Index

AAbsorption chiller (AC)

evaporation temperatures, 179

irreversibility rates, 175

mechanical vapor compression heat pump, 403

parameters and environmental conditions, 170

solar collector powers, 405

water content evaporation, 171

Absorption chiller electricity, 403, 408–409

AC. See Absorption chiller (AC)

Accelerated global warming, 99

AC loss. See Alternating-current (AC) lossACOEEE. See Ant colony optimization electricity energy

estimation (ACOEEE)

Activation

algerian clays (see Anionic dyes adsorption)WAS, 944

Active magnetic regenerator refrigeration (AMRR) system

Brayton cycles, 70

cooling capacity, 75, 76

COP behavior, 76, 77

cost, unit of cooling, 77, 78

description, 69

energy analysis, 73

exergoeconomics, 74–75

exergy analysis, 73–74

exergy destruction, 77, 78

exergy efficiency, 77

heat transfer fluid, 70

heat transfer modeling (see Heat transfer modeling, AMRR system)

parameters, simulation, 75

solution procedure, 72

thermodynamic analyses, 72

T-s diagram, 70, 71

variation, bed temperature, 75, 76

Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS)

description, 543, 544

generating FIS structure, 543, 544

training FIS, 544

Adsorbent

clay minerals, 761

dosage, 737

FTIR curves, 764

infrared spectra, 764

interlayer spacing, 763

XRD patterns, 763, 764

Adsorption

adsorbent dosage, 737

Hydrogen ion, 736

isotherms, 738–739

kinetics (see Adsorption kinetics)

structure of clays, 767, 768

studies, 734

Adsorption kinetics

bentonite, 763

capacity, 762

contact time effect, 765

DD3 Kaolin, 765–766

pseudo-first-order equation, 739

UV visible, 763

ADU. See Atmospheric distillation unit (ADU)

Aerogel

application, 505

Cryogel Z type, 496, 497

description and properties, 492, 493

evaporator, 497

polycarbonate panels (PC panels), 593

procedure, experiments and test numbers, 496, 497

residential building, 492

sheet application, no frost type refrigerator, 497, 498

static type refrigerator, 496, 497

use and processing, 592–593

Agricultural biomass

ash content, 807

hemicellulose content, 808

NB Department of Agriculture, 806

and wood, 807

Air pollution

description, 751

fossil fuels, 751

human life, 751

meteorological conditions, 752

Alternating-current (AC) loss

Ampere’s Law, 448, 455

amplitudes, 451

boundary condition, 449

Critical State Model, 449

current density distribution, 448

discrete rotational symmetry, 449

distribution, equi-potential contours, 450–451

filaments, 454

HTS, 447–448, 453

magnetic flux density, 448

non-zero components, 449

scaling parameter, electric field, 449

solid-core and shell-type wires, 449, 450

transmission losses, cylindrical cables, 449, 450

Alternative fuels

CO emissions, 1035

diesel engines, 1029

environmental pollution and energy security, 1029

hazelnut oil biodiesel, 1038

I. Dincer et al. (eds.), Progress in Exergy, Energy, and the Environment,DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-04681-5, # Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014

1061

AMRR system. See Active magnetic regenerator refrigeration

(AMRR) system

AMT. See Audio-Magnetotelluric (AMT)

Anaeorbic digestion, 4–6, 8

Analytical model, 391, 816, 861, 887

ANFIS. See Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS)

Anionic dyes adsorption

adsorbent catalyst, 762

adsorption kinetics (see Adsorption kinetics)

characterisation, 762

clay structure, 767, 768

dyes solutions, 763

materials, 762

textile and tannery effluents, 761

Anodic catalyst. See Pt-Ru/CNT nanocatalyst

ANSYS-FLUENT software, 643–644

Ant colony optimization electricity energy estimation

(ACOEEE), 561

ARIMA modeling. See Autoregressive integrated moving

average (ARIMA) modeling

Artificial neural networks (ANN) model, 563

Aspen Plus

aspen process economic analyzer, 901

cold storage, 574

design, 124

integrated system, 34

mass and energy, 122

pilot plant, 122

simulation package, 131

simulation software, 900

thermodynamic database, 124

Asphaltene fractionation

absorption spectra, 957

asphaltene extraction and purification, 952

asphaltene fraction, 957

cell assembling, 953, 955

counter electrode preparation, 953

fraction cell parameters, 957

materials, 952

photoelectrode preparation, 953

photovoltaic solar cell, 951

RTV silicone rubber mask layer, photoelectrodes, 955–956

TiO2 Blocking Layer, 955

UV–O3 treatment, 956–957

Atmospheric distillation unit (ADU), 220, 222, 223

ATR-HTS-LTS reactors

composition profile, 921, 924

dynamic simulation, 921, 922

efficiency calculations, 921, 923

HTS product stream, 921, 924

integrated simulation study, 921, 923

LTS exit stream, 923, 925

power variation, 925, 926

temperature profile, 923, 925

Audio-Magnetotelluric (AMT)

A1 profile, 852, 853

B1 profile, 852, 855

B2 profile, 852, 854

electromagnetic methods, 849

geology and tectonics map, 850, 851

geothermal drilling operations, 852, 853

geothermal energy, 849, 855–856

location map, 850, 852

MT method, 850

rocks, 850

thermal-mineral waters, 854

Automotive heat pump (AHP) system

CO2, 314

cold weather conditions, 313

components, 321

compressor speed, operation period, 317, 318

coolant based, 317

disadvantages, 314

energy and exergy analysis, 314

exergy destructions

compressor speed, 318, 320

at 850 rpm and 5 Nm, 318, 319

at 1,550 rpm and 60 Nm, 318, 320

experimental setup, 314–316

heating capacity, 317, 318

heating performance, 319

investigations, 314

performance parameters, 314

R134a and R12, 314

steady-state heating capacities, 320

thermodynamic analysis, 316–317

Autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) modeling, 563

BBAA. See Building azimuth angle (BAA)

Balcova–Narlidere Geothermal Field (BNGF)

analysis, 335

dryer, 332

energy analysis

drying chamber, 337

fan, 335–336

heat exchanger, 336

exergy analysis

drying chamber, 338

fan, 338

heat exchanger, 338

geothermal dryer in Yenikale Heat Centre, 333

geothermal fluid, 332

heating system, 333

materials and methods, 334–335

BEMS. See Building energy management systems (BEMS)

Binary geothermal power plant

analysis, 23–24

description, 23

energy analysis, 26

energy and exergy loss, 26, 27

exergetic investigation, subsystems, 26

isopentane, 25

ORC, 24

parametric study, 27–29

process flow chart, 25

reference values, exergy efficiency, 27

thermodynamic properties, fluids, 25, 26

upper cycle pressure, 25

Bio-char

adsorbent dosage, 737

adsorption (see Adsorption)analytical techniques, 734

carbon-enriched and porous material, 734

characterization, materials, 735, 736

cobalt concentration effect, 737–738

conventional methods, 734

heavy metal ions, 733

materials and preparation, 734

pH effect, 736, 737

time and solution temperature, 738

1062 Index

Bioconjugate

colonies, living cells, 474

E. coli, 472fluorescence emission, 474

H2O2, 473

paraquat, 473, 474

Biodiesel

advantages, 1030

B20, 1030

definition, 1030

emissions, 1030

vs. fossil diesel fuel, 1030hazelnut soapstock/waste sunflower oil mixture, 1030

vegetable oils, 1030

Biohydrogen production, sewage sludge

acidic/basic pretreatment, 948–949

anaerobic digestion, 945

anaerobic fermentation, 945

anaerobic metabolism, 945

dark fermentation, 944

fossil fuel-based environmental impacts, 944

literature data comparison, 946, 947

microwave pretreatment, 949

proteins, 946

renewable energy sources, 944

thermal pretreatment, 947–948

ultrasonication pretreatment, 946–947

WAS, 944

Biomass

gasification and SOFC combined (see Steam biomass

gasification and SOFC)

gasification-based tri-generation system (see Hybrid steam

biomass gasification-based tri-generation system)

hydrogen production system, 899–910

waste, 6

Biomass-based hydrogen production systems

economic analysis, 900–903

energy conversion systems, 900

gasification, oil palm shell, 900

hydrogen production plant, 903–905

lowest hydrogen production cost, 910

maximum energy and exergy efficiency, 910

plant capacity, 906, 908

SMR, 900

thermodynamic comparisons, 909–910

TOCs, 906, 909

BNGF. See Balcova–Narlidere Geothermal Field (BNGF)

Body temperature

clothing insulation, 427

and skin wettedness, 429

thermal comfort, 426

Borehole thermal energy storage (BTES)

conductivity rate, 395

cylindrical source model, 392–393

daily soil temperatures, Oshawa, 394–395

description, 386

Eskilson’s model, 393

filling material, grouts, 388–390

finite line source, 392, 396

G-function, 393

ground temperature, 386–387

grout with shank spacing, 394

GSHPs, 397

Kelvin line source model, 391–392, 396

outcomes, 395

renewable energy technologies, 385

temperature distribution, 395–396

thermal resistance

inside borehole, 388

outside borehole, 391, 397

and TRT, 393–394, 397

variations, 386

water, 391

Bosch BEA370 gas, 1032

Bosch ETT008.55EU model, 1032

Brayton cycle. See also Irreversible Brayton cycle

air/exhaust gas, 6

bottoming cycle, 230

Brayton cycles, 6, 70, 230, 294

BTES. See Borehole thermal energy storage (BTES)

Building azimuth angle (BAA)

total daily solar radiation, 889

type 2 building, 891, 892

type 1 building, winter and summer,

891, 892

Building energy management systems (BEMS),

459, 460

Building skin. See Double-skin facade systems

Buoyancy effect

cooling, 604

local skin friction, 604

Newtonian flow, 579

thermal and mass diffusion, 578, 609

vertical slender hollow cylinder, 596, 600, 604

wall conduction, 596

CCAES. See Compressed air energy storage (CAES)

Capital recovery factor (CRF), 58, 59, 75,

209, 380

Carbon nanotube (CNT)

electrode condensate, 986

Pt-Ru nanocatalyst (see Pt-Ru/CNT nanocatalyst)

Cement sector

description, 356

energy and mass balances, 349

energy efficiency, 350–351

exergy analysis, 349

general steady-state and steady-flow process, 350

outcomes, 352

production process, 351–352

raw mill (see Raw mill in cement factory)

Ceramic foams, 493

CFD. See Computational fluid dynamics (CFD)

CFD modelling

ANSYS-CFX, 845

fuel properties, 994

mathematical and combustion model, 993

and mesh structure, 992

NOX formation, 993–994

steady-state numerical calculations, 593

thermal comfort and energy efficiency, 444

Characterization

adsorbents, 763–765

current-voltage, 183

exergoeconomics, 56

FT-IR, 735

ground thermal, 386–387

infrared spectra, 735

SEM images, tomato waste, 735, 736

tomato waste and bio-char, 735

Index 1063

Chemical thermodynamics, hydrocarbon

description, 1018

EOS, 1018

equilibrium constant, 1024–1026

fluid thermodynamic, 1017–1018

GPP, 1018–1019

hydrocarbon component, 1019

inlet slug catcher, 1019

invariable mole fraction, 1020–1023

natural gas (see Natural gas)Peng–Robinson cubic equation, 1018

phase behavior of dry gas reservoir fluid, 1026

pressure and temperature, 1019–1020

Prode Properties, 1019

reservoir fluids, 1018

vapor-liquid phase envelope, 1018

variable mole fraction, 1021, 1023–1024

Closed cycle, gas turbine

description, 251

enthalpy-entropy diagram, 252, 253

helium, 251–252

intercooler, 253

thermodynamic assessment, 252

Coal

air pollution, 553

combustion process (see Plasma-fuel system (PFS))

gasification energy, 909

gasification process simulation, 861

heating, 352

mass content, 861, 862

plasma ignition, 961

Coefficient of performance (COP)

absorption system, 410

calculation, 714

combined refrigeration system, 201

cooling machine, 717

energetic performances, 719

energy output, 197

and exergetic efficiency, 720

fluid mass flow rate, 76

gas composition, 200

power compressor, 318

subcooling and superheating temperatures, 719

vapor compression, 202

various evaporator temperatures, 175

Coefficient of variation (COV)

IMEP time series (see Indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP))

statistical parameters, 1056

CO2 emission

environmental awareness, 715

fossil fuel power plant, 718

Cogeneration

categories, 228

commercial cogeneration plant, 228

conventional electrical and thermal systems, 228

descriptions, 229

electric rates, 228

global energy markets, 228

heat and electricity, 228

practical usage, 229

size and type, 229

thermal electricity generation systems, 228

Cold chain, 641, 642

Cold storage project

in China, 569

costs, 569

energy-saving and emission reduction, China, 570

LNG cold energy utilization technology, 569–570

Xingtan (see Xingtan LNG satellite station)

Colored Petri nets (CPN)

description, 463, 464

and HASCE, 460

inhabitants agent, 465, 466

light comfort agent, 465, 466

switching energy agent, 464–466

thermal comfort agent, 465–467

Combined compression-absorption refrigeration system

conventional thermodynamic analysis, 193

COP, 197

exergy output, 197–198

exhaust gas composition, 200

exhaust gas inlet temperature, 201, 202

flue gases, 193

gas composition and exhaust gas inlet temperature, 200, 201

HRSG, 194

irreversibility analysis, 198–200

liquid pressure, 195

parameters, 203

pinch point temperature effects, 201, 202

system test parameters, 200, 201

thermodynamic analysis, 196–197

total energy input, 197

vapor compression system, 202, 203

waste heat, 194, 195

Combined heat and power (CHP)

cogeneration plant, 170

electrical energy and heat, 914

gas micro-turbine, 34

gas turbines, 230

stationary power generation, 182

technical and financial issues, 913

Combustion

biogas, 6

characteristics, 1030

Cinar ICE code, 962

CO emissions, 1030

deterioration, 1036, 1037

3D numerical simulation, 963

ecological characteristics, 974

eddy-dissipation combustion model, 996

exergy destruction rates, 155

fast diffusion combustion, 964

fuel viscosity and combustion quality, 1036

hydrogen–methane-mixtured fuels, 992

internal combustion engines, 1029

and mathematical model, 992

matiant-cycle power plant, 147, 148

natural gas-fired furnaces, 991

physical mechanism, 963

plasma chemical preparation, 972

plasma thermochemical preprocess, 977

propane–hydrogen diffusion flames, 992

Rankine cycle, 207

temperature, 1038

temperature and pressure difference, 152

temperature distributions, 996–997

temperature field, 969, 970

Compound parabolic concentrator (CPC)

description, 83

energy balance equation and description, 85

half acceptance angle, 87

parameters, 83

1064 Index

Compressed air energy storage (CAES)

computer-aided methods, 478

design, 478, 479

Compressor and turbine mapping

accuracy, complexity and processing time, 542

ANFIS (see Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS))

Artificial Neural Network, 542

Beta Line Method, 542

centrifugal flow, 543

compressor 1and 2-corrected mass flow, 545–548

corrected mass flow and isentropic efficiency, 545–549

gas turbines, 542, 543

grid partition and sub clustering method, 545

hybrid learning algorithm, 545

isentropic efficiency error, 546–549

map scaling techniques, digitizing process, 542

MATLAB/Simulink, 545

membership function view, PR, 545, 546

performance characteristics, 543

Simulink model view, 545

transfer energy, 543

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD)

n-heptane, 1002panel radiator, 617–623

radiant heating and cooling systems, 444

steel panel radiator, 590, 592, 593

Computational singular perturbation (CSP), 1002

Condensate

API gravity, 1027

ASTM D1945, 1019

chemical compositions, 1020, 1021

chromatogram, 1020, 1022

description, 1041

gas chromatography (GC), 1019

gas-condensate-water process, 1042

liquid petroleum, 1019

low pressure flash vessel, 1027

low pressure flash vessel and evaporates, 1019

molar fluxes, 1050

and natural gas, 1042, 1043

parameters, 1020, 1045

petroleum migration, 1042

phase envelope, 1027

physical properties, 1019–1021, 1027, 1050

samples, 1019

and water, 1042

Conjugate heat transfer, 595–596, 600, 601

Cooling

air condition, 724–726

annual energy saving, 444

cryogenic refrigerator, 92

electricity demand, 6

emission analyses, 726–727

energy consumption, 715

exergoeconomic model, 70

exergy efficiency, 306

general thermal comfort, 442, 443

humid/warm air, 422

mezzanine, 442

minimum heat flux requirements, 443, 444

Newton’s law, 822

room air temperatures, 513

solar thermal component, 4

streamline distribution, 442, 443

temperature distribution, 442, 443

tri-generation plant, 170

turbine, 554

water evaporation, 508

COP. See Coefficient of performance (COP)

Copper–chlorine (Cu–Cl) based integrated systems

energy and exergy efficiency, 115–117

energy balance, 115

exergy, definition, 115

exergy destruction, 115

percentage contributions, system I and II outputs, 116, 117

variation, energy and exergy efficiencies, 118

Copper–chlorine (Cu–Cl) cycle

Aspen Plus, 124

conceptual flow chart, 122, 123

dryer, 128, 129

electrical energy requirement, 126

electrochemical reaction, 122, 123

electrolysis reactor, 127, 128

endothermic chemical reaction, 123

endothermic reactions, 127

energy balance, 125, 126

energy efficiency, 126

flowsheet simulations, 125

global climate and humanity, 121

heaters, coolers and heat exchangers, 125

heat exchangers, 129, 130

H2 production, 128, 129

hydrogen production, 122

hydrolysis reactor, 127

liquid and solid copper monochloride, 124

oxy-decomposition reactor, 127, 128

recycling ratio, 130

simulation model, 122

temperature profiles, 130

thermochemical water, 121

thermodynamic data, 124

Co(II) removal

onto BC, 736

removal efficiency, 739–740

water, 734

Corn drying

air velocities, 689

Arrhenius type relationship, 692–693

calculations, 693

condition, 689

CTD and FBD, 690, 691

effective diffusion coefficients, 691–693

empirical and semi-empirical models, 689–690

fluidization effects, 690, 691

fluidized and non-fluidized, 690

GAB model, 688, 689

homogeneous mixing motions, 693

industrial, 687

moisture content and ratios, 689, 690, 692

preservation, 687

process, 689

rates, 689, 693

structure, FED, 688–689

sun-exposed, 687

temperatures, 689

thin layer characteristics, 687–688

weight, 689

CPC. See Compound parabolic concentrator (CPC)

CRF. See Capital recovery factor (CRF)

Crude oil distillation systems

ADU, 220

ambient temperature, 223

Index 1065

Crude oil distillation systems (cont.)baseline values, 223

energy efficiency equation, 222

exergy and energy efficiency, 223, 224

exergy destruction, 225

exergy efficiency equation, 222

exhaust gases, 222

heat transfer rate, 221

parameters, 220, 222

refining process, 220

temperature profile, 220, 221

thermodynamic method, 219

VDU, 220

CSP. See Computational singular perturbation (CSP)

Cycle-to-cycle variations (CCV)

and COV, 1056

IMEP time series, 1056

internal combustion engine, 1055

spark ignition engines, 1056

wavelet-based approach, 1056

Cylindrical coordinate system, 1043–1044

Cylindrical wire, 447, 450

Cytotoxicity, 473, 475

D“DD3” and “AT” clays

acid-activated clays, 762

adsorption kinetics (see Adsorption kinetics)

characterisation, adsorbents, 763–765

chemical analysis, 762

degree of purity, 762

H2SO4, 762

XRD patterns, 762

Degree-day method, 554–555

Dependence

Angstrom equation, 528

exergy and energy efficiencies, 94

solar radiation, 528

sunshine duration, 532

temperature, 41

thermodynamic analysis, 178

Desalination

description, 279

freshwater in Turkey, 280

heating processes, 134

hydropower technology, 285

industrial, 279

MED/MSF and RO desalination plants, 291

process, 138

renewable energy sources, 282

reverse osmosis, 281

RO technology, 280

seawater, 138, 141

space cooling and heating, 139

thermal, 280

Design Expert software, 934

Diesel engines

description, 1029

emission characteristics, 1032

ethanol/methanol, 1030

exhaust emissions, 1030

IDI, 1032

pre-chamber, 1033–1034

vegetable oil ester-based biodiesel, 1030

Diffusion coefficient, 1044–1045

Direct borohydride fuel cells (DBFC)

Analysis of variance (ANOVA), 930, 931

borohydride crossover, 928

and CCD, 928

cell temperature and catalyst, 931, 932

Design Expert software, 934

empirical models, 931

experimental design, 928–929

factors and levels, input factors, 930

fuel cell performance tests, 929

hydrogen evolution suppression, 928

mass transfer limitations, 932

materials and chemicals, 928

negative effect, catalyst loading, 932

optimization, 933–934

oxidation, sodium borohydride, 927

portable and mobile applications, 927

run number vs. power density, 930Directed relation graph (DRG), 1002

Directed relation graph with error propagation (DRGEP)

algorithm error tolerances, 1004

direct interaction coefficient, 1002–1003

reduction process, 1004

Direct expansion system (DX)

refrigeration systems, 715

subcooling and superheating, 716

supermarkets, 715

thermodynamics and environmental parameters, 716

Direct sodium borohydride. See Direct borohydride fuel cells (DBFC)DISC. See Discomfort (DISC)

Discomfort (DISC)

vs. ambient temperature, 429, 430

relative humidity, 429

and TSENS, 425

Double-skin facade systems

box window facades, 534, 536, 537

cavity/air corridor, 534, 540

corridor facades, 535–537

energy-efficient, 534

exterior and interior glazing, 534

multistorey facades, 536, 538

shaft box facades, 535, 536, 538

ventilation modes, 534, 535

DRG. See Directed relation graph (DRG)

DRGEP. See Directed relation graph with error propagation

(DRGEP)

Drying

corn (see Corn drying)

fish (see Fish drying)

food, 681

SDP (see Solar drying process (SDP))

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs)

conventional pn junction-based solar cells, 952

manufacturing process, 953, 954

ozone treatment, 955, 956

types, dyes, 952

Dynamic model, 186, 560, 914, 915

EEB. See Existing building (EB)

EBE. See Energy balance equation (EBE)

EC. See Energy consumption (EC)

E. colibioconjugates, 472

cellular damage, 473

1066 Index

paraquat and H2O2, 472

preparation, 472

Ecological coefficient of performance (ECOP)

algebraic relation, 744

definition, 742

enthalpy ratio, 745

entropy generation, 746

irreversible dual cycle, 742

Ecological performance criterion

finite-time Carnot heat engines, 741

irreversible Brayton cycle (see Irreversible Brayton cycle)

Economic assessment

design information, 901

drying and gasification, 901

feed handling, 901

fixed operating costs, 902

gas cleanup capital costs, 901

TIC, 900, 901

total indirect cost, 900, 901

variable operating costs, 902, 903

EES. See Engineering equation solver (EES)

Efficiency

adiabatic, 252, 256, 257

exergy, 252

heat collection, 774

polytropic, 254, 255, 257

pressure ratio at different turbine inlet temperatures, 264

reflection and transmission coefficients, 775

solar pond (see Solar pond)thermal, 261

Electricity and methanol

EBE, 149

EnBE, 149

energy and exergy efficiency, 155–156

ExBE, 149

fossil fuels, 145

matiant-cycle power plant, 147, 151–153

MBE, 149

methanol synthesis unit, 147–148, 153–154

power plant, 155

SSSF, 146

water electrolysis unit, 146–147, 150–151

wind energy, 154

world’s energy consumption, 145

zero emission integrated system, 146

Electricity demand projections, Turkey

ACOEEE algorithm, 564

ARIMA and ANN models, 563–564

capital stock, 565

determination, 560

economic indicators, 564

energy consumption, 559–560, 567

and GDP growth, 560, 561, 564

governmental institutions, 562

GPRM approach, 563

greenhouse gases, 560

gross national product, 560, 564

late 1990s, 562

literature review, 560, 565, 566

MAED, 563

modeling techniques, 560

official energy planning until 1984, 562

outcomes, 565, 566

performance, GAED models, 562

regression analysis, 562

before 1970s, 562

security, energy, 560

STSM, 564

SVR methodology, 564

system development, 561

TEIAS, 563, 565

Electricity unit cost (EUC), 182, 189, 190

Electrolyser

HTSE process, 160

ORC integrated systems (see Solar-driven ORC integrated systems)

PEM, 16, 17, 81, 82, 184

PEME, 85

water, 181, 182, 184

Emission

CFD analyses, 997

cooling systems, 726–727

exhaust gas, 1035–1038

hydrogen and hydrogen–hydrocarbon composite fuel, 992

EnBE. See Entropy balance equation (EnBE)

Energy

AMRR system, 73

analysis, model solar pond, 785–786

balance equations, 37–39, 85

binary geothermal power plant, 24–26, 28, 30

combustion chamber, 229

Cu–Cl cycle, 103–104

efficiency, definition, 26

gas turbine, 542

heliostat system, 103

helium gas turbine energy, 254

high-pressure hydrogen production, 18

HPS, 17, 18

humanity’s crucial problems, 227

isobutane cycle, 104

LH cycle, 104–105

modified Claude process, 95

NREL, 903

organic wastes, 944

PEM electrolyzer, 20

perlite

consumption, 324

efficiency studies, 323

and exergy efficiencies, 329

solar drying (see Solar drying process (SDP))

solar radiation, 885

storage (see Hybrid solar-wind-biomass system)

storage systems, 783

thermal, 784

turbo machines, 543

Energy analysis

raw mill in cement factory, 353–354

scroll compressor (see Scroll compressor)

Energy Balance Equation (EBE), 149

Energy conservation

plasma source, 987

steady-state process, 295

thermodynamics, 38

Energy consumption (EC)

crisper temperatures, 500

freezer, 497

static type, 502–504

Energy efficiency

BEMS, 459

crude oil distillation system, 223

energy and exergy efficiency, 247

energy consumption and losses, 440

hybrid system, 51

Index 1067

Energy efficiency (cont.)isentropic efficiencies, 371

local controller-agents, 461

PEM electrolyzer, 381

temperature distribution, 785

thermal comfort, 436

water electrolyser, 184

wind turbine, 379

Energy saving

advantages, 536

disadvantages, 539

double-skin facade systems (see Double-skin facade systems)

‘energy efficient’ and ‘sustainability’, 533

environmental factors, 518

fluidized bed drying, 687

GSHP systems, 398

heating and cooling, 305, 444

occupied zone, 436

radiant heating and cooling, 444

radiant systems, 436

solar, 886

WHC system, 306

Energy simulation (ES) program, 618

Energy storage system

air mass changes, 480, 484

air tank capacity, 478

CAES, 478

capacity, 792

characteristics, 477–478

compressed air technology, 477

ESS, 792

heat storage systems, 519

hydraulic pump, 479

hydro-power technologies, 477

isothermal conditions, 485

MATLAB/Simulink program, 478

pressure changes, tank and pistons, 480, 484

renewable energy, 477, 518

in reservoir, 796

solar energy systems, 783

tank pressure, 478, 480, 483, 485

Engineering equation solver (EES)

parabolic trough solar, 816

software, 174

system simulation, 34

thermodynamic model, 6

tri-generation plant, 174

water, hydrogen and oxygen, 164

Engine performance parameters

air/fuel ratio, 1033

brake mean effective pressure, 1033

brake power, 1033

brake specific fuel consumption, 1033

engine power parameters vs. engine speed for fuels, 1034

fuel testing, 1033

thermal efficiency and specific fuel consumption, 1034

variation of engine torque, 1034

Entropy balance equation (EnBE), 149

Entropy generation rate

design parameters, 745

ECOPmax conditions, 747

heat engine, 745

and power output, 748

Environmental effect evaluation

air pollution, 751

clean and polluted settlements, 752

domestic lignite, 751–752

fuels burned, 756–758

pollutants source, 751

topography, air quality, 752–756

Equilibrium constant, chemical thermodynamics

critical point and CriT-CriP, 1025, 1026

exothermic reaction, 1025, 1026

Gibbs free energy and enthalpy, 1024–1025

pressure, temperature function, 1025, 1026

van’t Hoff equation, 1024

Erzincan Ergan Mountain Ski Center

annual mean power density, 830

annual mean wind speed variations, 836, 837

annual variation, Weibull wind speed frequencies, 836

Betz limit, 834

East Anatolian region, 831, 832

monthly mean wind speed, 835

monthly variation, wind power density, 836

monthly Weibull parameters and characteristic

speeds, 835

power density vector map, 836, 838

Rayleigh distribution, 833

scale parameter, 831

standard air density, 833

WAsP, 834–835

Weibull distribution, 831

Weibull parameters,831

wind characteristics and wind power, 829

wind climate, 836, 838

wind energy potential, 830, 831

wind speed and velocity, 832

wind turbine, 834

ES program. See Energy simulation (ES) program

EUC. See Electricity unit cost (EUC)

Evaporative cooling, 508

Evapo-reflective roof, 513–515

ExBE. See Exergy balance equation (ExBE)

Exergetic efficiency

distributions at highest temperature, 273, 274

distributions at lowest temperature, 273, 274

LCZ,275, 276

NCZ, 275, 276

UCZ, 275, 276

Exergetic sustainability index, 708, 710, 711

Exergoeconomic analysis, 404

Exergoeconomics

AMRR system, 74–75

annualised costs, system components, 59

available energy, 56

capital recovery factor (CRF), 58, 59

combined heat and power (CHP) system, 52

cost balance equations, 56–58

description, 56

economic analysis-related data, 59, 60

energetic cost rate, 60

present worth factor (PWF), 58, 59

SPECO approach, 56

Exergy

and COP, 728

definition, 115

helium gas turbine energy, 254–255

HFCs (see Hydroflourocarbons (HFCs))HPS, 16–20

hybrid solar-wind-biomass system

(see Hybrid solar-wind-biomass system)

thermal energy transfer, 115

1068 Index

Exergy analysis

absorption system, 408, 410

chiller performance, 408–409

cooling and heating, excessive, 713–714

in cooling systems, 717–718

COP calculation, 714

cost, 408

destruction, system components, 412

distribution, COP, 719

DX, 715–716

economic analysis and optimization, 413

economic development, 713

EES software, 407–408

efficiencies, 408–410

energy consumptions, 714

and energy efficiencies, 408, 409

exergy, 714

first and second law coefficients, absorption system, 408, 410, 411

generator and evaporator thermal heat, 408, 409

HRSG (see Heat recovery steam generator (HRSG))

market cooling examination, 719

mass flow changes, 720

net present cost, on and off grid connection, 408

overall system exergy efficiency vs. total cost, 412, 413raw mill in cement factory, 354–355

refrigerants, subcooling and superheating temperatures, 719–720

solar pond

description, 269

LCZ, 272–273

NCZ, 271–272

temperature difference, 269

thermodynamics, 269

UCZ, 270–271

zones, 269, 270

subcooling, refrigerants, 716–717

superheating, refrigerants, 717

supermarket systems, 714

TEWI (see Total equivalent warming impact (TEWI))

Exergy balance equation (ExBE), 149

Exergy destruction

adiabatic compressor, 317

AHP system, 314, 318, 319, 321

AMRR system, 77, 78

combined compression-absorption refrigeration cycle, 203

components, 319

compressor speed, 318, 320

crude oil distillation system, 225

Cu–Cl based integrated systems, 115

entropy generation, 114

evaporator, 317

geothermal power plant, 24, 25, 28

heat exchangers, 162, 165

heat transfer, 317

HRSG, 345–347

hybrid PV–fuel cell–battery system, 187

intercooler, 257, 259

JT8D turbofan engine, 301

LCZ, 272

methanol synthesis unit, 154

NCZ, 272

ratio, 708

at 850 rpm and 5 Nm, 318, 319

at 1,550 rpm and 60 Nm, 318, 320

SOFC, 61

solar thermal subsystem, 4–5

steam biomass gasification and SOFC, 43–44

system component, 39

UCZ, 270

water electrolysis unit, 150, 151

wind and anaerobic digestion subsystem, 5–6

Exergy efficiency

chemical exergy, 328

destruction, 329

fuel cell stack temperature on net output power, 238, 239

gas turbine inlet temperature on net output power, 238

heat energy, 328

net output power with compressor pressure ratio, 237

pre-calcination in cement production, 324

steam flow mass rate variations, 239

steam generation mass flow rate, 237

thermodynamics analysis, 329

Exergy ratios, solar pond

advantages, 277

construction, 267

density distribution, 273

exergetic efficiency (see Exergetic efficiency)exergy analysis (see Exergy analysis, solar pond)

experimental apparatus and procedure, 268–269

experimental density variations, 273

LCZ, 268

minimum and maximum, 275, 277

NCZ, 268

performance analysis, 277

significant differences, 273

solar radiation heats, 268

sun, 267

temperature distributions, 273–274

theoretical and experimental investigations, 268

thermal energy, 267

UCZ, 268

zone temperatures, 273

Existing building (EB)

seismic performance, 881

solar, wind hybrid system (see Solar, wind hybrid system)

TEC, 878, 879

Turkish seismic code, 878, 879

water storage tank, 880

FFBD. See Fluidized bed dryer (FBD)

FEM. See Finite-element method (FEM)

Ferromagnetic deflector

AC transport loss, periodic element, 455–456

application, 454

azimuthal symmetry, 454, 455

current amplitude, 457

description, 456

equi-potential lines, magnetic vector potential, 456–457

FEM, 455

geometry, two-layer HTS cable, 454–455

HTS, 453–454

YBCO, 455

Finite-element method (FEM)

COMSOL MultiPhysics® package, 448

discrete rotational symmetry, 449

ferromagnetic deflectors, 456

Finite time thermodynamics (FTT) Method

performance bounds, 741

reversible thermodynamic, 741

Fish drying

control, 681

design, 682

greenhouse-type agricultural dryers, 682

Index 1069

Fish drying (cont.)Indian minor carp, 682

moisture content, 683–684

process, 681

rainbow trout sample, 686

salted and unsalted, 682

settings, 682, 683

solar tunnel dryer, 681–682

tilapia, 682

uncertainties, measuring instruments, 682–683

variations, 684–686

Flame ionization detector (FID), 1043

Fluidized bed dryer (FBD), 688–691

Fluorescence

cytotoxic effects, 473

paraquat, 474

Food drying, 681

Food transportation, 642

Forestry biomass

and agriculture (see Agricultural biomass)

DTG peak, 807–808

spruce and pine, 807

Fossil fuels

description, 1030

hazelnut oil, 1030

Turkey’s biodiesel production, 1030

Turkey’s energy demand, 1030

Fourier transform infrared (FTIR)

decomposition, 808, 809

spectrometer, 806

TG-FTIR experiment, 806

torrefaction 200ºC, 809–810

torrefaction 230ºC, 810

torrefaction 260ºC, 810

torrefaction 290ºC, 811

FTIR. See Fourier transform infrared (FTIR)

FTT Method. See Finite time thermodynamics (FTT) Method

Fuel

biomass gasification-derived hydrogen, 33

char carbon gasification, 988

energy conversion systems, 33

fossil combustion, 3

hydrocarbon, 987

indexes of the solid fuels plasma gasification, 980, 981

nitrogen, 979

oil flow rate, 983

plasma torches, 977

plasmochemical hydrogenation, 981

solid fuels chemical analysis, 980, 981

solid gasification, 980

thermal equilibrium, 987

Fuel cell

description, 40

optimization, operation condition (see Direct borohydridefuel cells (DBFC))

ORC integrated systems (see Solar-driven ORC integrated systems)

planar geometry, 42

power generation, 87

SOFC (see Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC))

Fuel cell-based micro-combined heat and power (micro-CHP)

systems, 913

Fuel piping system, 1032

Fuel processing

ATR, 914

process simulation model, 925

GGAB model. See Guggenheim–Andersen–de Boer (GAB) model

GAED. See Genetic algorithm electricity demand (GAED)

GAED models. See Genetic algorithm electricity demand

(GAED) models

Gas emissions

CO emissions, 1035–1036

exhaust gas temperature vs. engine speed, 1038HC emissions, 1036

NOx emissions, 1037–1038

O2 and CO2 emissions, 1036–1037

smoke values vs. engine speed, 1037Gasification. See also Steam biomass gasification and SOFC

biomass gasification-derived hydrogen, 33

char carbon, 988

coal, 38, 977–978

gasifier module, 52

heat exchanger, 39–40

plasma-steam, 980–982

SOFC, 61

tri-generation system (see Hybrid steam biomass

gasification-based tri-generation system)

Gas processing plant (GPP), 1018–1019

Gas turbine system

actual helium closed cycle, 252

airflow, 297

atmospheric temperature and compressor work, 553–554

atmospheric temperature and power production, 558

aviation sector, 542

centrifugal flow, axial flow and centrifugal-axial flow

compressors, 543

characteristic data, 554

compression work vs. atmospheric temperature, 556–557

cooling cycle, 554

degree-day method, 554–555, 557

different climate zones, 558

enthalpy-entropy diagram, 252

exergy efficiencies, 43

fossil fuels, 553

501F type, 554

heating and power energy systems, 229

high-tech materials and methods, 553

HRSG, 553

hydrogen-methane mixture, 992

inlet, exit and difference air enthalpies, 555–556

with intercooler, 253

lower heating value, 554

model, 257–258

natural gas, 553

net electric power production and degree days, 557–558

relationship, 558

specific volume and mass flow rate, 555

turbo compressor, 555

GDP. See Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

General thermal comfort

comfort input values, 440, 442, 443

comfort output values, 440–443

operative temperature, 436–437

panel surface temperature, 436

PMV-PPD index, 436

Genetic algorithm electricity demand (GAED) models, 562

Geothermal drying system

air re-circulation, 339

BNGF (see Balcova–Narlidere Geothermal Field (BNGF))

EU data, 338, 339

1070 Index

EUR values, 338, 339

heat exchanger, 332

herbal, medicinal and aromatic plants, 331

numerous studies, 332

olive leaves, 331

quantity and quality of energy, 332

reference-dead state conditions we, 338

solar drying process, 332

steam flow rate, 332

technical drying process, 331–332

thermodynamic analysis, 332, 339

unmanageable drying parameters, 331

Geothermal energy

energy conversion system, 855

heat extraction, 855

hydrogen liquefaction, 92

Kutahya–Simav region, 24

low emissions renewable energy, 849

parasitic losses, 856

renewable energy, 158

Geothermal power plants (GPPs)

binary (see Binary geothermal power plant)

modified exergoeconomic model, 25

types, 23

Global radiation comparison ratio (GRCR), 871–872

Global solar radiation

daily and annually average, 868–870

data recorded years, 868

environmental parameters, 179

first region, 870

fourth region, 871, 872

second region, 870, 871

solar plants, 175

third region, 870, 871

Global warming potential (GWP)

climate change, 723

and ODP, 723–724

ozone consumption, 725, 726

GLO distribution, 1056, 1059

GPPs. See Geothermal power plants (GPPs)

GPRM. See The Grey prediction with rolling mechanism (GPRM)

GRCR. See Global radiation comparison ratio (GRCR)

Green building applications

energy consumption, 518–519

“energy performance certificate”, 517

excess energy, 524

fossil fuels, 518

heating system, 521

heat storage systems, 518, 519

Kyoto Protocol, 518

PCM, 520

solar collectors (see Solar collectors)solar energy, 517–518

thermal energy storage methods, 519–520

Yildiz Renewable Energy Building, 525

The Grey prediction with rolling mechanism (GPRM), 563

Gross Domestic Product (GDP), 560, 561, 564

Gross National Product (GNP), 560, 564

Ground-source heat pump (GSHP) systems, 305

and BTES, 386, 397

energy savings and emission reduction, 398

parameters, 394

GSHP. See Ground-source heat pump (GSHP)

GSHP systems. See Ground-source heat pump (GSHP) systems

Guggenheim–Andersen–de Boer (GAB) model, 688, 689

GWP. See Global warming potential (GWP)

HHazelnut oil ethyl ester

biodiesel production process, 1031

cottonseed oil, 1031

engine performance parameters, 1033–1034

exhaust gas emissions, 1035–1038

experimental setup, 1032–1033

property, hazelnut oil biodiesel, oil and diesel fuel, 1031–1032

specific fuel consumption, 1035

transesterification process, 1031

triolein, 1031, 1032

HCCI. See Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI)

HDD. See Humidification Dehumidification Desalination system

(HDD)

Heat balance

ambient temperatures, 431

human comfort, 422

surface temperatures, 510

zone temperature, 509

Heat exchanger networks, 163

Heating

annual energy saving, 444

clothing insulation and metabolic rate, 442

general thermal comfort, 440–441

local thermal comfort, 441

minimum heat flux requirements, 443

streamline distribution, 438, 440

temperature distribution, 438, 440

Heating load calculations

exergoeconomic analysis, 404

hourly analysis program, 403

Heating performance, 314, 440, 586, 619

Heat recovery steam generator (HRSG)

absorption chiller, 183

CHP system, 230

combined cycle power blocks, 345

combustion chamber and turbine, 345

compressor, 345

differences, pinch point temperature, 201, 202

Ege Elektirik power plant, 345

electric power, 554

energy balance, 197

energy demand and reduction, 344–345

environment, 198

exergy destruction, 198, 203

exhaust gas, 198

gas turbine and thermal power, 553

heat exchanger, 184

high pressure and temperature vapor, 194

hot water production/cooling purposes, 184

inlet temperature, 236

liquid pressure, 195

low pressure saturated steam, 183

outcomes, 346–347

performance, 234

refrigeration system, 193

renewable energy and power plants, 343–344

saturated steam, 234

second law, 344

selection, 230

single pressure, 231

SOFC-GT and gas turbine cycles, 236, 555

stack gases, 194, 196

stages, 345–347

steam generation rate, 197

techniques, 345

Index 1071

Heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) (cont.)thermal power, 553

thermodynamic performance parameters, 194

vapor absorption system, 195

vapor compression refrigeration cycle, 194

waste heat, 194

Heat storage zone (HSZ)

exergy and energy, 247, 248

model solar ponds, 784

sunny area, 786

thicknesses, 785

Heat transfer modeling, AMRR system

isofield cooling and heating processes, 71–72

magnetization and demagnetization processes, 71

Heliostat field system, 100, 103, 105

HFCs. See Hydroflourocarbons (HFCs)High-pressure hydrogen production system. See Hydrogen

production system (HPS)

High temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells (HTPEMFC)

and ATR-HTS-LTS reactors, 921–925

and ATR process, 915, 916

and CHP plants, 914

dynamic simulation, 914–915

exothermic water gas shift reactions, 915

fuel cell technology, 914

micro-CHP generation, 913

natural gas, steam and air streams, 915

and PEM, 913

single ATR reactor for start-up period, 917–921

stationary fuel cell-based power generation systems, 913

and UPS, 917

High-temperature steam electrolysis (HTSE)

cold stream, 163

electrical energy demand, 159

electrolyse temperature, 164

energy balance, 161

energy inputs, 160

environmental issues, 157

exergy demand, 165, 166

exergy efficiency and destruction rate values, 165

fossil fuels, 157

free and standard chemical exergy, 162

geothermal energy, 158

geothermal source, 160

global hydrogen production, 158

heat exchanger networks, 163

mass balance equation, 161

overall theoretical energy efficiency values, 164, 165

Shomate constants, 162

temperature-entropy, 159

thermal and electricity supply, 165

thermodynamic model, 159

thermodynamic properties, 160, 161

water electrolysis process, 158

High-temperature superconductors (HTS)

CO concentrations, 923

copper (Cu), 447

discrete rotational symmetry, 449

magnetic field distribution, 454, 456

power transmission, 453

solid-core/shell-type, 448

water-gas, 921

and YBCO, 455

Home automation

BEMS, 459

HASCE, 460

IB (see Intelligent building (IB))

MATLAB, 467, 468

multi-agent systems (see Multi-agent multimodal platform)

power management, 467

primary energy consumption, CO2 emissions and world

population, 459, 460

TCPN, 467

Home automation system controlling energy (HASCE)

CPN tools (see Colored Petri nets (CPN))

system architecture, 463

TPN, 463, 464

Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI)

algorithm error tolerances, 1004

CFD, 1002

DRGEP, 1002–1003

error values, 1005

mass fraction, 1007

n-heptane fuel, 1004n-heptane skeletal mechanisms, 1004

PCA, 1003–1004

pressure traces and heat release rate, 1006

reduced mechanism, 1005

SOC, 1007

transportation emissions and fuel consumption, 1001

Hot dry climate. See Passive cooling roof, hot arid areas

HPS. See Hydrogen production system (HPS)

HRSG. See Heat recovery steam generator (HRSG)

HSZ. See Heat storage zone (HSZ)HTS. See High-temperature superconductors (HTS)

HTSE. See High-temperature steam electrolysis (HTSE)

Humidification. See Water heating-humidification processes

Humidification dehumidification desalination system (HDD), 415,

416, 420

Humidifying pads

aspen excelsior, 664

development, 664

evaporation, 665

hwangto paste, 664

materials, 664

rigid cellulose media, 664

testing and outcomes, 664–665

Humidity effects

air quality, 422

ambient air, 421–422

ambient temperatures and heat losses, 425, 426

body temperatures vs. ambient temperature, 426–427

core vs. ambient temperature, 428, 429

DISC vs. ambient temperature, 336, 429

heat and mass transfer, 422, 425

heat balance and body temperature, 421

heat loss vs. ambient temperature, 427, 428

human comfort, 422

mathematical model (see Mathematical model, humidity effects)

relative humidity, 422

skin vs. ambient temperature, 428, 431

skin wettedness vs. ambient temperature, 428, 431

thermal comfort, 421, 431–432

thermal neutrality, 422

thermodynamics, 422

TSENS vs. ambient temperature, 429

Hwangto

activation, 665

eco-friendly/natural materials, 664, 666

hardening agents, 664

MGO, 666

mixture, 665–667

1072 Index

pad shape, 664

strength, 664

Hybrid photovoltaic-fuel cell-battery system

annual exergy destructions, 187, 188

average daily solar irradiance, 185

cost model, 186

daily hydrogen production rate, 187, 188

daily solar irradiance, 187, 188

electricity requirement, 182

electric power output, 186

EUC, 189

exhaust gases, 184

fall-winter and spring-summer, 189

greenhouse gas emissions, 181

hourly electric power demand, 185

HRSG, 183, 184

operational algorithm, 183

power penetrations, 187

PV, 183

SOFC, 182, 184

solar energy, 181

thermodynamic and cost analyses, 184

water electrolyser, 184

Hybrid solar-wind-biomass system

ambient temperature, 11, 12

angle of incidence, 6

change in mass, HTF, 9, 10

components, 4

daily power needs, household in Ontario, 6, 7

direct solar irradiance, 6, 7

electrical energy accumulation, battery, 11

parameters, 9

results and discussion, 9–13

solar collector area effect, 11, 12

solar thermal subsystem, 4–5

system exergy efficiency, 9

temperature effect, hot storage tank, 11, 13

thermodynamic model, 6

wind and anaerobic digestion subsystem, 5–6

wind speed, 7

Hybrid solid oxide fuel cell-gas turbine (SOFC-GT)

CHP system, 230

cogeneration (see Cogeneration)combustion chamber (CC), 231

energy, 227

exergetic analysis, 231

exergy efficiency (see Exergy efficiency)

fuel cell current density, net power output and steam mass

flow rate, 240

fuel cell stack temperature effect, power generation, 240

fuel cells, types, 230

gas turbines, 229, 235, 236

geometries and fuels, 231

HRSG, 230

hybrid cycle, 241

hybridization and integration, 227

hydrogen, 230

inlet temperature, 236

mass flow rates, 235

micro-gas turbines, 229–230

prime mover, 230

stack temperature, 236

steam pressure, 236

thermodynamic model (see Thermodynamic model)

tubular geometry, 230

Hybrid steam biomass gasification-based tri-generation system

cost and temperature, primary and secondary hydrogen, 62, 63

energetic and exergetic analyses, SOFC, 60–61

energetic and exergetic biomass equations, 52, 54–55

excess steam and cost, 62, 64

exergoeconomic analysis, 56–60

gasification temperature, 61, 62

produced steam and cost, 62, 64

system layout, 53

ultimate analysis, sawdust wood, 54

unit exergy cost and cost rate, flow material streams, 62, 64

unit hydrogen cost, 62, 65

yield and cost, primary and secondary hydrogen, 61–63

yield and temperature, primary and secondary hydrogen, 61–63

Hybrid systems

annual electrical energy, 797

annual energy values, 799–801

energy production, 791

ESS technologies, 792

flowchart, 799, 801

gas turbine, 231, 241

HSs model, 792

installation, 792

model development, 793–797

PSHP’s pumps, 797–798

TGO, 792

WTP (see Wind turbine plants (WTP))

Hydrocarbon. See Chemical thermodynamics, hydrocarbon

Hydrocarbon transport, 1043, 1046

Hydroflourocarbons (HFCs)

air conditioning and cooling systems, 723–726

emission analyses, 726–727

GWP values, 724

and ODP, 723–724

TEWI concept (see Total equivalent warming impact (TEWI))

Hydrogen

biomass-based plants, 900

biomass residues, 899

cooling, 92

energy and exergy efficiencies, 910

energy carrier, 899

energy systems, 899

industrial processes, liquefaction, 91

liquefaction (see Scroll expander, cryogenic process)plant simulations, 903

production costs, 900

production methods, 81

production, thermochemical water splitting (see Copper–chlorine(Cu–Cl) based integrated systems)

small-scale production (see High temperature proton exchange

membrane fuel cells (HTPEMFC))

thermochemical biomass gasification, 900

Hydrogen addition, 1055–1059

Hydrogen production plant

economic evaluation, systems, 905–908

system 1, 903, 904

system 2, 903, 904

system 3, 903, 905

Hydrogen production system (HPS)

biomass, 899–910

calculation, 383

cost, 182, 382–383

Cu–Cl cycle, 111–118, 121–131

description, 378

energy and exergy flow diagram, 17

Index 1073

Hydrogen production system (HPS) (cont.)exergy analysis, 16–20

exergy balance, components, 20

exergy efficiency, 44, 47

high-pressure, 15–22

HTSE, 157–166

LCC analysis, 380–381

and liquefaction system, 98–109

and long-term storage, 92

PEM electrolyzer, 379–381

PEM electrolyzer exergy efficiency, 20, 21

rate, 187, 188

reduction, greenhouse gas emissions, 377

sewage sludge, 943–949

small-scale, 913–970

sustainable and cost-efficient process, 377

techno-economic analysis, 383

variation, exergy efficiency, 20, 21

water electrolyser, 181

wind energy system, 378–379, 381, 382

working principle, 16

Hydro-pneumatic system, 477, 478

IIB. See Intelligent building (IB)

Ignition

air/coal mixture, 983

high-ash Ekibastuz coal, 975

long life plasma torch, 987

PFS, 978

pulverized coal, 962, 982–983

ILDM. See Intrinsic low-dimensional manifolds (ILDM)

In-cylinder pressure measurements, 1056

Indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP)

CCV, 1056

COV, 1059

definition, 1056

gasoline engine, 1057–1059

pressure measurements, 1056

probability density functions, 1058

statistical analysis, 1056–1057

statistical parameters, 1058

Indoor air

antibacterial, 665–666

dry air effects, human body, 663

eco-friendly performance, 666

electrical devices, 663–664, 668

evaporation, 664

humidifying pads (see Humidifying pads)

humidifying performance, 667–668

room plant, 663

specimen, 665–666

Induction furnace

advantages, 1012

and NGF (see Natural gas fired furnaces (NGF))

total annual operating costs, 1010

Induction heating

advantages, 1009

eddy currents, 1010

electrical efficiency, 1010

electromagnetic induction, 1009–1010

Faraday–Lenz law, 1010

Faraday’s induction law, 1010

induction coil, 1009

induction furnaces advantages, 1012

installation costs, 1010–1012

installations, frequency converters, 1010, 1011

Joule effect, 1009–1010

operating costs, 1010, 1011

power consumptions, metals, 1010, 1011

workpiece, 1009, 1010

Insulation

aerogel, 492

ceramic foams, 493

dryer, 334

electromagnetic reactor, 984

gas turbine cycle, 554

innovative glass, 489

nansulate shield, 493

polyurethane, 495

relative humidity, 428

thermal comfort, 442

Integrated solar based hydrogen production and liquefaction system

ambient temperature, 108

Cu–Cl cycle, 100, 101, 103–104

energy and exergy efficiencies, 105

heat exchanger network, Cu–Cl cycle, 101

Heliostat field system, 100

heliostat system, 103

isobutane cycle, 101, 102, 104

LH (see Linde–Hampson (LH) cycle)

makeup water, Cu–Cl cycle, 106–107

schematic representation, 100

solar light intensity, 105–106

thermochemical cycle, 100

TWSCs, 100

Intelligent building (IB)

characteristics, 460

definition, 460

energy management, 467

inhabitants agent, 465

switching energy agent, 464

Intrinsic low-dimensional manifolds (ILDM), 1002

Invariable mole fraction, chemical thermodynamics

carbon ratio, chemical reaction, 1020, 1023

hydrocarbon, 1020

methane, 1020

pressure, 1020–1022

Irreversible Brayton cycle

Carnot efficiency, 741

ECOP function, 745

enthalpy ratio and entropy, 746, 748

finite-time thermodynamics, 741

FTT method, 741

heat sources temperature ratio, 745

optimum value, power, 746

theoretical model, 742–745

variables values, 745, 747

variation, ECOP, 745, 747

Isotherms

Co(II), 739constants, cobalt, 739

heterogeneous surface, 738

Langmuir and Freundlich models, 738

JJoule heating, 596, 597, 605

JT8D turbofan engine at takeoff thrust

after combustion chamber, 298

description, 294

1074 Index

exergy destruction rates, 301

exergy efficiencies, 300

exergy values, 299

modern commercial engines, 294

thermodynamic data, 299

KKinetics

cobalt onto BC, 739

pseudo-first-order equation, 739

LLaser Doppler Anemometer (LDA), 642

LCC analysis. See Life cycle cost (LCC) analysisLDA. See Laser Doppler Anemometer (LDA)

Lean misfire in gasoline engine

CCV, 1055, 1056

COV, 1056

experiments, 1056

GLO distribution, 1056, 1059

hydrogen addition, 1055–1056

IMEP (see Indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP))

statistical parameters, 1056–1057

LH cycle. See Linde–Hampson (LH) cycle

Life cycle cost (LCC) analysis, 380

Life safety (LS), 881

Light-harvesting materials. See Asphaltene fractionationLinde–Hampson (LH) cycle

energy and exergy analyses, 104–105

power, isobutane cycle, 102

Local thermal comfort

draught and vertical air temperature, 437

floor surface temperature, 437

maximum air velocities, 441

occupied zone, 441

radiant temperature asymmetry, 437

temperature distribution, 441

vertical air temperature, 441

Longitudinal position, 1043

Low bypass turbofan engine at takeoff condition

air and combustion gas, 298

airflow, 297

assumptions, 297

combustion balances and emissions, 297–298

components-energy use and load factor, 294

description, 294–295

energy and exergy methods in practice, 295–297

energy efficiency, 294

energy intensity, 293–294

environmental impact, 294

exergy analysis, 298–299

flight phases, 300

JT8D turbofan engine at takeoff thrust (see JT8D turbofan

engine at takeoff thrust)

literature review, 294

RTK, 293

SFC, 294

thermodynamics and analyses, 294

Lowest heating value (LHV), 1013

LowEx. See Low exergy systems (LowEx)

Low exergy systems (LowEx), 435, 436

LS. See Life safety (LS)

MMAED. See Model for analysis of energy demand (MAED)

Magnesium chloride solar pond (MCSP)

definition, 244

density distribution, 247

energy and exergy efficiency, 247, 249

temperature distribution, 247, 248

Magnetotellurics (MT), 849, 850, 856

MAHAS. See Multi-agent home automation system (MAHAS)

Market price of electricity (MPE), 211, 213

Mass balance equation (MBE), 149

Mass transport, 1044

Mathematical model, humidity effects

air velocity, 423

control signal equations, 424–425

core and skin compartments, 422–423

heat, 423

heat of vaporization, 424

prediction, thermal comfort, 425

saturated water vapor, 423

thermal and evaporative resistances, 424

Mathematical model, passive cooling roof

air temperature, 509

heat balance, 509–510

material properties, 509

room, cooling roof system, 508, 509

surface temperatures, 510–511

Matiant-cycle power plant

ambient temperature, 152

combustion chambers, 152

components, 151

pure methane, 147, 148

stream’s exergetics, 153

MATLAB/Simulink modeling

flow diagram, 480, 481

“liquid pistons_pressures” submodel, 480, 483

“mass_calculation” submodel, 480, 482

“n_x1_x2” submodel, 480, 482

pressures, 480, 481

“tank_pressure” submodel, 480, 482

MBE. See Mass balance equation (MBE)

Metal heating

average power requirements, 1010, 1011

power consumptions, 1010, 1011

Methanol electro-oxidation. See Pt-Ru/CNT nanocatalyst

Methanol synthesis unit

ambient temperature, 153, 154

components, 153

heat exchangers, 153, 154

methanol reactor, 147, 148

MGO. See Oxygenized magnesium (MGO)

MHPC. See Minimum hydrogen production cost (MHPC)

Microcogeneration, 917

Microemulsion. See Pt-Ru/CNT nanocatalyst

Micro gas turbine

CHP system, 230

energy balances, 137

flow path of energy, 142

fresh water production, 141

internal and external losses, 137

operating conditions, 142

power generation units, 229

system and multigeneration efficiency, 141, 142

Minimum hydrogen production cost (MHPC), 905, 906

Index 1075

Model for analysis of energy demand (MAED), 563

Modified Claude cycle

energy and exergy efficiencies, 94, 95

hydrogen liquefaction, 92, 93

T-s diagram, 94, 95

Molecular mass transfer/diffusion, 1044

MPE. See Market price of electricity (MPE)

MSF. See Multistage flash (MSF)

MSW. See Municipal solid waste (MSW)

MT. See Magnetotellurics (MT)

Multi-agent home automation system (MAHAS), 461, 462

Multi-agent multimodal platform

avatar and lamp agent, 461

central coordinator-agent, 461

communication protocol, 461, 462

control and energy management, 461

local controller-agents, 461

MAHAS, energy management, 461, 462

Multi-generation systems

baseline model, 139–141

Cu–Cl based

nuclear energy, 113–114

solar energy, 112–113

desalination process, 138

electricity production and battery storage, 133

electrolysis, 138

exergy analysis, 235

heat, 133

low-to-mid temperature organic, 134

micro gas turbine, 137–138, 141–142

multigeneration system, 134, 136

offshore wind turbine, 134–137

parametric study, 142

power and commodity, 133

reference system, 134, 135

renewable energy systems, 133

space cool and heat, 139

tidal turbine, 137

wind speed, 142

wind, tidal and micro gas turbine, 139, 140

Multiple-effect distillation, 280–281

Multistage flash (MSF), 281

Municipal solid waste (MSW)

analytical model, 861

definition, 857

fuel, 862, 863

grate firing systems, 858

high-electron density and low-electron energy, 857

plasma gasification unit, 859–861

plasma reactor, 857

plasma technology, advantages, 858

simulation methods, 861–862

thermal plasma waste disposal, 858

NNatural gas

air quality improvement, 758

boiler maintenance and performance, 757

chemical thermodynamics (see Chemical thermodynamics,

hydrocarbon)

and coal, 756

and condensate (see Condensate)field in Udon Thani province, Thailand, 1018

and high-quality fuels, 751

hydrocarbon thermodynamics, 1017

phase diagram and phase envelope, 1019

PM parameters, 757, 758

and topography, 752

Natural gas fired furnaces (NGF)

analysis and comparison validation, 1014, 1015

description, 1012

design data and energy analysis, 1013, 1014

direct and indirect methods, 1013

efficiency, 1014–1016

electric current, 1012

environment/preheat temperature, 1012

flame, 1013

hot surface radiation losses, 1013

and induction systems, 1014

lowest heating value (LHV), 1013

natural convection losses, 1014

operating, 1013

radiation heat transfer, 1012–1013

thermal camera view, 1013, 1014

thermal losses, 1013

thermodynamic analysis, 1015

total energy input, 1012

Natural Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), 903

Net revenue generated (NRG), 211

Net-zero energy buildings (NZEB), 842

NF type refrigerator. See No frost (NF) type refrigerator

Night ventilation

evaporative reflective roof, 515

room air temperatures, 513

test cell, 512

No frost (NF) type refrigerator

cabin and chamber temperatures, 504–505

power consumption, 504–505

temperature variation analysis, 502, 503

Nonlinear static pushover (NSP) analysis

plastic deformations, 877

power consumption, 876

weak direction, 881

NREL. See Natural Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)

NSP analysis. See Nonlinear static pushover (NSP) analysisNumerical solution method, 439–440

NZEB. See Net-zero energy buildings (NZEB)

OODE. See Ordinary differential equations (ODE)

Offshore wind turbine, 134–137

Operation condition

cold energy utilization, 575

direct sodium borohydride (see Direct borohydride fuel cells(DBFC))

repair and maintenance processes, 714

Optimization

operation condition (see Direct borohydride fuel cells (DBFC))thermoeconomic (see Organic Rankine cycle (ORC))

ORC. See Organic Rankine cycle (ORC)Ordinary differential equations (ODE), 1002, 1003

Organic Rankine cycle (ORC)

advantages, 362

algebraic form, 213

ambient temperature, 175

binary geothermal power plant (see Binary geothermal power plant)

boiler efficiency, 210

configurations and working fluid characteristics, 362–363

costing equations, 209, 210

cost per unit electricity, 213, 214

1076 Index

domestic heat supply, 208

electrical power, 209

electrolyser and fuel cells, 82

evaporator, 170

exergy efficiency, 211

expander, 373, 374

expander isentropic efficiency, 213, 214

fixed charges, 209

fuel prices, 213, 214

geometry, 373, 374

heat engine, 209

irreversibilities, 363

isopentane, 27

low pressure boiler, 209

low temperature heat sources, 207

medium-temperature geothermal resources, 27

multi-objective optimization, 211

net revenue curves, 213, 215, 216

NRG, 211

optimum condenser inlet pressure, 213, 214

parameters and decision variation, 212

performance, 363, 374

and processes, 363, 364

sensitivity, 363

solar driven (see Solar-driven ORC integrated systems)

solar power, 82

system parameters, 213, 214

thermal efficiency, 208

thermodynamic analysis, 212, 213

transport fluid, 171

Organic solar cell, 955

Oxidation

atmospheric nitrogen, 993

exothermic reactions, 897

fuel chemistry models, 1002

n-heptane fuel., 1004sodium borohydride, 927

Oxygenized magnesium (MGO), 666

PPanel radiator, CFD

air-side heat transfer coefficients, 623

boundary conditions, 621, 622

central-heating emitters, 617

computational meshes and size, 619–621

efficiency, 623–630

ES program, 618

evaluation, numerical outcomes, 623

fin designs, 619–620

manufacturers, 618

mathematical modeling, 618–619

scalar temperature distribution, 622–623

Stainless steel/AISI, 316, 621

standard TS EN442, 619, 630

three-dimensional airflow, 617

triangular profile fin design, 630–631

Parabolic monthly irradiation model (PMIM)

Antalya, 872, 873

global solar radiation, 868–871

GRCR, 871–872

parabolic equation, 872

solar radiation values, 867

Parabolic trough collectors (PTCs)

beam radiation, 820

energy and exergy, 174

optical analysis, 816

solar global radiation, 175

thermal energy storage, 170

Parabolic trough solar collector (PTSC)

absorptivity, receiver, 819

analysis, thermal, 821–825

cover transmittance, 818–819

1-D and 2-D heat transfer model, 816

end-effect correction, 820

intercept factor, 820

PTSC, 815–816

reflector material, 815

solar energy calculations, 817–818

system description, 816, 817

thermal performance, 825, 826

Particulate substance (PM)

air pollution measurement, 752

emitted, atmosphere, 758

graph, 755

parameters measurement, 752–755

and SO2 parameters, 752

Passive cooling roof, hot arid areas

cooling ventilation, 507, 508

description, 515

evaporative cooling approach, 508

experimental measurements, 511

material properties, 508, 509

mathematical model (see Mathematical model, passive

cooling roof)

room air temperatures, test cell, 513–514

solar chimney, 508

space cooling, 508

temperature measurements, 511

test cell, night natural ventilation, 512–513

PCA. See Principal component analysis (PCA)

PCM. See Phase change materials (PCM)

PEM electrolyzer. See Proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzer

Percentage mean vote (PMV)

minimum heat fluxes, 443

operative temperature, 436

and PPD, 437, 438, 440

Performance analysis

Brayton cycle (see Irreversible Brayton cycle)

magnesium chloride water, 244

PTSC (see Parabolic trough solar collector (PTSC))

Performance parameter

ECOP (see Ecological coefficient of performance (ECOP))

optimal design, 748

thermodynamic processes, 741

Perlite

data gathering, 325–329

description, 324–325

Perlite expansion furnace

cement rotary kiln systems, 323

control volume and whole of system, 325

and data gathering, 325–329

energy (see Energy, perlite)energy-intensive industry in Turkey, 323

engineering applications, 323

exergy rate balance, 329

inadequacy, 329

physical exergies, 329

physical properties, 324

policies, 324–325

vitreous substance, 324

Permanent magnet magnetic refrigerator (PMMR), 70

Index 1077

Petroleum transport

calculation of molar flux, 1048

Calculation Outlines for Chemical Reaction 2,

1049–1050

chemical reaction, 1049–1050

chemical reaction 1, 1050–1051

chemical reaction 2, 1051–1053

computational criteria, 1046–1047

concentration and chemical components, 1045

condensate (see Condensate)cylindrical coordinate system, 1043–1044

diffusion coefficient, 1044–1045, 1047

gas-condensate flow behavior, 1041

gas-condensate-water processes, 1042

gas processing plant in Num Phong District, 1041

hydrocarbon transport in conduit, 1043, 1046

mass/chemical species transports, 1047

mass transport mechanism, 1044

maximum and minimum pressures, 1045

measuring parameters (average) in each location, 1045

molar flux calculation of inlet slug catcher, 1048, 1049

molar flux of methane, 1047–1048

molecular mass transfer/diffusion, 1044

physical properties of petroleum-field waters, 1046

temperature gradients, 1046

Phase change materials (PCM), 520

Phase envelope

binary compositions, 1021, 1024

characteristics of phase equilibrium, 1027

hydrocarbon species, 1018

hydrocarbon types and mole fraction, 1025

methane-ethane binary, 1021, 1023

methane-hexane binary, 1021, 1024

methane-pentane binary, 1021, 1024

phase diagram, 1019

pressure-temperature curve, 1026

vapor-liquid, 1018

Photovoltaic (PV)

electricity production, 285

fuel cell systems, 189

hybrid system component, 186

hydrogen production, 181

I-V characteristics, 183

water electrolysis, 900

weather conditions, 181

Photovoltaic solar cell, 951

Photovoltaic systems, 402

Plasma

combustion, 969

gasification (see Municipal solid waste (MSW))

ignition, coal (see Plasma-fuel system (PFS))

Plasma-fuel system (PFS)

characteristics, ETCPF, 967

coal co-combustion, 963–964

coal consumption, 984

Control Volume method, 964

“fast chemistry” scheme, 968

and full-scale industrial boiler’s furnace, 969–971

furnace, BKZ-75 power boiler, 963

furnace height distribution, 967, 968

gas and particles’ velocities, 965, 966

gasification degree, 967

gas phase components concentrations, 965, 966

and HRF, 961

mathematical model of ETCPF, 964

organic mass of coal, 964

and PLASMA-COAL code, 963

plasma-fuel system, 965

temperature distribution, 965, 966

temperature fields, 967, 968

420 ton/h steam productivity boiler’s furnace, 971–975

75 ton steam productivity, 962

velocities of gas and particles, 965, 966

Plasma gasification unit

carbon-based kinetic reactions, 859

solid waste disposal, 859

waste-coal mixtures, 860

Plasma technologies

Computer Code PLASMA-COAL, 987–988

energy-saving electromagnetic technology, mineral

materials melting, 984–986

long life plasmatron, 986–987

oil refining residuum utilization, 983–984

PFS, 977–980

plasma-assisted conversion, carbonaceous raw, 980, 989

Plasma-Cyclone Technology of Bricks Firing, 984

plasma-steam gasification, 980–982

power coals processing to carbonic sorbents, 982

pulverized coal ignition and the flame stabilization, 982–983

Software code TERRA, thermodynamic calculations, 987

three-dimensional computation, furnaces, 988–989

TPP, 977

PM. See Particulate substance (PM)

PMIM. See Parabolic monthly irradiation model (PMIM)

PMMR. See Permanent magnet magnetic refrigerator (PMMR)

PMV. See Percentage mean vote (PMV)

Porous medium

aluminum foams, 634

complex structures, 633

components, 635

compressed and uncompressed foams, 633

constant temperature, 596

correlations, 638

cost, 635

cryogenic cooler regenerators, 634

data collection, 635

engineering fields, 633

formation, 635

friction factor, 634, 639

geometries, 639

heat transfer features, 635

hydrodynamic aspects, 633

literature, 635

maximum friction factor vs. Remax, 637–638

non-Darcy, 596

oscillating flow experiments, 635–636

refrigerated vehicle, 642

semi-infinite, 596

steady and oscillating flows, 634

test chamber, 635

uncertainty analysis, 635

variation, pressure gradient, 636–637

PPD. See Predicted percentage of dissatisfied (PPD)

Predicted percentage of dissatisfied (PPD)

and clothing insulation, 442

operative temperature, 436

and PMV, 437, 438, 440

Pressure ratio, helium gas turbine system

different turbine inlet temperatures, 261, 264

exergetic performance, 261, 263

exergy destruction rates, 261, 263

overall system performance, 261, 262, 264

1078 Index

Pretreatment

acidic/basic, 948–949

agricultural products, 670

desalination methods, thermal, 280

microwave, 949

thermal, hydrogen production, 947–948

ultrasonication, 946–947

Principal component analysis (PCA)

DRGEP, 1002

reaction rate, 1003

reduction process, 1004

Processing. See also Plasma technologies

carbonic sorbents, 982

coal, 980–982

water gas shift reactor, 40

Proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzer

chemical reaction, 18

electricity and heat requirement, 18

exergy efficiency, 19

total energy requirement, 18–20

total irreversibility, 19

PSHP. See Pumped storage hydropower plants (PSHP)

PTCs. See Parabolic trough collectors (PTCs)

Pt-Ru/CNT nanocatalyst

carbon black, 937

chronoamperometrical plots, current density vs. time, 941

cyclic voltammograms, electro-catalytic activity, 939, 940

DMFC, 937

electrocatalytic activities, electrodes, 939–941

electrodes and electrochemical test preparation, 938

microemulsion method, 937

microemulsion-synthesized nanoparticles, 938

polyol-based nanoparticles, 938

structure, 939, 940

water-in-oil reverse microemulsion, 937

PTSC. See Parabolic trough solar collector (PTSC)

Pumped storage hydropower plants (PSHP).

See also Hybrid systems

electrical energy, 793

ESS component, 792

maximum and minimum power, 794–795

wind power integration, 792

QQDs. See Quantum dots (QDs)

QTH. See Quarts Tungsten Halogen (QTH)

Quantum dots (QDs)

carboxylation, 471

chemical and reagents, 472

conjugation efficiencies, 471–472

cytotoxicity, 475

E. coli cells, 472fluorescent semiconductor nanocrystals, 471

immunoassay and DNA hybridization, 471

nontoxic chromogenic water-soluble, 472

toxic chemicals, 472, 475

Quarts Tungsten Halogen (QTH), 844

RR1. See Static type refrigerator (R1)R134a

AHP system (see Automotive heat pump (AHP) system)

energy and exergy analysis, 314

and R12, 314

Radiation–conduction interaction, 609–615

Rainwater harvester (RWH), 876, 877, 880

Raw mill in cement factory

efficiency, 354

energy flow, 352, 353

enthalpy balance, 352, 353

exergy analysis, 354–355

mass and energy balances, 352, 353

Rayleigh distribution, 833

RC. See Refrigerant compressor (RC)

Recuperative helium gas turbine system

advantages, 251

compressor inlet temperature and pressure, 261

compressor model, 255–256

energetic assessment, 259–260

energy analysis, 254

enthalpy-entropy diagram, 252, 253

exergetic assessment, 260–261

exergetic loss map, 261, 265

exergetic performance map, 252, 261, 265

exergy analysis, 254–255

gas turbine model, 257–258

heat exchanger model, 258–259

high temperature cooled reactor, 252

with intercooler, 252, 253

intercooler model, 256–257

multi-generation energy system, 251

nuclear reactors, 252

power production and compressors, 252

precooler model, 259

pressure ratio (see Pressure ratio, helium gas turbine system)

recuperator model, 258

system components, 261, 262

system performance, 252

thermal analyses, 261, 262

thermodynamic assessment, 252

thermodynamic model, 253–254

Reforming

auto-thermal reactor, 915

endothermic steam reactions, 917

hydrogen production process, 970

natural gas, 914

SOFC–gas turbine power generation system, 34

thermal stress, materials and sealing, 914

Refrigerant compressor (RC), 196, 199

Refrigerants

and energy consumption, 714

environmental threats, 713

fluid charge, 714

HFCs (see Hydroflourocarbons (HFCs))ozone depletion and global warming, 723

subcooling, 716–717

superheating, 717

Refrigerated vehicle

airflow patterns, 645, 646

ANSYS-FLUENT software, 643–644

average air temperatures, various inlet conditions, 647, 649

boundary conditions and mesh independency, 644–645

cold chain, 641, 642

container length, air temperature and heat transfer, 647, 650, 651

cooling process, 642

evaporator, 642, 651

flow and thermal behavior, 642

FLUENT CFD software, 642

frozen food transportation, 641–642

geometry and size, 642–643

Index 1079

Refrigerated vehicle (cont.)isotherms and airflow patterns, symmetry surface, 647, 648, 650

LDA measurements, 642

parametric outcomes, 647

RANS equations, 643

Reynolds number flow, 647, 649, 651

RSM turbulence model, 642, 643

turbulent stresses, 651

velocity variation, jet axis, 645–647, 649

Refrigerators

aerogel (see Aerogel)cooling hydrogen, 92

energy consumption and power analysis

(see Energy consumption (EC))

energy efficiency, 495

heat engines, 742

innovative insulation materials/vacuum insulation panels, 495

M package storage plan, 497, 499

polyurethane, 495

static type refrigerator, 500–501

temperature variation analysis, 500

test chamber, 499

tests, 496

T-type thermocouples, 499

Regulations on Energy Efficiency, 488, 494

Reid vapor pressure (RVP), 1043

Renewable energy

air conditioner and heater, 463

benefit, 517

electrolysis unit, 146

“energy efficient”, 534

fossil fuels, 133

gasification-derived hydrogen, 51

geothermal energy, 158

green building applications, 518

hybridization, 3

hydrogen liquefaction, 92

nuclear energy, 399

political and social factors, 900

solar and wind energy, 524

solar energy, 695

switching energy agent, 465, 466

wind-solar hybrid, 875

Renewable energy sources in Turkey

airborne emissions, 287

biomass, 286

capital costs, 282

characterization, 282

conventional energy resources, 286

coordination and cooperation, 291

cost, 288–290

country’s consumption, 290

desalination (see Desalination)Electricity Market Law, 290

environmental impacts, 286–288, 290–291

fossil fuels, 282

freshwater problems, 280

human consumption, 279–280

hydropower energy, 285

the Middle East, 286

monetary incentives, 282

multiple-effect distillation, 280–281

multistage flash distillation, 281

population growth rate, 279

production and consumption, 284

reliable studies, 286

RESs, 282

reverse osmosis, 281–282

scenario, investment and generation costs, 283, 284

solar energy, 285

Water Exploitation Index, 280

wind energy, 282–284

Response surface methodology (RSM)

and CCD, 928

power density, 930

Reverse osmosis (RO), 280–282

Reynolds-Averaged-Navier–Stokes (RANS), 643

Reynolds stress model (RSM), 642, 643

RO. See Reverse osmosis (RO)

RSM. See Response surface methodology (RSM)

RWH. See Rainwater harvester (RWH)

SScroll compressor

boiler, 368

CO2 emissions, 362

compression process, 366

condenser, 369

convention, 208

cycle energy efficiency, 369

description, 363

developments, 361

efficiencies and fluid flow, 366

energy conservation, 363

environmental impact, 362

and expander, 366–368

generation, electricity and water, 362

inlet pressure expander, 372, 373

inlet temperature expander, 372, 373

isochoric process, 367

modified and unmodified scroll geometries, 370–371

ORC (see Organic Rankine cycle (ORC))outlet temperature, 372, 373

parameters, working fluids, 369

positive displacement and turbomachines, 208

pump, 368

and recommended cycle, 370

refrigeration, 92

rolling angle, 371

thermodynamic process, 363

variations, mass flow rate, 372

volume control and mass balance, 363–365

Scroll expander, cryogenic process

energy and exergy efficiency, 95–96

expander inlet pressure vs. expander work output, 94, 96

expander inlet temperature vs. expander work output, 94, 96

modeling assumptions and equations, 94

modified Claude cycle, 92–95

SDBZ. See Solar dynamic buffer zone (SDBZ)

SDP. See Solar drying process (SDP)

Sewage sludge. See Biohydrogen production, sewage sludge

Shading effect

energetic performance, 244

solar ponds (see Solar pond)SHE. See Solution heat exchanger (SHE)

Simulation methods

fuel, 861, 862

mass content, 861, 862

MSW, 861, 862

natural gas, 231

waste and coal percentages, 861, 862

1080 Index

Single ATR reactor

composition profile, 917, 919

dynamic simulation, 917, 918

feed flow rates profile, 919, 920

integrator module and flow control modules, 917, 918

load change profile, 919, 921

oxygen/carbon (O2/C) ratio, 917, 920

steam/carbon (S/C) ratio, 917, 920

system start-up time, 919

Slender cylinder

boundary conditions, 611

Boussinesq and boundary layer approximation, 610

gravitational acceleration, 610

Keller box scheme, 612, 615

local heat transfer rate and skin friction, 611–612, 615

mixed convection flow, 609–610

mixed convection parameter, 612

physical model and coordinate system, 610

radiation-conduction parameters, 610, 612–614

radiative heat flux, 611

uniform surface heat flux, 609

velocity and temperature profiles, 611–613

vertical and horizontal, 610

Smoothing particle hydrodynamics (SPH)

artificial viscosity, 657, 661

boundary forces, 657

calculation, 662

compression stroke, 654, 661

cylinder specifications, 654

description, 653

differences, density and pressure, 660

domain particles distribution, 656

effects, 659

formulation, 655–656

optimum length, 658–659

piston motion, 654–655

pressure wave propagation, 653

temperature differences, 659, 660

time marching, 657–658

validation, 655

velocities, 660, 661

virtual/ghost, 656–657, 661

SO2. See Sulfur dioxide (SO2)

SOC. See Start of the combustion (SOC)

SOFC. See Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC)

SOFC fuel cell, 231, 241

Solar air collector design. See Solar dryer of blueberrySolar buildings

BAA, 888

building types, 887, 888

daily solar radiation, 889

encoding the surfaces of building, 888, 889

extraterrestrial radiation, 890, 891

Geographic and Climatic Properties of Bayburt, 887

hour angles, sunrise and sunset, 890

incident solar radiation, 889

MATLAB program, 896

Solar collectors

heat energy, 244

heat gain and losses, 522–524

humidification and water heating processes, 416

solar radiation, 285

thermal efficiency, 698

Solar-driven ORC integrated systems

built-in-volume ratio, scroll expander, 87

CPC, 83

electrolyser and hydrogen fuel cell, 82

energy balance equations, 84, 85

energy efficiency, 87, 88

geometrical parameters, 87

heat to work ratio (HWR), 86

imaging concentrators, 82, 83

parameters, 86

scroll expander, 83

thermal receiver, 83

thermodynamic cycle, 86

thermodynamic modeling, 83

thermosiphon configuration, solar collector, 84, 85

Solar driven tri-generation system

absorption chiller condensing temperature effects, 175, 177

ambient temperature effect, 175, 178

EES, 174

energy and exergy analyses, 171–172

energy and exergy efficiency, 174, 175

energy and exergy output ratios, 175

environmental parameters, 177, 178

environmental problems, 169

global solar radiation, 175, 177

Li-Br water solution, 171

ORC, 170

PTCs, 173

pump pressure ratio, 175, 176

R123 and R245fa, 171

renewable energy technology, 169

system analysis and assessment, 171, 172

system performance, 174

TES, 172–173

tri-generation plant, 170

Solar dryer of blueberry

agricultural products, 695

changes, moisture contents and ratio, 698–699

characteristics, 696, 699

description, 695–696

dried quality, 700

efficiency, 699, 700

equipments and properties, 696, 697

images, 699, 700

mathematical modeling, 698

PLC-control, 697, 700

radiation, 699

SDP, 696, 697

techniques, 695

Turkey, 696

uncertainties, 696, 697

vitamin A, 696

Solar drying process (SDP)

characteristics, 708

description, 705–706

environmental impact factor, 708

exergetic efficiency, 707–708, 711

exergetic sustainability index, 708

exergy balance, 707

literature, 707

low-priced and clean fuel, 705

performance, 708

recoverability and destruction ratio, 708

structure, 706

variations, 709–711

waste exergy ratio, 711

Solar dynamic buffer zone (SDBZ), 843

Solar energy

architectural design, buildings, 886

building-integrated system, 886

calculations, 817–818

Index 1081

Solar energy (cont.)Chinese building, 886

Cu–Cl based multi-generation system, 112–113

cyclical energy source, 521

earth surface, 81

energy balance, 886

energy storage, 783

environmental and safety aspects, 169

Geographic and Climatic Properties of Bayburt, 887

heliostat solar tower, 112

hydrogen production process, 100

life cycle analyses, 885

numerical optimization scheme, 887

passive heating/cooling, 885

photothermal conversion, 83

pond (see Solar Pond)pond surface, 245

power generation system, 181

radiation data, 876

renewable energy resource, 695

solar database, 873

solar heating and photovoltaic power generation, 886

solar radiation values, 867

technical and economic challenges, 82

thermal and photovoltaics technology, 285

UCZ and NCZ, 273

ultraviolet, visible and infrared spectra, 774

zone thicknesses, 789

Solar pond

absorption coefficients, 778, 779

composition, 774

description, 773

energy analysis, 785–786

energy and radiation, 773

energy efficiencies, 788–789

fossil-based and nonrenewable fuels, 773

heat energy, 773

HSZ, sunny area ratio, 787

inner zones, 774, 784–785

optical properties, 775–776

performance assessment, 784

radiation transmission, 774

salinity gradient, 775

salt gradient protection system, 775

spectrometer, 775

sunny area, HSZ, 787

sunny area ratio comparison, 787–788

temperatures distributions, 788, 789

theoretical calculations, 786

thermal applications, 783

transmission variation, 776, 777

UCZ and NCZ, 784

variation, density, 776, 777

visible spectrum, 779, 780

wall shading, 783

Solar pond system

density distribution, MCSP, 247

energy and exergy analyses, 244–537

exergy efficiencies, 249

experimental apparatus and procedure, 244

global problems, 243

HSZ (see Heat storage zone (HSZ))MCSP (see Magnesium chloride solar pond (MCSP))

sodium chloride salt, 244

solar collector, 244

solar energy, 243

theoretical and experimental works, 244

Solar thermal

buffer zone, 842

excess supply, 4

heating, 886

heating and cooling, 4

heliostat solar tower, 112

photovoltaic-based technologies, 3

solar energy, 285

thermal storage technologies, 3

Solar thermal subsystem, 4–5

Solar, wind hybrid system

roof-type wind turbine, 879, 880

solar cell, 879, 880

turbine specifications, 879

VAWT, 879

Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC)

Butler–Volmer equation, 184

CHP, 182

description, 41

electric power, 41

energy balance, adiabatic, 42

fuel consumption rate, 187

geometries and material-related data, 42

hydrogen, 182

hydrogen, power, and heat production

(see Steam biomass gasification and SOFC)

ohmic overpotential, 41

open-circuit voltage, 41

preheated air flow, 47

preheated air temperature, 46–47

Solution heat exchanger (SHE), 199, 203, 204

Specific exergy costing method (SPECO), 52, 56, 61

Specific fuel consumption, 1035

SPECO. See Specific exergy costing method (SPECO)

SPH. See Smoothing particle hydrodynamics (SPH)

Spherical model combustor

CFD modelling, 992–994

combustion and emission profiles, 991

cylindrical combustors, 991

model validation, 995

numerical modelling

radiation models, 991

temperature and NOX distributions, 995–997

SSSF. See Steady state and steady flow (SSSF)

ST. See Steam turbine (ST)

Stabilization

coal fired TPP, 977–980

inclined rotary kiln, 983

pretreatment, 946

propane–butane mixture, 986

rotary furnace, 977

TPP, 977

Start of the combustion (SOC), 1007

Static type refrigerator (R1)

cabin and chamber temperature, 502, 504

power consumption, 502, 504

temperature variation analysis, 500–501

Steady state and steady flow (SSSF), 146

Steam biomass gasification and SOFC

burner, 42–43

burner exit temperature, 45

burner preheated airflow, 45, 46

components, 34–36

compression processes, 39

energy and exergy balance equations, 37–39

exergy destruction, 43–44

exergy efficiencies, 43–45

1082 Index

gas turbine, 39

heat exchangers, 39–40

layout, 35

preheated air temperature, 46–47

steam-reforming reactor, 40

ultimate and proximate analysis, sawdust wood, 34, 37

water gas shift reactor, 40

Steam turbine (ST), 198

Steel panel radiator

AISI 302, 621

boundary conditions, numerical simulations, 588, 589

CAD model, 586, 587

CFD outcomes, 590, 592, 593

characteristics, heat transfer, 585–586

computer software packages, 586

connection type, 619

constructions, 586

different lines, temperature outcomes, 590, 591

dimension of, 586, 587

elements, 585

heat transfer coefficient, 589

heat transfer rate, 619

indoor environments, 585

mesh structure and boundary conditions, 586, 588

reference air temperature values, 588, 589

single-side top connection, 589–591

solver settings and turbulence model, 587, 589

temperature contours, surfaces, 589–591

thermal comfort, 586

TS EN, 418, 593, 619

water flow volume extraction, 586, 588

Storage

thermal and electrical energy (see Hybrid solar-wind-biomass

system)

thermal storage technologies, 3

Stroke, 654, 661

Structural Time Series Model (STSM), 564–565

STSM. See Structural Time Series Model (STSM)

Sulfur dioxide (SO2)

air quality, 755

emissions, 752

measured parameters, 752–755

and PM rates, 752

Sunshine duration

Angstrom equation, 528, 532

linear equation, 527

Superconducting cable, 448

Support vector regression (SVR) methodology, 564

Surface temperatures

boundary condition, 510

heat exchange, 510, 511

polynomial, 511

Sustainable architecture, 533

SVR methodology. See Support vector regression (SVR)

methodology

TTBZ. See Thermal buffer zone (TBZ)

TCPN. See Timed colored Petri nets (TCPN)

TEC. See Turkish Seismic Code (TEC)

TEIAS. See Turkish Electricity Transmission Company (TEIAS)

Temperature and NOX distributions

axial temperature profiles, fuel combustions, 996, 997

butane combustion, 996

fuel gas fraction, 995

hydrogen combustion, 997–999

methane combustion, 996, 1000

propane combustion, 996, 1000

Temperature measurements, 268, 511, 844

TES. See Thermal energy storage (TES)

TEWI. See Total equivalent warming impact (TEWI)

TG-FTIR

experiment, 806

and TG-MS techniques, 811

Thermal buffer zone (TBZ)

air velocity measurements, 844

buildings, 841, 842

computational domain, 845

cool and heat, 847

dimensionless velocity, 845

energy conservation and management, 841

experimental apparatus, 843

heat flux, 843

mass flow rate, 845, 846

NZEB, 842

QTH, 844

SDBZ, 843

solar radiation energy, 842

solar thermosiphon, 842

south and north side, 846, 847

temperature measurements, 844

turbulence, 845

velocity, 846

Thermal comfort

air temperature and humidity, 421

ambient temperature, 466

cooling (see Cooling)definition, 436

description, 444–445

electricity demand, 4

energy saving and emission reduction, 435

general thermal comfort (see General thermal comfort)

heating (see Heating)heat-mass transfer, 422

heat storage systems, 520

hydronic cooling systems, 436

local thermal comfort (see Local thermal comfort)

LowEx, 435–436

low temperature heating system, 436

numerical solution method, 439–440

radiant vs. conventional systems, 443, 444

relative humidity, 429

room modeling, 437–439

Thermal energy storage (TES)

ambient temperature and global solar radiation conditions, 177

heat exchanger, 170

solar mode, 175

storage and discharging processes, 173

temporary storage, 172

Thermal insulation

aerogel, 492–493

ceramic foams, 493

innovative glass, 489

nansulate shield, 493

Serbia, 492

Thermal plasma waste disposal, 858

Thermal response test (TRT), 393–395

Thermal sensations (TSENS)

vs. ambient temperature, 429

and DISC, 425

relative humidity, 429

Index 1083

Thermal sheathing

ceiling, hygrothermal properties, 490

floor, hygrothermal properties, 49

heating purposes, 492

heat transfer coefficients, 489, 492

heat transfer resistance and temperature, 490

hygrothermal properties, 489, 490

innovative glass, 489

insulation thickness, 492

transparent positions, facade assembly, 489

Thermochemical water decomposition

hydrogen production, 131

nuclear thermal energy, 121

temperature requirements, 112

Thermochemical water splitting cycles (TWSCs), 100, 112

Thermodynamic model

air preheater, 234

combustion chamber, 234

compressor, 234

economizer, 234

evaporator, 234

fuel utilization factor, 231

gas turbine, 234

heat recovery steam generator, 234

recuperative helium gas turbine system, 253–254

solid oxide fuel cell, 231–234

Thermo-mathematical modeling

cogeneration system, 212, 213

PTSC (see Parabolic trough solar collector (PTSC))

Thin layer drying characteristics, 687–688

Thin layer drying curve equation

complications, 677

estimation, drying times, 669

Fick’s second law and modifications, 669

literature, 677

methods and evaluation criteria, 675–677

models, agricultural products, 670–674

outcomes, 677

parameters, 677

performance, 677

review, 677

theoretical method, 669

Three-dimensional coordinate system, 1043

Throttling valve (TV), 199

TIC. See Total installed cost (TIC)

Tidal turbine, 137

Timed colored Petri nets (TCPN), 463, 467

Timed Petri nets (TPN), 463

Tomato factory waste. See Bio-charTopping cycle, 554

Torrefaction

definition, 805

FTIR analysis (see Fourier transform infrared (FTIR))

gas quantification, 811–812

proximate analysis, 807

TGA/DSC configuration mode, 806

TGA-FTIR experiment, 806

TG-DTG analysis, 807–808

TG-MS, 806–807

thermochemical method, 805

Total equivalent warming impact (TEWI)

changes, refrigerants, 721

compressor power, 728, 729

in cooling systems, 718

COP distributions, 728

cycle parameters, 727, 728

EN 378:2,000, 727

exergy efficiencies, 728, 729

global warming effects, 715

greenhouse gases, 724

HFC fluids, 727

refrigeration process, 727

R-22 for GWP20, 729, 730

Total installed cost (TIC), 900, 901

TPN. See Timed Petri nets (TPN)

Transmission

HTS power, 448

solar pond (see Solar pond)Transparent insulation materials

description, 487–488

energy efficiency, 488

heat transfer ratio, 494

residential house, 488

roof wooden beams, 494

thermal insulation (see Thermal insulation)

thermal sheathing (see Thermal sheathing)

Tray dryer

air flow velocities, 682, 684

different velocities, air drying, 681, 682

square cross-section, 682

TRT. See Thermal response test (TRT)

True vapor pressure (TVP), 1043

TSENS. See Thermal sensations (TSENS)

Turbidity

salinity-gradient solar ponds, 774

salty water layers, 776

transmission variation, 778

UV-Vis spectrum measurements, 778

Turbine mapping. See Compressor and turbine mapping

Turbulent-forced flow, rectangular cross-sectioned duct

analytical solutions, 578

Ansys Fluent 12.1, 579

changes, 581–582

coordinate system and flow geometry, 579

Darcy friction factor and Nusselt number, 582–584

data reduction, 579–580

description, 577–578

distributions, velocity, 583

grid size effect, 580

heat and momentum transfer processes, 578–579

Newtonian flow, 579

Nusselt number, 578

radiation effects, 580

rectangular channels, 577

symmetry plane, 581, 582

values, 584

velocity magnitude, Isovel contours, 581

vorticity–velocity method, 578

Turkish Electricity Transmission Company (TEIAS), 563

Turkish Seismic Code (TEC), 878, 881

TV. See Throttling valve (TV)

Two-dimensional polar coordinate system, 1043

Two-layer superconducting cable, 454, 457

TWSCs. See Thermochemical water splitting cycles (TWSCs)

UUninterruptible power supply (UPS), 917

1084 Index

VVacuum distillation unit (VDU), 220, 222, 223, 225

Vapor compression

absorption chiller, 403

absorption refrigeration machines, 194

condenser and evaporator, 134

cooling effect, 201

high pressure and temperature, 194

refrigeration capacity, 197

steam generation rate, 202

Variable mole fraction, chemical thermodynamics

CriT and CriP, 1021

phase envelopes, 1021, 1023–1024

pressure and temperature, 1021, 1023

VAWT. See Vertical axes wind turbine (VAWT)

VDU. See Vacuum distillation unit (VDU)

Vertical axes wind turbine (VAWT), 876, 877, 879

Vertical ground-source heat pump system (VGSHP) combined

with WHCS

advantages, 306

circulation pumps, 309

compressor, 310

cooling season, 310

cooling session

exergetic analysis, 309, 310

measured data and calculated values, 309

description, 306–307

exergetic modeling, 307–308

exergy analysis, 306

and GSHP, 305–306

heating session

exergetic analysis, 309, 310

measured data and calculated values, 309

heoretical and experimental works, 306

MySQL database, 309

natural convection problems, 306

overall system components, 310–311

refrigerant properties, 309

water molecules activity, 310

Vertical slender hollow cylinder

boundary conditions, 597–598

Boussinesq approximation, 596–597

buoyancy effect, 596, 600, 604

conjugate heat transfer, 595–596, 600, 601

distribution, interfacial temperature, 599

interaction, 595

isothermal and non-iso0thermal, 600–601

local skin friction and heat transfer, 596, 599–602, 604, 605

magnetic Reynolds number, 596

magneto-hydrodynamic parameter, 604

MHD mixed convection flow, 596

mixed convection flow, 600

numerical methods, 599

temperature differences, 596

variation, interfacial temperature, 600, 602–604

viscous dissipation and Joule heating, 597, 605

Virtual particles, 656–657, 661

Viscous dissipation, 595–605

WWall Heating System (WHCS)

cooling session, 308

heating mode, 306

heating session, 308

WAsP. See Wind atlas analysis and application program (WAsP)

Water electrolysis unit

ambient temperature, 151

components, 150

exergy destruction, 150

water feed, 146, 147

Water heating-humidification processes

bubble coalescence, 416

column reactor, 416

compressor and controllers, 417

data acquisition and measuring devices, 417

data processing, 418

desalination techniques, 415

effect, water temperature and flow rate, 416

electrical and solar energy, 416

evaporation chamber and solar water/air heater, 416

HDD, 415

humidifier bed, 416

inlet and outlet relative humidity, air, 418, 419

inlet and outlet temperatures, air, 418, 419

productivity and humidification efficiency, 419

transport phenomena, 416

working principle, humidifier, 417–418

Water production

desalination process, 138

HRSG, 183, 184

micro gas turbine, 133

seawater, 141

Weibull distribution

cumulative probability, 832

two-parameter, 831

WAsP software, 835

wind energy, 833

wind power density, 833

Wind and anaerobic digestion subsystem, 5–6

Wind atlas analysis and application program (WAsP), 834–835

Wind energy

conventional windmill model, 378

electricity, 830

Erzincan Ergan Mountain Ski Center, 835

free-stream wind speed, 876

hydrogen production, 378

power generation source, 830

small-scale desalination plants, 282

speed frequency distributions, 834

structural and environmental design, 831

Turkey, 284

water electrolysis, 154

wind speeds, 829

Wind power potential, 829, 830, 834

Wind, solar and rainwater harvester (WSRH)

annual mean rainfalls rates

Rize, 880, 881

Turkey, 880, 881

annual power consumption, 876

capacity curves, 881, 882

concrete elements, 878

EB, 878–879

EB-WSH, 881, 882

electricity, 875

energy resources, 875

LS, 881

NSP analysis, 877

RWH, 877

solar energy system, 876

Index 1085

Wind, solar and rainwater harvester (WSRH) (cont.)solar, wind hybrid system, 879–880

wind energy system, 876–877

Wind turbine, 402–403

Wind turbine plants (WTP). See also Hybrid systems

electrical energy, 792

power output fluctuation, 793

and PSHP (see Pumped storage hydropower plants (PSHP))

WSRH. See Wind, solar and rainwater harvester (WSRH)

WTP. See Wind turbine plants (WTP)

XXingtan LNG satellite station

ammonia refrigeration systems, 572

analysis, 575

characteristics, 575

cold storage and peak shaving, 574–575

design and requirement, 574, 575

energy supply, 572

frozen blocking, 572

gasification, 570

heat exchange system, 572–573

operation condition, 575

physical and chemical properties, 574

planning, 575

project operation, 571–572

R404A/butane, 574

recycling, cold energy, 574

refrigerant circulation, 573–574

refrigeration units, 570

storage tanks, 570

technological process, 570–571

YYildiz Renewable Energy House (YREH), 307

Yttrium barium copper oxide (YBCO), 455

ZZEB. See Zero-energy building (ZEB)

Zero energy

absorption chiller, 403

acoustic insulation, 400–402

batteries and electrical systems, 403

electricity supply, Lebanon, 399–400

and exergy (see Exergy analysis)

heating load (see Heating load calculations)

multi-objective optimization, 404

off and on grid system components, 407, 408

photovoltaic systems, 402

pollutants, 408

renewable and nuclear, 399

seasonal heat loads, 406–407

selection, power system, 407, 408

shortages, 399

solution, 400

system components, 405

thermal and acoustic material sizes, 405–406

wind turbine, 402–403

Zero-energy building (ZEB), 400

1086 Index