Time (OR), 51–52O’Reilly, P.H., 135

PPAKY-RCM, 25fPalmer, K.J., 45, 52, 53, 55, 58Papadopoulos, A.J., 159, 167Parker, W.H., 67Passannante, A.N., 184Pasticier, G., 47, 52, 69Patel V., 142, 143, 145Patel, V.R., 45, 52, 54, 61, 69, 75,

78, 80, 81, 82, 84, 86,91, 99

Pathan, H., 185Patient selection, impact of, 184Paul, H.A., 27Pediatric urology, procedures,

155–156See also Robotic pediatric

urologyPedraza, R., 153, 155PEEP, see Positive end expiratory

pressure (PEEP)Pelvic surgery, 154–155

reconstructive, 170–172sacrocolpopexy, 170–171vesicovaginal fistula repair,

172See also Robotic pediatric

urology

Percutaneous access tokidney-remote center ofmotion (PAKY-RCM),8, 15, 25, 32

Percutaneous renal access, 28–31Perer, E., 71Perioperative results, LRP, 74–81

complications and morbidity,75–80

conversion to open surgery,80–81

operative time, 74–75Peschel, R., 143Peters, C.A., 154Pham, C., 196, 199, 201Pharmaeconomics, 195Philips, Z., 215Phong, S.V., 188Pineau, J., 4Pizzi, L., 206Player, A., 17Pneumoperitoneum, 52, 137, 167,

181, 182–185, 188, 189Pneumothorax, 185Port positioning, 116fPositive end expiratory pressure

(PEEP), 184Positive surgical margin

(PSM), 81Postoperative wounds, 122fPoulakis, V., 71, 75, 99Prasad, P., 5Preoperative fasting, 191

See also Anesthesia androbotic assisted surgery

Probabilistic Sensitivity Analysis(PSA), 222

Probot, 7, 27Programmable Universal

Manipulation Arm(PUMA), 3

Prostate cancer, treatmentlaparoscopic approach, 46–47

Prostatectomy, roboticoutcomes of, 51–62

Index 241

continence, definition/rate,53–57

EBL and transfusion rate,52

hospital stay, 53oncologic outcomes, 60–61OR, 51–52postoperative pain, 53potency, 57–60safety, 61–62

surgery technologies decisiontree, 216f

techniques, 48–51cost and effectiveness, 221RALP, 48

Prostatic pedicle dissectionfor extraperitonealapproach, 72f

Pruthi, R.S., 125–126PSM, see Positive surgical margin

(PSM)PUMA, see Programmable

Universal ManipulationArm (PUMA)

Pyelolithotomy, robotic-assisted,155

See also Robotic pediatricurology

Pyeloplasty, 190EndoWristTM, 138intracorporeal suturing skills,

135laparoscopic, 135

da VinciTM cart docked for,140f

patient position, 138fport configuration, 139f

RALP, results, see RALP,results in laporoscopicpyeloplasty

technique of RALP, 137–141cystoscopy, 137pneumoperitoneum, 137

technology, see Robotictechnology

trans/retroperitoneal, 150–153See also Robotic pediatric

urologyUPJ, 133, 134, 135, 138, 140,

144, 145obstruction, management,

134–135

QQALY, see Quality Adjusted Life

Years (QALY)Quality Adjusted Life Years

(QALY), 209

RRabbani, F., 94Raboy, A., 68Radical cystectomy, robotic-

assistedCIS, 113ergonomics, 130LRC, 114oncologic outcomes, 126–128ORC/LRC/RARC, compari-

son, 126ORC/RARC, comparison,

125–126postoperative care, 123quality of life, patient

satisfaction, 128–130RARC, outcomes, 123–125

stages, 123transperitoneal approach,

123trendelenburg position, 124

surgical technique, see Surgicaltechnique, radicalcystectomy

Radical prostatectomy,robotic-assisted

comparators, 216data, identification/modeling/

incorporation, 218decision problem, 215disease pathways, 217–218

242 Index

Radical prostatectomy (cont.)“Minimal Trauma and

Quick Recovery”, 217“Moderate Trauma and

Medium Recovery”,217

“Severe Trauma and SlowRecovery”, 217

evaluation perspective, 215model structure/assumptions,

215–216model type, 216–217

Raju, K.S., 159, 165RALP, results in laporoscopic

pyeloplasty, 141–144conventional vs. robotic-

assisted, 144RALP, special situations,

144–146Randomized controlled trials

(RCT), 206Rao, R.S., 4Rassweiler, J., 47, 52, 68, 71–72,

74, 75, 76, 78, 79, 80, 82,83, 86, 88, 89, 90, 92, 94,95, 96, 98

Rattner, D., 160Raychaudhuri, B., 114RCM, see Remote Center of

Motion (RCM)Reiner, W.G., 46Remote Center of Motion

(RCM), 25–26device, laparoscopic, 26frobot, 29f

Remzi, M., 73, 77Reproductive surgery

myomectomy, 167–168ovarian transposition, 168tubal anastomosis, 168

Retrocaval ureter, surgicalmanagement of, 155

See also Robotic pediatricurology

Retroperitoneal approach, 150,153

See also Robotic pediatricurology

Retropubic radical prostatectomy(RRP), 45, 46, 48, 52,53, 54–55, 60–61, 67, 71,74, 76, 78, 79, 86, 87, 88,93, 98, 99,

Retropubic suspension stitch, 56fReynolds, R.K., 166, 169Rhee, J.J., 125Rimington, P., 113, 114Robot

arm, basic design of, 23fda VinciTM, 36–39definition, 21elements, 8medical, 22movements, 24RCM, 25, 28–29, 29fsurgical, 5–7, 22, 25, 33–35, 181

cyberknife, 7Robotic-assisted laparoscopic

radical prostatectomy(RALP), 181

Robotic-assisted laparoscopicurology, 182

Robotic laparoscopic-openradical prostatectomy,comparison

economic considerations, 99Endowrist TM technology, 69extra/transperitoneal LRP,

comparison, 73, 73tfunctional results, comparison,

87–98continence, 88–93erectile function, 93–98

laparoscopic vs. retropubicradical prostatectomy,comparison, 76t–77t

Index 243

open-laparoscopic radicalprostatectomy,comparison of postcomplications, 79t

open-laparoscopic vs. roboticradical prostatectomyoncologic results,83t–84t

perioperative results, seePerioperative results,LRP

quality of life, 98results, see Oncologic results,

comparisontechnical aspects, 71–74

extraperitoneal descendingtechnique, 71–72

retropubic radicalprostatectomy, 71

Robotic pediatric urologyheminephrectomy, 153–154other procedures, 155–156pelvic surgery, 154–155pyeloplasty, transperi-

toneal/retroperitoneal,150–152

Robotic prostatectomyoutcomes, 51–64technique, 48–51

Robotic surgeryAESOP, 36current state economic

evaluation, 202–206da VinciTM Robot, 36–39Endowrist R©, 39ergonomics, 35–36future, 40–41multi-imager compatible

actuation principles,33–35

percutaneous renal access,28–31

computer-aided man-ufacturing systems,26–28

movements, 24RCM, 25–26robotic terminology/

systems, 22surgical computer-aided

design, 26–28reviews and trials, 204system, effectiveness, 24telesurgery, 31–33

Robotic technologyadvantages and disadvantages,

136future of, 16

nanotechnology, 16history of, 2–4

functional robotics, 2steam-man, 2

medical fields, 4–5surgical robots, 5–7urology,see Urology, robots invirtual reality/telerobotics/

telementoring, 14–16vs. conventional surgery,

efficacy and safetyresults, 200, 200t–201t

vs. laparoscopic gynecology,175, 176t

ZeusTM, 136Rocco B., 55–56Rock, P., 184Rodrigues, N.N. Jr., 15Rosheim, M.E., 2, 38Rosser, J.C. Jr., 15Roumeguere, T., 72, 76, 83, 89, 90,

95Rovetta, A., 8, 15Rozet, F., 84, 90, 94, 96, 99Ruiz, L., 72, 73, 82

SSacrocolpopexy, 170–172Sala, R., 8Salomon, L., 46–47, 68, 72, 76, 83,

90, 92, 94, 95, 98Samadi, D., 85, 91

244 Index

Sampaio, F.J., 133Sasaki, M., 5Satava, R.M., 15–16Scardino, P.T., 71, 81Schuessler, W., 68Schuessler, W.W., 46, 68, 135Schwentner, C., 142, 143, 145Senapati, S., 167Seracchioli, R., 167Sexual potency, definition, 58Shoma, A.M., 124Shortland, A., 129Simonato, A., 126, 128Skinner, D.G., 116Slawin, K.M., 85Smith, D.S., 72, 81Smith, Jr.. J.A., 54, 69Solomon, S.B., 33Soloway, M.S., 81, 86Song, A., 168Specimen extraction in

laparoscopic sack, 121fSpiegelhalter, D.J., 214SRI, see Stanford Research

Institute (SRI)Stanford, J.L., 88, 89, 95Stanford Research Institute

(SRI), 15Steiner, M.S., 89Stein, J.P., 116, 126Stoianovici, D., 8, 21, 22, 28, 31,

34, 35Stolzenburg, J., 94Stolzenburg, J.U., 67, 68, 69, 75,

82, 83, 84, 86, 88, 90, 92,95, 96, 99

Studer pouch formation through asmall incision, 122f

Styolopoulos, N., 160Sullivan, W., 89Su, L.M., 28, 94, 95Sulser, T., 80Sundaram, B.M., 172Sung, G.T., 136Surgery, robotic-assisted, 185–188

challenges, 186–187image-processing/insufflation

stack, 186surgeon’s console, 186

Surgical computer-aided design,26–28

Surgical technique, radicalcystectomy, 114–116

anterior dissection, 119–120lateral dissection, 117–119,

117flymphadenectomy, transpo-

sition of left ureter,120

EndoloopTM, 120Wallace I technique, 121

posterior dissection, 117urinary diversion, 120–123

Surgical technology, 47, 218, 219Sutherland, G., 14

TTalamini, M., 35Talcott, J.A., 89, 95Taylor, R.H., 22Technical aspects, RRP

extraperitoneal descendingtechnique, 71–72

retropubic radical prostatec-tomy, 71

Technique, anesthetic, 188–189airway and ventilation, 189analgesia, 190cardiovascular stability/fluid

management, 189enhanced recovery after

surgery, 191intracranial pressure, 190monitoring, 190–191See also Anesthesia and

robotic assisted surgeryTelementoring, 14–16Telerobotics, 14–16Telesurgery, 31–33Terminology, robotic, 22

Index 245

Tewari, A., 52, 53, 60, 71, 75, 78,80, 81, 84, 91, 199

Tewari, A.K., 91, 94Theatre setup, robotic gyneco-

logy/urogynecologyKoch colpotomy ring, 161port placement, 164fvaginal pneumo-occluder

balloon, 161Theodorescu, D., 124Tooher, R., 196, 199, 201, 204Touijer, K., 83, 84, 86Townell, N., 74Trabulsi, E.J., 47Transperitoneal approach

pyeloplasty, see Roboticpediatric urology

Transperitoneal approach, 48, 68,71–72, 116, 123, 137,152, 182

Transtrigonal Cohen uretericreimplantation, 154

See also Robotic pediatricurology

Transurethral resection of theprostate (TURP), 7

Trendelenburg position, 48, 49,124, 161, 173, 183, 185,186, 188, 189

Tsuboi, T., 81Tulandi, T., 169Turk, I., 47, 90, 95TURP, see Transurethral

resection of the prostate(TURP)

Type-IVE hysterectomy, 166

UUK National Institute for Clinical

Excellence (NICE), 196Unimate, first industrial robot, 3fUnimation Puma, 6, 7UPJ, see Ureteropelvic junction

(UPJ)

Ureteropelvic junction (UPJ),133, 134, 135, 138, 140,144, 145

Urogynecologycolposuspension, robotic,

172–175endometriosis, 169gynecologic surgery, robotic,

160hysterectomy, 164–166oncology, 169–170pelvic reconstructive surgery,

170–172sacrocolpopexy, 170–172vesicovaginal fistula repair,

172reproductive surgery

myomectomy, 167–168ovarian transposition, 168tubal anastomosis, 168

robotic vs. laparoscopicgynecology, 175, 176t

theatre setup, 161–164Urology, robots in

designs of, 7–9AESOP, 9MrBot, 8MRI, 8PAKY-RCM, 8Probot, 7TURP, 7

master–slave systems, 9–14

VVallancien, G., 47, 68van Velthoven technique, 50Varkarakis, I.M., 29Vasopressin, 167Virtual Reality (VR), 14

WWagner, A., 96Wallen, E.M., 125–126Walsh, P.C., 46, 54, 67, 68, 89, 93,

95

246 Index

Wang, G.J., 126Wang, Q., 195Ward, K.L., 172Webb, P., 187Webster, T.M., 53Wein, A., 202Wellman, P., 14Wickham J.E., 7Wickham TUR frame, 28fWieder, J.A., 81, 86Willingness to Pay (WTP), 213Willis, S.F., 169Wolfram, M., 52, 75, 84Woo, R., 154

WTP, see Willingness to Pay(WTP)

YYanco, H., 4Yee, D.S., 152Yeung, C.K., 151Young, H.H., 46Yu, C.K., 169

ZZeus system, 9, 16Zippe, C., 68Zorn, K.C., 85, 91, 97